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CICERO. 

From a Bust in the Ufpizi Gallery at Florence. 



o 

ALLEN $■ GREEXOUGH'S LATIN SERIES 



SELECT 



Orations of Cicero 



CHRONOLOGICALLY ARRANGED, COVERING 

THE ENTIRE PERIOD OF HIS 

PUBLIC LIFE 



/ ■ EDITED BY 



j. H. and W. V. ALLEN and J-LB, GREENOUGH 



REVISED AND ILLUSTRATED EDITION, WITH A 

SEE CIAL VO CA B ULA R Y PREPARED B Y 

PROFESSOR GREENOUGH 



%y It) 



boston 
ginn & company 

1886 



»*« 






Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1886, by 

J. H. and W. F. Allen and J. B. Greenough, 
in the, Office pf the Liprarj^n of Gongress : ; at Washington. 



J. S. Cushing & Co., Printers, Boston 



PREFACE. 



This selection is especially intended to exhibit Cicero's pub- 
lic career as completely as the limits of a text-book would 
permit. Its motive is, therefore, chiefly historical and politi- 
cal, what is merely of grammatical or antiquarian interest being 
kept subordinate. On the other hand, considerable attention 
has been paid to the logical and rhetorical qualities of these 
celebrated discourses, which have long held the second if not 
the first place in all literature as illustrations of the art of ora- 
tory. As matter of biographical interest, and especially for 
the side-light they throw on Roman manners, we should have 
been glad to include the Cluentius and the Murena ; but for 
our purpose we have omitted, we think, little that was to be 
desired. And, for this purpose, we consider the chronological 
order of the orations, as here kept, to be of the utmost im- 
portance, — essential, indeed, to the training of a correct his- 
torical judgment either of the events or of the man. 

The orations for Roscius and Sestius are considerably abridged 
on account of their length and some special difficulties. They 
are inserted for their exceptional value in reference to the ora- 
tor's career, and they are especially recommended to students 
for that reason. The Sestius has been chosen in preference to 
the Post Reditum or the Pro Domo Sua, partly on the ground 
of its unquestioned genuineness, but chiefly on account of its 



vi Preface. 

greater weight and importance as a political study, while it 
exhibits the same remarkable phase of passion, animosity, and 
injured pride, marking the same transition from Cicero's earlier 
to his later career. The hot and unscrupulous, though vacillat- 
ing, partisanship of the later period, in sharp contrast to the 
general amenity and complacency of the earlier, is hardly to 
be understood or pardoned without the view thus given of the 
deep mortification and resentment he felt at his own political 
overthrow from the plots of Clodius and the coldness or deser- 
tion of his former political allies. 

Such portions of the orations here given as are not needed 
in the regular school course — especially the celebrated pas- 
sages from the Verrine Orations — are recommended as exer- 
cises in reading at sight. As the student of Cicero ought to 
be considerably advanced in his ability to read, the editors 
venture further to urge upon teachers that their pupils should 
be encouraged to read the text in the order of the words as 
they are written in Latin, with attention to the emphasis as 
indicated by that order ; and, as far as possible, to take in the 
sense immediately from the Latin without translating. It is 
obvious that translation is impossible without a previous under- 
standing of the sense ; and yet most learners endeavor to trans- 
late without any such understanding. There is no question 
that this preposterous course is chargeable with much of the 
mechanical condition of early classical study, and with much 
of the prejudice against classical study in general. Unless one 
really learns to read a foreign language, — that is, to follow 
easily its flow of thought in the order of words prescribed by 
the genius of that language, — it is certainly true that he can 



Preface. vii 

get all there is to be got much better out of a translation, as 
the champions of illiteracy have lately begun to maintain. 

The Notes in this edition have been wholly recast, and many 
of them rewritten, especially those on the political constitution 
and antiquities of Rome, which have been corrected from the 
latest authorities. In their present form they give, it is hoped, 
a fairly complete, as well as accurate, view of the political con- 
dition of the later Republic, together with its constitutional 
theory and practice. 

The text of Baiter and Kayser has been strictly followed, as 
a new textiis receptus, even where the editors would personally 
prefer a different reading. They have, however, rejected the 
doubled i in the genitive of the second declension, which must 
have been unknown to Cicero. 

Cambridge, Mass., May, 1886. 



CONTENTS. 



PAGE 



Frontispiece, Bust of Cicero ii 

Preface v 

Life of Cicero xi 

List of Orations and Writings xiv 

Chronological Table of Events xviii 

The Roman Forum ix 1885 xx 

Description xxi 

Plan of the Romax Forum xxiv, xxv 

Defence of Roscius 1 

Impeachment of Verres 23 

The Plunder of Syracuse 43 

Crucifixion of a Roman Citizen 51 

Pompey's Military Command {Pro Lege Manilla) .... 57 

The Conspiracy of Catiline 84 

1. Invective against Catiline 85 

2. Character of the Conspiracy 97 

3. How the Conspiracy was Siippressed 109 

4. Sentence of the Conspirators 122 

The Citizenship of Archias 134 

Cicero's Exile and Return {Pro P. Sestio) 147 

Defence of Milo 169 

The Pardon of Marcellus 210 

Plea for Ligarius 221 

The Struggle agaixst Axtony (Philippica xiv.) .... 234 



Notes 1 

Vocabulary 1 



LIFE OF CICERO. 



Marcus Tullius Cicero ranks as the first prose writer 
in Roman literature, and in fame as the second orator of the 
world. His public life, lasting nearly forty years, covers 
the entire period from Sulla's dictatorship to the fall of the 
Republic ; and for all this time his orations are by far the 
most important and interesting documents that exist. 

The events of Cicero's life, so far as they are necessary 
to an understanding of his career as orator and statesman, 
are these. He was born b. c. 106 — the same year with 
Pompey, and six years before Julius Caesar — at Arpinum, 
a town in the Volscian territory, about fifty miles east of 
Rome, the birthplace also of Caius Marius. His father, a 
wealthy citizen of equestrian rank, removed to the capital 
in order to give his sons, Marcus and Quintus, the best 
education possible. Here the young Cicero studied law 
with the great jurist, Quintus Mucius Scasvola, the augur, 
and, after his death, with his yet more distinguished kins- 
man of the same name ; and was intimate with the eminent 
orators Lucius Licinius Crassus and Marcus Antonius, 
grandfather of the triumvir. He studied rhetoric and phi- 
losophy with the best Greek teachers ; and from the poet 
Archias in particular, whom he afterwards defended in one 
of his most graceful orations, he derived that taste for 
literature which distinguished him among all the public 
men of his day. 

Cicero arrived at manhood just at the time when the 
fearful civil convulsions were beginning, which ended only 
with the overthrow of the Republic. He served a short 
campaign in the Social War (b. c. 89) ; but remained in 
obscurity through the horrors of the civil war that followed, 



xii Life of Cicero. 

devoting himself to his private studies. He appears to have 
welcomed the triumph of Sulla (b. c. 82) as an earnest of 
order and good government ; but was soon disgusted with 
the despotic rule of the dictator, and placed himself in that 
attitude of moderate opposition to the oligarchy to which 
he was, on the whole, faithful through life. No person 
dared oppose Sulla in any political measure ; but in the 
administration of justice even the tyrant was obliged, for 
decency's sake, to listen to words of truth and boldness. 
The defence of Roscius, Cicero's first public oration (b. c. 
80), may rank, in a political point of view, with Erskine's 
defence of Hardy, or the generous eloquence of the advocate 
Berryer in the time of Napoleon III. Of its results the 
orator himself says, that " it received such commendation, 
that there was no case which did not seem worthy of his 
advocacy." (Brut. § 312.) 

After this brilliant success, Cicero spent two years in 
travel and study in Greece and Asia. Then returning to 
Rome, he held (b. c. 75) the office of Quaestor, which made 
him a member of the Senate. This office he exercised in 
the western half of Sicily. Meantime the political dissen- 
sions, which had been suspended during the rule of Sulla, 
broke out afresh. A democratic agitation began, which 
continued steadily increasing, till it culminated thirty years 
later in another civil war. Sulla's aristocratic constitution 
was repealed in the consulship of Pompey and Crassus 
(b. c. 70), by the restoring of judicial power to the middle 
class {equites). In this year Cicero conducted the cele- 
brated impeachment of Verres, in which he gained the 
signal success of forcing that corrupt ex-magistrate into 
exile, without waiting the result of the trial. The legislation 
of this year identified Pompey with the popular party ; and 
Cicero attached himself to the interests of that ambitious 
and successful general, giving him timely aid — in the 
speech for the Manilian Law — in obtaining the command 
against Mithridates in the East. The same year (b. c. 66) 
Cicero held the preetorship, having been curule aedile three 



Life of Cicero. xiii 

years before ; and he was carried, partly by his own pre- 
eminent merits, partly by the wave of moderate reform, 
into the consulship (b. c. 63), at the age of forty-three. 

Cicero was now at the highest point of his success and 
fame, the recognized head of a moderate party, which 
aimed to preserve the old institutions of the State, while 
tempering them with a more liberal policy. But he lacked 
the qualities of a successful political leader. He was vain, 
hesitating, lacking self-control, decision, and dignity of 
character. As a " new man," he never had the full confi- 
dence of the senatorial families ; while his tastes were too 
much shaped by his Greek training, his mind too delicately 
organized, his ambition too much controlled by sentiment 
and theory, — we may say, by the sense of right, — to give 
him a hold upon the crowd that filled the Forum and 
carried the Comitia. The leading act of his administration 
— the suppression of Catiline's Conspiracy — had, by the 
illegal death of the conspirators, made him the object of 
marked hostility to the popular party. The democratic 
movement became too strong for his feeble grasp, and 
developed into a destructive radicalism, headed by unscru- 
pulous gamblers and demagogues, which had its natural 
sequence in civil war and imperialism. 

Five years after his consulship (b. c. 58, the same year 
with Caesar's first campaign in Gaul), Cicero was forced 
into exile. Though he was recalled the following year, 
with every mark of honor, it was to find orderly government 
almost at an end. The magnificent defence of Milo — a 
speech which, as it now stands, was never delivered — was 
his last protest against the reign of force that daily became 
more imminent in Rome. The two following years he 
served as Proconsul in Cilicia, and returned, with the com- 
plimentary title of imperator, to find all things ripe for civil 
war. Pompey, both because he hated Caesar, and because 
there was no one else to take the place, drifted into the 
position of leader and general of the conservative party. 
With great misgiving and reluctance, after trying in vain 



xiv Life of Cicero. 

his efforts as reconciler, Cicero joined that party in the fatal 
campaign of Pharsalia (b. c. 48). 

When Pompey was dead, and the senatorial party finally 
crushed, Cicero submitted, with apparent good will, to 
the dictatorship of Caesar, whose personal friend he had 
always claimed to be. But his letters show him at this time 
disappointed, peevish, jealous, and weak. It was, however, 
the period of his greatest industry and fertility as a writer. 
A long succession of dialogues and treatises attests his 
efforts to distract his mind from the miseries of his political 
failure and defeat. After the death of Caesar, which he 
perhaps witnessed with his own eyes, — at any rate rejoiced 
at,* — he appeared once more in public life, the standard- 
bearer in the brave battle waged by the Senate against 
Mark Antony. During this struggle he was a warm parti- 
san of Brutus and Cassius, " the liberators." He proclaimed 
openly his satisfaction at Caesar's death ; hoped to win the 
confidence of the young Caesar Octavianus (afterwards Au- 
gustus) ; and took part against Antony, as a public enemy, 
in the celebrated orations called Philippics. When the 
cause was lost by the treachery of Octavianus, when he and 
Lepidus joined Antony, and their triumvirate was victorious, 
Cicero was one of the first victims marked for proscription. 
He was murdered near his Formian villa, on the road be- 
tween Rome and Naples, in December, b. c. 43, at the age 
of sixty-three. 



The following list gives the titles and subjects of all of 
Cicero's orations (excepting fragments) which have sur- 
vived : — 

b. c. 81. Pro P. Quinctio : Defence of Quinctius in a prose- 
cution by Sex. Nsevius. to recover the profits of a partnership in 
some land in Gaul, inherited from his brother, C. Quinctius. 

b. c. 80. Pro Sex. Roscio Amerino : Defence of Roscius on a 
charge of parricide brought by Erucius as professional prosecutor, 
at the instigation of Chrysogonus. 

* Quid milii attulerit ista domini mutatio, praater laetitiam quam oculis cepi justo 
interitu tyranni ? — Ad Att., xiv. 14. 



CICERO'S SELECT ORATIONS. 



DEFENCE OF ROSCIUS. 

B.C. 80. 

Sextus Roscius was a rich and respected citizen of Ameria, a 
town (municipium) of Umbria, about fifty miles north of Rome. 
He had a taste for city life, and spent most of his time at Rome, 
where he was on intimate terms with some of the highest families, 
especially the Metelli and Scipios. Meantime his son Sextus, who 
certainly lacked his father's cultivated tastes, and was accused by 
his enemies of rudeness and clownishness, had the care of the 
extensive family estates at Ameria. 

Sometime during the dictatorship of Sulla, — probably in the 
autumn of 81 B.C., — the elder Roscius was murdered one evening 
as he was returning from a dinner party. The murder was no 
doubt procured, or at least connived at, by one Titus Roscius 
Magnus, his fellow-townsman and enemy. However that may be, 
the name of the murdered man was put upon the proscription-list 
by Chrysogonus, a freedman and favorite of Sulla, who bought his 
confiscated estates at auction at a nominal price. Three of these 
estates (there were thirteen in all) he transferred to a certain Titus 
Roscius Capito, another townsman and enemy of the deceased, and 
a leading man at Ameria ; the remainder he put in charge of 
Magnus as his agent. The younger Sextus, a man of forty, thus 
robbed of his patrimony, had recourse to his father's friends in 
Rome for protection and help ; when the three conspirators, fearing 
chat they might be compelled to disgorge, resolved to secure them- 
selves by accusing him of his father's murder. This they did through 
a professional prosecutor (accusator) named Erucius, who undertook 
the legal formalities of the prosecution. 

The aristocratic friends of Roscius, not daring to brave the 
creature of the dictator, but not wishing to leave their "iiest-friend 



2 Defence of Rosciits. [Rose. Am. 

{hospes) undefended, prevailed upon Cicero, then young and ambi- 
tious, to defend him. Even for so young and obscure a man, this 
was an act that called for disinterested courage ; and nothing in 
Cicero's career is more to his credit. By the successful conduct 
of this case, he obtained the weli-merited rank of a leader among 
the rising advocates of Rome. The defence of Roscius is the first 
of Cicero's public orations or pleas ; and it is criticised by himself 
in the Orator, chap. 30. 

/^REDO ego vos, Judices, miran quid sit quod, 
^— / cum tot sumrrrr Ota tores hominesque nobilissimT 
sedeant, ego potissimum surrexerim, qui" neque aerate 
neque ingenin neque auctoritate sim cum his, quTsed- 

5 eant, comparandus. Omnes HI, quos videtis adesse, 
in hac causa" injuriam novo" scelere conflatam putant 
oportere defendt, defender e ipsi propter iniquitatem 
tempOrum non audent ; ita fit ut adsint propterea" 
quod officium sequuntur, taceant autem idcirco quia 

ro perTculum vitant. 

2. Quid ergo ? Audacissimus ego ex omnibus ? 
Minime. At tanto ofBciosior quam ceteri? Ne istius 
quidem laudis ita sim cupidus, ut aliis earn praerep- 
tam velim. Quae rne igitur res praeter ceteros impu- 

15 lit, ut causam Sex. Rosci reciperem ? Quia, si quis 
horum dixisset, quos videtis adesse, in quibus summa 
auctoritas est atque amplitudo, si verbum de re pub- 
lica fecisset, — id quod in hac causa fieri necesse 
est, — multo plura dixisse quam dixisset putaretur : 

20 3. ego etiamsi omnia quae dicenda sunt libere dix~ 
ero, nequaquam tamen similiter oratio mea exire 
atque in volgus emanare poterit. Deinde, quod cete- 
rorum neque dictum obscurum potest esse, propter 
nobilitatem et amplitudinem, neque temere dicto con- 

25 cedi, propter aetatem et prudentiam : ego si quid 
liberius dixero, vel occultum esse, propterea quod 
nondum ad rem publicam accessi, vel ignosci adu- 
lescentiae poterit, — tametsi non modo ignoscendi 



vi. i6.] Who zvas the elder Roscius f 3 

ratio, verum etiam cognoscendi consuetudo jam de 
civitate sublata est. 

4. Accedit ilia quoque causa, quod a ceteris forsi- 
tan ita petitum sit ut dicerent, ut utrumvis salvo officio 
facere se posse arbitrarentur : a me autem ei con- 5 
tenderunt, qui apud me et amicitia et beneficiis et 
dignitate plurimum possunt, quorum ego nee bene- 
volentiam ero-a me iffnorare, nee auctoritatem as- 
pernari, nee voluntatem neglegere debeam. His 
de causis ego huic causae patronus exstiti, non elec- 10 
tus unus qui maximo ingenio, sed relictus ex omnibus 
qui minimo periculo possem dicere ; neque uti satis 
fir mo praesidio defensus Sex. Roscius, verum uti ne 
omnino desertus esset. 

vi. 5. Sex. Roscius, pater hujusce, municeps Am- 15 
erinus fuit, cum genere et nobilitate et pecunia non 
modo sui municipi verum etiam ejus vicinitatis facile 
primus, turn gratia atque hospitiis florens hominum 
nobilissimorum. Nam cum Metellis, Serviliis, Sci- 
pionibus erat ei non modo hospitium, verum etiam 20 
domesticus usus et consuetudo ; quas (ut aequum est) 
familias honestatis amplitudinisque gratia nomino. 
Itaque ex omnibus suis commodis hoc solum filio 
reliquit : nam patrimonium domestici praedones vi 
ereptum possident, fama et vita innocentis ab hospiti- 25 
bus amicisque paternis defenditur. 6. Is cum omni 
tempore nobilitatis fautor fuisset, turn hoc tumultu 
proximo, cum omnium nobilium dignitas et salus in 
discrimen veniret, praeter ceteros in ea vicinitate earn 
partem causamque opera, studio, auctoritate defendit : 3° 
etenim rectum putabat pro eorum honestate se pug- 
nare, propter quos ipse honestissimus inter suos nu- 
merabatur. Posteaquam victoria constituta est, ab 
armisque recessimus, — cum proscriberentnr homi- 
nes, atque ex omni regione caperentur ei qui adver- 35 
sarii fuisse putabantur. — erat ille Romae frequens ; 



4 Defence of Roscius. [Rose. Am. 

in foro et in ore omnium cotidie versabatur, magis ut 
exsultare victoria nobiiitatis videretur, quam timere ne 
quid ex ea calamitatis sibi accideret. 

7. Erant ei veteres inimicitiae cum duobus Rosciis 

5 Amerinis, quorum alterum sedere in accusatorum 
subselliis video, alterum tria hujusce praedia possi- 
dere audio. Quas inimicitias si tam cavere potuisset, 
quam metuere solebat, viveret. Neque enim, judices, 
injuria metuebat. Nam duo isti sunt T. Roscii, quo- 

ic rum alteri Capitoni cognomen est, iste qui adest Mag- 
nus vocatur, homines hujus modi : alter plurimarum 
palmarum vetus ac nobilis gladiator habetur, hie autem 
nuper se ad eum lanistam contulit ; quique ante hanc 
pugnam tiro esset, [quod sciam,] facile ipsum magis- 

15 trum scelere audaciaque superavit. vn. 8. Nam cum 
hie Sex. Roscius esset Ameriae, T. autem iste Ros- 
cius Romae ; cum hie fllius adsiduus in praediis esset, 
cumque se voluntate patris rei familiari vitaeque rus- 
ticae dedisset, iste autem frequens Romae esset, — 

20 occiditur ad balneas Palacinas rediens a cena Sex. 
Roscius. Spero ex hoc ipso non esse obscurum, ad 
quern suspitio malefici pertineat : verum id, quod ad- 
huc est suspitiosum, nisi perspicuum res ipsa fecerit, 
hunc adfinem culpae judicatote. 

25 9. Occiso Sex. Roscio, primus Ameriam nuntiat 
Mallius Glaucia quidam, homo tenuis, libertinus, cli- 
ens et familiaris istius T. Rosci, et nuntiat domum 
non filii, sed T. Capitonis inimici ; et cum post horam 
primam noctis occisus esset, primo diluculo nuntius 

30 hie Ameriam venit. Decern horis nocturnis sex et 
quinquaginta milia passuum cisiis pervolavit, non 
modo ut exoptatum inimico nuntium primus adferret, 
sed etiam cruorem inimici quam recentissimum telum- 
que paulo ante e corpore extractum ostenderet. 

35 10 * Quadriduo quo haec gesta sunt, res ad Chryso- 
gonum in castra L. Sullae Volaterras defertur. Mag- 



viii. 23.] His Estates are seized. 5 

nitudo pecuniae demonstratur ; bonitas praediorum, 
(nam fundos decern et tris reliquit, qui Tiberim 
fere omnes tangunt), hujus inopia et solitudo com- 
memoratur. Demonstrant, cum pater hujusce Sex. 
Roscius, homo tarn splendidus et gratiosus, nullo 5 
negotio sit occisus, perfacile hunc hominem incautum 
et rusticum, et Romae ignotum, de medio tolli posse. 
Ad earn rem operam suam pollicentur. Ne diutius 
teneam, judices, societas coitur. viii. 11. Cum nulla 
proscriptionis mentio fieret, cum etiam qui antea 10 
metuerant redirent, ac jam defunctos sese periculis 
arbitrarentur, nomen refertur in tabulas Sex. Rosci, 
studiosissimi nobilitatis. Manceps fit Chrysogonus. 
Tria praedia vel nobilissima Capitoni propria tradun- 
tur, quae hodie possidet ; in reliquas omnes fortunas 15 
iste T. Roscius, nomine Chrysogoni, quemadmodum 
ipse dicit, impetum facit. [Haec bona emuntur duo- 
bus milibus nummum.] 

12. Haec omnia, judices, imprudente L. Sulla facta 
esse certo scio ; neque enim mirum, — cum eodem 20 
tempore et ea quae praeterita sunt et ea quae videntur 
instare praeparet, cum et pacis constituendae rationem 

et belli gerendi potestatem solus habeat, cum omnes 
in unum spectent, unus omnia gubernet, cum tot tan- 
tisque negotiis distentus sit ut respirare libere non 25 
possit — si aliquid non animadvertat, cum praesertim 
tarn multi occupationem ejus observent tempusque 
aucupentur, ut, simul atque ille despexerit, aliquid 
hujusce modi moliantur. Hue accedit, quod quamvis 
ille felix sit, sicut est, tamen [in] tanta felicitate nemo 30 
potest esse, in magna familia qui neminem neque 
servum neque libertum improbum habeat. 

13. Interea iste T. Roscius, vir optimus, procurator 
Chrysogoni, Ameriam venit ; in praedia hujus inva- 

lit ; hunc miserum, luctu perditum, qui nondum etiam 35 
>mnia paterno funeri justa solvisset, nudum eicit ; 



6 Defence of Roscius. [Rose, Am, 

domo atque focis patriis disque penatibus praecipitem 3 
judices, exturbat ; ipse amplissimae pecuniae fit domi- 
nus. Qui in sua re fuisset egentissimus, erat, ut fit, 
insolens in aliena. Multa paiam domura suam aufere- 
5 bat, plura clam de medio removebat ; non pauca suis 
adjutoribus large effuseque donabat ; reliqua consti- 
tute auctione vendebat : quod Amerinis usque eo 
visum est indignum, ut urbe tota fletus gemitusque 
fieret. ix. 14. Etenim multa simul ante oculos versa- 

io bantur : mors hominis florentissimi Sex. Rosci crude- 
lissima, filii autem ejus egestas indignissima, cui de 
tanto patrimonio praedo iste nefarius ne iter quidem 
ad sepulcrum patrium reliquisset, bonorum emptio 
flagitiosa, possessio, furta, rapinae, donationes. Nemo 

15 erat qui non ardere ilia omnia mallet, quam videre in 
Sex. Rosci viri optimi atque honestissimi bonis jac- 
tantem se ac dominantem T. Roscium. 15. Itaque 
decurionum decretum statim fit, ut decern primi profi- 
ciscantur ad L. Sullam, doceantque eum qui vir Sex. 

20 Roscius fuerit ; conquerantur de istorum scelere et 
injuriis ; orent ut et illius mortui famam et filii inno- 
centis fortunas conservatas velit. Atque ipsum decre- 
tum, quaeso, cognoscite. 

\_Decretum Decurionum . ] 

25 Legati in castra veniunt. Intellegitur, judices, id 
quod jam ante dixi, imprudente L. Sulla scelera haec 
et flagitia fieri. Nam statim Chrysogonus et ipse ad 
eos accedit et homines nobilis adlegat, ah eis qui pete- 
rent ne ad Sullam adirent, et omnia Chrysogonum 

30 quae vellent esse facturum pollicerentur. 16. Usque 
adeo autem ille pertimuerat, ut mori mallet quam de 
his rebus Sullam doceri. Homines antiqui, qui ex sua 
natura ceteros fingerent, cum ille confirmaret sese 
nomen Sex. Rosci de tabulis exempturum praedia 

35 vacua filio traditurum, cumque id ita futurum T. Ros- 
cius Capito, qui in decern legatis erat, appromitteret, 



x. 29.] A Charge of Parricide is laid. 7 

crediderunt : Ameriam re inorata reverterunt. Ac 
primo rem differre cotidie ac procrastinare isti coepe- 
runt ; deinde aliquanto lentius, nihil agere atque delu- 
dere ; postremo — id quod facile intellectual est — 
insidias vitae hujusce [Sex. Rosci] parare, neque 5 
sese arbitrari posse diutius alienam pecuniam domino 
incolumi obtinere. 

x. 17. Quod hie si mul atque sensit, de amicorum 
ecgnatorumque sententia Romam confugit, et sese ad 
Caeciliam [Nepotis filiam], quam honoris causa nora- 10 
ino, contulit, qua pater usus erat plurimum ; in qua 
muliere, judices, etiam nunc (id quod omnes semper 
existimaverunt) quasi exempli causa vestigia antiqui 
offici remanent. Ea Sex. Roscium inopem, ejectum 
domo atque expulsum ex suis bonis, fugientem latronum 15 
tela et minas, recepit domum, hospitique oppresso jam 
desperatoque ab omnibus opitulata est. Ejus virtute, 
fide, diligentia factum est, ut hie potius vivus in reos 
quam occisus in proscriptos referretur. 

18. Nam postquam isti intellexerunt summa diligen- 20 
tia vitam Sex. Rosci custodiri, neque sibi ullam caedis 
faciundae potestatem dari, consilium ceperunt plenum 
sceleris et audaciae, ut nomen hujus de parricidio 
deterrent , ut ad earn rem aliquem accusatorem vete- 
vem compararent, qui de ea re posset dicere aliquid, 25 
in qua re nulla subesset suspitio ; denique ut, quoniam 
crimine non poterant, tempore ipso pugnarent. Ita 
loqui homines : quod judicia tarn diu facta non essent, 
condemnari eum oportere, qui primus in judicium 
adductus esset ; huic autem patronos propter Chryso- 30 
goni gratiam defuturos ; de bonorum venditione et de 
ista societate verbum esse facturum neminem ; ipso 
nomine parricidi et atrocitate criminis, fore ut hie 
nullo negotio tolleretur, cum ab nullo defensus esset. 
Hoc consilio atque adeo hac amentia impulsi, quern 35 
ipsi cum cuperent non potuerunt occidere, eum jugu- 
landum vobis tradidepm*- 



8 Defence of Roscius. [Rose. Am 

xi. 19. Quid primum querar ? aut unde potissimum, 
judices, ordiar ? aut quod aut a quibus auxilium 
petam ? Deorumne immortalium, populine Romani, 
vestramne, qui summam potestatem habetis, hoc 
5 tempore fideni implorem ? Pater occisus nefarie, 
domus obsessa ab inimicis, bona adempta, possessa, 
direpta, fili vita infesta, saepe ferro atque insidiis 
appetita, — quid ab his tot maleficiis sceleris abesse 
videtur? Tamen haec aliis nefariis cumulant atque ad- 

io augent : crimen incredibile confingunt, testis in hunc 
et accusatores hujusce pecunia comparant. Hanc 
condicionem misero ferunt, ut optet, utrum malit cer- 
vices Roscio dare, an, insutus in culeum, per summum 
dedecus vitam amittere. Patronos huic defuturos pu- 

15 taverunt : desunt : qui libere dicat, qui cum fide de- 
fendat, — id quod in hac causa est satis, — quoniam 
quidem suscepi, non deest profecto, judices. 

xiii. 20. Tres sunt res, quantum ego existimare pos- 
sum, quae obstent hoc tempore Sex. Roscio : crimen 

20 adversariorum, et audacia, et potentia. Criminis 
confictionem accusator [Erucius] suscepit ; audaciae 
partis Roscii sibi poposcerunt ; Chrysogonus autem, 
is qui plurimum potest, potentia pugnat. De hisce 
omnibus rebus me dicere oportere intellego. Quid 

25 igitur est ? Non eodem modo de omnibus, ideo quod 
prima ilia res ad meum officium pertinet, duas autem 
reliquas vobis populus Romanus imposuit. Ego cri- 
men oportet diluam ; vos et audaciae resistere, et 
hominum ejus modi perniciosam atque intolerandam 

30 potentiam primo quoque tempore exstinguere atque 
opprimere debetis. 

21. Occidisse patrem Sex. Roscius arguitur. Sce- 
lestum, di immortales ! ac nefarium facinus, atque ejus 
modi, quo uno maleficio scelera omnia complexa esse 

35 videantur. Etenim si, id quod praeclare a sapientibus 
dicitur, voltu saepe laeditur pietas, quod suppliciurn 



xiv. 4i •] What Motive for the Crime? 9 

satis acre reperietur in eum qui mortem obtulerit 
parenti, pro quo mori ipsum, si res postularet, jura 
divina atque humana cogebant? In hoc tanto, tarn 
atroci, tarn singulari malericio, quod ita raro exstitit 
ut, si quando auditum sit, portenti ac prodigi simile 5 
numeretur, quibus tandem tu, C. Eruci, argumentis 
accusatorem censes uti oportere ? Nonne et audaciam 
ejus qui in crimen vocetur singularem ostendere, et 
mores feros, iumanemque naturam, et vitam vitiis 
flagitiisque omnibus deditam, [et] denique omnia ad 10 
perniciem profligata atque perdita? quorum tu nihil in 
Sex. Roscium, ne obiciendi quidem causa, contulisti. 

xiv. 22. * Patrem occidit Sex. Roscius.' Qui homo? 
Adulescentulus corruptus et ab hominibus nequam 
inductus ? annos natus major quadraginta. Vetus 15 
videlicet sicarius, homo audax et saepe in caede ver- 
satus ? at hoc ab accusatore ne dici quidem audistis. 
Luxuries igitur hominem nimirum, et aeris alieni 
magnitudo, et indomitae animi cupiditates ad hoc sce- 
lus impulerunt ? De luxuria purgavit Erucius, cum 20 
dixit hunc ne in convivio quidem ullo fere interfuisse. 
Nihil autem umquam cuiquam debuit. Cupiditates 
porro quae possunt esse in eo qui, ut ipse accusator 
objecit, ruri semper habitant, et in agro colendo vixe- 
rit? — quae vita maxime disjuncta a cupiditate est, et25 
cum officio conjuncta. 

23. Quae res igitur tantum istum furorem Sex. Ro- 
scio objecit ? * Patri' inquit f non placebat.' Quam ob 
causam? Necesse est enim earn quoque justam et mag- 
nam et perspicuam fuisse : nam, ut illud incredibile est, 30 
mortem oblatam esse patri a filio sine plurimis et max- 
imis causis, sic hoc veri simile non est, odio fuisse pa- 
renti filium, sine causis multis et magnis et necessariis. 
Rursus igitur eodem revertamur, et quaeramus quae 
tanta vitia fuerint in unico filio, quare is patri displi- 35 
ceret. At perspicuum est nullum fuisse. Pater ieritur 



io Defence of Roscius. [Rose. Am. 

aniens, qui odisset eum sine causa quem procrearat. 
At is quidem fuit omnium constantissimus. Ergo 
iilud jam perspicuum profecto est, si neque amens 
pater neque perditus Alius fuerit, neque odi causam 
5 patri neque sceleris fllio fuisse. 

xxii. 24. De parricidio causa dicitur : ratio ab accu- 
satore reddita non est, quam ob causam patrem filius 
occiderit. Quod in minimis noxiis, et in his levioribus 
peccatis quae magis crebra et jam prope cotidiana 

io sunt, maxime et primum quaeritur, — quae causa 
malefici fuerit, — id Erucius in parricidio quaeri non 
putat oportere. In quo scelere, judices, etiam cum 
multae causae convenisse unum in locum atque inter 
se congruere videntur, tamen non temere creditur, 

15 neque levi conjectura res penditur, neque testis in- 
certus auditur, neque accusatoris ingenio res judicatur : 
cum multa antea commissa maleficia, cum vita hominis 
perditissima, turn singularis audacia ostendatur necesse 
est, neque audacia solum, sed summus furor atque 

20 amentia. 25. Haec cum sint omnia, tamen exstent 
oportet expressa sceleris vestigia, — ubi, qua ratione, 
per quos, quo tempore maleficium sit admissum ; quae 
nisi multa et manifesta sunt, profecto res tarn scelesta, 
tarn atrox, tarn nefaria credi non potest. Magna est 

25 enim vis humanitatis; multum valet communio san- 
guinis ; reclamitat istius modi suspitionibus ipsa natura ; 
portentum atque monstrum certissimum est, esse ali- 
quem humana specie et figura, qui tantum immanitate 
bestias vicerit, ut propter quos hanc suavissimam 

30 lucem aspexerit, eos indignissime luce privarit, cum 
etiam feras inter sese partus atque educatio et natura 
ipsa conciliet. 

xxiii. 2G. Non ita multis ante annis, aiunt T. 
Caelium quendam Tarracinensem, hominem non ob- 

35 scurum, cum cenatus cubitum in idem conclave cum 
duobus adulescentibus filiis isset, inventum esse mane 



xxvi. 7 2 -] Parricide : the Crime and its Penalty, n 

jugulatum. Cum neque servus quisquam reperiretur, 
neque liber, ad quern ea suspitio pertineret, id aetatis 
autem duo filii propter cubantes ne sensisse quidem 
se dicerent, nomina riliorum de parricidio delata sunt. 
Quid poterat tam esse suspitiosum? Neutrumne sen- 5 
sisse? AusLim autem esse quemquam se in id con- 
clave committere, eo potissimum tempore, cum ibidem 
essent duo adulescentes filii, qui et sentire et defen- 
dere facile possent ? 27. Erat porro nemo in quern ea 
suspitio conveniret. Tamen cum planum judicibus 10 
esset factum, aperto ostio dormientis eos repertos esse, 
judicio absoluti adulescentes et suspitione omni liberati 
sunt. Nemo enim putabat quemquam esse, qui, cum 
omnia divina atque humana jura scelere nefario pollu- 
isset, somnum statim capere potuisset ; propterea quod, 15 
qui tantum facinus commiserunt, non modo sine cura 
quiescere, sed ne spirare quidem sine metu possunt. 

28. Quare hoc quo minus est credibile nisi ostendi- 
tur, eo magis est, si convincitur, vindicandum. Itaque 
cum multis ex rebus intellegi potest majores nostros 20 
non modo armis plus quam ceteras nationes, verum 
etiam consilio sapientiaque potuisse, turn ex hac re vel 
maxime, quod in impios singulare supplicium invene- 
runt : insui voluerunt in culeum vivos, atque in flumen 
deici. O singularem sapientiam, judices ! Nonne 25 
videntur hunc hominem ex rerum natura sustulisse 
et eripuisse, cui repente caelum, solem, aquam ter- 
ramque ademerint : ut qui eum necasset, unde ipse 
natus esset, careret eis rebus omnibus, ex quibus 
omnia nata esse dicuntur? 29. Noluerunt feris corpus 30 
obicere, ne bestiis quoque, quae tantum scelus attigis- 
sent, immanioribus uteremur : non sic nudos in flu- 
men deicere, ne, cum delati essent in mare, ipsum 
polluerent, quo cetera, quae violata sunt, expiari pu- 
tantur. Denique nihil tam vile neque tam volgare 35 
est cujus partem ullam reliquerint. Etenim quid est 



12 Defence of Roscius. [Rose. Am. 

tarn commune quam spiritus vivis, terra mortuis, mare 
fiuctuantibus, litus ejectis? Ita vivunt, dum possunt, 
ut ducere animam de caelo non queant. Ita moriun- 
tur, ut eorum ossa terra non tangat. Ita jactantur 
5 fluctibus, ut numquam adluantur. Ita postremo eici- 
untur, ut ne ad saxa quidem mortui conquiescant. 
30. Tanti malefici crimen, cui maleficio tarn insigne 
supplicium est constitutum, probare te, Eruci, censes 
posse talibus viris, si ne causam quidem malefici pro- 

io tuleris? Si hunc apud bonorum emptores ipsos accu- 
sares, eique judicio Chrysogonus praeesset, tamen 
diligentius paratiusque venisses. Utrum quid aga- 
tur non vides, an apud quos agatur? Agitur de 
parricidio, quod sine multis causis suscipi non potest; 

15 apud homines autem prudentissimos agitur, qui intel- 
legunt neminem ne minimum quidem maleficium sine 
causa admittere. 

xxvii. 31. Esto : causam proferre non potes. Tam- 
etsi statim vicisse debeo, tamen de meo jure decedam, et 

20 tibi quod in alia causa non concederem in hac conce- 
dam, fretus hujus innocentia. Non quaero abs te qua 
re patrem Sex. Roscius occiderit : quaero quo modo 
occiderit. Ita quaero abs te, C. Eruci, quo modo ; 
et sic tecum agam, ut meo loco vel respondendi vel 

25 interpellandi tibi potestatem faciam, vel etiam, si quid 
voles, interrogandi. 

32. Quo modo occidit? Ipse percussit, an aliis 
occidendum dedit? Si ipsum arguis, Romae non 
fuit : si per alios fecisse dicis, quaero servosne an libe- 

30 ros? si -per liberos, quos homines? indidemne Ame- 
ria, an hosce ex urbe sicarios? si Ameria, qui sunt 
hi? cur non nominantur? si Roma, unde eos nove- 
rat Roscius, qui Romam multis annis non venit, neque 
umquam plus triduo fuit? ubi eos convenit? qui- 

35 cum locutus est? quo modo persuasit? f Pretium 
dedit.' Cui dedit? per quern dedit? unde aut quan- 



xxviii. 76.] His Rustic Life and Character. 13 

turn dedit? Nonne his vestigiis ad caput malefici per- 
veniri solet? Et simul tibi in mentem veniat facito, 
quern ad modum vitara hujusce depinxeris : hunc 
hominem ferum atque agrestem fuisse ; numquam 
cum homine quoquam conlocutum esse ; numquam 5 
in oppido constitisse. 

33. Qua in re praetereo illud, quod mihi maximo 
argumento ad hujus innocentiam poterat esse, in rus- 
ticis moribus, in victu arido, in hac horrida incultaque 
vita istius modi maleficia gigni non solere. Ut non ic 
omnem frugem neque arborem in omni agro reperire 
possis, sic non omne facinus in omni vita nascitur. 
In urbe luxuries creatur ; ex luxuria exsistat avaritia 
necesse est, ex avaritia erumpat audacia ; inde omnia 
scelera ac maleficia gignuntur. Vita autem haec 15 
rustica, quam tu agrestem vocas, parsimoniae, dili- 
gentiae, justitiae magistra est. 

34. Verum haec missa facio. Illud quaero, — is 
homo, qui, ut tute dicis, numquam inter homines 
fuerit, per quos homines hoc tantum facinus tarn oc- 20 
culte, absens praesertim, conficere potuerit. Multa 
sunt falsa, judices, quae tamen argui suspitiose pos- 
sunt ; in his rebus si suspitio reperta erit, culpam 
inesse concedam. Romae Sex. Roscius occiditur, 
cum in agro Amerino esset films. Litteras, credo, 25 
misit alicui sicario, qui Romae noverat neminem. 

1 Arcessivit aliquem.' Quern aut quando? ' Nuntium 
misit.' Quern aut ad quern? 'Pretio, gratia, spe, 
promissis induxit aliquem.' Nihil horum ne confingi 
quidem potest, et tamen causa de parricidio dicitur ! 30 

35. Reliquum est ut per servos id admiserit. O di 
immortales ! rem miseram et calamitosam, quod in 
tali crimine quod innocenti saluti solet esse, ut servos 
in quaestionem polliceatur, id Sex. Roscio facere non 
licet. Vos, qui hunc accusatis, omnis ejus servos 35 
habetis. Unus puer, victus cotidiani minister, ex tanta 



14 Defence of Roscius. [Rose. Am. 

familia Sex. Roscio relictus non est. Te nunc appello, 
P. Scipio, te, Metelle. Vobis advocatis, vobis agen- 
tibus, aliquotiens duos servos paternos in quaestionem 
ab adversariis Sex. Roscius postulavit. Meministisne 

5 T. Roscium recusare? Quid? ei servi ubi sunt? 
Chrysogonum, judices, sectantur : apud eum sunt in 
honore et pretio. Etiam nunc ut ex eis quaeratur ego 
postulo, hie orat atque obsecrat. Quid facitis? cur 
recusatis? Dubitate etiam nunc, judices, si potestis, 

io a quo sit Sex. Roscius occisus, — ab eone, qui propter 
illius mortem in egestate et in insidiis versatur, cui ne 
quaerendi quidem de morte patris potestas permittitur, 
an ab eis qui quaestionem fugitant, bona possident, 
in caede atque ex caede vivunt. 

15 xliii. 36. Venio nunc ad illud nomen aureum 
[Chrysogoni] , sub quo nomine tota societas latuit : de 
quo, judices, neque quo modo dicam neque quo modo 
taceam reperire possum. Si enim taceo, vel maximam 
partem relinquo ; sin autem dico, vereor ne non ille 

20 solus, id quod ad me nihil attinet, sed alii quoque plu- 
res laesos se esse putent. Tametsi ita se res habet, ut 
mihi in communem causam sectorum dicendum nihil 
magno opere videatur ; haec enim causa nova profecto 
et singularis est. 

25 3To Bonorum Sex. Rosci emptor est Chrysogonus. 
Primum hoc videamus : ejus hominis bona qua ratione 
venierunt, aut quo modo venire potuerunt? Atque hoc 
non ita quaeram, judices, ut id dicam esse indignum, 
hominis innocentis bona venisse ; si enim haec audi- 

30 entur ac libere dicentur, non fuit tantus homo Sex. Ro- 
scius in civitate, ut de eo potissimum conqueramur. 
Verum [ego] hoc quaero : qui potuerunt ista ipsa lege, 
quae de proscriptione est, — sive Valeria est, sive Cor- 
nelia, non enim novi nee scio, — verum ista ipsa lege 

35 bona Sex. Rosci venire qui potuerunt? Scriptum 
enim ita dicunt esse, ut eorum bona veneant, qici pro- 



xliv. 129.] Illegal Sale of the Estates. 15 

scrifti sunt — quo innumero Sex. Roscius non est — 
aut eoruui qui in adversaria rum -praesidiis occisi sunt. 
Dum praesidia ulla fuerunt, in Sullae praesidiis fuit ; 
postea quam ab armis recessum est, in summo otio 
rediens a cena Romae occisus est. Si lege, bona quo- 5 
que lege venisse fateor ; sin autem constat, contra 
omnis non modo veteres leges verum etiam novas 
occisum esse, bona quo jure aut quo more aut qua 
lege venierint quaero. 

xliv. 38. In quem hoc dicam quaeris, Eruci? Non 10 
in eum quem vis et putas ; nam Sullam et oratio mea 
ab initio et ipsius eximia virtus omni tempore purgavit. 
Ego haec omnia Chrysogonum fecisse dico, ut emen- 
tiretur, ut malum civem Roscium fuisse fingeret, ut 
eum apud adversarios occisum esse diceret, ut his de 15 
rebus a legatis Amerinorum doceri L. Sullam passus 
non sit. Denique etiam illud suspicor, omnino haec 
bona non venisse : id quod postea, si per vos, judices, 
licitum erit, aperietur. 

39. Opinor enim esse in lege, quam ad diem pro- 20 
scriptiones venditionesque fiant : [nimirum] Kalendas 
Juntas. Aliquot post mensis et homo occisus est, et 
bona venisse dicuntur. Profecto aut haec bona in 
tabulas publicas nulla redierunt, nosque ab isto nebu- 
lone facetius eludimur quam putamus ; aut, si redie- 25 
runt, tabulae publicae corruptae aliqua ratione sunt : 
nam lege quidem bona venire non potuisse constat. 
Intellego me ante tempus, judices, haec scrutari, et 
prope modum errare, qui, cum capiti Sex. Rosci med- 
eri debeam, reduviam curem. Non enim laborat de pe- 30 
cunia ; non ullius rationem sui commodi ducit ; facile 
egestatem suam se laturum putat, si hac indigna sus- 
pitione et ficto crimine liberatus sit. 

40. Verum quaeso a vobis, judices, ut haec pauca 
quae restant ita audiatis, ut partim me dicere pro me 35 
ipso putetis, partim pro Sex. Roscio. Quae enim 



16 Defence of Roscius. [Rose. Am. 

mihi indigna et intolerabilia videntur, quaeque ad 
omnis, nisi providemus, arbitror pertinere, ea pro me 
ipso ex animi mei sensu ac dolore pronuntio ; quae ad 
hujus vitae [casum] causam [que] pertineant, et quid 
5 hie pro se dici velit, et qua condicione contentus sit, 
jam in extrema oratione nostra, judices, audietis. 
xlv. 41. Ego haec a Chrysogono, mea sponte, remote 
Sex. Roscio, quaero : primum, qua re civis optimi 
bona venierint; deinde, qua re hominis ejus, qui 

io neque -proscriftus neque apud adversarios occisus est, 
bona venierint, cum in eos solos lex scripta sit ; deinde, 
quare aliquanto post earn diem venierint, quae dies 
in lege praefinita est; deinde, cur tantulo venierint. 
Quae omnia si, quern ad modum solent liberti nequam 

15 et improbi facere, in patronum suum voluerit conferre, 
nihil egerit : nemo est enim qui nesciat propter mag- 
nitudinem rerum multa multos furtim imprudente L. 
Sulla commisisse. 

42. Placet igitur in his rebus aliquid imprudentia 
20 praeteriri ? Non placet, judices, sed necesse est. 

Etenim si Juppiter optimus maximus, cujus nutu et 
arbitrio caelum terra mariaque reguntur, saepe ventis 
vehementioribus aut immoderatis tempestatibus aut 
nimio calore aut intolerabili frigore hominibus nocuit, 

25 urbis delevit, fruges perdidit, quorum nihil pernici 
causa divino consilio, sed vi ipsa et magnitudine 
rerum factum putamus ; at contra, commoda quibus 
utimur lucemque qua fruimur spiritumque quern duci- 
mus ab eo nobis dari atque impertiri videmus, — =quid 

30 miramur L. Sullam, cum solus rem publicam regeret, 
orbemque terrarum gubernaret, imperique majestatem 
quam armis receperat legibus confirmaret, aliqua ani- 
madvertere non potuisse? Nisi hoc mirum est, quod 
vis divina adsequi non possit, si v id mens humana 

35 adepta non sit. 

43. Vereor, judices, ne quis imperitior existimet me 



xlviii. 140.] Sulla and his Party. 17 

causam nobilitatis victoriamque voluisse laedere : tam- 
etsi meo jure possum, si quid in hac parte mihi non 
placeat, vituperare ; non enim vereor ne quis alienum 
me animum habuisse a causa nobilitads existimet. 
xlvii. Sciunt ei qui me norunt, me pro mea tenui 5 
infirmaque parte, — postea quam id quod maxime 
volui fieri non potuit, ut componeretur, — id maxime 
defendisse, ut ei vincerent qui vicerunt. Quis enim 
erat, qui non videret humilitatem cum [dignitate de] 
amplitudine contendere? Quo in certamine perditi 10 
civis erat non se ad eos jungere, quibus incolumibus, 
et domi dignitas et foris auctoritas retineretur. Quae 
perfecta esse et suum cuique honorem et gradum red- 
ditum gaudeo, judices, vehementerque laetor ; eaque 
omnia deorum voluntate, studio populi Romani, con- 15 
silio et imperio et felicitate L. Sullae, gesta esse 
intellego. 

44. Quod animadversum est in eos qui contra omni 
ratione pugnarunt, non debeo reprehendere : quod 
viris fortibus, quorum opera exim«ia in rebus gerendis 2 ° 
exstitit, honos habitus est, laudo. Quae ut fierent, 
idcirco pugnatum esse arbitror, meque in eo studio 
partium fuisse confiteor. Sin autem id actum est, et 
idcirco arma sumpta sunt, ut homines postremi pecu- 
niis alienis locupletarentur, et in fortunas uniuscujus- 2 S 
que impetum facerent, et id non modo re prohibere 
non licet, sed ne verbis quidem vituperare, turn vero 
in isto bello non recreatus neque restitutus, sed sub- 
actus oppressusque pnpulus Romanus est. Verum 
longe aliter est ; nihil horum est, judices : non modo 30 
non laedetur causa nobilitatis, si istis hominibus re- 
sistetis, verum etiam ornabitur. 

xlviii. 45. Quapropter desinant aliquando dicere 
male aliquem locutum esse, si qui vere ac libere locu- 
tus sit ; desinant suam causam cum Chrysogono com- 35 
municare : desinant, si ille laesus sit, de se aliquid 



18 Defence of Roscius. [Rose. Am. 

detractum arbitrari ; videant ne turpe miserumque sit 
eos, qui equestrem splendorem pati non potuerunt, 
servi nequissimi dominationem ferre posse. Quae 
quidem dominatio, judices, in aliis rebus antea versa- 

5 batur ; nunc vero quam viam munitet, quod iter adfec- 
tet videtis, — ad fidem, ad jusjurandum, ad judicia 
vestra, ad id, quod solum prope in civitate sincerum 
sanctumque restat. Hicine etiam sese putat aliquid 
posse Chrysogonus? Hie etiam potens esse volt? O 

10 rem miseram atque acerbam ! Neque, mehercules, 
hoc indigne fero, quod verear ne quid possit ; verum 
quod ausus est, quod speravit sese apud talis viros ali- 
quid posse ad perniciem innocentis, id ipsum queror. 
xlix. 46. Idcircone exspectata nobilitas armis atque 

15 ferro rem publicam reciperavit, ut ad libidinem suam 
liberti servolique nobilium bona, fortunas -possessiones- 
que nostras vexare possent? Si id actum est, fateor 
me errasse qui hoc maluerim ; fateor insanisse qui cum 
illis senserim. Tametsi inermis, judices, sensi. Sin 

20 autem victoria nobilium ornamento atque emolumento 
rei publicae populoque Romano debet esse, turn vero 
optimo et nobilissimo cuique meam orationem gratissi- 
mam esse oportet. Quod si quis est qui et se et causam 
laedi putet cum Chrysogonus vituperetur, is causam 

25 ignorat ; se ipsum probe novit. Causa enim splendi- 
dior fiet, si nequissimo cuique resistetur. Ille impro- 
bissimus Chrysogoni fautor, qui sibi cum illo rationem 
communicatam putat, laeditur, cum ab hoc splendore 
causae separatur. 

30 4T. Verum haec omnis oratio, ut jam ante dixi, mea 
est, qua me uti res publica et dolor meus et istorum 
injuria coegit. Sex. Roscius horum nihil indignum 
putat, neminem accusat, nihil de suo patrimonio queri- 
tur. Putat homo imperitus morum, agricola et rusticus, 

35 ista omnia, quae vos per Sullam gesta esse dicitis, more, 
lege, jure gentium facta. Culpa liberatus et crimine 



l. 146.] His Apfcal to Chrysogonus. 19 

nefario solutus, cupit a vobis discedere. Si hacindigna 
suspitione careat, animo aequo se carere suis omnibus 
commodis dicit. Rogat oratque te, Chrysogone, si 
nihil de patris fortunis amplissimis in suara rem con- 
vertit, si nulla in re te fraudavit, si tibi optima fide sua 5 
omnia concessit, adnumeravit, appendit, si vestitum 
quo ipse tectus erat, anulumque de digito suum tibi 
tradidit, si ex omnibus rebus se ipsum nudum neque 
praeterea quicquam excepit, ut sibi per te liceat inno- 
centi amicorum opibus vitam in egestate degere. l. 10 
48. ' Praedia mea tu possides, ego aliena misericordia 
vivo : concedo, et quod animus aequus est, et quia 
necesse est. Mea domus tibi patet, mihi clausa est : 
fero. Familia mea maxima tu uteris, ego servum 
habeo nullum : patior et ferendum puto. Quid vis 15 
amplius? Quid insequeris? Quid oppugnas? Qua 
in re tuam voluntatem laedi a me putas? Ubi tuis 
commodis officio? Quid tibi obsto?' Si spoliorum 
causa vis hominem occidere, quid quaeris amplius? 
Si inimicitiarum, quae sunt tibi inimicitiae cum eo, 20 
cujus ante praedia possedisti quam ipsum cognovisti? 
Si metus, ab eone aliquid metuis, quern vides ipsum 
ab se tarn atrocem injuriam propulsare non posse? Sin 
quod bona quae Rosci fuerunt tua facta sunt, idcirco 
hunc illius filium studes perdere, nonne ostendis id te 25 
vereri, quod praeter ceteros tu metuere non debeas, ne 
quando liberis proscriptorum bona patria reddantur? 

49. Facis injuriam, Chrysogone, si majorem spem 
emptionis tuae in hujus exitio ponis, quam in eis rebus 
quas L. Sulla gessit. Quod si tibi causa nulla est 30 
cur hunc miserum tanta calamitate adfici velis, si tibi 
omnia sua praeter animam tradidit, nee sibi quicquam 
paternum ne monumenti quidem causa clam reservavit, 
per deos immortalis, quae ista tanta crudelitas est? 
Quae tarn fera immanisque natura? Quis umquam 35 
praedo fuit tarn nefarius, quis pirata tarn barbarus, ut, 



20 Defence of Roscius. [Rose. Am. 

cum integram praedam sine sanguine habere posset, 
cruenta spolia detrahere mallet? 50. Scis hunc nihil 
habere, nihil audere, nihil posse, nihil umquam contra 
rem tuam cogitasse ; et tamen oppugnas eum quem 

$ iieque metuere potes, neque odisse debes, nee quicquam 
jam habere reliqui vides quod ei detrahere possiso 
Nisi hoc. indignum putas, quod vestitum sedere in 
judicio vides, quem tu e patrimonio tamquam e nau- 
fragio nudum expulisti ; quasi vero nescias hunc et ali 

io et vestiri a Caecilia, [Baliarici filia, Nepotis sorore,] 
spectatissima femina, quae cum clarissimum patrem, 
amplissimos patruos, ornatissimum fratrem haberet, 
tamen, cum esset mulier, virtute perfecit ut, quanto 
honore ipsa ex illorum dignitate adficeretur, non mi- 

15 nora illis ornamenta ex sua laude redderet. 

li. 51. An quod diligenter defenditur, id tibi indig- 
num facinus videtur? Mihi crede, si pro patris hujus 
hospitiis et gratia vellent omnes hujus hospites adesse, 
et auderent libere defendere, satis copiose defende- 

20 retur ; sin autem pro magnitudine injuriae, proque eo 
quod surhma res publica in hujus periculo temptatur, 
haec omnes vindicarent, consistere mehercule vobis 
isto in loco non liceret* Nunc ita defenditur, non sane 
ut moleste ferre adversarii debeant, neque ut se po- 

25 tentia superari putent. 52= Quae domi gerenda sunt, 
ea per Caeciliam transiguntur ; fori judicique rationem 
M. Messala, ut videtis, judices, suscepit. Qui, si jam 
satis aetatis atque roboris haberet, ipse pro Sex. Ro- 
scio diceret : quoniam ad dicendum impedimento est 

30 aetas et pudor qui ornat aetatem, causam mihi tradidit, 
quem sua causa cupere ac debere intellegebat ; ipse 
adsiduitate, consilio, auctoritate, diligentia perfecit, ut 
Sex. Rosci vita, erepta de manibus sectorum, senten- 
tiis judicura permitteretur. Nimirum, judices, pro hac 

35 nobilitate pars maxima civitatis in armis fuit ; haec 
acta res est, ut ei nobiles restituerentur in civitatem, 



lii. 152.] His Appeal to the Court. 21 

qui hoc facerent quod facere Messalam videtis, — qui 
caput innocentis defenderent, qui injuriae resisterent, 
qui quantum possent in salute alterius quam in exitio 
mallent ostendere ; quod si omnes qui eodem loco nati 
sunt facerent, et res publica ex illis et ipsi ex invidia 5 
minus laborarent. 

lii. 53. Verum si a Chrysogono, judices, non impe- 
tramus, ut pecunia nostra contentus sit, vitam ne petat, 
— si ille adduci non potest, ut, cum ademerit nobis 
omnia quae nostra erant propria, ne lucem quoque 10 
hanc, quae communis est, eripere cupiat, — si non 
satis habet avaritiam suam pecunia explere, nisi etiam 
crudelitati sanguis praebitus sit, — unum perfugium, 
judices, una spes reliqua est Sex. Roscio, eadem quae 
rei publicae, vestra pristina bonitas et misericordia. 15 
Quae si manet, salvi etiam nunc esse possumus ; sin 
ea crudelitas, quae hoc tempore in re publica versata 
est, vestros quoque animos — id quod fieri profecto non 
potest — duriores acerbioresque reddidit, actum est, ju- 
dices : inter feras satius est aetatem degere, quam in 20 
hac tanta immanitate versari. 54. Ad eamne rem vos 
reservati estis, ad eamne rem delecti, ut eos condem- 
naretis, quos sectores ac sicarii jugulare non po- 
tuissent? Solent hoc boni imperatores facere, cum 
proelium committunt, ut in eo loco quo fugam hostium 25 
fore arbitrentur milites conlocent, in quos, si qui ex 
acie fugerint, de improviso incidant. Nimirum simili- 
ter arbitrantur isti bonorum emptores, — vos hie, talis 
viros, sedere, qui excipiatis eos qui de suis manibus 
effugerint. Di prohibeant, judices, ut hoc, quod ma- 30 
jores consilium publicum vocari voluerunt, praesidium 
sectorum existimetur. 

55. An vero, judices, vos non intellegitis nihil aliud 
agi nisi ut proscriptorum liberi quavis ratione tollan- 
tur, et ejus rei initium in vestro jurejurando atque in 35 
Sex. Rosci periculo quaeri? Dubiumne est ad quern 



22 Defence of Roscius. [Rose. Am. 

maleficium pertineat, cum videatis ex altera parte sec- 
torem, inimicum, sicarium eundemque accusatorem 
hoc tempore ; ex altera parte egentem, probatum suis 
filium, in quo non modo culpa nulla, sed ne suspitio 

5 quidem potuit consistere? liii. 56. Numquid huic 
aliud videtis obstare [Roscio], nisi quod patris bona 
venierunt? Quodsi id vos suscipitis, et earn ad rem 
operam vestram profitemini, si idcirco sedetis, ut ad 
vos adducantur eorum liberi quorum bona venierunt, 

io cavete, per deos immortalis, judices, ne nova et multo 
crudelior per vos proscriptio instaurata esse videatur. 
Illam priorem, quae facta est in eos qui arma capere 
potuerunt, tamen senatus suscipere noluit, ne quid 
acrius quam more majorum comparatum esset publico 

15 consilio factum videretur. Hanc vero, quae ad eorum 
liberos atque ad infantium puerorum incunabula perti- 
net, nisi hoc judicio a vobis reicitis et aspernamini, 
videte, per deos immortalis, quem in locum rem publi- 
cam perventuram putetis. 

20 57. Homines sapientes et ista auctoritate et potestate 
praeditos, qua vos estis, ex quibus rebus maxime res 
publica laborat, eis maxime mederi convenit. Vestrum 
nemo est quin intellegatpopulum Romanum, qui quon- 
dam in hostis lenissimus existimabatur, hoc tempore 

25 domestica crudelitate laborare. Hanc tollite ex civitate, 
judices. Hanc pati nolite diutius in hac re publica 
versari. Quae non modo id habet in se mali, quod tot 
civis atrocissime sustulit, verum etiam hominibus le- 
nissimis ademit misericordiam consuetudine incommo- 

30 dorum. Nam cum omnibus horis aliquid atrociter fieri 
videmus aut audimus, etiam qui natura mitissimi su- 
mus, adsiduitate molestiarum sensum omnem humani- 
tatis ex animis amittimus. 



IMPEACHMENT OF VERRES. 

B.C. 70. 

Caius Verres, a man of noble birth, but notorious for his 
crimes and exactions in the civil war and in the offices he had held 
since, was city praetor {prcetor urbamis) B.C. 74. At the close 
of his term of office, he went, in accordance with the law, as pro- 
praetor, to govern the province of Sicily. By reason of the dis- 
turbed condition of Italy, from the revolt of Spartacus, he was not 
relieved at the end of a year, as the law required, but continued 
two years longer in the government of the province, when he was 
succeeded by Lucius Caecilius Metellus. During these three years 
he was guilty of the most abominable oppressions and exactions ; 
and, as soon as they were relieved of his presence, the Sicilians 
brought a prosecution against him in the court of Repetimdcz (for 
the trial of cases of Extortion), presided over by the praetor Mani- 
us Acilius Glabrio. To conduct the prosecution, they had recourse 
to Cicero, who already stood high among Roman advocates, and 
who was personally known and trusted by them on account of his 
honorable administration of the quaestorship in their island. Cicero 
willingly took charge of the case, the more so as the counsel for 
Verres was Hortensius, the leading lawyer of his time,- against 
whom he was eager to measure his strength. 

Although the cruelty and rapacity of Verres were notorious, yet 
his relations to the Roman nobility gained him the same support 
at home which recently, under somewhat similar circumstances, 
was afforded to Governor Eyre in England, on his return from 
Jamaica. Not only Hortensius, but Curio, a man of excellent 
reputation, with members of the eminent families of Scipio and 
Metellus, stood firmly by him. The only hope of Verres was in 
preventing a fair and speedy trial. First he tried to obtain a prose- 
cutor who should be in collusion with him, and would not push him 
too hard. For this purpose one Caecilius was put forward, an in- 
significant person, but a native of Sicily. Cicero's first speech in 
the case was therefore before the praetor Glabrio in person, to show 
that he, rather than Caecilius, should be allowed to conduct the 
case. This it was not hard to do, and he set out at once for Sicil) 
to collect evidence, for which purpose he was allowed one hundred 



24 Impeachment of Verres. [Verr. I. 

and ten days. He was, however, so industrious and skilful in this, 
that he returned in fifty days, thus completely foiling the next 
plan of the opposition, which was to bring on a trumped-up action 
before the court, which should have precedence of that against 
Verres, merely to consume time. Cicero returned, with ample evi- 
dence, even before his rival had left Italy. The trial was now fixed 
for Aug. 5, B.C. 70, in the consulship of Pompey and Crassus. 

Meantime (in the latter part of July) the elections were held for 
the next year, — as was the custom in Rome, several months before 
the newly-elected magistrates entered upon their offices ; the 
successful candidate, under the title of desig7iatus, enjoyed a dig- 
nity almost equal to that of an actual magistrate, although with no 
real power (see ch. ix.). In these elections Cicero was designated 
aedile ; but his rival Hortensius was chosen consul, with Quintus 
Metellus Creticus, Verres' fast friend, as his colleague. More than 
this, Marcus Metellus, brother of Quintus, was chosen praetor, and 
the lot fell to him to preside the next year in the court of Repettm- 
dcs. If now the trial could be put over till the next year, when 
Hortensius and the two Metelli would be in the three most influen- 
tial positions in the State, Verres felt quite sure of getting clear. 
Neither did it seem as if this would be very hard to bring about ; 
for the last six months of the Roman year were so full of festivals 
and other days in which the courts could not sit, that the case would 
be liable to constant interruptions and delays. This would have 
been a sore disappointment to Cicero, for, by good luck in drawing 
the names, and sagacity in challenging, he had a jury that he could 
trust, and he was not willing to run the risk of a change. 

Under these circumstances Cicero made the second speech of the 
Verrine group — that which is known as the Actio Prima. In this 
he proved so conclusively the guilt of the defendant and his hope 
to escape by bribery, and at the same time showed himself so de- 
termined to urge the case through before the New Year, that he 
hardly had any need to produce his witnesses. Hortensius soon 
threw up his case, and Verres went into exile, with a name for ever 
associated with extortion and misgovernment. Full restitution of 
the plunder was, however, not obtained : a compromise was made, 
by which a less sum was paid in satisfaction of the claims. The 
five speeches known as the "Accusation" {Actio Secundd) were 
never delivered, but were written out and published in order to put 
on record the facts which the orator had gathered with so much pains. 



n« 3-] Character and Motive of the Trial. 25 

QUOD erat optandum maxime, judices, et quod 
unum ad invidiam vestri ordinis infamiamque 
judiciorum sedandam maxime pertinebat, id non 
humano consilio, sed prope divinitus datum atque 
oblatum vobis summo rei publicae tempore videtur. 5 
Inveteravit enim jam opinio perniciosa rei publicae, 
vobisque periculosa, quae non modo apud populum 
Romanum, sed etiam apud exteras nationes, omnium 
sermone percrebruit : his judiciis quae nunc sunt, 
pecuniosum hominem, quamvis sit nocens, nemi- 10 
nem posse damnari. 2. Nunc, in ipso discrimine 
ordinis judiciorumque vestrorum, cum sint parati qui 
contionibus et legibus banc invidiam senatus inflam- 
mare conentur, [reus] in judicium adductus est [C. 
Verres], homo vita atque factis omnium jam opini- 15 
one damnatus, pecuniae magnitudine sua spe et prae- 
dicatione absolutus. 

Huic ego causae, judices, cum summa voluntate et 
exspectatione populi Romani, actor accessi, non ut 
augerem invidiam ordinis, sed ut infamiae communi 20 
3uccurrerem. Adduxi enim hominem, in quo recon- 
ciliare existimationem judiciorum amissam, redire in 
gratiam cum populo Romano, satis facere exteris 
nationibus, possetis ; depeculatorem aerari, vexatorem 
Asiae atque Pamphyliae, praedonem juris urbani, la- -^5 
bem atque perniciem provinciae Siciliae. 3. De quo si 
vos vere ac religiose judicaveritis, auctoritas ea, quae 
in vobis remanere debet, haerebit ; sin istius ingentes 
divitiae judiciorum religionem veritatemque perfrege- 
rint, ego hoc tamen adsequar, ut judicium potius rei 3° 
publicae, quam aut reus judicibus, aut accusator reo, 
defuisse videatur. 

11. Equidem, ut de me confitear, judices, cum mul- 
tae mihi a C. Verre insidiae terra marique factae sint, 
quas partini mea diligentia devitarim, partim amico- 35 
rum studio officioque repulerim ; numquam tamen 



26 ImpeacJwient of Verres. [Verr. . 

neque tantum periculum mihi adire visus sum, neque 
tanto opere pertimui, ut nunc in ipso judicio. 4. Neque 
tantum me exspectatio accusationis meae, concursus- 
que tantae multitudinis (quibus ego rebus vehemen- 
5 tissime perturbor) commovet, quantum istius insidiae 
nefariae, quas uno tempore mihi, vobis, M'. Glabrioni, 
populo Romano, sociis, exteris nationibus, ordini, no-= 
mini denique senatorio, facere conatur : qui ita dictitat, 
eis esse metuendum, qui quod ipsis solis satis esset 

io surripuissent ; se tantum eripuisse, ut id multis satis 

esse possit ; nihil esse tarn sanctum quod non violari, 

nihil tam munitum quod non expugnari pecunia possit. 

5. Quod si quam audax est ad conandum, tam 

esset obscurus in agendo, fortasse aliqua in re nos 

is aliquando fefellisset. Verum hoc adhuc percommode 
cadit, quod cum incredibili ejus audacia singularis 
stultitia conjuncta est. Nam, ut apertus in corripien- 
dis pecuniis fuit, sic in spe corrumpendi judici, per- 
spicua sua consilia conatusque omnibus fecit. Semel, 

20 ait, se in vita pertimuisse, turn cum primum a me 
reus factus sit; quod, cum e provincia recens esset, 
invidiaque et infamia non recenti, sed vetere ac diu- 
turna flagraret, turn, ad judicium corrumpendum, 
tempus alienum offenderet. 6. Itaque, cum ego diem 

2 5 in Siciliam inquirendi perexiguam postulavissem, in- 
venit iste, qui sibi in x\chaiam biduo breviorem diem 
postularet, — non ut is idem conficeret diligentia et 
industria sua quod ego meo labore et vigiliis consecu- 
tus sum, etenim ille Achaicus inquisitor ne Brundisi- 

3° um quidem pervenit ; ego Siciliam totam quinquaginta 
diebus sic obii, ut omnium populorum privatorumque 
literas injuriasque cognoscerem ; ut perspicuum cuivis 
esse posset, hominem ab isto quaesitum esse, non qui 
reum suum adduceret, sed qui meum tempus obsideret. 

35 in. t. Nunc homo audacissimus atque amentissimus 
hoc cogitat. Intellegit me ita paratum atque in- 



iv. io.] Hozu he thinks to Escape, 27 

structum in judicium venire, ut non modo in auribus 
vestris, sed in oculis omnium, sua furta atque flagitia 
defixurus sim. Videt senatores multos esse testis 
audaciae suae ; videt multos equites Romanos frequen- 
tis praeterea civis atque socios, quibus ipse insignis 5 
injurias fecerit. Videt etiam tot tarn gravis ab ami- 
cissimis civitatibus legationes, cum publicis auctori- 
tatibus convenisse. 8. Quae cum ita sint, usque 
eo de omnibus bonis male existimat, usque eo sena- 
toria judicia perdita proiligataque esse arbitratur, ut 10 
hoc palam dictitet, non sine causa se cupidum pecuniae 
fuisse, quoniam in pecunia tantum praesidium experia- 
tur esse : sese (id quod difficillimum fuerit) tempus 
ipsum emisse judici sui, quo cetera facilius emere 
postea posset ; ut, quoniam criminum vim subterfugere 15 
nullo modo poterat, procellam temporis devitaret. 

9. Quod si non modo in causa, verum in aliquo ho- 
nesto praesidio, aut in alicujus eloquentia aut gratia, 
spem aliquam conlocasset, profecto non haec omnia 
conligeret atque aucuparetur ; non usque eo despice- 20 
ret contemneretque ordinem senatorium, ut arbitratu 
ejus deligeretur ex senatu, qui reus fieret; qui, dum 
hie quae opus essent compararet, causam interea 
ante eum diceret. 10. Quibus ego rebus quid iste 
speret, et quo animum intendat, facile perspicio. 25 
Quam ob rem vero se confidat aliquid perficere posse, 
hoc praetore, et hoc consilio, intellegere non possum. 
Unum illud intellego (quod populus Romanus in rejec- 
tione judicum judicavit) , ea spe istum fuisse praeditum 
nt omnem rationem salutis in pecunia constitueret ; 3 C 
hoc erepto praesidio, ut nullam sibi rem adjumento 
fore arbitrarelur. 

iv. Etenim quod est ingenium tantum, quae tanta 
facultas dicendi aut copia, quae istius vitam, tot vitiis 
flagitiisque convictam, jampridem omnium voluntate 35 
judicioque damnatam, aliqua ex parte possit defen- 



28 Impeachment of Ver7'es. [Verr. I. 

dere? 11. Cujus ut adulescentiae maculas ignominias- 
que praeteream ; quaestura [primus gradus honoris] 
quid aliud habet in se, nisi [Cn. Carbonem spoliatum] 
a quaestore suo pecunia publica nudatum et proditum 
5 consulem? desertum exercitum? relictam provinciam? 
sortis necessitudinem religionemque violatam? Cujus 
legatio exitium fuit Asiae totius et Pamphyliae : quibus 
in provinciis multas domos, plurimas urbis, omnia fana 
depopulates est, turn cum [in Cn. Dolabellam] suum 

io scelus illud pristinum renovavit et instauravit quaesto- 
rium ; cum eum, cui et legatus et pro quaestore fuisset, 
et in invidiam suis maleficiis adduxit, et in ipsis peri- 
culis non solum deseruit, sed etiam oppugnavit ac 
prodidit? 12. Cujus praetura urbana aedium sacrarum 

15 fuit publicorumque operum depopulatio ; simul in jure 
dicundo, bonorum possessionumque, contra omnium 
instituta, addictio et condonatio. Jam vero omnium 
vitiorum suorum plurima et maxima constituit monu- 
menta et indicia in provincia Sicilia ; quam iste per 

20 triennium ita vexavit ac perdidit, ut ea restitui in anti- 
quum statum nullo modo possit ; vix autem per multos 
annos, innocentisque praetores, aliqua ex parte recre- 
ari aliquando posse videatur. 13. Hoc praetore, Si- 
culi neque suas leges, neque nostra senatus-consulta, 

25 neque communia jura tenuerunt. Tantum quisque 
habet in Sicilia, quantum hominis avarissimi et libi- 
, dinosissimi aut imprudentiam subterfugit, aut satietati 
superfuit. 

v. Nulla res per triennium, nisi ad nutum istius, 

3° judicata est: nulla res cujusquam tam patria atque 
avita fuit, quae non ab eo, imperio istius, abjudicar 
retur. Innumerabiles pecuniae ex aratorum bonis 
novo nefarioque instituto coactae ; socii fidelissimi in 
hostium numero existimati ; cives Romani servilem 

35 in modum cruciati et necati ; homines nocentissimi 
propter pecunias judicio liberati ; honestissimi atque 



vi. is-] His Crimes in Sicily. 29 

integerrimi, absentes rei facti, indicta causa damnati 
et ejecti ; portus munitissimi, maximae tutissimaeque 
urbes piratis praedonibusque patefactae ; nautae mili- 
tesque Siculorum, socii nostri atque amici, fame ne- 
cati ; classes optimae atque opportunissimae, cum 5 
magna ignominia populi Romani, amissae et perditae. 
14. Idem iste praetor monumenta antiquissima, partim 
regum locupletissimorum, quae illi ornamento urbi- 
bus esse voluerunt, partim etiam nostrorum impera- 
torum, quae victores civitatibus Siculis aut dederunt 10 
aut reddiderunt, spoliavit, nudavitque omnia. Neque 
hoc solum in statuis ornamentisque publicis fecit ; 
sed etiam delubra omnia, sanctissimis religionibus 
consecrata, depeculatus est. Deum denique nullum 
Siculis, qui ei paulo magis adfabre atque antiquo 15 
artificio factus videretur, reliquit. In stupris vero et 
flagitiis, nefarias ejus libidines commemorare pudore 
deterreor : simul illorum calamitatem commemorando 
augere nolo, quibus liberos conjugesque suas integras 
ab istius petulantia conservare non licitum est. 20 

15. At enim haec ita commissa sunt ab isto, ut non 
cognita sint ab hominibus? Hominem arbitror esse ne- 
minem, qui nomen istius audierit, quin facta quoque 
ejus nefaria commemorare possit ; ut mi hi magis 
timendum sit, ne multa crimina praetermittere, quam 25 
ne qua in istum fingere, existimer. Neque enim mihi 
videtur haec multitudo, quae ad audiendum convenit, 
cognoscere ex me causam voluisse, sed ea, quae scit, 
mecum recognoscere. 

vi. Quae cum ita sint, iste homo amens ac perditns 30 
alia mecum ratione pugnat. Non id agit, ut alicujus 
eloquentiam mihi opponat ; non gratia, non auctoritate 
cujusquam, non potentia nititur. Simulat his se rebus 
confidere, sed video quid agat (neque enim agit 
occultissime) : proponit inania mihi nobilitatis, hoc 35 
est, hominum adrogantium, nomina ; qui non tarn me 



30 Impeachment of Verres. [Verr. I. 

impediunt quod nobiles sunt, quam adjuvant quod 
noti sunt. Simulat se eorum praesidio confidere, cum 
interea aliud quiddam jam diu machinetur. 

16. Quam spem nunc habeat in manibus, et quid mo- 
5 liatur, breviter jam, judices, vobis exponam : sed prius, 
ut ab initio res ab eo constituta sit, quaeso, cognoscite. 
Ut primum e provincia rediit, redemptio est hujus 
judici facta grandi pecunia. Mansit in condicione 
atque pacto usque ad eum finem, dum judices rejecti 

10 sunt. Postea quam rejectio judicum facta est — quod 
et in sortitione istius spem fortuna populi Romani, 
et in reiciendis judicibus mea diligentia, istorum 
impudentiam vicerat — renuntiata est tota condicio. 
17. Praeclare se res habebat. Libelli nominum ves- 

15 trorum, consilique hujus, in manibus erant omnium. 
Nulla nota, nullus color, nullae sordes videbantur his 
sententiis adlini posse : cum iste repente, ex alacri 
atque laeto, sic erat humilis atque demissus, ut non 
modo populo Romano, sed etiam sibi ipse, condem- 

20 natus videretur. Ecce autem repente, his diebus pau- 
cis comitiis consularibus factis, eadem ilia vetera 
consilia pecunia majore repetuntur ; eaedemque ves- 
trae famae fortunisque omnium insidiae per eosdem 
homines comparantur. Quae res primo, judices, per- 

2 5 tenui nobis argumento indicioque patefacta est : post, 
aperto suspitionis introitu, ad omnia intima istorum 
consilia sine ullo errore pervenimus. 

vii. 18. Nam, ut Hortensius, consul designatus, do- 
mum reducebatur e Campo, cum maxima frequentia 

3° ac multitudine, fit obviam casu ei multitudini C. 
Curio ; quem ego hominem honoris [potius quam 
contumeliae] causa nominatum volo. Etenim ea di- 
cam, quae ille, si commemorari noluisset, non tanto in 
conventu, tarn aperte palamque dixisset : quae tamen 

35 a me pedetentim cauteque dicentur ; ut et amicitiae 
nostrae, et dignitatis illius, habita ratio esse intellegatur. 



viii. 2i.] His Partisans are Elected. 31 

i&. Videt ad ipsum fornicem Fabianum in turba Ver- 
rem : appellat hominem, et ei voce maxima gratu- 
latur : ipsi Hortensio, qui consul erat factus, pro- 
pinquis necessariisque ejus, qui turn aderant, verbum 
nullum facit : cum hoc consistit ; hunc amplexatur ; 5 
hunc jubet sine cura esse. ' Renuntio,' inquit, * tibi, 
te hodiernis comitiis esse absolutum.' Quod cum tarn 
multi homines honestissimi audissent, statim ad me 
defertur : immo vero, ut quisque me viderat, narrabat. 
Aliis illud indignum, aliis ridiculum, videbatur : ridi- 10 
culum eis qui istius causam in testium fide, in criminum 
ratione, in judicum potestate, non in comitiis consu- 
laribus, positam arbitrabantur : indignum eis. qui al- 
tius aspiciebant, et hanc gratulationem ad judicium 
corrumpendum spectare videbant. 20. Etenim sic 15 
ratiocinabantur, sic honestissimi homines inter §e et 
mecum loquebantur : aperte jam et perspicue nulla 
esse judicia. Qui reus pridie jam ipse se condemna- 
tum putabat, is, postea quam defensor ejus consul est 
factus, absolvitur ! Quid igitur? quod tota Sicilia, 20 
quod omnes Siculi, omnes negotiatores, omnes publicae 
privataeque litterae Romae sunt, nihilne id valebit? 
nihil, invito consule designato ! Quid, judices? non 
crimina, non testis, non existimationem populi Ro- 
mani sequentur? Non: omnia in unius potestate ac 25 
moderatione vertentur. 

viii. Vere loquar, judices : vehementer me haec 
res commovebat. Optimus enim quisque ita loque- 
batur : iste quidem tibi eripietur : sed nos non tene- 
bimus judicia diutius. Etenim quis poterit, Verre 30 
absoluto, de transferendis judiciis recusare? 2io Erat 
omnibus molestum : neque eos tarn istius hominis 
perditi subita laetitia, quam hominis amplissimi nova 
gratulatio, commovebat. Cupiebam dissimulare me 
id moleste ferre : cupiebam animi dolorem vultu 35 
tegere, et taciturnitate celare. Ecce autem, illis ipsis 



32 Impeachment of Verres. [Verr. I. 

diebus, cum praetores designati sortirentur, et M. 
Metello obtigisset, ut is de pecuniis repetundis quae- 
reret ; nuntiatur mihi, tantam isti gratulationem esse 
factam, ut is domum quoque pueros mitteret, qui uxori 
5 suae nuntiarent. 22. Sane ne haec quidem mihi res 
placebat : neque tamen, tanto opere quid in hac sorte 
metuendum mihi esset, intellegebam. Unum illud ex 
hominibus certis, ex quibus omnia comperi, reperie- 
bam : fiscos compluris cum pecunia Siciliensi, a quo- 

10 dam senatore ad equitem Romanum esse translates : 
ex his quasi decern fiscos ad senatorem ilium relictos 
esse, comitiorum meorum nomine : divisores omnium 
tribuum noctu ad istum vocatos. 23. Ex quibus qui- 
dam, qui se omnia mea causa debere arbitrabatur, 

15 eadem ilia nocte ad me venit : demonstrate qua iste 
oratione usus esset : commemorasse istum, quam liber- 
aliter eos tractasset [etiam] antea, cum ipse praeturam 
petisset, et proximis consularibus praetoriisque comi- 
tiis : deinde continuo esse pollicitum, quantam vellent 

20 pecuniam, si me aedilitate dejecissent. Hie alios 
negasse audere ; alios respondisse, non putare id 
perfici posse : inventum tamen esse fortem amicum, 
ex eadem familia, Q^. Verrem, Romilia, ex optima 
divisorum disciplina, patris istius cliscipulum atque 

2 5 amicum, qui, HS quingentis milibus depositis, id se 
perfecturum polliceretur : et fuisse turn non nullos, 
qui se una facturos esse dicerent. Quae cum ita 
essent, sane benevolo animo me, ut magno opere cave- 
rem praemonebat. 

3° ix. 24. Sollicitabar rebus maximis uno atque eo per- 
exiguo tempore. Urgebant comitia ; et in his ipsis 
oppugnabar grandi pecunia. Instabat judicium : ei 
quoque negotio fisci Sicilienses minabantur. Agere 
quae ad judicium pertinebant libere, comitiorum metu 

35 deterrebar : petitioni toto animo servire, propter judi- 
cium non licebat. Minari denique divisoribus ratio 



ix. 27.] His Friends are in Office. 33 

non erat, propterea quod eos intellegere videbam 
me hoc judicio districtum atque obligatum futurum. 
25. Atque hoc ipso tempore Siculis denuntiatum esse 
audio, primum ab Hortensio, domum ad ilium ut veni- 
rent : Siculos. in eo sane liberos fuisse ; qui quam ob 5 
rem arcesserentur cum intellegerent, non venisse. 
Interea comitia nostra, quorum iste se, ut ceterorum 
hoc anno comitiorum, dominum esse arbitrabatur, 
haberi coepta sunt. Cursare iste homo potens, cum 
filio blando et gratioso, circum tribus : paternos ami- 10 
cos, hoc est divisores, appellare omnes et convenire. 
Quod cum esset intellectum et animadversum, fecit 
animo libentissimo populus Rom anus, ut cujus divi- 
tiae me de fide deducere non potuissent, ne ejusdem 
pecunia de honore deicerer. 15 

26. Postea quam ilia petitionis magna cura liberatus 
sum, animo coepi multo magis vacuo ac soluto, nihil 
aliud nisi de judicio agere et cogitare. Reperio, ju- 
dices, haec ab istis consilia inita et constituta, ut, 
quacumque posset ratione, res ita duceretur, ut apud 20 
M. Metellum praetorem causa diceretur. In eo 
esse haec commoda : primum M. Metellum amicis- 
simum ; deinde Hortensium consulem non [solum, sed] 
etiam Q^ Metellum, qui quam isti sit amicus attendite : 
dedit enim praerogativam suae voluntatis ejus modi, 25 
ut isti pro praerogativis earn reddidisse videatur. 

27. An me taciturum tantis de rebus existimavistis? 
et me, in tanto rei publicae existimationisque meae 
penculo, cuiquam consulturum potius quam officio et 
dignitati meae? Arcessit alter consul designatus Si- 30 
culos : veniunt non nulli, propterea quod L. Metellus 
esset praetor in Sicilia. Cum iis ita loquitur : se 
consulem esse ; fratrem suum alterum Siciliam pro- 
vinciam obtinere, alterum esse quaesiturum de pecuniis 
repetundis ; Verri ne noceri possit multis rationibus 35 
esse provisum. 

.1 



34 Impeachment of Verres. [Verr. I. 

x. 28. Quid est, quaeso, Metelle, judicium corrum- 
pere, si hoc non est? testis, praesertim [Siculos], timi- 
dos homines et adflictos, non solum auctoritate deter- 
rere, sed etiam consulari metu, et duorum praetorum 
5 potestate? Quid faceres pro innocente homine et pro- 
pinquo, cum propter hominem perditissimum atque 
alienissimum de officio ac dignitate decedis, et com- 
mittis, ut, quod ille dictitat, alicui, qui te ignoret, 
verum esse videatur? 29. Nam hoc Verrem dicere 

io aiebant, te non fato, ut ceteros ex vestra familia, sed 
opera sua consulem factum. Duo igitur consules et 
quaesitor erunt ex illius voluntate. ' Non solum effu- 
giemus ' inquit ' hominem in quaerendo nimium dili- 
gentem, nimium servientem populi existimationi, M'. 

15 Glabrionem : accedet etiam nobis illud. Judex est 
M. Caesonius, conlega nostri accusatoris, homo in 
rebus judicandis spectatus et cognitus, quern minime 
expediat esse in eo consilio quod conemur aliqua 
ratione corrumpere : propterea quod jam antea, cum 

20 judex in Juniano consilio fuisset, turpissimum illud 

facinus non solum graviter tulit, sed etiam in medium 

protulit. Hunc judicem ex Kal. Januariis non habebi- 

mus. 30. Q^ Manlium, et Q^ Cornificium, duos se- 

'verissimos atque integerrimos judices, quod tribuni 

25 plebis turn erunt, judices non habebimus. P. Sulpi- 
cius, judex tristis et integer, magistratum ineat oportet 
Nonis Decembribus. M. Crepereius, ex acerrima ilia 
equestri familia et disciplina : L. Cassius ex familia 
cum ad ceteras res turn ad judicandum severissima ; 

3° Cn. Tremellius, homo summa religione et diligentia, 
— =tres hi, homines veteres, tribuni militares sunt desig- 
nati : ex Kal. Januariis non judicabunt. Subsortiemur 
etiam in M. Metelli locum, quoniam is huic ipsi quaes- 
tioni praefuturus est. Ita secundum Kalendas Janua- 

35 rias, et praetore et prope toto consilio commutato, 
magnas accusatoris minas, magnamque exspecta- 



xi. 33-] The Danger of Delay. 35 

tionem judicj, ad nostrum arbitrium libidinemque 
eludemus. 

31. Nonae sunt hodie Sextiles : hora viii. convenire 
coepistis. Hunc diem jam ne numerant quidem. 
Decern dies sunt ante ludos votivos, quos Cn. Pom- 5 
peius facturus est. Hi ludi dies quindecim auferent : 
deinde continuo Romani consequentur. Ita prope XL. 
diebus interpositis, turn denique se ad ea quae a no- 
bis dicta erunt responsuros esse arbitrantur : deinde 
se ducturos, et dicendo et excusando, facile ad ludos 10 
Victoriae. Cum his plebeios esse conjunctos ; secun- 
dum quos aut nulli aut perpauci dies ad agendum fu- 
turi sunt. Ita defessa ac refrigerata accusatione, rem 
integram ad M. Metellum praetorem esse venturam : 
quern ego hominem, si ejus fidei- diffisus essem, judi- 15 
cem non retinuissem. 32. Nunc tamen hoc animo 
sum, ut eo judice quam praetore hanc rem transigi 
malim ; et jurato suam quam injurato aliorum tabellas 
committere. 

xi. Nunc ego, judices, jam vos consulo, quid mihi 20 
faciendum putetis. Id enim consili mihi profecto 
taciti dabitis, quod egomet mihi necessario capiendum 
intellego. Si utar ad dicendum meo legitimo tempore, 
mei laboris, industriae, diligentiaeque capiam fructum ; 
et [ex accusatione] perficiam ut nemo umquam post 25 
hominum memoriam paratior, vigilantior, compositior 
ad judicium venisse videatur. Sed, in hac laude indus- 
triae meae, reus ne elabatur summum periculum est. 
Quid est igitur quod fieri possit ? Non obscurum, opi- 
nor, neque absconditum. 33. Fructum istum laudis, qui 30 
ex perpetua oratione percipi potuit, in alia tempora 
reservemus : nunc hominem tabulis, testibus, privatis 
publicisque litteris auctoritatibusque accusemus. Res 
omnis mihi tecum erit, Hortensi. Dicam aperte : si 
te mecum dicenclo ac diluendis criminibus in hac 35 
causa contendere putarem, ego quoque in accusando 



3 6 Impeachment of Verres. [Verr. I. 

atque in explicandis criminibus operam consumerem ; 
nunc, quoniam pugnare contra me instituisti, non tarn 
ex tua natura quam ex istius tempore et causa [mali- 
tiose], necesse est istius modi rationi aliquo consilio 
s obsistere. 34. Tua ratio est, ut secundum binos iudos 
mihi respondere incipias ; mea, ut ante primos ludos 
comperendinem. Ita fit ut tua ista ratio existimetur 
astuta, meura hoc consilium necessarium. 

xii. Verum illud quod institueram dicere, mihi rem 

io tecum esse, hujus modi est. Ego cum hanc causam 
Siculorum rogatu recepissem, idque mihi amplum et 
praeclarum existimassem, eos velle meae fidei diligenti- 
aeque periculum facere, qui innocentiae abstinentiae- 
que fecissent ; turn suscepto negotio, majus quiddam 

15 mihi proposui, in quo meam in rem publicam vo- 
luntatem populus Romanus perspicere posset. 35. Nam 
illud mihi nequaquam dignum industria conatuque 
meo videbatur, istum a me in judicium, jam omnium 
judicio condemnatum, vocari, nisi ista tua intolera- 

20 bilis potentia, et ea cupiditas qua per hosce annos in 
quibusdam judiciis usus es, etiam in istius hominis 
desperati causa interponeretur. Nunc vero, quoniam 
haec te omnis dominatio regnumque judiciorum tanto 
opere delectat, et sunt homines quos libidinis infami- 

2 5 aeque suae neque pudeat neque taedeat, — qui, quasi 
de industria, in odium ofiensionemque populi Romani 
inruere videantur, — hoc me profiteor suscepisse, mag- 
num fortasse onus et mihi periculosissimum, verum 
tamen dignum in quo omnis nervos aetatis industri- 

3° aeque meae contenderem. 

36. Quoniam totus ordo paucorum improbitate et 
audacia premitur et urgetur infamia judiciorum, pro- 
fiteor huic generi hominum me inimicum accusatorem, 
odiosum, adsiduum, acerbum adversarium. Hoc mihi 

35 sumo, hoc mihi deposco, quod agam in magistrate, 
quod agam ex eo loco ex quo me populus Romanus 



xii« 39-] Corruption of the Courts. 37 

ex Kal. Januariis secum agere de re publica ac de ho- 
minibus improbis voluit : hoc munus aedilitatis meae 
populo Romano amplissimum pulcherrimumque polli- 
ceor. Moneo, praedico, ante denuntio ; qui aut depo- 
nere, aut accipere, aut recipere, aut polliceri, aut 5 
sequestres aut interpretes corrumpendi judici solent 
esse, quique ad hanc rem aut potentiam aut impuden- 
tiam suam professi sunt, abstineant in hoc judicio 
manus animosque ab hoc scelere nefario. 

xiii. 37. Erit turn consul Hortensius cum summo 10 
imperio et potestate ; ego autem aedilis, hoc est, paulo 
amplius quam privatus. Tamen hujus modi haec res 
est, quam me. acturum esse polliceor, ita populo Ro- 
mano grata atque jucunda, ut ipse consul in hac causa 
prae me minus etiam (si fieri possit) quam privatus 15 
esse videatur. Omnia non modo commemorabuntur, 
sed etiam, expositis certis rebus, agentur, quae inter 
decern annos, postea quam judicia ad senatum trans- 
lata sunt, in rebus judicandis nefarie flagitioseque facta 
sunt. 38. Cognoscet ex me populus Romanus quid 20 
sit, quam ob rem, cum equester ordo judicaret, annos 
prope quinquaginta continuos, in nullo judice [equite 
Romano judicante] ne tenuissima quidem suspitio 
acceptae pecuniae ob rem judicandam constituta sit : 
quid sit quod, judiciis ad senatorium ordinem transla- 25 
tis, sublataque populi Romani in unum quemque ves- 
trum potestate, Q^ Calidius damnatus dixerit, minoris 
HS triciens praetorium hominem honeste non posse 
damnari : quid sit quod, P. Septimio senatore dam- 
nato, Q^ Hortensio praetore, de pecuniis repetundis 30 
lis aestimata sit eo nomine, quod ille ob rem judican- 
dam pecuniam accepisset ; 39. quod in C. Herennio, 
quod in C. Popilio, senatoribus, qui ambo peculatus 
damnati sunt; quod in M. Atilio, qui de majestate 
damnatus est, hoc planum factum sit, eos pecuniam 35 
ob rem judicandam accepisse ; quod inventi sint sena- 



38 Impeachment of Verres. [Verr. I. 

tores, qui, C. Verre praetore urbano sortiente, exirent 
in eum reum, quem incognita causa condemnarent ; 
quod inventus sit senator, qui, cum judex esset, in 
eodem judicio et ab reo pecuniam acciperet quaru judi- 
5 cibus divideret, et ab accusatore, ut reum condemna- 
ret? 40o Jam vero quomodo illam labem, ignominiam, 
calamitatemque totius ordinis conquerar? hoc factum 
esse in hac civitate, cum senatorius ordo judicaret, 
ut discoloribus signis juratorum hominum sententiae 

10 notarentur? Haec omnia me diligenter severeque ac- 
turum esse, polliceor. 

xiv. Quo me tandem animo fore putatis, si quid 
in hoc ipso judicio intellexero simili aliqua ratione 
esse violatum atque commissum? cum planum fa- 

15 cere multis testibus possim, C. Verrem in Sicilia, 
multis audientibus, saepe dixisse, ' se habere homi- 
nem potentem, cujus fiducia provinciam spoliaret : 
neque sibi soli pecuniam quaerere, sed ita triennium 
illud praeturae Siciliensis distributum habere, ut se- 

20 cum praeclare agi diceret, si unius anni quaestum 

in rem suam converteret ; alterum patronis et defen- 

soribus traderet ; tertium ilium uberrimum quaestuo- 

sissimumque annum totum judfcibus reservaret.' 

41. Ex quo mihi venit in mentem illud dicere (quod 

25 apud M\ Glabrionem nuper cum id reiciundis judici- 
bus commemorassem, intellexi vehementer populum 
Romanum commoveri), me arbitrari, fore uti natio- 
nes exterae legatos ad populum Romanum mitterent, 
ut lex de pecuniis repetundis judiciumque tolleretur. 

30 Si enim judicia nulla sint, tantum unum quemque abla- 
turum putant, quantum sibi ac liberis suis satis esse 
arbitretur : nunc, quod ejus modi judicia sint, tantum 
unum quemque auferre, quantum sibi, patronis, advo- 
catis, praetori, judicibus, satis futurum sit : hoc pro- 

35 fecto infinitum esse : se avarissimi hominis cupiditati 
satisfacere posse, nocentissimi victoriae non posse. 



xv. 450 Justice to be vindicated. 39 

42. O commemoranda judicia, praeclaramque existi- 
mationem nostri ordinis ! cum socii populi Romani 
judicia de pecuniis repetundis fieri nolunt, quae a 
majoribus nostris sociorum causa comparata sunt. 
An iste umquam de se bonam spem habuisset, nisi 5 
de vobis malam opinionem animo imbibisset? Quo 
majore etiam (si fieri potest) apud vos odio esse de- 
bet, quam est apud populum Romanum, cum in ava- 
ritia, scelere, perjurio, vos sui similis esse arbitretur. 

xv. 43. Cui loco (per Deos immortalis !), judices, 10 
consulite ac providete. Moneo praedicoque — id quod 
intellego — tempus hoc vobis divinitus datum esse, ut 
odio, invidia, infamia, turpitudine, totum ordinem 
liberetis. Nulla in judiciis severitas, nulla religio, 
nulla denique jam existimantur esse judicia. Itaque 15 
a populo Romano contemnimur, despicimur : gravi 
diuturnaque jam flagramus infamia. 44. Neque enim 
ullam aliam ob causam populus Romanus tribuniciam 
potestatem tanto studio requisivit ; quam cum poscebat, 
verbo illam poscere videbatur, re vera judicia posce- 20 
bat. Neque hoc Q^ Catulum, hominem sapientissimum 
atque amplissimum, fugit, qui (Cn. Pompeio, viro 
fortissimo et clarissimo, de tribunicia potestate refer- 
ente), cum esset sententiam rogatus, hoc initio est 
summa cum auctoritate usus : ' Patres conscriptos 25 
judicia male et flagitiose tueri : quod si in rebus judi- 
candis, populi Romani existimationi satis facere *vol- 
uissent, non tanto opere homines fuisse tribuniciam 
potestatem desideraturos.' 45. Ipse denique Cn. 
Pompeius, cum primum contionem ad Urbem consul 30 
designatus habuit, ubi (id quod maxime exspectari 
videbatur) ostendit se tribuniciam potestatem restitu- 
turum, factus est in eo strepitus, et grata contionis ad- 
murmuratio. Idem in eadem contione cum dixisset 
i populatas vexatasque esse provincias ; judicia autem 35 
turpia ac flagitiosa fieri ; ei rei se providere ac consu- 



4-0 Impeachment of Verres. [Verr. I. 

lere velle ; ' turn vero non strepitu, sed maximo cla- 
more, suam populus Romanus significavit voluntatem. 
xvi. 46. Nunc autem homines in speculis sunt : ob- 
servant quern ad modum sese unus quisque nostrum 
5 gerat in retinenda religione, conservandisque legibus. 
Vident adhuc, post legem tribuniciam, unum senatorem 
hominem vel tenuissimum esse damnatum : quod tarn- 
etsi non reprehendunt, tamen magno opere quod lau- 
dent non habent. Nulla est enim laus, ibi esse integrum, 

10 ubi nemo est qui aut possit aut conetur corrumpere. 
47. Hoc est judicium, in quo vos de reo, populus Ro- 
manus de vobis judicabit. In hoc homine statu etur, 
possitne, senatoribus judicantibus, homo nocentissi- 
mus pecuniosissimusque damnari. Deinde est ejus 

15 modi reus, in quo homine nihil sit, praeter summa 
peccata maximamque pecuniam ; ut, si liberatus sit, 
nulla alia suspitio, nisi ea quae turpissima est, resi- 
dere possit. Non gratia, non cognatione, non aliis 
recte factis, non denique aliquo mediocri vitio, tot tan- 

20 taque ejus vitia sublevata esse videbuntur. 

48. Postremo ego causam sic again, judices : ejus 
modi res, ita notas, ita testatas, ita magnas, ita manifes- 
tas proferam, ut nemo a vobis ut istum absolvatis per 
gratiam conetur contendere. Habeo autem certam 

25 viam atque rationem, qua omnis illorum conatus in-, 
vestigare et consequi possim. Ita res a me agetur, ut 
in eorum consiliis omnibus non modo aures hominum, 
sed etiam oculi [populi Romani] interesse videantur. 
49. Vos aliquot jam per annos conceptam huic ordini 

3° turpitudinem atque infamiam delere ac tollere potestis. 
Constat inter omnis, post haec constituta judicia, qui- 
bus nunc utimur, nullum hoc splendore atque hac 
dignitate consilium fuisse. Hie si quid erit offensum, 
omnes homines non jam ex eodem ordine alios magis 

35 idoneos (quod fieri non potest), sed alium omnino ordi- 
nem ad res judicandas quaerendum arbitrabuntur. 



xviii. 53-] Appeal to the Court. 41 

xvii. 50. Quapropter, primum ab Dis immortali- 
bus, quod sperare mihi videor, hoc idem, judices, 
opto, ut in hoc judicio nemo improbus praeter eum qui 
jampridem inventus est reperiatur : deinde si plures 
improbi fuerint, hoc vobis, hoc populo Romano, judi- 5 
ces, confirmo, vitam (mehercule) mihi prius, quam 
vim perseverantiamque ad illorum improbitatem per- 
sequendam defuturam. 

51» Verum, quod ego laboribus, periculis, inimici- 
tiisque meis, turn cum admissum erit dedecus severe 10 
me persecuturum esse polliceor, id ne accidat, tu tua 
auctoritate, sapientia, diligentia, M'. Glabrio, potes 
providere. Suscipe causam judiciorum : suscipe cau- 
sam severitatis, integritatis, fidei, religionis : suscipe 
causam senatus, ut is, hoc judicio probatus, cum po- 15 
pulo Romano et in laude et in gratia esse possit. 
Cogita qui sis, quo loco sis, quid dare populo Ro- 
mano, quid reddere majoribus tuis, debeas : fac tibi 
paternae legis [Aciliae] veniat in mentem, qua lege 
populus Romanus de pecuniis repetundis optimis ju- 2 ° 
diciis severissimisque judicibus usus est. 52. Circum- 
stant te summae auctoritates, quae te oblivisci laudis 
domesticae non sinant ; quae te noctis diesque com- 
moneant, fortissimum tibi patrem, sapientissimum 
avum, gravissimum socerum fuisse. Qua re si [Gla- 2 5 
brionis] patris vim et acrimoniam ceperis ad resistendum 
hominibus audacissimis ; si avi [Scaevolae] prudentiam 
ad prospiciendas insidias, quae tuae atque horum famae 
comparantur ; si soceri [Scauri] constantiam, ut ne quis 
te de vera et certa possit sententia demovere ; intelle- 3° 
get populus Romanus, integerrimo atque honestissimo 
praetore, delectoque consilio, nocenti reo magnitudi- 
nem pecuniae plus habuisse momenti ad suspitionem 
criminis, quam ad rationem salutis. 

xviii. 53. Mihi certum est, non committere ut in 35 
hac causa praetor nobis consiliumque mutetur. Non 



42 Impeachment of Verres. [Vekr. I. 

patiar rem in id tempus adduci, ut [Siculi], quos ad- 
huc servi designatorum consulum non moverunt, cum 
eos novo exemplo universos arcesserent, eos turn lictores 
consulum vocent ; ut homines miseri, antea socii atque 

5 amici populi Romani, nunc servi ac supplices, non 
modo jus suum fortunasque omnis eorum imperio 
amittant, verum etiam deplorandi juris sui potestatem 
non habeant. 54. Non sinam profecto, causa a me 
perorata, [quadraginta diebus interpositis,] turn nobis 

io denique responderi, cum accusatio nostra in oblivionem 
diuturnitate adducta sit : non committam, ut turn haec 
res judicetur, cum haec frequentia totius Italiae Roma 
discesserit ; quae convenit uno tempore undique, comi- 
tiorum, ludorum, censendique causa. Hujus judici 

15 et laudis fructum, et offensionis periculum, vestrum ; 
laborem sollicitudinemque, nostram ; scientiam quid 
agatur, memoriamque quid a quoque dictum sit, 
omnium puto esse oportere. 

55. Faciam hoc non novum, sed ab eis qui nunc 

20 principes nostrae civitatis sunt ante factum, ut testibus 
utar statim : illud a me novum, judices, cognoscetis, 
quod ita testis constituam, ut crimen totum explicem ; 
ut, ubi id [interrogando] argumentis atque oratione fir- 
mavero, turn testis ad crimen adcommodem : ut nihil 

25 inter illam usitatam accusationem atque hanc novam 
intersit, nisi quod in ilia tunc, cum omnia dicta sunt, 
testes dantur ; hie in singulas res dabuntur ; ut illis 
quoque eadem interrogandi facultas, argumentandi 
dicendique sit. Si quis erit, qui perpetuam orationem 

3° accusationemque desideret, altera actione audiet : nunc 
id, quod facimus — ea ratione facimus, ut malitiae illo- 
rum consilio nostro occurramus — necessario fieri intel- 
legat. Haec primae actionis erit accusatio. 56. Dici- 
mus C. Verrem, cum multa libidinose, multa crude- 

35 liter, in civis Romanos atque in socios, multa in deos 
hominesque nefarie fecerit turn praeterea quadringen- 



lii. 116.] The Plunder of Syracuse. 43 

tiens sestertium ex Sicilia contra leges abstulisse. Hoc 
testibus, hoc tabulis privatis publicisque auctoritatibus 
ita vobis planum faciemus, ut hoc statuatis, etiam si 
spatium ad dicendum nostro commodo, vacuosque dies 
habuissemus, tamen oratione longa nihil opus fuisse. 
Dixi. 



The Plunder of Syracuse. 

[Actio Secunda, Lib. IV. ch. 52-60.] 

lii. Unius etiam urbis omnium pulcherrimae atque 
ornatissimae, Syracusarum, direptionem commemora- 
bo et in medium proferam, judices, ut aliquando totam 
hujus generis orationem concludam atque defmiam. 10 
Nemo fere vestrum est quin quem ad modum captae 
sint a M. Marcello Syracusae saepe audierit, non num- 
quam etiam in annalibus legerit. Conferte banc pacem 
cum illo bello, hujus praetoris adventum cum illius 
imperatoris victoria, hujus cohortem impuram cum 15 
illius exercitu invicto, hujus libidines cum illius conti- 
nentia : ab illo, qui cepit, conditas, ab hoc qui consti- 
tutas accepit, captas dicetis Syracusas. 

2. Ac jam ilia omitto, quae disperse a me multis in 
locis dicentur ac dicta sunt: forum Syracusanorum, 20 
quod introitu Marcelli purum caede servatum esset, id 
adventu Verris Siculorum innocentium sanguine re- 
dundasse : portum Syracusanorum, qui turn et nostris 
classibus et Karthaginiensium clausus fuisset, eum 
isto praetore Cilicum myoparoni praedonibusque patu- 25 
isse : mitto adhibitam vim ingenuis, matres familias 
violatas, quae turn in urbe capta commissa non sunt 
neque odio hostili neque licentia militari neque more 
belli neque jure victoriae : mitto, inquam, haec omnia, 
quae ab isto per triennium perfecta sunt: ea, quae 3° 
conjuncta cum illis rebus sunt, de quibus antea dixi, 
cop-noscite. 



44 Impeachment of Verres. [Verr. V. 

3. Urbem Syracusas maximam esse Graecarum, 
pulcherrimam omnium saepe audistis. Est, judices, 
ita ut dicitur. Nam et situ est cum munito turn ex 
omni aditu, vel terra vel mari, praeclaro ad aspectum, 
5 et portus habet prope in aedificatione aspectuque urbis 
inclusos : qui cum diversos inter se aditus habeant, 
in exitu conjunguntur et confluunt. Eorum conjunc- 
tione pars oppidi, quae appellatur Insula, mari dijunc= 
ta angusto, ponte rursus adjungitur et continetur. 

io liii. 4. Ea tanta est urbs, ut ex quattuor urbibus 
maximis constare dicatur : quarum una est ea quam 
dixi Insula, quae duobus portubus cincta, in utriusque 
portus ostium aditumque projecta est, in qua domus 
est, quae Hieronis regis fuit, qua praetores uti solent. 

15 In ea sunt aedes sacrae complures, sed duae quae 
longe ceteris antecellant : Dianae, et altera, quae 
fuit ante istius adventum ornatissima, Minervae. In 
hac insula extrema est fons aquae dulcis, cui nomen 
Arethusa est, incredibili magnitudine, plenissimus pis- 

20 cium, qui fluctu totus operiretur, nisi munitione ac 
mole lapidum dijunctus esset a mari. 5. Altera au- 
tem est urbs Syracusis, cui nomen Achradina est : in 
qua forum maximum, pulcherrimae porticus, ornatis- 
simum prytaneum, amplissima est curia templumque 

25 egregium Jovis Olympii ceteraeque urbis partes, quae 
una via lata perpetua multisque transversis divisae 
privatis aedificiis continentur. Tertia est urbs, quae, 
quod in ea parte Fortunae fanum antiquum fuit, Ty- 
cha nominata est, in qua gymnasium amplissimum est 

30 et complures aedes sacrae : coliturque ea pars et habi- 
tatur frequentissime. Quarta autem est, quae quia 
postrema coaedificata est, Neapolis nominatur : quam 
ad summam theatrum maximum : praeterea duo tem- 
pla sunt egregia, Cereris unura, alterum Liberae sig- 

35 numque Apollinis, qui Temenites vocatur, pulcherri- 
mum et maximum : quod iste si portare potuisset, non 
dubitasset auferre. 



lv. 122.] Mar cell us the Conqueror. 45 

liv. 6. Nunc ad Marcellum reverter, ne haec a me 
sine causa commemorata esse videantur : qui cum 
tarn praeclaram urbem vi copiisque cepisset, non puta- 
vit ad laudem populi Romani hoc pertinere, hanc 
pulchritudinem, ex qua praesertim periculi nihil osten- 5 
deretur, delere et exstinguere. Itaque aedificiis omni- 
bus, publicis privatis, sacris profanis, sic pepercit, 
quasi ad ea defendenda cum exercitu, non oppugnan- 
da venisset. In ornatu urbis habuit victoriae rationem, 
habuit humanitatis. Victoriae putabat esse multa Ro- 10 
mam deportare, quae ornamento urbi esse possent, 
humanitatis non plane exspoliare urbem, praesertim 
qnam conservare voluisset. 7. In hac partitione orna- 
tus non plus victoria Marcelli populo Romano appeti- 
vit quam humanitas Syracusanis reservavit. Romam 15 
quae apportata sunt, ad aedem Honoris et Virtutis 
itemque aliis in locis videmus. Nihil in aedibus, nihil 
in hortis posuit, nihil in suburbano : putavit, si urbis 
ornamenta domum suam non contulisset, domum suam 
ornamento urbi futuram. Syracusis autem permulta 20 
atque egregia reliquit : deum vero nullum violavit, 
nullum attigit. Conferte Verrem : non ut hominem 
cum homine comparetis, ne qua tali viro mortuo fiat 
injuria, sed ut pacem cum bello, leges cum vi, forum 
et juris dictionem cum ferro et armis, adventum et 25 
comitatum cum exercitu et victoria conferatis. 

lv. 8. Aedis Minervae est in Insula, de qua ante 
dixi : quam Marcellus non attigit, quam plenam atque 
ornatam reliquit : quae ab isto sic spoliata atque di- 
repta est, non ut ab hoste aliquo, qui tamen in bello 30 
religionum et consuetudinis jura retineret, sed ut a 
barbaris praedonibus vexata esse videatur. Pugna 
erat equestris Agathocli regis in tabulis picta : his 
autem tabulis interiores templi parietes vestiebantur. 
Nihil erat ea pictura nobilius, nihil Syracusis quod 35 
magis visendum putaretur. Has tabulas M. Marcel- 



46 Impeachment of Verres. [Verr. V. 

lus cum omnia victoria ilia sua profana fecisset, 
tamen religione impeditus non attigit : iste, cum ilia 
jam propter diuturnam pacem fidelitatemque populi 
Syracusani sacra religiosaque accepisset, omnes eas 
5 tabulas abstulit : parietes, quorum ornatus tot saecula 
manserant, tot bella effugerant, nudos ac deformatos 
reliquit. 9. Et Marcellus, qui, si Syracusas cepisset, 
duo templa se Romae dedicaturum voverat. is id, quod 
erat aedificaturus, iis rebus ornare, quas ceperat, no- 
lo luit : Verres, qui non Honori neque Virtuti, quern ad 
modum ille, sed Veneri et Cupidini vota deberet, is 
Minervae templum spoliare conatus est. Ille deos 
deorum spoliis ornari noluit : hie ornamenta Minervae 
virginis in meretriciam domum transtulit. Viginti 
15 et septem praeterea tabulas pulcherrime pictas ex 
eadem aede sustulit : in quibus erant imagines Siciliae 
regum ac tyrannorum, quae non solum pictorum artifi- 
cio delectabant, sed etiam commemoratione hominum 
et cognitione formarum. Ac videte quanto taetrior 
20 hie tyrannus Syracusanus fuerit quam quisquam supe- 
riorum : cum illi tamen ornarint templa deorum 
immortalium, hie etiam illorum monumenta atque 
ornamenta sustulerit. 

lvi. 10. Jam vero quid ego de valvis illius templi 

25 commemorem? Vereor ne, haec qui non viderint, 

omnia me nimis augere atque ornare arbitrentur : 

quod tamen nemo suspicari debet, tarn esse me cupi- 

dum, ut tot viros primarios velim, praesertim ex judi- 

cum numero, qui Syracusis fuerint, qui haec viderint, 

30 esse temeritati et mendacio meo conscios. Confirmare 

hoc liquido, judices, possum, valvas magnificentiores, 

ex auro atque ebore perfectiores, nullas umquam ullo in 

templo fuisse. Incredibile dictu est quam multi Graeci 

de harum val varum pulchritudine scriptum reliquerint. 

35 Nimium forsitan haec illi mirentur atque efferant. 

Esto : verum tamen honestius est rei publicae nostrae, 



lvii. 126.] Vcrrcs the Plunderer. 47 

judices, ea quae illis pulchra esse videantur imperato- 
rem nostrum in bello reliquisse, quam praetorem in 
pace abstulisse. Ex ebore diligentissime perfecta 
argumenta erant in valvis : ea detrahenda curavit 
omnia. 11. Gorgonis os pulcherrimum, cinctum an- 5 
guibus, revellit atque abstulit : et tamen indicavit se 
non solum artificio, sed etiam pretio quaestuque duci. 
Nam bullas aureas omnes ex iis valvis, quae erant 
multae et graves, non dubitavit auferre : quarum iste 
non opere delectabatur, sed pondere. Itaque ejus 10 
modi valvas reliquit, ut quae olim ad ornandum tem- 
plum erant maxime, nunc tantum ad cludendum factae 
esse videantur. Etiamne gramineas hastas — vidi 
enim vos in hoc nomine, cum testis diceret, commo- 
veri, quod erat ejus modi, ut semel vidisse satis esset ; 15 
in quibus neque manu factum quicquam neque pulchri- 
tudo erat ulla, sed tantum magnitudo incredibilis, de 
qua vel audire satis esset, nimium videre plus quam 
semel — etiam id concupisti? 

lvii. 12. Nam Sappho, quae sublata de prytanio 20 
est, dat tibi justam excusationem, prope ut conceden- 
dum atque ignoscendum esse videatur. Silanionis 
opus tarn perfectum, tarn elegans, tarn elaboratum 
quisquam non modo privatus, sed populus potius habe- 
ret quam homo elegantissimus atque eruditissimus, 25 
Verres? Nimirum contra dici nihil potest. Nostrum 
enim unus quisque — qui tarn beati quam iste est non 
sumus, tarn delicati esse non possumus — si quando ali- 
quid istius modi videre volet, eat ad aedem Felicitatis, 
ad monumentum Catuli, in porticum Metelli ; det 30 
operam ut admittatur in alicujus istorum Tusculanum ; 
spectet forum ornatum, si quid iste suorum aedilibus 
commodarit : Verres haec habeat domi, Verres orna- 
mentoruin fanorum atque oppidorum habeat plenam do- 
mum, villas refertas? Etiamne hujus operari studia ac 35 
delicias, judices, perferetis? q.ui ita natus, ita educa- 



48 Impeachment of Verres. [Verr. V. 

tus est, ita factus et animo et corpore, ut multo apposi- 
tior ad ferenda quam ad auferenda signa esse videatur. 
13. Atque haec Sappho sublata quantum desiderium 
sui reliquerit dici vix potest. Nam cum ipsa fuit egre- 
5 gie facta, turn epigramma Graecum pernobile incisum 
est in basi : quod iste eruditus homo et Graeculus, 
qui haec subtiliter judicat, qui solus intellegit, si unam 
litteram Graecam scisset, certe non tulisset. Nunc 
enim, quod scriptum est inani in basi, declarat quid 

10 merit, et id ablatum indicat. 

14. Quid? signum Paeanis ex aede Aesculapii prae- 
clare factum, sacrum ac religiosum, non sustulisti ? 
quod omnes propter pulchritudinem visere, propter reli- 
gionem colere solebant. Quid? ex aede Liberi sim- 

15 ulacrum Aristaei non tuo imperio palam ablatum est? 
Quid? ex aede Jovis religiosissimum simulacrum Jo- 
vis Imperatoris, pulcherrime factum, nonne abstulisti? 
Quid? ex aede Liberae, j parinum caput illud pulcher- 
rimum, quod visere solebamus, num dubitasti tollere? 

20 Atque ille Paean sacrifices anniversariis simul cum 
Aesculapio apud illos colebatur : Aristaeus, qui [ut 
Graeci ferunt, Liberi Alius] inventor olei esse dicitur, 
una cum Libero patre apud illos eodem erat in templo 
consecratus. 

25 lviii. 15. Jovem autem Imperatorem quanto honore 
in suo templo fuisse arbitramini? Conicere potestis, 
si recordari volueritis quanta religione fuerit eadem 
specie ac forma signum illud, quod ex Macedonia cap- 
turn in Capitolio posuerat Flamininus. Etenim tria 

30 ferebantur in orbe terrarum signa Jovis Imperatoris 
uno in genere pulcherrime facta : unum illud Macedo- 
nicum, quod in Capitolio vidimus ; alterum in Ponti 
ore et angustiis ; tertium> quod Syracusis ante Verrem 
praetorem fuit. Illud Flamininus ita ex aede sua sus- 

35 tulit, ut in Capitolio, hoc est, in terrestri domicilio 
Jovis poneret. Quod autem est ad introitum Ponti, 



lix. 132.] How these Treasures are Prized. 49 

id, cum tarn multa ex illo mari bella emerserint, 
tarn multa porro in Pontum invecta sint, usque ad 
hanc diem integrum inviolatumque servatum est. Trloc 
tertium, quod erat Syracusis, quod M. Marcellus ar- 
matus et victor viderat, quod religioni concesserat, 5 
quod cives atque incolae Syracusani colere, advenae 
non solum visere, verum etiam venerari solebant, id 
Verres ex templo Jovis sustulit. 

16. Ut saepius ad Marcellum revertar, judices, sic 
habetote : plures esse a Syracusanis istius adventu 10 
deos, quam victoria Marcelli homines desiderates. 
Etenim ille requisisse etiam dicitur Archimedem ilium, 
summo ingenio hominem ac disciplina, quem cum 
audisset interfectum, permoleste tulisse : iste omnia, 
quae requisivit, non ut conservaret, verum ut asporta- 15 
ret requisivit. 

lix. it. Jam ilia quae leviora videbuntur ideo prae- 
teribo, — quod mensas Delphicas e marmore, cra- 
teras ex aere pulcherrimas, vim maximam vasorum 
Corinthiorum ex omnibus aedibus sacris abstulit Syra- 20 
cusis. Itaque, judices, ei qui hospites ad ea quae vi- 
senda sunt solent ducere, et unum quidque ostendere, 
quos 5 11 i mystagogos vocant, conversam jam habent 
demonstrationem suam. Nam, ut ante demonstrabant 
quid ubique esset, item nunc quid undique ablatum sit 25 
ostendunt. 

18. Quid turn? mediocrine tandem dolore eos adfec- 
tos esse arbitramini? Non ita est, judices : primum, 
quod omnes religione moventur, et deos patrios, quos 
a majoribus acceperunt, colendos sibi diligenter et 30 
retinendos esse arbitrantur : deinde hie ornatus, haec 
opera atque artificia, signa, tabulae pictae, Graecos 
homines nimio opere delectant. Itaque ex illorum 
querimoniis intellegere possumus, haec illis acerbis- 
sima videri, quae forsitan nobis levia et contemnenda 35 
esse videantur. Mi hi credite, judices, — tametsi vos- 



50 Impeachment of Vcrres. [Verr. V. 

met ipsos haec eadem audire certo scio, — cum mul- 
tas acceperint per hosce annos socii atque exterae 
natibnes calamitates et injurias, nullas Graeci homines 
gravius ferunt ac tulerunt, quam hujusce modi spolia- 

5 tiones fanorum atque oppidorum. 

19. Licet iste dicat emisse se, sicuti solet dicere, cre- 
dite hoc mihi, judices : nulla umquam civitas tota Asia 
et Graecia signum ullum, tabulam pictam, ullura deni- 
que ornamentum urbis, sua voluntate cuiquam vendi- 

10 dit, nisi forte existimatis, postea quam judicia severa 
Roraae fieri desierunt, Graecos homines haec vendi- 
tare coepisse, quae turn non modo non venditabant, 
cum judicia fiebant, verum etiam coemebant ; aut nisi 
arbitramini L. Crasso, Q^ Scaevolae, C. Claudio, po- 

15 tentissimis hominibus, quorum aedilitates ornatissimas 
vidimus, commercium istarum rerum cum Graecis 
hominibus non fuisse, eis qui post judiciorum dissolu- 
tionem aediles facti sunt fuisse. 

lx. 20. Acerbiorem etiam scitote esse civitatibus 

20 falsam istam et simulatam emptionem, quam si qui 
clam surripiat aut eripiat palam atque auferat. Nam 
turpitudinem summam esse arbitrantur referri in tabu- 
las publicas, pretio adductam civitatem (et pretio par- 
vo) ea quae accepisset a majoribus vendidisse atque 

25 abalienasse. Etenirn mirandum in modum Graeci 
rebus istis, quas nos contemnimus, delectantur. Itaque 
majores nostri facile patiebantur, haec esse apud illos 
quam plurima : apud socios, ut imperio nostro quam 
ornatissimi florentissimique essent ; apud eos autem, 

30 quos vectigalis aut stipendiaries fecerant, tamen haec 
relinquebant, ut illi quibus haec jucunda sunt, quae 
nobis levia videntur, haberent haec oblectamenta et 
solacia servitutis. 

21. Quid arbitramini Reginos, qui jam cives Ro- 

35 mani sunt, merere velle, ut ab eis marmorea Venus 
ilia auferatur? quid Tarentinos, ut Europam in tauro 



lxi. 1 60.] Crucifixion of a Roman Citizen. 51 

amittant? lit Satyrum, qui apud illos in aede Vestae 
est? ut cetera? quid Thespienses, ut Cupidinis sig- 
num [propter quod unum visuntur Thespiae] ? quid 
Cnidios, ut Venerem marmoream ? quid, ut pictam, 
Coos? quid Ephesios, ut Alexandrum ? quid Cyzice- 5 
nos, ut Ajacem aut Medeam? quid Rhodios, ut Ialy- 
sum? quid Athenienses, ut ex marmore Iacchum aut 
Paralum pictum aut ex aere Myronis buculam? Lon- 
gum est et non necessarium commemorare quae apud 
quosque visenda sunt tota Asia et Graecia : verum 10 
illud est quam ob rem haec commemorem, quod existi- 
mare hoc vos volo : mirum quendam dolorem accipere 
eos, ex quorum urbibus haec auferantur. 



Crucifixion of a Roman Citizen. 

[Actio Secunda, Lib. V., ch. 61-66.] 

Quid nunc agam '? Cum jam tot horas de uno gen- 
ere ac de istius nefaria crudelitate dicam, — cum prope 15 
omnem vim verborum ejus modi, quae scelere istius 
digna sint, aliis in rebus consumpserim, neque hoc 
providerim, ut varietate criminum vos attentos tene- 
rem, — quern ad modum de tanta re dicam? Opinor, 
unus modus atque una ratio est. Rem in medio 20 
ponam, quae tantum habet ipsa gravitatis, ut neque 
mea (quae nulla est) neque cujusquam, ad inflamman- 
dos vestros animos, eloquentia requiratur. 

2. Gavius hie, quern dico, Consanus, cum in illo nu- 
mero civium Romanorum ab isto in vincla conjectus 25 
esset, et nescio qua ratione clam e lautumiis profugis- 
set, Messanamque venisset, — qui tam prope jam Ital- 
iam et moenia Reginorum civium Romanorum videret, 
et ex illo metu mortis ac tenebris, quasi luce libertatis 
et odore aliquo legum recreatus, revixisset, — loqui 30 



52 Impeachment of Verres. [Verr. VI 

Messanae et queri coepit, se civem Romanum in 
vincla esse conjectum ; sibi recta iter esse Romam ; 
Verri se praesto advenienti futurum. 

3. Non intellegebat miser nihil interesse, utrum haec 
5 Messanae, an apud istum in praetorio loqueretur. 

Nam (ut ante vos docui) hanc sibi iste urbem delege- 
rat, quam haberet adjutricem scelerum, furtorum re- 
ceptricem, flagitiorum omnium consciam. Itaque ad 
magistratum Mamertinum statim deducitur Gavius : 

io eoque ipso die casu Messanam Verres venit. Res ad 
eum defertur : esse civem Romanum, qui se Syracusis 
in lautumiis fuisse quereretur : quern, jam ingredientem 
in navem, et Verri nimis atrociter minitantem, ab se 
retractum esse et asservatum, ut ipse in eum statueret 

15 quod videretur. 

4. Agit hominibus gratias, et eorum benevolentiam 
erga se diligentiamque conlaudat. Ipse, inflammatus 
scelere et furore, in forum venit. Ardebant oculi : 
toto ex ore crudelitas eminebat. Exspectabant omnes, 

20 quo tandem progressurus aut quidnam acturus esset*, 
cum repente hominem proripi, atque in foro medio 
nudari ac deligari, et virgas expediri jubet. Clama- 
bat ille miser, se civem esse Romanum, municipem 
Consanum ; meruisse cum L. Raecio, splendidissimo 

25 equite Romano, qui Panhormi negotiaretur, ex quo 
haec Verres scire posset. Turn iste, se comperisse 
eum speculandi causa in Siciliam a ducibus fugitivo- 
rum esse missum ; cujus rei neque index, neque ves- 
tigium aliquod 9 neque suspitio cuiquam esset ulla. 

30 Deinde jubet undique hominem vehementissime 
verberari. 

5. Caedebatur virgis in medio foro Messanae civis 
Romanus, judices ; cum interea nullus gemitus, nulla 
vox alia illius miseri inter dolorem crepitumque pla- 

35 garum audiebatur, nisi haec, Civis Romanus sum! 
II ac se commemoratione civitatis omnia verbera de- 



lxiii. 164.] Gavins is Scourged and Tortured. 53 

pulsurum, cruciatumque a corpore dejecturum, arbi- 
trabatur. Is non modo hoc non perfecit, ut virgarum 
vim deprecaretur ; sed, cum imploraret saepius, usur- 
paretque nomen civitatis, crux — crux, inquam — infe- 
lici et aerurnnoso, qui numquam istam pestem vide- 5 
rat, comparabatur. 

lxiii. g. O nomen dulce libertatis ! O jus eximium 
nostrae civitatis ! O lex Porcia, legesque Semproniae ! 
O graviter desiderata, et aliquando reddita plebi Ro- 
manae, tribunicia potestas ! Hucine tandem omnia i 
reciderunt, ut civis Romanus, in provincia populi Ro- 
mani, in oppido foederatorum, ab eo qui beneficio po- 
puli Romani fascis et securis haberet, deligatus in 
foro virgis caederetur? Quid? cum ignes ardentes- 
que laminae ceterique cruciatus admovebantur, si te 15 
illius acerba imploratio et vox miserabilis non inhibe- 
bat, ne civium quidem Romanorum, qui turn aderant, 
fletu et gemitu maximo commovebare? In crucem 
tu agere ausus es quemquam, qui se civem Romanum 
esse diceret? 7. Nolui tarn vehementer agere hoc 20 
prima actione, judices : nojui. Vidistis enim, ut ani- 
mi multitudinis in istum dolore et odio et communis 
periculi metu concitarentur. Statui egomet mihi 
turn modum orationi meae, et C. Numitorio, equiti 
Romano, primo homini, testi meo ; et Glabrionem, id 25 
quod sapientissime fecit, facere laetatus sum, ut re- 
pente consilium in medio testimonio dimitteret. Et- 
enim verebatur ne populus Romanus ab isto eas poe- 
nas vi repetisse videretur, quas veritus esset ne iste 
legibus ac vestro judicio non esset persoluturus. 30 

8. Nunc, quoniam exploratum est omnibus quo 
loco causa tua sit, et quid de te futurum sit, sic tecum 
agam : Gavium istum, quern repentinum speculatorem 
fuisse dicis, ostendam in lautumias Syracusis abs te esse 
conjectum. Neque id solum ex litteris ostendam Syra- 35 
cusanorum, ne possis dicere me, quia sit aliquis in 



54 Impeachment of Verres. [Verr. VI. 

litteris Gavius, hoc fingere et eligere nomen, ut hunc 
ilium esse possim dicere ; sed ad arbitrium tuum testis 
dabo, qui istum ipsum Syracusis abs te in lautumias 
conjectum esse dicant. Producam etiam Consanos, 
5 municipes illius ac necessarios, qui te nunc sero doce- 
ant, judices non sero, ilium P. Gavium, quem tu in 
crucem egisti, civem Romanum et municipem Con- 
sanum, non speculatorem fugitivorum fuisse. 

lxiv, o. Cum haec omnia, quae polliceor, cumulate 

io tuis patronis plana fecero, turn istuc ipsum tenebo, 
quod abs te mihi datur : eo contentum me esse dicam. 
Quid enim nuper tu ipse, cum populi Romani clamore 
atque impetu perturbatus exsiluisti, quid, inquam, locu- 
tus es? Ilium, quod morara supplicio quaereret, ideo 

15 clamitasse se esse civem Romanum, sed speculatorem 
fuisse. Jam mei testes veri sunt. Quid enim dicit 
aliud C. Numitorius? quid M. et P. Cottii, nobilissimi 
homines, ex agro Tauromenitano? quid Q^ Lucceius, 
qui argentariam Regii maximam fecit? quid ceteri? 

20 Adhuc enim testes ex eo genere a me sunt dati, non 
qui novisse Gavium, sed se vidisse dicerent, cum is, 
qui se civem Romanum esse clamaret, in crucem age- 
retur. Hoc tu, Verres, idem dicis ; hoc tu confiteris 
ilium clamitasse, se civem esse Romanum ; apud te 

25 nomen civitatis ne tantum quidem valuisse, ut dubita- 

tionem aliquam crucis, ut crudelissimi taeterrimique 

supplici aliquam parvam moram saltern posset adferre. 

10. Hoc teneo, hie haereo, judices. Hoc sum conten- 

tus uno ; omitto ac neglego cetera ; sua confessione 

30 induatur ac juguletur necesse est. Qui esset ignora- 
bas ; speculatorem esse suspicabare. Non quaero qua 
suspitione : tua te accuso oratione. Civem Romanum 
se esse dicebat. Si tu, apud Persas aut in extrema 
India deprehensus, Verres, ad supplicium ducerere, 

35 quid aliud clamitares, nisi te civem esse Romanum? 
Et, si tibi ignoto apud ignotos, apud barbaros, apud 



lxvi. 13.] The Claim of Citizenship. 55 

homines in extremis atque ultimis gentibus positos, 
nobile et inlustre apud omnis nomen civitatis tuae pro- 
fuisset, — ille, quisquis erat, quern tu in crucem rapie- 
bas, qui tibi esset ignotus, cum civem se Romanum 
esse diceret, apud te praetorem, si non effugium, ne 5 
moram quidem mortis, mentione atque usurpatione 
civitatis, adsequi potuit? 

lxv. 11. Homines tenues, obscuro loco nati, navi- 
gant ; adeunt ad ea loca quae numquam antea vide- 
runt ; ubi neque noti esse eis quo venerunt, neque 10 
semper cum cognitoribus esse possunt. Hac una ta- 
men fiducia civitatis, non modo apud nostros magistra- 
tus, qui et legum et existimationis periculo continentur, 
neque apud civis solum Romanos, qui et sermonis et 
juris et multarum rerum societate juncti sunt, fore se 15 
tutos arbitrantur ; sed, quocumque venerint, hanc sibi 
rem praesidio sperant futuram. 12. Tolle hanc spem, 
tolle hoc praesidium civibus Romanis ; constitue nihil 
esse opis in hac voce, Civis Romanus sum; posse im- 
pune praetorem, aut alium quemlibet, supplicium quod 20 
velit in eum constituere qui se civem Romanum esse 
dicat, quod eum quis ignoret ; jam omnis provincias, 
jam omnia regna, jam omnis liberas civitates, jam 
omnem orbem terrarum, qui semper nostris hominibus 
maxime patuit, civibus Romanis ista defensione prae- 25 
cluseris. Quid si L. Raecium, equitem Romanum, 
qui turn in Sicilia erat, nominabat? etiamne id mag- 
num fuit, Panhormum litteras mittere? Adservasses 
hominem ; custodiis Mamertinorum tuorum vinctum, 
clausum habuisses, dum Panhormo Raecius veniret ; 30 
cognosceret hominem, aliquid de summo supplicio re- 
mitteres. Si ignoraret, turn, si ita tibi videretur, hoc 
juris in omnis constitueres, ut, qui neque tibi notus 
esset, neque cognitorem locupletem daret, quamvis 
civis Romanus esset, in crucem tolleretur. 35 

lxvi. 13. Sed quid ego plura de Gavio? quasi tu 



56 Impeachment of Verres. [Verr. VI. 

Gavio turn fueris infestus, ac non nomini, generi, juri 
civium hostis. Non illi (inquam) homini, sed causae 
communi libertatis, inimicus fuisti. Quid enim attinu- 
it, cum Mamertini, more atque instituto suo, crucem 
5 flxissent post urbem, in via Pompeia, te jubere in ea 
parte figere, quae ad fretum spectaret : et hoc addere 
— quod negare nullo modo potes, quod omnibus audien- 
tibus dixisti palam — te idcirco ilium locum deligere, ut 
ille, quoniam se civem Romanum esse diceret, ex cruce 

10 Italiam cernere ac domum suam prospicere posset? 
Itaque ilia crux sola, judices, post conditam Messanam, 
illo in loco fixa est. Italiae conspectus ad earn rem ab 
isto delectus est, ut ille, in dolore cruciatuque moriens, 
perangusto fretu divisa servitutis ac libertatis jura co- 

15 gnosceret ; Italia autem alumnum suum servitutis ex- 
tremo summoque supplicio adfixum videret. 

14. Facinus est vincire civem Romanum ; scelus 
verberare ; prope parricidium necare : quid dicam in 
crucem tollere? verbo satis digno tarn nefaria res ap- 

20 pellari nullo modo potest. Non fuit his omnibus iste 
contentus. . Spectet (inquit) pairiam : in conspectu le- 
gum libertcitisque moriatur. Non tu hoc loco Gavium, 
non unum hominem nescio quem, [civem Romanum,] 
sed communem libertatis et civitatis causam in ilium 

25 cruciatum et crucem egisti. Jam vero videte hominis 
audaciam. Nonne eum graviter tulisse arbitramini, 
quod illam civibus Romanis crucem non posset in foro, 
non in comitio, non in rostris deflgere? Quod enim 
his locis, in provincia sua, celebritate simillimum, re- 

30 gione proximum potuit, elegit. Monumentum sceleris 
audaciaeque suae voluit esse in conspectu Italiae, ves- 
tibulo Siciliae, praetervectione omnium qui ultro citro- 
que navigarent. 



POMP FY'S MILITARY COMMAND. 

(For the Manilian Law.) 

B.C. 66. 

The last serious resistance made to the Roman power in the 
East was by Mithridates VI., king of Pontus, whose dominions 
embraced the whole eastern coast of the Black Sea (Pontus Euxi- 
nus), including the kingdom of Bosporus (Crimea) on the one hand, 
and Paphlagonia on the other ; while the king of Armenia was 
closely allied to him by marriage. He was the most formidable 
enemy encountered by Rome after Hannibal, and there were three 
several wars between them. The first was conducted by Sulla (b.c 
88-84), who gained great successes, and obliged Mithridates to pay 
a large sum of money ; the second (83-82) was a short and unim- 
portant affair, in which Murena was worsted. The third broke out 
B.C. 74, and was conducted successfully by Lucius Licinius Lucullus, 
the ablest general of the aristocracy, who was distinguished for the 
severe justice of his administration in Asia Minor, and was an 
amiable and cultivated man, but of very luxurious habits. 

When the war had continued for several years, the democratic 
faction (fiopidares) took advantage of some temporary reverses sus- 
tained by Lucullus, and the unpopularity of his administration, to 
revoke his command, and give to the consul of B.C. 67, M'. Acilius 
Glabrio, — the same who presided at the trial of Verres, — the east- 
ern war as his province. The law was proposed by the tribune A. 
Gabinius, one of the most active demagogues of the time. Another 
law, proposed by the same politician, required the Senate to appoint 
a commander of consular rank, with extraordinary powers for 
three years, by land and sea, to suppress the piracy which infested 
every part of the Mediterranean, having its chief seat in Cilicia. 
It was understood as a matter of course that Gnaeus (or Cneius) 
Pompey, who had been living in retirement since his consulship, 
B.C. 70, would receive this appointment. Pompey accomplished his 
cask with the most brilliant success, and in three months had the 
seas completely cleared. (See below, chap, xn.) 

Meantime Glabrio had shown himself wholly incompetent to con- 
duct the war against Mithridates, and early in B.C. 66, the Tribune 
Caius Manilius, " an utterly incompetent and worthless man," pro- 



58 Pomfey's Military Command. [Manil. 

posed a law extending Pompey's command over the entire East. 
Power like this was quite inconsistent with the republican institu- 
tions of Rome, and with the established authority of the Senate ; 
the law was of course opposed by the leaders of the aristocracy 
{optimates\ led by Hortensius and Catulus. Cicero was now prae- 
tor. He was no democrat of the school of Gabinius and Caesar ; 
on the other hand he had no hereditary sympathies with the Sen- 
ate, and he probably failed to recognize the revolutionary character 
of the proposition, but considered merely its practical advantages : 
he therefore supported it with ardor. This was his first political 
speech. Before this time he had been a public-spirited lawyer ; from 
this time on he was essentially a politician, and it is not hard to see 
how unfavorably his character was influenced by contact with the 
corrupt politics of that day. 

The Manilian Law was passed, and Pompey fulfilled the most 
sanguine expectations of his friends. He brought the Mithridatic 
War to an end, organized the Roman power throughout the East, 
and returned home B.C. 61, with greater prestige and glory than had 
ever been reached by any Roman before him. 

QUAMQUAM mihi semper frequens conspectus 
vester multo jucundissimus, hie autem locus ad 
agendum amplissimus, ad dicendum ornatissimus est 
visus, Quirites, tamen hoc aditu laudis, qui semper 
5 optimo cuique maxime patuit, non mea me voluntas 
adhuc, sed vitae meae rationes ab ineunte aetate sus- 
ceptae prohibuerunt. Nam cum antea per aetatem 
nondum hujus auctoritatem loci attingere auderem, 
statueremque nihil hue nisi perfectum ingenio, elabo- 

10 ratum industria adferri oportere, omne meum tempus 
amicorum temporibus transmittendum putavi. 2. Ita 
neque hie locus vacuus umquam fuit ab eis qui ves- 
tram causam defenderent, et meus labor, in privatorum 
periculis caste integreque versatus, ex vestro judicio 

15 fructum est amplissimum consecutus. Nam cum 
propter dilationem comitiorum ter praetor primus cen- 
turiis cunctis renuntiatus sum, facile intellexi, Qui- 
rites, et quid de me judicaretis, et quid aliis praescri- 



n. 5-] The Mithridaiic War. 59 

beretis. Nunc cum et auctoritatis in me tantum sit, 
quantum vos honoribus mandandis esse voluistis, et 
ad agendum facultatis tantum, quantum hornini vigi- 
lanti ex forensi usu prope cotidiana dicendi exercitatio 
potuit adferre, certe et si quid auctoritatis in me est, 5 
apud eos utar qui earn mihi dederunt, et si quid in 
dicendo consequi possum, eis ostendam potissimum, 
qui ei quoque rei fructum suo judicio tribuendum esse 
duxerunt. 3. Atque illud in primis mihi laetandum 
jure esse video, quod in hac insolita mihi ex hoc loco 10 
ratione dicendi causa talis oblata est, in qua oratio de- 
esse nemini possit. Dicendum est enim de Cn. Pom- 
pei singulari eximiaque virtute : hujus autem orationis 
difficilius est exitum quam principium invenire. Ita 
mihi non tarn copia quam modus in dicendo quaeren- 15 
dus est. 

11. 4. Atque, — ut inde oratio mea pronciscatur, unde 
haec omnis causa ducitur, — bellum grave et periculo- 
sum vestris vectigalibus ac sociis a duobus potentissi- 
mis regibus infertur, Mithridate et Tigrane, quorum «o 
alter relictus, alter lacessitus, occasionem sibi ad occu- 
pandam Asiam oblatam esse arbitrantur. Equitibus 
Romanis, honestissimis viris, adferuntur ex Asia coti- 
die litterae, quorum magnae res aguntur in vestris 
vectigalibus exercendis occupatae : qui ad me, pro 25 
necessitudine quae mihi est cum illo ordine, causam 
rei publicae periculaque rerum suarum detulerunt : 
5. Bithyniae, quae nunc vestra provincia est, vicos 
exustos esse compluris ; regnum Ariobarzanis, quod 
fmitimum est vestris vectigalibus, totum esse in hosti- 3° 
um potestate ; L. Lucullum, magnis rebus gestis, ab eo 
bello discedere ; huic qui successerit non satis esse 
paratum ad tantum bellum administrandum ; unum ab 
omnibus sociis et civibus ad id bellum imperatorem 
deposci atque expeti, eundem hunc unum ab hostibus 35 
metui, praeterea neminem. 



60 Pompcy's Military Command. [Manil. 

6. Causa quae sit videtis : nunc quid agendum sit 
considerate. Primum mihi videtur de genere belli, 
deinde de magnitudine, turn de imperatore deligendo 
esse dicendum. Genus est belli ejus modi, quod max- 
5 ime vestros animos excitare atque inflammare ad per- 
sequendi studium debeat : in quo agitur populi Romani 
gloria, quae vobis a majoribus cum magna in omnibus 
rebus turn summa in re militari tradita est ; agitur 
salus sociorum atque amicorum, pro qua multa majo- 

10 res vestri magna et gravia bella gesserunt ; aguntur 
certissima populi Romani vectigalia et maxima, quibus 
amissis et pacis ornamenta et subsidia belli requiretis ; 
aguntur bona multorum civium, quibus est a vobis et 
ipsorum et rei publicae causa consulendum. in. 7. Et 

15 quoniam semper appetentes gloriae praeter ceteras 
gentis atque avidi laudis fuistis, delenda est vobis ilia 
macula [Mithridatico] bello superiore concepta, quae 
penitus jam insedit ac nimis inveteravit in populi Ro- 
mani nomine, — quod is, qui uno die, tota in Asia, tot in 

20 civitatibus, uno nuntio atque una significatione [littera- 
rum] civis Romanos necandos trucidandosque denota- 
vit, non modo adhuc poenam nullam suo dignam 
scelere suscepit, sed ab illo tempore annum jam ter- 
tium et vicesimum regnat, et ita regnat, ut se non Ponti 

2 5 neque Cappadociae latebris occultare velit, sed emer- 
gere ex patrio regno atque in vestris vectigalibus, hoc 
est, in Asiae luce versari. 8. Etenim adhuc ita nostri 
cum illo rege contenderunt imperatores, ut ab illo in- 
signia victoriae, non victoriam reportarent. Trium- 

3° phavit L. Sulla, triumphavit L. Murena de Mithridate, 
duo fortissimi viri et summi imperatores ; sed ita tri- 
umpharunt, ut ille pulsus superatusque regnaret. Ve- 
rum tamen illis imperatoribus laus est tribuenda quod 
egerunt, venia danda quod reliquerunt, propterea quod 

35 ab eo bello Sullam in Italian! res publica, Murenam 
Sulla revocavit. 



v. ii.] Earlier Conduct of the War. 61 

iv. 9. Mithridates autem omne reliquum tempus non 
ad oblivionem veteris belli, sed ad comparationem novi 
contulit : qui [postea] cum maximas aedificasset ornas- 
setque classis exercitusque permagnos quibuscumque 
ex gentibus potuisset comparasset, et se Bosporanis 5 
finitimis suis bellum inferre simularet, usque in Hispa- 
niam legatos ac litteras misit ad eos duces quibuscum 
turn bellum gerebamus, ut, cum duobus in locis dis- 
junctissimis maximeque diversis uno consilio a binis 
hostium copiis bellum terra marique gereretur, vos 10 
ancipiti contentione districti de imperio dimicaretis. 
10. Sed tamen alterius partis periculum, Sertorianae 
atque Hispaniensis, quae multo plus firmamenti ac ro- 
boris habebat, Cn. Pompei divino consilio ac singu- 
lari virtute depulsum est ; in altera parte ita _*es a L. 15 
Lucullo summo viro est administrata, ut initia ilia 
rerum gestarum magna atque praeclara non felicitati 
ejus, sed virtuti, haec autem extrema, quae nuper 
acciderunt, non culpae, sed fortunae tribuenda esse 
videantur. Sed de Lucullo dicam alio loco, et ita 20 
dicam, Quirites, ut neque vera laus ei detracta ora- 
tione mea neque falsa adficta esse videatur : 11. de 
vestri imperi dignitate atque gloria — quoniam is est 
exorsus orationis meae — videte quern vobis animum 
suscipiendum putetis. 25 

v. Majores nostri saepe mercatoribus aut navicula- 
riis nostris injuriosius tractatis bella gesserunt : vos, tot 
milibus civium Romanorum uno nuntio atque uno tem- 
pore necatis, quo tandem animo esse debetis? Legati 
quod erant appellati superbius, Corinthum patres vestri 30 
totius Graeciae lumen exstinctum esse voluerunt : vos 
eum regem inultum esse patiemini, qui legatum populi 
Romani consularem vinculis ac verberibus atque omni 
supplicio excruciatum necavit? Illi libertatem immi- 
nutam civium Romanorum non tulerunt : vos ereptam 35 
vitam neglegetis? Jus legationis verbo violatum illi 



62 Pomfefs Military Command. [Manil. 

persecuti sunt : vos legatum omni supplicio interfec- 
tum relinquetis? 12. Videte ne, ut illis pulcherrimum 
fuit tantam vobis imperi gloriam tradere, sic vobis tur- 
pissimum sit, id quod accepistis tueri et conservare 

5 non posse. 

Quid? quod salus sociorum summum in periculum 
ac discrimen vocatur, quo tandem animo ferre debetis? 
Regno est expulsus Ariobarzanes rex, socius populi 
Romani atque amicus ; imminent duo reges toti Asiae 

io non solum vobis inimicissimi, sed etiam vestris sociis 
atque amicis ; civitates autem omnes cuncta Asia atque 
Graecia vestrum auxilium exspectare propter periculi 
magnitudinem coguntur ; imperatorem a vobis certum 
deposcere, cum praesertim vos alium miseritis, neque 

15 audent, leque se id facere sine summo periculo posse 
arbitrantur. 13. Vident et sentiunt hoc idem quod vos, 
— unum virum esse, in quo summa sint omnia, et eum 
propter esse, quo etiam carent aegrius ; cujus adventu 
ipso atque nomine, tametsi ille ad maritimum bellum 

20 venerit, tamen impetus hostium repressos esse intelle- 
gunt ac retardatos. Hi vos, quoniam libere loqui non 
licet, tacite rogant, ut se quoque, sicut ceterarum pro- 
vinciarum socios, dignos existimetis, quorum salutem 
tali viro commendetis ; atque hoc etiam magis, quod 

25 ceteros in provinciam ejus modi homines cum imperio 
mittimus, ut etiam si ab hoste defendant, tamen ipso- 
rum adventus in urbis sociorum non multum ab hos- 
tili expugnatione differant. Hunc audiebant antea, 
nunc praesentem vident, tanta temperantia, tanta man- 

30 suetudine, tanta humanitate, ut ei beatissimi esse vide- 
antur, apud quos ille diutissime commoratur. 

vi. 14. Qua re si propter socios, nulla ipsi injuria la- 
cessiti, majores nostri cum Antiocho, cum Philippo, 
cum x\etolis, cum Poenis bella gesserunt, quanto vos 

35 studio convenit injuriis provocatos sociorum salutem 
una cum imperi vestri dignitate defendere, praesertim 



vii. 1 7-] Importance of the Province, 63 

cum de maximis vestris vectigalibus agatur? Nam 
ceterarum provinciarum vectigalia, Quirites, tanta 
sunt, ut eis ad ipsas provincias tutandas vix contend 
esse possimus : Asia vero tarn opima est ac fertilis, ut 
et ubertate agrorum et varietate fructuum et magnitu- 5 
dine pastionis et multitudine earum rerum quae expor- 
tantur, facile omnibus terris antecellat. Itaque haec 
vobis provincia, Quirites, si et belli utilitatem et pacis 
dignitatem retinere voltis, non modo a calamitate, sed 
etiam a metu calamitatis est defendenda. 15. Nam in 10 
ceteris rebus cum venit calamitas, turn detrimentum 
accipitur ; at in vectigalibus non solum adventus mali, 
sed etiam metus ipse adfert calamitatem. Nam cum 
hostium copiae non longe absunt, etiam si inruptio 
nulla facta est, tamen pecuaria relinquitur, agri cul- 15 
tura deseritur, mercatorum navigatio conquiescit. Ita 
neque ex portu neque ex decumis neque ex scriptura 
vectigal conservari potest : qua re saepe totius anni 
fructus uno rumore periculi atque uno belli terrore 
amittitur. 16. Quo tandem igitur animo esse existimatis 20 
aut eos qui vectigalia nobis pensitant, aut eos qui exer- 
cent atque exigunt, cum duo reges cum maximis copiis 
propter adsint? cum una excursio equitatus perbrevi 
tempore totius anni vectigal auferre possit? cum pub- 
licani familias maximas, quas in saltibus habent, quas 25 
in agris, quas in portubus atque custodiis, magno pe- 
riculo se habere arbitrentur? Putatisne vos illis rebus 
frui posse, nisi eos qui vobis fructui sunt conservari- 
tis non solum (ut ante dixi) calamitate, sed etiam 
calamitatis formidine liberatos. 3° 

vii. 17. Ac ne illud quidem vobis neglegendum est, 
quod mihi ego extremum proposueram, cum essem de 
belli genere dicturus, quod ad multorum bona civium 
Romanorum pertinet, quorum vobis pro vestra sapien- 
tia, Quirites, habenda est ratio diligenter. Nam et 35 
publicani, homines honestissimi atque ornatissimi, suas 



64 Pomfiey's Military Command. [Manil. 

ratione; et copias in illam provinciam contulerunt, quo- 
rum ipjorum per se res et fortunae vobis curae esse 
debent. Etenim si vectigalia nervos esse rei publicae 
semper duximus, eum certe ordinem, qui exercet ilia, 
5 firmamentum ceterorum ordinum recte esse dicemus. 
18. Deinde ex ceteris ordinibus homines gnavi atque 
industrii partim ipsi in Asia negotiantur, quibus vos 
absentibus consulere debetis, partim eorum in ea pro- 
vincia pecunias magnas conlocatas habent. Est igitur 

10 humanitatis vestrae magnum numerum eorum civium 
calamitate prohibere, sapientiae videre multorum civi- 
um calamitatem are publica sejunctam esse non posse. 
Etenim primum illud parvi refert, nos publica his amis- 
sis [vectigalia] postea victoria recuperare. Neque enim 

15 isdem redimendi facultas erit propter calamitatem, ne- 
que aliis voluntas propter timorem. 19. Deinde quod 
nos eadem Asia atque idem iste Mithridates initio belli 
Asiatici docuit, id quidem certe calamitate docti memo- 
ria retinere debemus. Nam turn, cum in Asia res 

?<? magnas permulti amiserant, scimus Romae, solutione 
impedita, fidem concidisse. Non enim possunt una in 
civitate multi rem ac fortunas amittere, ut non plures 
secum in eandem trahant calamitatem. A quo peri- 
culo prohibete rem publicam, et mihi credite id quod 

25 ipsi videtis : haec fides atque haec ratio pecuniarum, 
quae Romae, quae in foro versatur, implicata est cum 
illis pecuniis Asiaticis et cohaeret. Ruere ilia non 
possunt, ut haec non eodem labefacta motu concidant. 
Qua re videte num dubitandum vobis sit omni studio 

30 ad id bellum incumbere, in quo gloria nominis vestri, 
saius sociorum, vectigalia maxima, fortunae plurimo- 
rum civium conjunctae cum re publica defendantur. 

viii. 20. Quoniam de genere belli dixi, nunc de 
magnitudine pauca dicam. Potest hoc enim dici, belli 

35 genus esse ita necessarium ut sit gerendum, non esse 
ita magnum ut sit pertimescendum. In quo maxime 



ix. 22.1 The Praise of Lucullus, 65 

elaborandum est, ne forte ea vobis quae diligentissime 
providenda sunt, contemnenda esse videantur. Atque 
ut omnes intellegant me L. Lucullo tantum impertire 
laudis, quantum forti viro et sapienti homini et magno 
imperatori debeatur, dico ejus adventu maximas Mith- 5 
ridati copias omnibus rebus ornatas atque instructas 
fuisse, urbemque Asiae clarissimam nobisque amicis- 
simam, Cvzicenorum, obsessam esse ab ipso rege 
maxima multitudine et oppugnatam vehementissime, 
quam L. Lucullus virtute, adsiduitate, consilio, sum- 10 
mis obsidionis periculis liberavit : 21. ab eodem im- 
peratore classem magnam et ornatam, quae ducibus 
Sertorianis ad Italiam studio atque odio inflammata 
raperetur, superatam esse atque depressam ; magnas 
hostium praeterea copias multis proeliis esse deletas, 15 
patefactumque nostris legionibus esse Pontum, qui 
antea populo Romano ex omni aditu clausus fuisset ; 
Sinopen atque Amisum, quibus in oppidis erant domi- 
cilia regis, omnibus rebus ornatas ac refertas, cete- 
rasque urbis Ponti et Cappadociae permultas, uno aditu 20 
adventuque esse captas ; regem, spoliatum regno patrio 
atque avito, ad alios se reges atque ad alias gentis sup- 
plicem contulisse ; atque haec omnia salvis populi 
Romani sociis atque integris vectigalibus esse gesta. 
Satis opinor haec esse laudis, atque ita, Quirites, ut 25 
hoc vos intellegatis, a nullo istorum, qui huic obtrec- 
tant legi atque causae, L. Lucullum similiter ex hoc 
loco esse laudatum. 

ix. 22. Requiretur fortasse nunc quern ad modum, 
cum haec ita sint, reliquum possit magnum esse bellum. 30 
Cognoscite, Quirites. Non enim hoc sine causa quae- 
ri videtur. Primum ex suo regno sic Mithridates 
profugit, ut ex eodem Ponto Medea ilia quondam pro- 
fugisse dicitur, quam praedicant in fuga fratris sui 
membra in eis locis, qua se parens persequeretur, 35 
dissipavisse, ut eorum conlectio dispersa, maerorque 



66 Pompey's Military Command. [Manil. 

patrius, celeritatem persequendi retardaret. Sic Mith- 
ridates fugiens maximam vim auri atque argenti pul- 
cherrimarumque rerum omnium, quas et a majoribus 
acceperat et ipse bello superiore ex tota Asia direptas 
5 in suum regnum congesserat, in Ponto omnem reliquit. 
Haec dum nostri conligunt omnia diligentius, rex ipse 
e manibus efFugit. Ita ilium in persequendi studio 
maeror, hos laetitia tardavit. 23. Hunc in illo timore 
et fuga Tigranes rex Armenius excepit, diffidentem- 

io que rebus suis confirmavit, et adflictum erexit, perdi- 
tumque recreavit. Cujus in regnum postea quam L. 
Lucullus cum exercitu venit, plures etiam gentes con- 
tra imperatorem nostrum concitatae sunt. Erat enim 
metus injectus eis nationibus, quas numquam populus 

15 Romanus neque lacessendas bello neque temptandas 
putavit : erat etiam alia gravis atque vehemens opinio, 
quae animos gentium barbararum pervaserat, fani lo- 
cupletissimi et religiosissimi diripiendi causa in eas oras 
nostrum esse exercitum adductum. Ita nationes mul- 

20 tae atque magnae novo quodam terrore ac metu con- 
citabantur. Noster autem exercitus, tametsi urbem ex 
Tigrani regno ceperat, et proeliis usus erat secundis, 
tamen nimia longinquitate locorum ac desiderio suo- 
rum commovebatur. 

25 24. Hie jam plura non dicam. Fuit enim illud ex- 
tremum, ut ex eis locis a militibus nostris reditus 
magis maturus quam processio longior quaereretur. 
Mithridates autem et suam manum jam confirmarat, [et 
eorum] qui se ex ipsius regno conlegerant, et magnis 

30 adventiciis auxiliis multorum regum et nationum juva- 
batur. Jam hoc fere sic fieri solere accepimus, ut 
regum adflictae fortunae facile multorum opes adlici- 
ant ad misericordiam, maximeque eorum qui aut reges 
sunt aut vivunt in regno, ut eis nomen regale magnum 

35 et sanctum esse videatur. 25. Itaque tantum victus 
efficere potuit, quantum incolumis numquam est ausus 



x. 28.] The Return of Lucullus. 67 

optare. Nam cum se in regnum suum recepisset, non 
fuit eo contentus, quod ei praeter spem acciderat, — ut 
illam, postea quam pulsus erat, terram umquam attinge- 
ret, — sed in exercitum nostrum clarum atque victorem 
impetum fecit. Sinite hoc loco, Quirites, sicut poetae 5 
solent,' qui res Romanas scribunt, praeterire me nos- 
tram calamitatem, quae tanta fuit, ut earn ad auris 
[Luculli] imperatoris non ex proelio nuntius, sed ex 
sermone rumor adferret. 2G. Hie in illo ipso malo gra- 
vissimaque belli offensione, L. Lucullus, qui tamen ali- 10 
qua ex parte eis incommodis mederi fortasse potuisset, 
vestro jussu coactus, — qui imperi diuturnitati modum 
statuendum vetere exemplo putavistis, — partem mili- 
tum, qui jam stipendiis confecti erant, dimisit, partem 
M'. Glabrioni tradidit. Multa praetereo consulto, sed 15 
ea vos conjectura perspicite, quantum illud bellum fac- 
tum putetis, quod conjungant reges potentissimi, reno- 
vent agitatae nationes, suscipiant integrae gentes, nov- 
us imperator noster accipiat, vetere exercitu pulso. 

x. 27. Satis mihi multa verba fecisse videor, qua 20 
re esset hoc bellum genere ipso necessarium, mag- 
nitudine periculosum. Restat ut de imperatore ad 
id bellum deligendo ac tantis rebus praeficiendo 
dicendum esse videatur. 

Utinam, Quirites, virorum fortium atque innocen- 25 
tium copiam tantam haberetis, ut haec vobis delibera- 
tio difficilis esset, quemnam potissimum tantis rebus ac 
tanto bello praeficiendum putaretis ! Nunc vero — cum 
sit unus Cn. Pompeius, qui non modo eorum hominum 
qui nunc sunt gloriam, sed etiam antiquitatis memo- 3° 
riam virtute superarit — quae res est quae cujusquam 
animum in hac causa dubium facere possit? 28. Ego 
enim sic existimo, in summo imperatore quattuor has 
res inesse oportere, — scientiam rei militaris, virtutem, 
auctoritatem, felicitatem. Quis igitur hoc homine 35 
scientior umquam aut fuit aut esse debuit? qui e ludo 



68 Pomfey's Military Command. [Manil. 

atque e pueritiae disciplinis bello maximo atque acer- 
rimis hostibus ad patris exercitum atque in militiae 
disciplinam profectus est ; qui extrema pueritia miles 
in exercitu fuit summi imperatoris, ineunte adulescen- 
5 tia maximi ipse exercitus imperator ; qui saepius cum 
hoste confiixit quam quisquam cum inimico concerta- 
vit, plura bella gessit quam ceteri legerunt, plures pro- 
vincias confecit quam alii concupiverunt *, cujus adules- 
centia ad scientiam rei militaris non alienis praeceptis 

10 sed suis imperiis, non ofFensionibus belli sed victoriis, 
non stipendiis sed triumphis est erudita. Quod de- 
nique genus esse belli potest, in quo ilium non exercu- 
erit fortuna rei publicae? Civile, Africanum, Trans- 
alpinum, Hispaniense, [mixtum ex civitatibus atque ex 

15 bellicosissimis nationibus,] servile, navale bellum, varia 
et diversa genera et bellorum et hostium, non solum 
gesta ab hoc uno, sed etiam confecta, nullam rem esse 
declarant in usu positam militari, quae hujus viri scien- 
tiam fugere possit. 

20 xi. 29. Jam vero virtuti Cn. Pompei quae potest 
oratio par inveniri? Quid est quod quisquam aut illo 
dignum aut vobis novum aut cuiquam inauditum pos- 
sit adferre? Neque enim illae sunt solae virtutes im- 
peratoriae, quae volgo existimantur, — labor in negotiis, 

25 fortitudo in periculis, industria in agendo, celeritas in 
conficiendo, consilium in providendo : quae tanta sunt 
in hoc uno, quanta in omnibus reliquis imperatoribus, 
quos aut vidimus aut audivimus, non fuerunt. 30. Tes- 
tis est Italia, quam ille ipse victor L. Sulla hujus vir- 

30 tute et subsidio confessus est liberatam. Testis est 
Sicilia, quam multis undique cinctam periculis non ter- 
rore belli, sed consili celeritate explicavit. Testis est 
Africa, quae, magnis oppressa hostium copiis, eorum 
ipsorum sanguine redundavit. Testis est Gallia, per 

35 quam legionibus nostris iter in Hispaniam Gallorum 
internecione patefactum est. Testis est Hispania, quae 



xn. 33-1 His Earlier Victories: the Pirates. 69 

saepissime plurimos hostis ab hoc superatos prostra- 
tosque conspexit. Testis est iterum et saepius Italia, 
quae cum servili bello taetro periculosoque premeretur, 
ab hoc auxilium absente expetivit : quod bellum ex- 
spectatione ejus attenuatum atque imminutum est, 5 
adventu sublatum ac sepultum. 31. Testes nunc vero 
jam omnes orae atque omnes exterae gentes ac na- 
tiones, denique maria omnia cum universa, turn in sin- 
gulis oris omnes sinus atque portus. Quis enim toto 
mari locus per hos annos aut tam firmum habuit prae- 10 
sidium ut tutus esset, aut tam fuit abditus ut lateret? 
Quis navigavit qui non se aut mortis aut servitutis 
periculo committeret, cum aut hieme aut referto prae- 
donum mari navigaret? Hoc tantum bellum, tam 
turpe, tam vetus, tam late divisum atque dispersum, 15 
quis umquam arbitraretur aut ab omnibus imperatori- 
bus uno anno aut omnibus annis ab uno imperatore 
confici posse? 32. Quam provinciam tenuistis a prae- 
donibus liberam per hosce annos? quod vectigal vobis 
tutum fuit? quern socium defendistis? cui praesidio 20 
classibus vestris fuistis? quam multas existimatis in- 
sulas esse desertas? quam multas aut metu relictas 
aut a praedonibus captas urbis esse sociorum? 

xii. Sed quid ego longinqua commemoro? Fuit 
hoc quondam, fuit proprium populi Romani, longe a 25 
domo bellare, et propugnaculis imperi sociorum for- 
tunas, non sua tecta defendere. Sociis ego nostris mare 
per hos annos clausum fuisse dicam, cum exercitus 
vestri numquam a Brundisio nisi hieme summa trans- 
miserint? Qui ad vos ab exteris nationibus venirent 30 
captos querar, cum legati populi Romani redempti 
sint? Mercatoribus tutum mare non fuisse dicam, 
cum duodecim secures in praedonum potestatem per- 
venerint? 33. Cnidum aut Colophonem aut Samum, 
nobilissimas urbis, innumerabilisque alias captas esse 35 
commemorem, cum vestros portus, atque eos portus 



70 Pomfey's Military Command. [Manil. 

quibus vitam ac spiritum ducitis, in praedonum fuisse 
potestatem sciatis? An vero ignoratis portum Cajetae 
celeberrimum ac plenissimum navium inspectante 
praetore a praedonibus esse direptum? ex Miseno 
5 autem ejus ipsius liberos, qui cum praedonibus antea 
ibi bellum gesserat, a praedonibus esse sublatos? 
Nam quid ego Ostiense incommodum atque illam la- 
bem atque ignominiam rei publicae querar, cum, pro- 
pe inspectantibus vobis, classis ea, cui consul populi 

10 Romani praepositus esset, a praedonibus capta atque 
oppressa est? Pro di immortales ! tantamne unius 
hominis incredibilis ac divina virtus tam brevi tempore 
lucem adferre rei publicae potuit, ut vos, qui modo 
ante ostium Tiberinum classem hostium videbatis, ei 

15 nunc nullam intra Oceani ostium praedonum navem 
esse audiatis? 34. Atque haec qua celeritate gesta 
sint quamquam videtis, tamen a me in dicendo prae- 
tereunda non sunt. Quis enim umquam aut obeundi 
negoti aut consequendi quaestus studio tam brevi tem- 

20 pore tot loca adire, tantos cursus conficere potuit, quam 
celeriter Cn. Pompeio duce tanti belli impetus naviga- 
vit? Qui nondum tempestivo ad navigandum mari Si- 
ciliam adiit, Africam exploravit ; inde Sardiniam cum 
classe venit, atque haec tria frumentaria subsidia rei 

25 publicae firmissimis praesidiis classibusque munivit ; 
35. inde cum se in Italiam recepisset, duabus Hispan- 
iis et Gallia [transalpina] praesidiis ac navibus confir- 
mata, missis item in oram Illyrici maris et in Achaiam 
omnemque Graeciam navibus, Italiae duo maria maxi- 

30 mis classibus firmissimisque praesidiis adornavit ; ipse 
autem ut Brundisio profectus est, undequinquagesimo 
die totam ad imperium populi Romani Ciliciam ad- 
junxit ; omnes, qui ubique praedones fuerunt, partim 
capti interfectique sunt, partim unius hujus se imperio 

35 ac potestati dediderunt. Idem Cretensibus, cum ad 
cum usque in Pamphyliam legatos deprecatoresque 



x.tii. 38.] Jf is Vitalities in Administration. 71 

misissent, spem deditionis non ademit, obsidesque im- 
peravit. Ita tantum bellum, tarn diuturnum, tam 
longe lateque dispersum, quo bello omnes gentes ac 
nationes premebantur, Cn. Pompeius extrema hieme 
apparavit, ineunte vere suscepit, media aestate con- 5 
fecit. 

xiii. 36. Est haec divina atque incredibilis virtus 
imperatoris. Quid ceterae, quas paulo ante com- 
memorare coeperam, quantae atque quam multae sunt? 
Non enim bellandi virtus solum in sum mo ac perfecto 10 
imperatore quaerenda est, sed multae sunt artes exim- 
iae hujus administrae comitesque virtutis. Ac primum, 
quanta innocentia debent esse imperatores? quanta 
deinde in omnibus rebus temperantia? quanta tide? 
quanta facilitate? quanto ingenio? quanta humani- 15 
tate? Quae breviter qualia sint in Cn. Pompeio consi- 
deremus : summa enim omnia sunt, Quirites, sed ea 
magis ex aliorum contentione quam ipsa per sese co- 
gnosci atque intellegi possunt. ,37. Quern enim impera- 
torem possumus ullo in numero putare, cujus in exer- 20 
citu centuriatus veneant atque venierint? Quid hunc 
hominem magnum aut amplum de re publica cogitare, 
qui pecuniam, ex aerario depromptam ad bellum 
administrandum, aut propter cupiditatem provinciae 
magistratibus diviserit, aut propter avaritiam Romae 25 
in quaestu reliquerit? Vestra admurmuratio facit, 
Quirites, ut agnoscere videamini qui haec fecerint : 
ego autem nomino neminem ; qua re irasci mihi nemo 
poterit, nisi qui ante de se voluerit confiteri. Itaque 
propter hanc avaritiam imperatorum quantas calami- 30 
tates, quocumque ventum est, nostri exercitus ferant 
quis ignorat? 38. Itinera quae per hosce annos in 
Italia per agros atque oppida civium Romanorum nos- 
tri imperatores fecerint recordamini : turn facilius sta- 
tuetis quid apud exteras nationes fieri existimetis. 35 
Utrum pluris arbitramini per hosce annos militum 



72 Pompcy's Military Command. [Manil. 

vestrorum armis hostium urbis, an hibernis sociorum 
civitates esse deletas? Neque enim potest exercitum 
is continere imperator, qui se ipse non ccntinet, neque 
severus esse in judicando, qui alios in se severos esse 
5 judices non volt. 39, Hie miramur hunc hominem 
tantum excellere ceteris, cujus legiones sic in Asiam 
pervenerint, ut non modo manus tanti exercitus, sed 
ne vestigium quidem cuiquam pacato nocuisse dicatur? 
Jam vero quern ad modum milites hibernent cotidie 

10 sermones ac litterae perferuntur : non modo ut sump- 
turn faciat in militem nemini vis adfertur, sed ne cupi- 
enti quidem cuiquam permittitur. Hiemis enim, non 
avaritiae perfugium majores nostri in sociorum atque 
amicorum tectis esse voluerunt. 

15 xiv. 40o Age vero: ceteris in rebus quali sit tempe- 
rantia considerate. Unde illam tantam celeritatem et 
tarn incredibilem cursum inventum putatis? Non 
enim ilium eximia vis remigum aut ars inaudita quae- 
dam gubernandi aut venti aliqui novi tam celeriter in 

20 ultimas terras pertulerunt ; sed eae res quae ceteros 
remorari solent, non retardarunt : non avaritia ab in- 
stitute cursu ad praedam aliquam devocavit, non libido 
ad voluptatem, non amoenitas ad delectationem. non 
nobilitas urbis ad cognitionem, non denique labor ipse 

25 ad quietem ; postremo signa et tabulas ceteraque orna- 
menta Graecorum oppidorum, quae ceteri tollenda 
esse arbitrantur, ea sibi ille ne visenda quidem existi- 
mavit. 4io Itaque omnes nunc in eis locis Cn. Pom- 
peium sicut aliquem non ex hac urbe missum, sed de 

30 caelo delapsum intuentur. Nunc denique incipiunt cre- 
dere .fuisse homines Romanos hac quondam continen- 
tia, quod jam nationibus exteris incredibile ac falso 
memoriae proditum videbatur. Nunc imperi vestri 
splendor illis gentibus lucem adferre coepit. Nunc in- 

35 tellegunt non sjne causa majores suos, turn cum ea 
temperantia magistratus habebamus, servire populo 



xv. 44-] His Justice , Moderation , Dignity. 73 

Romano quam imperare aliis maluisse. Jam vero ita 
faciles aditus ad eura privatorum, ita liberae queri- 
moniae de aliorum injuriis esse dicuntur, ut is, qui 
dignitate principibus excellit, facilitate infimis par esse 
videatur. 42. Jam quantum consilio, quantum dicendi 5 
gravitate et copia valeat, — in quo ipso inest quaedam 
dignitas imperatoria, — vos, Quirites, hoc ipso ex loco 
saepe cognovistis. Fidem vero ejus quantam inter socios 
existimari putatis, quam hostes omnes omnium gene- 
rum sanctissimam judicarint? Humanitate jam tanta 10 
est, ut difficile dictu sit utrum hostes magis virtutem 
ejus pugnantes timuerint, an mansuetudinem victi di- 
lexerint. Et quisquam dubitabit quin huic hoc tantum 
bellum transmittendum sit, qui ad omnia nostrae memo- 
riae bella conficienda divino quodam consilio natus 15 
esse videatur? 

xv. 43. Et quoniam auctoritas quoque in bellis 
administrandis multum atque in imperio militari valet, 
certe nemini dubium est quin ea re idem ille imperator 
plurimum possit. Vehementer autem pertinere ad 20 
bella administranda quid hostes, quid socii de impera- 
toribus nostris existiment quis ignorat, cum sciamus 
homines in tantis rebus, ut aut contemnant aut metuant 
aut oderint aut anient, opinione non minus et fama 
quam aliqua ratione certa commoveri? Quod igitur 25 
nomen umquam in orbe terrarum clarius fuit? cujus 
res gestae pares? de quo homine vos, — id quod maxi- 
me facit auctoritatem, — tanta et tarn praeclara judicia 
fecistis? 44. An vero ullam usquam esse oram tarn 
desertam putatis, quo non illius diei fama pervaserit, 30 
cum universus populus Rom anus, referto foro comple- 
tisque omnibus templis ex quibus hie locus conspici 
potest, unum sibi ad commune omnium gentium bellum 
Cn. Pompeium imperatorem depoposcit? Itaque — ut 
plura non dicam, neque aliorum exemplis confirmem 35 
quantum [hujus] auctoritas valeat in bello — ab eodem 



74 Pomftefs Military Command. [Manil. 

Cn. Pompeio omnium rerum egregiarum exempla 
sumantur : qui quo die a vobis maritimo bello praepo- 
situs est imperator, tanta repente vilitas annonae ex 
summa inopia et caritate rei frumentariae consecuta 

5 est unius hominis spe ac nomine, quantam vix in sum- 
ma ubertate agrorum diuturna pax efficere potuisset. 
45. Jam accepta in Ponto calamitate ex eo proelio, de 
quo vos paulo ante invitus admonui, — cum socii pertim- 
uissent, hostium opes animique crevissent, satis firmum 

io praesidium provincia non haberet, — amisissetis Asiam, 
Quirites, nisi ad ipsum discrimen ejus temporis divini- 
tus Cn. Pompeium ad eas regiones fortuna populi Ro- 
mani attulisset. Hujus adventus et Mithridatem insolita 
inflammatum victoria continuit, et Tigranem magnis 

15 copiis minitantem Asiae retardavit. Et quisquam 
dubitabit quid virtute perfecturus sit, qui tantum auc- 
toritate perfecerit? aut quam facile imperio atque 
exercitu socios et vectigalia conservaturus sit, qui ipso 
nomine ac rumore defenderit? xvi. 46. Age vero, 

20 ilia res quantam declarat ejusdem hominis apud hostis 
populi Romani auctoritatem, quod ex locis tarn longin- 
quis tamque diversis tarn brevi tempore omnes huic se 
uni dediderunt? quod a communi Cretensium legati, 
cum in eorum insula noster imperator exercitusque es- 

25 set, adCn. Pompeium in ultimas prope terras venerunt, 
eique se omnis Cretensium civitates dedere velle dixe- 
runt? Quid? idem iste Mithridates nonne ad eundem 
Cn. Pompeium legatum usque in Hispaniam misit? 
eum quem Pompeius legatum semper judicavit, ei 

30 quibus erat [semper] molestum ad eum potissimum 
esse missum, speculatorem quam legatum judicari 
maluerunt. Potestis igitur jam constituere, Quirites, 
hanc auctoritatem, multis postea rebus gestis magnis- 
que vestris judiciis amplificatam, quantum apud illos 

351-eges, quantum apud exteras nationes valituram esse 
existimetis. 



xvii. 5o.] The Fortune of Pomjycy. 75 

47. Reliqnum est ut de felicitate (quam praestare de 
se ipso nemo potest, meminisse et commemorare de 
altero possumus, sicut aequum est homines de potestate 
deorum) timide et pauca dicamus. Ego enim sic exis- 
timo : Maximo, Marcello, Scipioni, Mario, et ceteris s 
magnis imperatoribus non solum propter virtutem, sed 
etiam propter fortunam saepius imperia mandata atque 
exercitus esse commissos. Fuit enim profecto quibus- 
dam summis viris quaedam ad amplitudinem et ad 
gloriam et ad res magnas bene gerendas divinitus 10 
adjuncta fortuna. De hujus autem hominis felicitate, 
de quo nunc agimus, hac utar moderatione dicendi, 
non ut in illius potestate fortunam positam esse dicam, 
sed ut praeterita meminisse, reliqua sperare videamur, 
ne aut invisa dis immortalibus oratio nostra aut ingrata 15 
esse videatur. 48. Itaque non sum praedicaturus quan- 
tas ille res domi militiae, terra marique, quantaque 
felicitate gesserit ; ut ejus semper voluntatibus non mo- 
do cives adsenserint, socii obtemperarint, hostes obe- 
dierint, sed etiam venti tempestatesque obsecundarint : 20 
ftoc brevissime dicam, neminem umquam tarn impu- 
dentem fuisse, qui ab dis immortalibus tot et tantas res 
tacitus auderer optare, quot et quantas di immortales 
ad Cn. Pompeium detulerunt. Quod ut illi proprium 
ac perpetuum sir, Quirites, cum communis salutis 25 
atque imperi turn ipsius hominis causa, sicuti facitis, 
velle et optare debetis. 

49. Qua re, — cum et bellum sit ita necessarium ut 
neglegi non possit, ita magnum ut accuratissime 
sit administrandum ; et cum ei imperatorem praefi- 30 
cere possitis, in quo sit eximia belli scientia, singularis 
virtus, clarissima auctoritas, egregia fortuna, — dubita- 
tis, Quirites, quin hoc tantum boni, quod vobis ab dis 
immortalibus oblatum et datum est, in rem publicam 
conservandam atque amplificandam conferatis? xvii. 35 
50. Quod si Romae Cn. Pompeius privatus esset hoc 



'/6 Pomfey's Military Command. [Manil. 

tempore, tamen ad tantum bellum is erat deligendus 
atque mittendus : nunc cum. ad ceteras summas utilita- 
tes haec quoque opportunitas adjungatur, ut in eis ipsis 
locis adsit, ut habeat exercitum, ut ab eis qui habent 
5 accipere statim possit, quid exspectamus? aut cur non 
ducibus dis immortalibus eidem, cui cetera summa cum 
salute rei publicae commissa sunt, hoc quoque bellum 
regium committamus? 

51. At enim vir clarissimus, amantissimus rei publi- 

10 cae, vestris beneficiis amplissimis adfectus, Q^Catulus, 
itemque summis ornamentis honoris, fortunae, virtutis, 
ingeni praeditus, Q^ Hortensius, ab hac ratione dis- 
sentiunt. Quorum ego auctoritatem apud vos multis 
locis plurimum valuisse et valere oportere confiteor ; 

15 sed in hac causa, tametsi cognoscitis auctoritates con- 
trarias virorum fortissimorum et clarissimorum, tamen 
omissis auctoritatibus ipsa re ac ratione exquirere pos- 
sumus veritatem, atque hoc facilius, quod ea omnia 
quae a me adhuc dicta sunt, eidem isti vera esse con- 

20 cedunt, — et necessarium bellum esse et magnum, et in 
uno Cn. Pompeio summa esse omnia. 52. Quid igi- 
tur ait Hortensius? Si uni omnia tribuenda sint dig- 
nissimum esse Pompeium, sed ad unum tamen omnia 
deferri non oportere. Obsolevit jam ista oratio, re 

25 multo magis quam verbis refutata. Nam tu idem, Q^ 
Hortensi, multa pro tua summa copia ac singulari fa- 
cultate dicendi et in senatu contra virum fortem, A. 
Gabinium, graviter ornateque dixisti, cum is de uno 
imperatore contra praedones constituendo legem pro- 

30 mulgasset, et ex hoc ipso loco permulta item contra 
earn legem verba fecisti. 53. Quid? turn, per deos 
immortalis ! si plus apud populum Romanum auctori- 
tas tua quam ipsius populi Romani salus et vera causa 
valuisset, hodie hanc gloriam atque hoc orbis terrae 

35 imperium teneremus? An tibi turn imperium hoc esse 
videbatur, cum populi Romani legati quaesto»*es prae- 



xix. 56.] Terror of the Piratic War. 77 

toresque capiebantur? cum ex omnibus provinciis com- 
meatu et privato et publico prohibebamur? cum ita 
clausa nobis erant maria omnia, ut neque privatam rem 
transmarinam neque publicam jam obire possemus? 

xviii. 54. Quae civitas antea umquam fuit, — non 5 
dico Atheniensium, quae satis late quondam mare tenu- 
isse dicitur ; non Karthaginiensium, qui permultum 
classe ac maritimis rebus valuenmt ; non Rhodiorum, 
quorum usque ad nostram memoriam disciplina navalis 
et gloria remansit, — sed quae civitas umquam antea 10 
tarn tenuis, quae tarn parva insula fuit, quae non portus 
suos et agros et aliquam partem regionis atque orae 
maritimae per se ipsa defenderet? At (hercule) aliquot 
annos continuos ante legem Gabiniam ille populus Ro- 
manus, cujus usque ad nostram memoriam nomen in- 15 
victum in navalibus pugnis permanserit, magna ac 
multo maxima parte non modo utilitatis, sed dignitatis 
atque imperi caruit. 55„ Nos, quorum majores Antio- 
chum regem classe Persenque superarunt, omnibusque 
navalibus pugnis Kartbaginiensis, homines in mariti- 20 
mis rebus exercitatissimos paratissimosque, vicerunt, 
ei nullo in loco jam praedonibus pares esse poteramus : 
nos, qui antea non modo Italiam tutam habebamus, sed 
omnis socios in ultimis oris auctoritate nostri imperi sal- 
vos praestare poteramus, — turn cum insula Delos, tarn 25 
procul a nobis in Aegaeo mari posita, quo omnes undi- 
que cum mercibus atque oneribus commeabant, referta 
divitiis, parva, sine muro, nihil timebat, — eidem non 
modo provinciis atque oris Italiae maritimis ac portu- 
bus nostris, sed etiam Appia jam via carebamus ; et eis 30 
temporibus non pudebat magistratus populi Romani in 
hunc ipsum locum escendere, cum eura nobis majores 
nostri exuviis nauticis et classium spoliis ornatum reli- 
quissent. 

xix. 56. Bono te ammo turn, Q^ Hortensi, populus 35 
Romanus et ceteros qui erant in eadem sententia, dicere 



78 Pom fiefs Military Command. [Manil. 

existimavit ea quae sentiebatis : sed tamen in salute 
communi idem populus Romanus dolori suo maluit 
quam auctoritati vestrae obtemperare. Itaque una 
lex, unus vir, unus annus non modo nos ilia miseria 
s ac turpitudine liberavit, sed etiam effecit, ut aliquando 
vere videremur omnibus gentibus ac nationibus terra 
marique imperare. 57. Quo mihi etiam indignius vi- 
detur obtrectatum esse adhuc, — Gabinio dicam anne 
Pompeio, an utrique, id quod est verius?— ne legaretur 

io A. Gabinius Cn. Pompeio expetenti ac postulanti. 
Utrum ille, qui postulat ad tantum bellum legatum 
quern velit, idoneus non est qui impetret, cum ceteri 
ad expilandos socios diripiendasque provincias quos 
voluerunt legatos eduxerint ; an ipse, cujus lege salus 

15 ac dignitas populo Romano atque omnibus gentibus 
constituta est, expers esse debet gloriae ejus imperato- 
ris atque ejus exercitus, qui consilio ipsius ac periculo 
est constitutus? 58. An C. Falcidius, Q^ Metellus, 
Q^ Caelius Latiniensis, Cn. Lentulus, quos omnis 

20 honoris causa nomino, cum tribuni plebi fuissent, anno 
proximo legati esse potuerunt : in uno Gabinio sunt 
tarn diligentes, qui in hoc bello, quod lege Gabinia 
geritur, in hoc imperatore atque exercitu, quern por 
vos ipse constituit, etiam praecipuo jure esse deberet? 

25 De quo legando consules spero ad senatum relaturos. 
Qui si dubitabunt aut gravabuntur, ego me profiteor 
relaturum. Neque me impediet cujusquam inimicum 
edictum, quo minus vobis fretus vestrum jus benefi- 
ciumque defendam ; neque praeter intercessionem quic- 

30 quam audiam, de qua (ut arbitror) isti ipsi, qui minan- 
tur, etiam atque etiam quid liceat considerabunt. Mea 
quidem sententia, Quirites, unus A. Gabinius belli 
maritimi rerumque gestarum Cn. Pompeio socius 
ascribitur, propterea quod alter uni illud bellum sus- 

35 cipiendum vestris suffragiis detulit, alter delatum sus- 
ceptumque confecit. 



xxi. 6i..] The Opinion of Catulus, 79 

xx. 59. Reliquum est ut de Q^ Catuli auctoritate et 
sententia dicendum esse videatur. Qui cum ex vobis 
quaereret, si in uno Cn. Pompeio omnia poneretis, si 
quid eo factum esset, in quo spem essetis habituri, — 
cepit magnum suae virtutis fructum ac dignitatis, cum 5 
omnes una prope voce in [eo] ipso vos spem habituros 
esse dixistis. Etenim talis est vir, ut nulla res tanta sit 
ac tarn difficilis, quam ille non et consilio regere et in- 
tegritate tueri et virtute conficere possit. Sed in hoc 
ipso ab eo vehementissime dissentio, quod, quo minus 10 
eerta est hominum ac minus diuturna vita, hoc magis 
res publica, dum per deos immortalis licet, frui debet 
summi viri vita atque virtute. GO. ' At enim ne quid 
novi fiat contra exempla atque instituta majorum.' 
Non dicam hoc loco majores nostros semper in pace \<> 
consuetudini, in bello utilitati paruisse ; semper ad no- 
vos casus temporum novorum consiliorum rationes ad- 
commodasse : non dicam duo bella maxima, Punicum 
atque Hispaniense, ab uno imperatore esse confecta, 
duasque urbis potentissimas, quae huic imperio maxi- 20 
me minitabantur, Karthaginem atque Numantiam, ab 
eodem Scipione esse deletas : non commemorabo nuper 
ita vobis patribusque vestris esse visum, ut in uno C. 
Mario spes imperi poneretur, ut idem cum Jugurtha, 
idem cum Cimbris, idem cum Teutonis bellum admin- 2,? 
istraret. 61. In ipso Cn. Pompeio, in quo novi con- 
stitui nihil volt Q^ Catulus, quam multa sint nova 
summa Q^ Catuli voluntate constituta recordamini. 
xxi. Quid tarn novum quam adulescentulum priva- 
tum exercitum difficili rei publicae tempore conficere? 30 
Confecit. Huic praeesse? Praefuit. Rem optime 
ductu suo gerere? Gessit. Quid tarn praeter consue- 
tudinem quam homini peradulescenti, cujus aetas a 
senatorio gradu longe abesset, imperium atque exerci- 
tum dari, Siciliam permitti, atque Africam bellumque 35 
in ea provincia administrandum "? Fuit in his provin- 



8o Pompefs Military Command. [Manil. 

ciis singulari innocentia, gravitate, virtute : bellum in 
Africa maximum confecit, victorem exercitum depor- 
tavit. Quid vero tarn inauditum quam equitem Ro 
manum triumphare? At earn quoque rem populus 

5 Romanus non modo vidit, sed omnium etiam studio 
visendam et concelebrandam putavit. 62. Quid tam 
inusitatum quam ut, cum duo consules clarissimi fortis- 
simique essent, eques Romanus ad bellum maximum 
formidolosissimumque pro consule mitteretur? Missus 

10 est. Quo quidem tempore, cum esset non nemo in 
senatu qui diceret non oportere mitti hominem -priva- 
tum -pro consule , L. Philippus dixisse dicitur non se 
ilium sua sententia pro consule, sed pro consulibus 
mittere. Tanta in eo rei publicae bene gerendae spes 

15 constituebatur, ut duorum consilium munus unius adu- 
lescentis virtuti committeretur. Quid tam singulare 
quam ut ex senatus consulto legibus solutus consul 
ante fieret, quam ullum alium magistratum per leges 
capere licuisset? quid tam incredibile quam ut iterum 

20 eques Romanus ex senatus consulto triumpharet? 
Quae in omnibus hominibus nova post hominum me- 
moriam constituta sunt, ea tam multa non sunt quam 
haec, quae in hoc uno homin.e videmus. 63. Atque 
haec tot exempla, tanta ac tam nova, profecta sunt in 

25 eundem hominem a Q^ Catuli atque a ceterorum ejus- 
dem dignitatis amplissimorum hominum auctoritate. 

xxii. Qua re videant ne sit periniquum et non ferun- 
dum, illorum auctoritatem de Cn. Pompei dignitate a 
vobis comprobatam semper esse, vestrum ab ill-is de 

30 eodem homine judicium populique Romani auctorita- 
tem improbari ; praesertim cum jam suo jure populus 
Romanus in hoc homine suam auctoritatem vel con- 
tra omnis qui dissentiunt possit defendere, propterea 
quod, isdem istis reclamantibus, vos unura ilium ex 

35 omnibus delegistis quern bello praedonum praeponere- 
tis. 64. Hoc si vos temere fecistis, et rei publicae pa- 



sxin. 66.] The Wounds of the Allies. 81 

rum consuluistis, recte isti studia vestra suis consiliis 
regere conantur. Sin autem vos plus turn in re publica 
vidistis, vos eis repugnantibus per vosmet ipsos dignita- 
tem huic imperio, salutem orbi terrarum attulistis, ali- 
quando isti principes et sibi et ceteris populi Romani 5 
universi auctoritati parendum esse fateantur. Atque in 
hoc bello Asiatico et regio non solum militaris ilia 
virtus, quae est in Cn. Pompeio singularis, sed aliae 
quoque virtutes animi magnae et multae requiruntur. 
Difficile est in Asia, Cilicia, Syria regnisque interiorum 10 
nationum ita versari nostrum imperatorem, ut nihil 
aliud nisi de hoste ac de laude cogitet. Deinde etiam 
si qui sunt pudore ac temperantia moderatiores, tamen 
eos esse talis propter multitudinem cupidorum homi- 
nura nemo arbitratur. 65. Difficile est dictu, Quirites, 15 
quanto in odio simus apud exteras nationes propter 
eorum, quos ad eas per hos annos cum imperio misi- 
mus, libidines et injurias. Quod enim fanum putatis 
in illis terris nostris magistratibus religiosum, quam 
civitatem sanctam, quam domum satis clausam ac 20 
munitam fuisse? Urbes jam locupletes et copiosae 
requiruntur, quibus causa belli propter diripiendi cupi- 
ditatem inferatur. 66. Libenter haec coram cum Q^ 
Catulo et Q^ Hortensio, summis et clarissimis viris, 
disputarem. Noverunt enim sociorum volnera, vident 25 
eorum calamitates, querimonias audiunt. Pro sociis 
vos contra hostis exercitum mittere putatis, an hostium 
simulatione contra socios atque amicos? Quae civitas 
est in Asia quae non modo imperatoris aut legati, sed 
unius tribuni militum animos ac spiritus capere possit? 30 

xxiii. Qua re, etiam si quern habetis qui conlatis sig- 
nis exercitus regios superare posse videatur, tamen 
nisi erit idem, qui [se] a pecuniis sociorum, qui ab eo- 
rum conjugibus ac liberis, qui ab ornamentis fanorum 
atque oppidorum, qui ab auro gazaque regia manus, 35 
oculos, animum cohibere possit, non erit idoneus qui 

6 



82 Pompey's Military Command. [Manil. 

ad bellum Asiaticum regiumque mittatur. 67. Ecquam 
putatis civitatem pacatam fuisse quae locuples sit? 
ecquam esse locupletem quae istis pacata esse videa- 
tur? Ora maritima, Quirites, Cn. Pompeium non so- 
5 lum propter rei militaris gloriam, sed etiam propter 
animi continentiam requisivit. Videbat enim prae- 
tores locupletari quot annis pecunia publica praeter 
paucos ; neque eos quicquam aliud adsequi, classium 
nomine, nisi ut detrimentis accipiendis majore adfici 

io turpitudine videremur. Nunc qua cupiditate homines 
in provincias, quibus jacturis et quibus condicionibus 
proficiscantur, ignorant videlicet isti, qui ad unum de- 
ferenda omnia esse non arbitrantur? Quasi vero Cn, 
Pompeium non cum suis virtutibus turn etiam alienis 

15 vitiis magnum esse videamus. 68. Qua re nolite dubi- 
tare quin huic uni credatis omnia, qui inter tot annos 
unus inventus sit, quem socii in urbis suas cum exerci- 
tu venisse gaudeant. 

Quod si auctoritatibus hanc causam, Quirites, con- 

20 firmandam putatis, est vobis auctor vir bellorum om- 
nium maximarumque rerum peritissimus, P. Servilius, 
cujus tantae res gestae terra marique exstiterunt, ut 
cum de bello deliberetis, auctor vobis gravior nemo 
esse debeat ; est C. Curio, summis vestris beneficiis 

25 maximisque rebus gestis, summo ingenio et prudentia 
praeditus ; est Cn. Lentulus, in quo omnes pro amplis- 
simis vestris honoribus summum consilium, summam 
gravitatem esse cognovistis ; estC. Cassius, integritate, 
virtute, constantia singulari. Qua re videte ut horum 

3° auctoritatibus illorum orationi, qui dissentiunt, respon- 
dere posse videamur. 

xxiv. 69. Quae cum ita sint, C. Manili, primum 
istam tuam et legem et voluntatem et sententram laudo 
vehementissimeque comprobo : deinde te hortor, ut 

35 auctore populo Romano maneas in sententia, neve 
cujusquam vim aut minas pertimescas. Primum in te 



xxiv. 7i.] Cicero's Motive and Purpose. 83 

satis esse animi perseverantiaeque arbitror : deinde 
cum tantam multitudinem cum tanto studio adesse 
videamus, quantam iterum nunc in eodem homine 
praeficiendo videmus, quid est quod aut de re aut de 
perficiendi facultate dubitemus? Ego autem quicquid 5 
est in me studi, consili, laboris, ingeni, quicquid hoc 
beneficio populi Romani atque hac potestate praetoria, 
quicquid auctoritate, fide, constantia possum, id omne 
ad banc rem conriciendam tibi et populo Romano pol- 
liceor ac defero : 70. testorque omnis deos, et eos max- 10 
ime qui huic loco temploque praesident, qui omnium 
mentis eorum qui ad rem publicam adeunt maxime 
perspiciunt, me hoc neque rogatu facere cujusquam, 
neque quo Cn. Pompei gratiam mihi per hanc causam 
conciliari putem, neque quo mihi ex cujusquam ampli- 15 
tudine aut praesidia periculis aut adjumenta honoribus 
quaeram ; propterea quod pericula facile, ut hominem 
praestare oportet, innocentia tecti repellemus, honorem 
autem neque ab uno neque ex hoc loco, sed eadem 
ilia nostra laboriosissima ratione vitae, si vestra volun- 20 
tas feret, consequemur. 71. Quam ob rem quicquid 
in hac causa mihi susceptum est, Quirites, id ego 
omne me rei publicae causa suscepisse confirmo ; tan- 
tumque abest ut aliquam mihi bonam gratiam quae- 
sisse videar, ut multas me etiam simultates partim 25 
obscuras, partim apertas intellegam mihi non necessa- 
rias, vobis non inutilis suscepisse. Sed ego me hoc 
honore praeditum, tantis vestris beneficiis adfectum 
statui, Quirites, vestram voluntatem et rei publicae dig- 
nitatem et salutem provinciarum atque sociorum meis 30 
omnibus commodis et rationibus praeferre oportere. 



THE CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 

B.C. 63. 

During the absence of Pompey in the East (see the preceding 
Introduction), the politics of the city were kept in a constant fer- 
ment by the strife of parties. The violence and corruption of the 
time seemed to afford a fit opportunity for some daring enterprise. 
This opportunity was seized by Lucius Sergius Catilina. He was a 
man of noble birth, of middle age, and of the vilest character ; an 
intimate friend of Verres, and like him distinguished for his infa- 
mous career in Sulla's army. He expected, probably, to make him- 
self tyrant, as Dionysius and Agathocles — men no better than he — 
had done in Syracuse ; but it was suspected at the time, and is 
believed by many at the present day, that he was, after all, only a 
tool of Caesar and Crassus, the leaders of the democratic party. 

Catiline's plan was to make use of the consulship as a stepping- 
stone to the tyranny ; and with this end he desired to be a candi- 
date for this office, for the year B.C. 65. He was shut out, however, 
both that year and the next, by a charge of repet.tindce : of this he 
was at last acquitted, in season to present himself for the year 
B.C. 63. There was a very exciting canvass, which resulted in the 
election of Cicero by an overwhelming majority, while a confede- 
rate of Catiline, Cams Antonius — son of the distinguished orator, 
and uncle of the triumvir — was elected as his colleague. Catiline, 
nothing daunted, offered himself again for the following year, but 
was again defeated, mainly through the exertions of the consul Ci- 
cero, who had completely gained over his weak and greedy colleague 
Antonius. The rich province of Macedonia had fallen to Cicero 
by lot, for his proconsular year ; but he transferred this to Anto- 
nius, on condition of his cooperation against Catiline. 

Catiline would now wait no longer, but prepared for an immedi- 
ate outbreak. As a private citizen he lost the advantages which 
the holding of the consulship would have given him, and the only 
member of the conspiracy who held a magistracy was the vain and 
indolent Lentulus, praetor and of consular rank. In the course 
of October, B.C. 63, a body of troops was collected at Faesulae (now 
Fiesole, close to Florence), a town in the north of Etruria ; this 
was under the command of the centurion Caius Manlius, Catiline 



i. 3-] Invective against Catiline. 85 

himself remaining in the city to direct operations there. Cicero, 
meantime, had managed to keep track of the conspiracy in all its 
details ; and, when Catiline had the effrontery to appear in his seat 
in the Senate, he burst upon him with a fiery invective, the first 
of the four " Orations against Catiline." Probably none of his 
speeches is better known than this, or conveys a better impression 
of his power as an orator. 

I. Invective against Catiline. 
In the Senate, Nov. 8. 

QUO usque tandem abutere, Catilina, patientia no- 
stra? Quam diu etiam furor iste tuus nos elu- 
det? Quern ad finem sese effrenata jactabit audacia? 
Nihilne te nocturnum praesidium Palati, nihil urbis 
vigiliae, nihil timor populi, nihil concursus bonorum 5 
omnium, nihil hie munitissimus habendi senatus locus, 
nihil horum ora voltusque moverunt? Patere tua 
consilia non sentis? constrictam jam horum omnium 
scientia teneri conjurationem tuam non vides? Quid 
proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris, ubi fueris, quos 10 
convocaveris, quid consili ceperis, quern nostrum igno- 
rare arbitraris? 

2. O tempora ! O mores ! Senatus haec intellegit, 
consul videt : hie tamen vivit. Vivit? immo vero 
etiam in senatum venit, fit publici consili particeps, 15 
notat et designat oculis ad caedem unum quemque 
nostrum. / Nos autem, fortes viri, satis facere rei pub- 
licae videmur, si istius furorem ac tela vitemus. Ad 
mortem te, Catilina, duci jussu consulis jam pridem 
oportebat ; in te conferri pestem quam tu in nos [jam 20 
diu] machinaris. 3. An vero vir amplissimus, P. Sci- 
pio, pontifex maximus, Ti. Gracchum mediocriter 
labefactantem staturn rei publicae privatus interfecit : v ' 
Catilinam, orbem terrae caede atque incendiis vastare 
cupientem, nos consules perferemus? Nam ilia nimis 25 
antiqua praetereo, quod C. Servilius Ahala Sp. Mae- 



S6 Conspiracy of Catiline. [Catil. I 

lium novis rebus studentem manu sua occidit. Fuit, 
fuit ista quondam in hae re publica virtus, ut viri fortes 
. acrioribus suppliciis civem perniciosum quam acerbis- 
simum hostem coercerent. Habemus senatus consul- 
5 turn in te, Catilina, vehemens et grave. Non deest 
rei publicae consilium, neque auctoritas hujus ordinis : 
nos, nos, dico aperte, consules desumus. 

ii. 4. Deere vit quondam senatus, ut L. Opimius 
consul videret ne quid res publica detrimenti caperet. 

10 Nox nulla intercessit : interfectus est propter quasdam 
seditionum suspiciones C. Gracchus, clarissimo patre, 
avo, majoribus ; occisus est cum liberis M. Fulvius 
consularis. Simili senatus consulto C. Mario et L. 
Valerio consulibus est permissa res publica :i num 

15 unum diem postea L. Saturninum tribunum plebis et 
C. Serviliuin praetorem [mors ac] rei publicae poena 
remorata est? At nos vicesimum jam diem patimur 
hebescere aciem horum auctoritatis. Habemus enim 
hujusce modi senatus consultum, verum inclusum in 

20 tabulis, tamquam in vagina reconditum, quo ex sena- 
tus consulto confestim te interfectum esse, Catilina, 
convenit. Vivis, et vivis non ad deponendam, seel ad 
confirmandam audaciam. Cupio, patres conscripti, 
me esse clementem : cupio in tantis rei publicae peri- 

25 culis me non dissolutum videri ; sed jam me ipse inertiae 
nequitiaeque condemno. --5. Castra sunt in Italia con- 
tra populum Romanum in Etruriae faucibus conlocata : 
crescit in dies sinijulos hostium numerus ;. eorum au= 
tern castrorum imperatorem ducemque hostium intra 

30 moenia atque adeo in senatu videmus, intestinam ali- 
quam cotidie perniciem rei publicae molientem.r Si te 
jam, Catilina, comprehendi, si interiici jussero, credo, 
erit verendum mihi ne non hoc potius omnes boni 
serius a me, quam quisquam crudelius factum e ! 

35 dicat. Verum ego hoc, quod jam pridem factum t 
oportuit, certa de causa nondum adducor ut facia- 



in. 8.] His Plans arc known and watched, 87 

Turn denique interficiere, cum jam nemo tarn impro- 
bus, tarn perditus, tarn tui similis inveniri poterit, qui 
id non jure factum esse iateatur. 6. Quam diu quis- 
quam erit qui te defendere audeat, vives \ et vives ita 
ut vivis, multis meis et firmis praesidiis oppressus, ne 5 
commovere te contra rem publicam possis. Multorum 
te etiam oculi et aures non sentientem, sicut adhuc 
fecerunt, speculabuntur atque custodient. 

in. Etenim quid est, Catilina, quod jam amplius 
exspectes, si neque nox tenebris obscurare coetus ne- 10 
farios, nee privata domus parietibus continere voces 
conjurationis [tuae] potest? si inlustrantur, si eruinpunt 
omnia^^Muta jam istam mentem : mihi crede, obli- 
viscere caedis atque incendiorum. Teneris undique : 
luge sunt clariora nobis tua consilia omnia, quae jam 15 
mecum licet recognoscas. ' 7. Meministine me ante 
diem xn. Kalendas Novembris dicere in senatu, fore 
in armis certo die — qui dies futurus esset ante diem 
vi. Kal. Novembris — C. Manlium, audaciae satellitem 
atque administrum tuae? iNum me fefellit, Catilina, 20 
non modo res tanta, tarn atrox tamque incredibilis, 
verum — id quod multo magis est admirandum — 
dies? Dixi ego idem in senatu caedem te optimatium 
contulisse in ante diem v. Kalendas Novembris, turn 
cum multi principes civitatis Roma non tarn sui con- 25 
servandi quam tuorum consiliorum reprimendorum 
causa profugerunt. ■ Num infitiari potes te illo ipso die, 
meis praesidiis, mea diligentia circumclusum, commo- 
vere te contra rem publicam non potuisse, cum tu dis- 
cessu ceterorum, nostra tamen qui remansissemus 30 
caede, te contentum esse dicebas? 8. Quid? cum te 
Praeneste Kalendis ipsis Novembribus occupaturum 
nocturno impetu esse confideres, sensistine illam colo- 
niam meo jussu [meis] praesidiis custodies vigiliis 
esse munitam? Nihil agis, nihil moliris, nihil cogitas, 35 
quod non ego non modo audiam, sed etiam videam 
planeque sentiam. 



88 Conspiracy of Catiline. [Catil. I. 

iv. Recognosce tandem mecum noctem illam su- 
periorem : jam intelleges multo me vigilare acrius ad 
salutem quam te ad perniciem rei publicae. Dico te 
priore nozX.il venisse inter falcarios — non agam ob- 

5 scare — in M. Laecae doraum ; convenisse eodem 
compluris ejusdem amentiae scelerisque socios. Num 
negare audes? quid taces? convincam, si negas. 
Video enim esse hie in senatu quosdam, qui tecum una 
fuerunt. 9. O di immortales ! ubinam gentium su- 
re mus? in qua urbe vivimus? quam rem publicam 
habemus? Hie, hie sunt, in nostro numero, patres 
conscripti, in hoc orbis terrae sanctissimo gravissimo- 
que consilio, qui de nostro omnium interitu, qui de 
hujus urbis atque adeo de orbis terrarum exitio cogi- 

15 tent. Hos ego video [consul] etde republica sententiam 
rogo, et quos ferro trucidari oportebat, eos nondum 
voce volnero. Fuisti igitur apud Laecam ilia nocte, 
Catilina : distribuisti partis Italiae ; statuisti quo quem- 
que proficisci placeret ; delegisti quos Romae relinque- 

20 res, quos tecum educeres ; descripsisti urbis partis ad 
incendia : . confirmasti te ipsum jam esse exiturum ; 
dixisti paulum tibi esse etiam nunc morae, quod ego 
viverem. Reperti sunt duo equites Romani qui te ista 
cura liberarent, et sese ilia ipsa nocte paulo ante lu- 

25 cem me in meo lectulo interfecturos esse pollicerentur. 
30. Haec ego omnia, vixdum etiam coetu vestro di- 
misso, comperi : domum meam majoribus praesidiis 
munivi atque firmavi ; exclusi eos quos tu ad me salu- 
tatum miseras, cum illi ipsi veni'ssent, quos ego jam 

3° multis ac summis viris ad me id temporis venturos esse 
praedixeram. 

v. Quae cum ita sint, Catilina, perge quo coepisti. 
Egredere aliquando ex urbe : patent portae : proricis- 
cere. Nimium diu te imperatorem tua ilia Manliana 

35 castra desiderant. Educ tecum etiam omnis tuos ; si 
minus, quam plurimos : purga urbem. Magno me 



vi. 1 3-] He is bidden to leave the City. 89 

metu liberabis, dum modo inter me atque te murus 
intersit. Nobiscum versari jam diutius non potes : non 
feram, non patiar, non sinam. 11, Magna dis immor- 
talibus habenda est, atque huic ipsi Jovi Statori, anti- 
quissimo custodi hujus urbis, gratia, quod banc tarn s 
taetram, tam horribilem tamque infestam rei publicae 
pestem totiens jam efrugimus. Non est saepius in uno 
homine summa salus periclitanda rei publicae. Quam 
diu mibi consuli designato, Catilina, insidiatus es, non 
publico me praesidio, sed privata diligentia defendi. 10 
Cum proximis comitiis consularibus me consulem in 
campo et competitores tuos interficere voluisti, com- 
press! conatus tuos nefarios amicorum praesidio et 
copiis, nullo tumultu publice concitato : denique, quoti- 
enscumque me petisti, per me tibi obstiti, quamquam 15 
videbam perniciem meam cum magna calamitate rei 
publicae esse conjunctam. 12. Nunc jam aperte rem 
publicam universam petis : templa deorum immorta- 
lium, tecta urbis, vitam omnium civium, Italiam [deni- 
que] totam ad exitium ac vastitatem vocas. Qua re, 20 
quoniam id quod est primum, et quod hujus imperi 
disciplinaeque majorum proprium est, facere nondum , 
audeo, faciam id quod est ad severitatem lenius, et ad 
communem salutem utilius. Nam si te interfici jussero, 
residebit in re publica reliqua conjuratorum manus. 25 
Sin tu, quod te jam dudum hortor, exieris, exhaurietur 
ex urbe tuorum comitum magna et perniciosa sentina 
rei publicae. 

13.. Quid est, Catilina? num dubitas id me impe- 
rante facere, quod jam tua sponte faciebas? Exire ex 30 
urbe jubet consul hostem. Interrogas me, num in 
exsilium? Non jubeo ; sed, si me consulis, suadeo. 
vi. Quid est enim, Catilina, quod te jam in hac urbe 
delectare possitr in qua nemo est extra istam conjura- 
tionem perditorutti hominum qui te non metuat, nemo 35 
qui non oderit. Quae nota domesticae turpitudinis non 



90 Conspiracy of Catiline. [Catil. I. 

inusta vitae tuae est? Quod privatarum rerum dede- 
cus non haeret in fama? quae libido ab oculis, quod 
facinus a mairibus umquam tuis, quod flagitium a toto 
corpore afuit? Cui tu adulescentulo, quem corrupte- 

5 larum inlecebris inretisses, non aut ad audaciam ferrum 
aut ad libidinem facem praetulisti? 14. Quid vero? 
nuper cum morte superioris uxoris novis nuptiis do- 
mum vacuefecisses, nonne etiam alio incredibili scelere 
hoc scelus cumulasti? quod ego praetermitto et facile 

10 patior sileri, ne in hac civitate tanti facinoris im- 
manitas aut exstitisse aut non vindicata esse videatur. 
Praetermitto ruinas fortunarum tuarum, quas omnis 
impendere tibi proximis Idibus senii.es. Ad ilia venio, 
quae non ad privatam ignominiam vitiorum tuorum, 

15 non ad domesticam tuam difficultatem ac turpitudinem, 
sed ad summam rem publicam atque ad omnium nos- 
trum vitam salutemque pertinent. 15. Potestne tibi 
haec lux, Catilina, aut hujus caeli-spiritus esse jucun- 
dus, cum scias horum esse neminem qui nesciat te 

20 pridie Kalendas Januarias Lepiclo et Tullo consulibus 
stetisse in cpmitio cum telo? manum consulum et prin- 
cipum civitatis interficiendorum causa paravisse? sce- 
leri ac furori tuo non mentern aliquam aut timorem 
[tuum], sed fortunam populi Romani obstitisse? Ac 

25 jam ilia omitto — neque enim sunt aut obscura aut non 
multa commissa — quotiens tu me designatum, quotiens 
consulem iriterficere conatus es ! quot ego tuas peti- 
tiones, ita conjectas ut vitari posse non viderentur, parva 
quadam declinatione et (ut aiunt) corpore effugi ! [Ni- 

30 hil agis,] nihil adsequeris 3/ {nihil morris',"] neque tamen 
conari ac velle desistis. y 16. Quot 1 extorta 

est ista sica de manibus ! quotien. dit casu 

aliquo et elapsa est! [Tamen ea • tins non 

potes,] quae quidem quibus abs :icris ac 

35 devota sit nescio, quod earn necess ■ in con- 

sulis corpore defigere. ^ 



vii. 1 8.] General Fear and Hate of him, 91 



VII. Nunc vero quae tua est ista vita? Sic enim 
jam tecum loquar, non ut odio permotus esse videar, 
quo debeo, sed ut misericordia, quae tibi nulla debetur. 
Venisti paulo ante in senatum. Quis te ex hac tanta 
frequentia, tot ex tuis amicis ac necessariis salutavit? c 
Si hoc post hominum memoriam contigit nemini, vocis 
exspectas contumeliam, cum sis gravissimo judicio taci- 
turnitatis oppressus? Quid, quod adventu tuo ista 
subsellia vacuefacta sunt? quod omnes consulares, qui 
tibi persaepe ad caedem constituti fuerunt, simul atque to 
adsedisti, partem istam subselliorum nudam atque in- 
anem reliquerunt, quo tandem animo tibi ferendum 
putas? IT. Servi (mehercule) mei si me isto pacto me- 
tuerent, ut te metuunt omnes cives tui, domum meam 
relinquendam putarem : tu tibi urbem non arbitraris? 15 
et, si me meis civibus injuria suspectum tarn graviter 
atque offensum viderem, carere me aspectu civium 
quam infestis omnium oculis conspici mallem. Tu, cum 
conscientia scelerum tuorum agnoscas odium omnium 
justum et jam din tibi debitum, dubitas quorum men- 20 
tis sensiK-que volneras, eorum aspectum praesentiam- 
que vitare? Si te parentes timerent atque odissent tui, 
neque eos ulla ratione placare posses, tu (opinor) ab 
eorum oculis aliquo concederes. Nunc te patria, quae 
communis est parens omnium nostrum, odit ac metuit, 25 
et jam diu te nihil judicat nisi de parricidio suo cogi- 
tare : hujus tu neque auctoritatem verebere, nee judi- 
cium sequere, nee vim pertimesces? 

18. Quae tecum, Catilina, sic agit, et quodam modo 
tacita loquitur : ' Nullum jam aliquot annis facinus ex- 30 
stitit nisi per te, nullum fla^ritium sine te : tibi uni mul- 
torum civium neces, tibi vexatio direptioque sociorum 
impunita fuit ac libera : tu non solum ad neglegendas 
leges et quaestiones, verum etiam ad evertendas per- 
fringendasque valuisti. Superiora ilia, quamquam 35 
ferenda non fuerunt, tamen, ut potui, tuli : nunc vero 



92 Conspiracy of Catiline. [Catil. I. 

me totam esse in metu propter unum te, quicquid in- 
crepuerit Catilinam timeri, nullum videri contra me 
consilium iniri posse quod a tuo scelere abhorreat, non 
est ferendum. Quam ob rem discede, atque hunc mihi 

. 5 timorem eripe : si est verus, ne opprimar ; sin falsus, 
ut tandem aliquanolo timere desinam.' vm. 19„ Haec 
si tecum, ut dixi, patria loquatur, nonne impetrare 
debeat, etiam si vim adhibere non possit? Quid, 
quod tu te ipse in custodiam dedisti? quod vitandae 

10 suspitionis causa, ad M\ Lepidum te habitare velle 
dixisti? a quo non receptus etiam ad me venire ausus 
es, atque ut domi meae te adservarem rogasti. Cum 
a me quoque id responsum tulisses, me nulio modo 
posse isdem parietibus tuto esse tecum, qui magno in 

35 periculo essem quod isdem moenibus contineremur, 
ad Q^ Metellum praetorem venisti : a quo repudiatus 
ad sodalem tuum, virum optimum, M. Marcelium de- 
migrasti ; quem tu videlicet et ad custodiendum [te] 
diligentissimum et ad suspicandum sagacissimum et 

?o ad vindicandum fortissimum fore putasti. Sed quam 
longe videtur a carcere atque a vinculis abesse debere, 
qui se ipse jam dignum custodia judicarit? 20. Quae 
cum ita sint, Catilina, dubitas, si emori aequo animo 
non potes, abire in aliquas terras, et vitam istam, 

25 multis suppliciis justis debitisque ereptam, fugae soli- 
tudinique mandare? 

' Refer ' inquis ' ad senatum : ' id enim postulas, et, si 
hie ordo placere decreverit te ire in exsilium, obtempe- 
raturum te esse dicis. Non referam, id quod abhorret 

30 a meis moribus ; et tamen faciam ut intellegas quid hi 
de te sentiant. Egredere ex urbe, Catilina ; libera rem 
publicam metu; in exsilium, si hanc vocem exspectas, 
proficiscere. Quid est, Catilina? ecquid attendis? 
ecquid animadvertis horum silentium? Patiuntur, 

35 tacent. Quid exspectas auctoritatem loquentium, quo- 
rum voluntatem tacitorum perspicis? 21. At si hoc 



ix. 23.] All Good J/ ne. 93 

idem huic adulescen' _-tio, si fortissimo 

viro M. Marcello di \ - hi consuli, hoc ipso 

in templo, senat 1 im et manus intulisset. 

De te autem, C ruiescurit, probant : cum 

patiuntur, decen . cacent, clamant. Neque hi 5 

solum, — quorum ctoritas est videlicet cara, vita 

vilissima, — sed etiam llli equites Romani, honestissimi 
atque optimi viri, ceterique fortissimi cives, qui circum- 
stant senatum, quorum tu et frequentiam videre et 
studia perspicere et voces paulo ante exaudire potu- 10 
isti. Quorum ego vix abs te jam diu manus ac tela 
contineo, eosdem facile adducam, ut te haec, quae vas- 
tare jam pridem studes, relinquentem usque ad portas 
prosequantur. 

ix. 22. Quamquam quid loquor? Te ut ulla res 15 
frangat? tu ut umquam te corrigas? tu ut ullam fu- 
gam meditere? tu ut exsilium cogites? Utinam tibi 
istam mentem di immortales duint ! tametsi video, si 
mea voce perterritus ire in exsilium animum induxeris, 
quanta tempestas invidiae nobis — si minus in praesens 20 
tempus, recenti mernoria scelerum tuorum, at in pos- 
teritatem — impendeat Ipsed est tanti, dum modo ista sit 
privata calamitas, et a rei publicae periculis sejungatur. 
Sed tu ut vitiis tuis commoveare, ut legum poenas per- 
timescas, ut temporibus rei publicae cedas, non est 25 
postulandum. Neque enim is es, Catilina, ut te aut 
pudor umquam a turpitudine aut metus a periculo aut 
ratio a furore revocarit. 23. Quam ob rem, ut saepe jam 
dixi, proficiscere ; ac, si mi hi iuimico (ut praedicas) 
tuo conflare vis invidiam, recta perge in exsilium : vix 30 
feram sermoues hominum si id feceris ; vix molem 
istius invidiae, si in exsilium jussu consulis ieris, 
sustinebo^Sin autem servire meae laudi et gloriae 
mavis,, egredere cum importuua sceleratorum manu : 
confer te ad Manlium, coneifa perditos civis, secerne 35 
te a bonis," infer patriae bellum, exsulta impio latro- 



94 Conspiracy' of Catiline. [Catil. I. 

cinio, ut a me non ejectus ad alienos, seel invitatus ad 
tuos isse videaris. 

24. Quamquam quid ego te invitem, a quo jam sciam 
esse praemissos qui tibi ad Forum Aurelium praestola- 
5 rentur armati? cui sciam pactam et constitutam cum 
Manlio diem? a quo etiam aquilam illam argenteam 
quam tibi ac tuis omnibus confido perniciosam ac funes- 
tam futuram, cui domi tuae sacrarium scelerum tuorum 
constitutum fuit, sciam esse praemissam? Tu ut ilia 

io carere diutius possis, quasi venerari ad caedem profi- 
ciscens solebas, a cujus altaribus saepe istam impiam 
dexteram ad necem civium transtulistiPj x. 25. Ibis 
tandem aliquando, quo te jam pride rn ista tua cupiditas 
effrenata ac furiosa rapiebat. Neque" enim tibi haec 

15 res adfert dolorem, sed quandam incredibilem volup- 
tatem. Ad hanc te amentiam natura peperit, voluntas 
exercuit, fortuna servavit. Numquam tu non modo 
otium, sed ne bellum quidem nisi nefarium concupisti. 
Nanctus es ex pe^ditis atque ab omni non modo fortuna 

20 verum etiam spe derelictis conflatam improborum ma- 
num t ^26.- Hie tu qua laetitia perfruere ! quibus gau- 
diis exsultabis ! quanta in voluptate bacchabere, cum 
in tanto numero tuorum neque audies virum bonum 
quemquam neque videbis ! Ad hujus vitae studium 

25 meditati illi sunt qui feruntur labores tui, — jacere humi 
non solum ad obsidendum stuprum, verum etiam ad 
facinus obeundum ; vigilare non solum insidiantem som- 
no maritorum, verum etiam bonis otiosorum. Habes 
ubi ostentes tuam illam praeclaram patientiam famis, 

30 frigoris, inopiae rerum omnium, quibus te brevi tem- 
pore confectum esse senties. 27. Tantum profeci turn, 
cum te a consulatu reppuli, ut exsul potius temptare 
quam consul vexare rem publicam posses, atque ut 
id quod est a te scelerate susceptum, latrocinium po- 

35 tius quam bellum nominaretur. 

\xi, Nunc, ut a me, patres conscripti, quandam 



xii. 29.] Appeal of the Commonwealth. 95 

prope justam patriae querimoniam detester ac depre- 
cer, percipite, quaeso, diligenter quae dicam, et ea 
penitus animis vestris mentibusque mandate. Etenim 
si mecum patria, quae mihi vita mea multo est carior, 
si cuncta Italia, si omnis res publica, loquatur : 'M 5 
Tulli, quid agis? Tune eum, quern esse hostem com- 
peristi, quern ducem belli futurum vides, quern exspec- 
tari imperatorem in castris hostium, sentis, auctorem 
sceleris, principem conjurationis, evocatorem servorum 
et civium perditorum, exire patiere, ut abs te non 10 
emissus ex lirb'e, sed immissus in urbem esse videatur? 
Non hunc in vincula duci, non ad mortem rapi, non 
summo supplicio mactari imperabis? 28. Quid tan- 
dem te impedit? Mosne majorum? At persaepe etiam 
privati in hac re publica perniciosos civis morte mul- 15 
taverunt. An leges, quae de civium Romanorum sup- 
plicio rogatae sunt? At numquam in hac urbe qui a 
re publica defecerunt civium jura tenuerunt. An in- 
vidiam posteritatis times? Praeclaram vero populo 
Romano refers gratiam, qui te hominem per te cogni- 20 
turn, nulla commendatione majorum, tarn mature ad 
summum imperium per omnis honorum gradus extulit, 
si propter invidiae aut alicujus periculi metum salutem 
civium tuorum neglegis. 29. Sed si quis est invidiae 
metus, nura est vehementius severitatis ac fortitudinis 25 
invidia quam inertiae ac nequitiae pertimescenda? An 
cum bello" vastabitur Italia, Vexabuntur urbes, tecta 
ardebunt, turn te non existimas invidiae incendio con- 
flagraturum ? ' 

xii. His ego sanctissimis rei publicae vocibus, et 30 
eorum hominum qui hoc idem sentiunt mentibus, pauca 
respondebo. Ego, si hoc optimum factu judicarem, 
patres conscripti, Catilinam morte multari, unius usu- 
ram horae gladiatori isti ad vivendum non declissem. 
Etenim si summi et clarissimi viri Saturnini et Graccho- 35 
rum et Flacci et superiorum complurium sanguine non 



96 Conspiracy of Catiline. [Catil. I. 

se non contaminarunt, sed etiam honestarunt, 

verendum mihi non erat ne quid hoc parricida 

n interfecto invidiae mihi in posteritatem redun- 

Quod si ea mihi maxime impenderet, tamen 

inimo fui semper, ut invidiam vdrtute partem glo- 

non invidiam putarem. .- v 30. Quamquam non 

sunt in hoc ordine, qui aut ea quae imminent non 

int, aut.ea quae vident dissimulent : qui spem'Cat- 

e mollibus sententiis aluerunt, conjurationemque 

entem non credendo corroboraverunt : quorum 

oritatem secuti multi non solum improbi, verum 

etiam imperiti, si in hunc animadvertissem, crudeliter 

et regie factum esse dicerent. Nunc intellego, si iste, 

quo intendit, in Manliana castra pervenerit, neminem 

15 tarn stultum fore qui non videat conjurationem esse 

facta m, neminem tarn improbum qui non fateatur. 

Hoc autem uno interfecto, intellego hanc rei publicae 

pestem paulisper reprimi, non in perpetuum comprimi 

posse. Quod si se ejeceritj secumque suos eduxerit, et 

20 eodem ceteros undique conlectos naufragos adgregarit, 

exstinguetur atque delebitur non modo haec tarn adulta 

rei publicae pestis, verum etiam stirps ac semen malo- 

rum omnium. 

xiii. 31. Etenim jam diu, patres conscripti, in his 

25 periculis conjurationis insidiisque versamur, sed nescio 

quo pacto omnium scelerum ac veteris furoris et auda- 

ciae maturitas in nostri consulatus tempus erupit. 

Quod si ex tanto latrocinio iste unus tolletur, videbimur 

fortasse ad breve quoddam tempus cura et metu esse 

30 relevati ; periculum autem residebit, et erit inclusum 

penitus in venis atque in visceribus rei publicae. a ..Ut 

saepe homines aegri morbo gravi, cum aestu febri- 

que jactantur, si aquam gelidam biberint, primo rele- 

vari videntur, deinde multo gravius vehementiusque 

35 adflictantur ; sic hie morbus, qui est in re publica, rele- 

vatus istius poena, vehementius reliquis vivis ingra- 



33-] Character of the Conspiracy. 97 

>t. 32. Qua re secedant improbi, secernant se a 
5, unum in locum congregentur, muro denique [id] 
d saepe jam dixi) discernantur a nobis : desinant 
iari domi suae consuli, circumstare tribunal prae- 
urbani, obsidere cum gladiis curiam, malleolos et 5 
ad inflammandam urbem comparare : sit denique 
iptum in fronte unius cujusque quid de re publica 
iX^X Polliceor hoc vobis, patres conscripti, tantam 
•bis consulibus fore diligentiam, tantam in vobis 
ritatem, tantam in equitibus Romanis virtutem, 10 
m in omnibus bonis consensionem, ut Catilinae 
etione omnia patefacta, inlustrata, oppressa, vindi- 
cata esse videatis. 

33. Hisce ominibus, Catilina, cum summa rei publi- 
cae salute, cum tua peste ac pernicie, cumque eorum 15 
exitio qui se tecum omni scelere parricidioque junxe- 
runt, proficiscere ad impium bellum ac nefarium. Tu, 
Juppiter, qui isdem quibus haec urbs auspiciis [a Rom- 
ulo] es constitutus, quern Statorem hujus urbis atque 
imperi vere nominamus, hunc et hujus socios a tuis 20 
ceterisque templis, a tectis urbis ac moenibus, a vita 
fortunisque civium [omnium] arcebis, et homines bono- 
rum inimicos, hostis patriae, latrones Italiae, scelerum 
foedere inter se ac nefaria societate conjunctos, aeter- 
nis suppliciis vivos mortuosque mactabis. 25 



2. Character of the Conspiracy, 

Before the People, Nov. 9. 

When Cicero had finished his speech and taken his seat, Cati- 
line attempted to reply, but was interrupted by the cries and re- 
proaches of the Senators. With a few threatening words, he rushed 
from the house, and left the city the same night, for the camp of 
Manlius. The next morning the consul assembled the people, and 
announced to them the news, in the triumphant speech which follows. 

7 



JO 



98 Conspiracy of Catiline. [Cat 

1. 1. Tandem aliquando, Quirites, L. Catili 
furentem audacia, scelus anhelantem, pestem p; 
nefarie molientem, vobis atque huic urbi ferro 
maque minitantem, ex urbe vel ejecimus, vel e 
5 mus, vel ipsum egredientem verbis prosecuti su 
Abiit, excessit, evasit, erupit. Nulla jam pernic: • 
monstro illo atque prodigio moenibus ipsis intra 
nia comparabitur. Atque hunc quidem unum 
jus belli domestici ducem sine controversia vicimus. 
Non enim jam inter latera nostra sica ilia versabitur : 
non in campo, non in foro, non in curia, non denique 
intra domesticos parietes pertimescemus^ Loco ille 
motus est, cum est ex urbe depulsus. Palam jam cum 
hoste nullo impediente bellum [justum] geremus. Sine 

15 dubio perdidimus hominem magnificeque vicimus, cum 
ilium ex occultis insidiis in apertum latrocinium con- 
jecimus. 2.\Quod vero non cruentum mucronem (ut 
voluit) extulit, quod vivis nobis egressus est, quod ei 
ferrum e manibus extorsimus, quod incolumis civis, 

20 quod stantem urbem reliquit, quanto tandem ilium 
maerore esse adflictum et prorogatum putatis? Jacet 
ille nunc prostratusque est, et se perculsum atque ab- 
jectum esse sentit, et retorquet oculos profecto saepe ad 
hanc urbem, quam e suis faucibus ereptam esse luget : 

25 quae quidem mihi laetari videtur, quod tantam pestem 
evomuerit forasque projecerit. 

11. 3. Ac si quis est talis, qualis esse omnis oporte- 
bat, qui in hoc ipso, in quo exsultat et triumphat oratio 
mea, me vehementer accuset, quod tarn capitalem hos- 

30 tern non comprehenderim potius quam emis'erim, non 
est ista mea culpa, sed temporum.. Interfectiim esse L. 
Catilinam et gravissimo supplicio adfectum jam priden 
oportebat, idque a me et mos majorum et hujus imper 
severitas et res publica postulabat. Sed quam multo: 

35 fuisse putatis qui quae ego deferrem non crederenti 
[quam multos qui propter stultitiam non putarent?] 



in. 6.] His Companions in Guilt. 99 

quam multos qui etiam defenderent? [quam multos 
qui propter improbitatem faverent?] Ac si illo sub- 
lato depelli a vobis omne periculum judicarem, jam 
pridem ego L. Catilinam non modo invidiae meae, 
verum etiam vitae periculojsustulisserm 4. Sed cum 5 
viderem, ne vobis quidem omnibus re etiam turn 
probata, si ilium, ut erat meritus, morte multassem, 
f ore u t ejus socios invidia oppressus persequi non pos- 
sem, rem hue deduxi, ut turn palam pugnare possetis, 
cum hostem aperte videretis. Quern quidem ego hos- 10 
tern quam vehementer foris esse timendum putem, 
licet hinc intellegatis, quod etiam moleste fero, quod 
ex urbe parum comitatus extent. Utinam ille omnis 
secum suas copias eduxisset ! Tongilium mihi eduxit, 
quern amare in praetexta coeperat, Publicium et Mi- 15 
nudum, quorum aes alienum contractum in popina nul- 
lum rei publicae motum adferre poterat : reliquit quos 
viros ! quanto aere alieno ! quam valentis ! quam no- 
bilis ! in. 5. Itaque ego ilium exercitum prae Galli- 
canis legionibus, et hoc dilectu quern in agro Piceno 20 
et Gallico Q^ Metellus habuit, et his copiis quae a 
nobis cotidie comparantur, magno opere contemno, 
conlectum ex senibus desperatis, ex agresti luxuria, ex 
rusticis decoctoribus, ex eis qui vadimonia deserere 
quam ilium exercitum maluerunt j^quibus ego non modo 25 
si aciem exercitus nostri, verum etiam si edictum prae- 
toris ostendero, concident. Hos, quos video volitare 
in foro, quos stare ad curiam, quos etiam in senatum 
venire, qui nitent unguentis, qui fulgent purpura, mal- 
lem secum milites eduxisset : qui si hie permanent, 30 
mementote non tarn exercitum ilium esse nobis quam 
hos, qui exercitum deseruerunt, pertimescendos. At- 
que hoc etiam sunt timendi magis, quod quicquid cogi- 
tant me scire sentiunt, neque tamen permoventur. 
6. Video cui sit Apulia attributa, quis habeat Etruriam, 35 
qu»s agrum Picenum, quis Gallicum. quis sibi has 

C. 



ioo Cons-piracy of Catiline. [C- 

urbanas insidias caedis atque incendiorum depo^v^^ 
rit : omnia superioris noctis consilia ad me perlata esse 
sentiunt : patefeci in senatu hesterno die : Catilina ipse 
pertimuit, profugit : hi quid exspectant? Ne illi ve- 

5 hementer errant, si illam meam pristinam lenitatem 
perpetuam sperant futuram^ 

iv. Quod exspectavi, jam sum adsecutus, ut vos 
oranes factam esse aperte conjurationem contra rem 
publicam videretis : nisi vero si quis est qui Catilinae 

;o similis cum Catilina sentire non putet. Non est jam 
lenitati locus : severitatem res ipsa flagitat. Unum 
etiam nunc concedam : exeant, proficiscantur; ne pati- 
antur desiderio sui Catilinam miserum tabescere. De- 
monstrabo iter : Aurelia via profectus est : si adcelerare 

15 volent, ad vesperam consequentur. 7. O fortunatam 
rem publicam, si quidem hanc sentinam urbis ejecerit ! 
Uno (mehercule) Catilina exhausto, levata mihi et re- 
creata res publica videtur. Quid enim mali aut sceleris 
fingi aut cogitari potest quod non ille conceperit? Quis 

20 tota Italia veneficus, quis gladiator, quis latro, quis 
sicarius, quis parricida, quis testamentorum subjector, 
quis circumscriptor, quis ganeo, quis nepos, quis adul- 
ter,- quae mulier infamis, quis corruptor juventutis, 
quis corruptus, quis perditus inveniri potest, qui se cum 

25 Catilina non familiarissime vixisse fateatur? quae cae- 
des per hosce annos sine illo facta est? quod nefarium 
stuprum non per ilium? 8. Jam vero quae tanta urn- 
quam in ullo homine juventutis inlecebra fuit, quanta in 
illo ? v qui alios ipse amabat turpissime, aliorum amori 

30 flagitiosissime serviebat : aliis fructtim libidinum, aliis 
mortem 'parentum non modo impellendo, verum etiam 
adjuvando pollicebatur. Nunc vero quam subito non 
solum ex urbe, verum etiam ex agris ingentem nume- 
rum perditorum hominum conlegerat ! Nemo non 

35 modo Romae, sed ne ullo quidem in angulo 
Italiae oppressus aere alieno fait, quern noil 1 
incredibile sceleris foedus asciverito 



v, ii.] All Scoundrels throng to join him. 101 

v. o.^Atque ut ejus diversa studia in dissimili ratione 
perspicere possitis, nemo est in ludo gladiatorio paulo 
ad facinus audacior, qui se non intimum Catilinae esse 
iat'eatur ; nemo in scaena levior et nequior, qui se non 
ejusdem prope sodalem fuisse commemoret^ Atque idem 5 
tamen, stuprorum et scelerum exercitatione adsuefac- 
tus, frigore et fame et siti et vigiliis perferendis* fortis 
ab istis praedicabatur, cum industriae subsidia atque 
instrumenta virtutis in libidine audaciaque consumeret. 

10. Hunc vero si secuti erunt sui comites, si ex urbe 10 
exierint desperatorum hominum flagitiosi greges, O nos 
beatos ! O rem publicam fortunatam ! O praeclaram 
laudem consulatus mei ! Non enim jam sunt mediocres 
hominum libidines, non humanae ac tolerandae auda- 
ciae :. nihil cogitant nisi caedem, nisi incendia, nisi 15 
rapinas. Patrimonia sua profuderunt, fortunas suas 
obligaverunt : res eos jam pridem, fides nuper deficere 
coepit : eadem tamen ilia, quae erat in abundantia, 
libido permanet. .' Quod si in vino et alea comissationes 
solum et scorta quaererent, essent illi quidem despe- 20 
randi, sed tamen essent ferendi : hoc vero quis ferre 
possit, inertis homines fortissimis viris insidiari, stultis- 
simos prudentissimis, ebriosos sobriis, dormientis vigi- 
lantibus? qui mihi accubantes in conviviis, complexi 
mulieres impudicas, vino languidi, conferti cibo, sertis 25 
redimiti, unguentis obliti, debilitati stupris, eructant ser- 
monibus suis caeclem bonorum atque urbis incendia. 

11. Quibus ego confido impendere latum aliquod, et 
poenam jam diu improbitati, nequitiae, sceleri, libidini 
debitam aut instare jam plane, aut certe appropinquare. 3° 
Quos si meus consulatus, quoniam sanare non potest, 
sustulerit, non breve nescio quod tempus, sed multa sae- 
cula propagarit rei publicaeA Nulla est enim natio 
quam pertimescamus, nullus rex qui bellum populo Ro- 
mano facere possit. Omnia sunt externa unius virtute 35 
terra marique pacata : domesticum bellum manet ; in- 



102 Conspiracy of Catiline. [Catil. II. 

tus insidiae sunt, intus in'clusum periculum est, intus 
est hostis. Cum luxuria nobis, cum amentia, cum 
scelere certandum est. Huic ego me bello ducem 
profiteor, Quirites : suscipio inimicitias hominum per- 
5 ditorum. Quae sanari poterunt, quacumque ratione 
sanabo ; quae resecanda erunt, non patiar ad perniciem 
civitatis manere. Proinde aut exo.ant, aut quiescant, 
aut, si et in urbe et in eadem mente permanent, ea 
quae merentur exspectent. 

io vi. 12. At etiam sunt qui dicant, Quirites, a me in 
exsilium ejectum esse Catilinam. Quod ego si verbo 
adsequi possem, istos ipsos eicerem, qui haec loquun- 
tur. Homo enim videlicet timidus aut etiam permo- 
destus vocem consulis ferre non potuit : simul atque 

is ire in exsilium jussus est, paruit. Quid? ut hesterno 
die, Quirites, cum domi meae paene interfectus essem, 
senatum in aedem Jovis Statoris convocavi, rem ora- 
nem ad patres conscriptos detuli : quo cum Catilina 
venisset, quis eum senator appellavit? quis salutavit? 

29^'quis denique ita aspexit ut perditum civem, ac non po- 
tius ut importunissimum hostem? Quin etiam principes 
ejus ordinis partem illam subselliorum, ad quam ille 
accesserat, nudam atque inanem reliquerunt. 13. Hie 
ego vehemens ille consul, qui verbo civis in exsilium 

25 eicio, quaesivi a Catilina in nocturno conventu ad 
M. Laecam fuisset necne. Cum ille, homo audacissi- 
mus, conscientia convictus, primo reticuisset, patefeci 
cetera : quid ea nocte egisset, quid in proximam con- 
stituisset, quern ad modum esset ei ratio totius belli 

30 descripta, edocui./ Cum haesitaret, cum teneretur, 
quaesivi quid dubitaret proficisci eo, quo jam pridem 
pararet, cum arma, cum securis, cum fascis, cum tubas, 
cum signa militaria, cum aquilam illam argerrieam, cui 
ille etiam sacrarium [scelerum] domi suae fecerat, sci- 

35 rem esse praemissam. 14. In exsilium eiciebam, quern 
jam ingressurri esse in bellum videbam ? Etenim, credo, 



vii. 1 6.] He will soon appear in Arms. 103 

Manlius iste centurio, qui in agro Faesulano castra 
posuit, bellum populo Romano suo nomine indixit, et 
ilia castra nunc non Catilinam ducem exspectant, et 
ille ejectus in exsilium se Massiliam, ut aiunt, non in 
haec castra conferet. A, 5 

vii. O condicionem miseram non modo adminis- 
trandae, verum etiam conservandae rei publicae ! 
Nunc si L. Catilina consiliis, laboribus, periculis meis 
circumclusus ac debilitatus subito pertimuerit, senten- 
tiam mutaverit, deseruerit suos, consilium belli faci- 10 
endi abjecerit, ex hoc cursu sceleris ac belli iter ad 
fugam atque in exsilium converterit, — non ille a me 
spoliatus armis audaciae, non obstupefactus ac perter- 
ritus mea diligentia, non de spe conatuque depulsus, 
sed indemnatus, innocens, in exsilium ejectus a consule 15 
vi et minis esse dicetur ; et erunt qui ilium, si hoc fece- 
rit, non improbum, sed miserum, me non diligentissi- 
mum consulem, sed crudelissimum tyrannum existimari 
velint ! 15. Est mihi tanti, Quirites, hujus invidiae 
falsae atque iniquae tempestatem subire, dum modo a 20 
vobis hujus horribilis belli ac nefarii periculum depel- 
latur. \ Dicatur sane ejectus esse a me, dum modo eat 
in exsilium. Sed, mihi credite, non est iturus. Num- 
quam ego a dis immqrtaliBus optabo, Quirites, invidiae 
meae levandae causa, ut L. Catilinam ducere exerci- 25 
turn hostium atque in armis volitare audiatis : sed tri- 
duo tamen audietis ; multoque magis illud timeo, ne 
mihi sit invidiosum aliquando, quod ilium emiserim 
potius quam quod ejecerim. Sed cum sint homines 
qui ilium, cum profectus sit, ejectum esse dicant, eidem 30 
si interfectus esset quid dicerent? £*6. Quamquam isti, 
• Catilinam Massiliam ire dictitant, non tarn hoc 
jntur quam verentur. Nemo est istorum tarn 
"icors, qui ilium non ad Manlium quam ad Massil- 
> ire malitA Ille autem, si (me hercule) hoc quod 35 
numquarrf antea cogitasset, tamen latrocinantem 



104 Conspiracy of Catiline. [Catil. II. 

se interfici mallet quam exsulem vivere^ Nunc vero, 
cum ei nihil adhuc praeter ipsius voluntatem cogi- 
tationemque accident, nisi quod vivis nobis Roma pro- 
fectus est, optemus potius ut eat in exsilium quam 
5 quepamur. 
f viii. 17. Sed cur tarn diu de uno hoste loquimur, et 
de hoste qui jam fatetur se esse hostem, et quern, quia 
(quod semper volui) murus interest, non timeo : de eis 
qui dissimulant, qui Romae remanent, qui nobiscum 

10 sunt, nihil dicimus? Quos quidem ego, si ullo modo 
fieri possit, non tam ulcisci studeo quam sanare sibi 
ipsos, placare rei publicae, neque id qua re fieri non 
possit, si me audire volent, intellego. Exponam enim 
vobis, Quirites, ex quibus generibus hominum istae 

15 copiae comparentur : deinde singulis medicinam con- 
sili atque orationis meae, si quam potero, adferam. 

18. Unum genus est eorum, qui magno in aere alieno 
majores etiam possessiones habent, quarum amore ad- 
ducti dissolvi -nullo modo possunty Horum hominum 

20 species est honestissima — sunt enim locupletes : volun- 
tas vero et causa impudentissima. Tu agris, tu aedi- 
ficiis, tu argento, tu familia, tu rebus omnibus ornatus 
et copiosus sis, et dubites de possessione detrahere. 
adquirere ad fidem? Quid enim exspectas? bellum? 

25 Quid ergo? in vastatione omnium, tuas possessiones 
sacrosanctas futuras putasPyfAn tabulas novas? Errant 
qui istas a Catilina exspectant : meo beneficio tabulae 
novae proferentur, verum auctionariae. Neque enim 
isti, qui possessiones habent, alia ratione ulla salvi esse 

3° possunt. Quod si maturius facere voluissent, neque — • 
id quod stultissimum est — certare cum usuris fructibus 
praediorum, et locupletioribus his et melioribus ch "ii 
uteremurj/ Sed hosce homines minime puto perti 
cendos, quod aut deduci de sententia possunt, ai 

35 permanebunt, magis mihi videntur vota facturi c 
rem publicam quam arma laturi. 



ix. 2o.] Spendthrifts ', Debtors, Sulla s Veterans. 105 



-k 



[X. 19. Alterum genus est eorum qui, quamquam 
premuntur aere alieno, dominationem tamen exspec- 
tant, rer.um jSotiri volunt, honores, quos quieta re pub- 
lica desperant, perturbata se consequi posse arbitrantur. 
Quibus hoc praecipiendum videtur, — unum scilicet et 5 
idem quod reliquis omnibus, —ut desperent id quod 
conantur se consequi posse : primum omnium me ipsum 
vigilare, adesse, providere'rei publicae ; deinde mag- 
r-nos animos esse in bonis viris, magnam concordiam 
in maxima multitudine, magnas praeterea copias mil- 10 
itum ; deos denique immortalis huic invicto populo, 
clarissimo imperio, pulcherrimae u'rbi, contra tantam 
vim sceleris praesentis auxilium esse laturos., Quod 
si jam sint id, quod cum summo furore cupiunt, adepti, 
num illi in cihfere urbis et in sanguine civium, quae 15 
mente conscelerata ac nefaria concupiverunt, se con- 
sules ac dictatores aut etiam reges sperant futuros i 
Non vident id se cupere, quod si adepti sint, fugitivo 
alicui aut gladiatori concedi sit necesse? ■ 

20. Tertium genus est aetate jam adfectum, sed ta- 20 
men exercitatione robustum ; quo ex genere iste est 
Manlius, cui nunc Catilina succedit. Sunt homines ex 
eis coloniis quas Sulla constituit : quas ego universas 
civium esse optimorum et fortissimorum virorum sen- 
tio ; sed tamen ei sunt coloni, qui se in insperatis ac re- 25 
pentinis pecuniis sumptuosius insolentiusque jactarunt. 
Hi dum aediiicant tamquam beati, dum praediis lectis, 
familiis magnis, conviviis apparatis delectantur, in tan- 
tum aes alienum inciderunt, ut, si salvi esse velint, 
Sulla sit [eis] ab inferis excitandus : qui etiam non 3c 
nullos agrestis, homines tenuis atque egentis, in ean- 
dem illam spem rapinarum veterum impulerunt. Quos 
ego utrosque in eodem genere praedatorum direpto- 
rumque pono. Sed eos hoc moneo : desinant furere 
ac proscriptiones et dictaturas cogitare.f Tantus enim 35 
illorum temporum dolor inustus est civitati, ut jam ista 



io6 Conspiracy of Catiline l. II. 

non modo homines, sed ne pecudes qu ' pas- 

surae esse videantur. 

x. 21. Quartum genus est sane varium et mixtum el 
turbulentum, qui jam pridem premuntur, qui numquam 
5 emergunt, qui partim inertia, parfim male gerendo 
negotio, partim etiam sumptibus in vetere aere alieno 
vacillant ; qui vadimoniis, judiciis, proscriptione bo- 
norum defatigati, permulti et ex urbe et ex agris se in 
ilia castra conferre dicuntur.^Hosce ego non tam mili- 

10 tes acris quam infitiatores lentos esse arbitror. Qui 
homines primum, si stare non possunt, conruant ; sed 
ita, ut non modo civitas, sed ne vicini quidem proximi 
sentiantv. Nam illud non intellego, quam ob rem, si 
vivere honeste non possunt, perire turpiter velint ; aut 

15 cur minore dolore perituros se cum multis, quam si 
soli pereant, arbitrentur. 

22. Quintum genus est parricidarum, sicariorum, 
denique omnium facinorosorum : quos ego a Catilina 
non revoco ; nam neque ab eo divelli possunt, et pere- 

20 ant sane in latrocinio, quoniam sunt ita multi ut eos 
career capere non possit.^Postremum autem genus 
est non solum numero, verum etiam genere ipso atque 
vita, quod proprium Catilinae' est, — de ejus dilec- 
fu7 immo vero de complexu ejus ac sinu ; quos pexo 

25 capillo, nitidos^aut imberbis aut bene barbatos videtis, 
manicatis et talaribus tunicis, velis amjetos non togis, 
quorum omnis industria.vitae et vigilaridi labor in ante- 
lucanis cenis expromitur. 23. In his gregibus omnes 
aleatores, omnes adulteri, omnes impuri impuc 

3° versantur. Hi pueri tam lepidi ac delicati non 
amare et amari, neque saltare et cantare, sed 
sicas vibrare et spargere venena didicerunt ; q 
exeunt, nisi pereunt, etiam si Catilina perierit, 
hop in re publica seminarium Catilinarum fut 

35 Verum tamen quid sibi isti miseri volunt? Nurr 
secum mulierculas sunt in castra ducturi? Qu< 



xi. 25.] Cut-throats, Debauchees : the Contrast. 107 

modum autem illis carere poterunt, his praesertim jam 
noctibus? Quo autem pacto illi Apenninum atque 
illas* pruiuas ac nivis perferent? nisi idcirco se facil- 
ius hiemem toleraturos putant, quod nudi in conviviis 
saltare didicerunt. 5 

xi. 24. O bellum magno opere pertimescendum, 
cum hanc sit habiturus Catilina scortorum cohortem 
praetoriam/^Instruite nunc, Quirites, contra has tarn 
praeclaras Catilinae copias vestra praesidia vestrosque 
exercitus. Et primum gladiatori illi confecto et saucio 10 
consules imperatoresque vestros opponite ; deinde con- 
tra illam naufragorum ejectam ac debilitatam manum 
florem totius Italiae ac robur educite. Jam vero urbes 
coloniarum ac municipiorum respondebunt Catilinae 
tumulis silvestribus. Neque ego ceteras copias, or- 15 
namenta, praesidia vestra cum illius latronis inopia 
atque egestate conferre debeo. 25. Sed si, omissis his 
rebus, quibus nos suppexlitamur, eget ille, — senatu, 
equitibus Romanis, urbe, aerario, vectigalibus, cuncta 
Italia, provinciis omnibus, exteris nationibus, — si, 20 
his rebus omissis, causas ipsas quae inter se confli- 
gunt contendere velimus, ex eo ipso quam valde illi 
jaceant intellegere possumus^'Ex hac enim parte 
pudor pugnat, illinc petulantia ; hinc pudicitia, illinc 
stuprum ; hinc fides, illinc fraudatio ; hinc pietas, 25 
illinc scelus ; hinc constantia, illinc furor ; hinc hones- 
tas, illinc turpitudo ; hinc continentia, illinc libido; 
denique aequitas, temperantia, fortitudo, prudentia, 
[virtutes omnes,] certant cum iniquitate, luxuria, ig- 
navia, temeritate, [cum vitiis omnibus] ; postremo 30 
copia cum egestate, bona ratio cum perdita, mens 
sana cum amentia, bona denique spes cum omnium 
rerum desperatione confligit. In ejus modi certamine 
ac proelio, nonne, etiam si hominum studia deficiant, 
di ipsi immortales cogant ab his praeclarissimis virtu- 35 
tibus tot et tanta vitia superari? 



108 Conspiracy of Catiline. [Catil. II. 

xii. 26. Quae cum ita sint, Quirites, vos, quern ad 
inodum jam antea, vestra tecta custodiis vigiliisque 
defendite : mihi, ut urbi sine vestro motu ac sine ullo 
tumultu satis esset praeskli, consultum atque pro visum 
5 est.? Coloni omnes municipesque vestri, certiores a me 
facti de hac hocturna excursione Catilinae, facile urbis 
suas finisque defendent. Gladiatores, quam sibi ille 
naanum certissimam fore putavit, — quamquam animo 
meliore sunt quam pars patriciorum, — potestate ta- 

to men nostra continebuntur. Q^ Metellus, quern ego 
hoc prospiciens in agrum Gallicum Picenumque prae- 
misi, aut opprimet hominem, aut omnis ejus mot^s 
conatusque prohibebit. Reliquis autem de rebus con- 
stituendis, maturandis, agendis, jam ad senatum re- 

15 feremus, quem vocari videtis. 

27. Nunc illos qui in urbe remanserunt, atque adeo 
qui contra urbis salutem omniumque vestrum in urbe a 
Catilina relicti sunt, quamquam sunt hostes, tamen, 
quia sunt cives, monitos etiam atque etiam volqV Mea 

20 lenitas si cui adhuc solutior visa est, hoc exs'pectavit, 
ut id quod latebat erumperet. Quod reliquum est, 
jam non possum obliyisci meam hanc esse patriam, 
me horum esse consulem, mihi aut cum his vivendum 
aut pro his esse moriendum. Nullus est portis custos, 

25 nullus inSidiator viae : si qui exire volunt, conivere 
possum. Qui vero se in urbe commoverit, cujus egc 
non modo factum, sed inceptum ullum conattfmve con- 
tra patriam deprehenderoTsentiet in hac urbe esse con- 
soles vigilantis, esse egregios magistratus, esse fortem 

30 senatum, esse arma, esse carcerem, quem vindicem 
nefariorum ac manifestorum scelerum majores nostri 
esse voluerunt. 

xiii. 28. Atque haec omnia sic agentur, Quirites, ut 
maximae res minimo motu, pericula sumraa nullo tu- 

35 multu, bellum intestinum ac domesticum post hominum 
memoriam crudelissimum et maximum, me uno togato 



!• !•] * Hozv the Conspiracy was suppressed. 169 

duce et imperatore sedetuiy Quod ego sic adminis- 
trabo, Quirites, ut, si ullo modo fieri poterit, ne impro- 
bus quidem quisquam in hac urbe poenam sui sceleris 
sufferat. Sed si vis manifestae audaciae, si impen- 
dens patriae periculum me necessario de hac animi 5 
lenitate deduxerit, illud profecto perficiam. quod in 
tanto et tarn insidioso bello vix optancliun videtur, ut 
neque bonus quisquam intereat, paucorumque poena 
vos omnes salvi esse possitis._ : 29. Quae quidem ego 
neque mea prudentia neque humanis consiliis fretus 10 
polliceor vobis, Quirites, sed multis et non dubiis deo- 
rum immortalium significationibus, quibus ego ducibus 
in hanc spem sententiamque sum ingressus ; qui jam 
non prpcul, ut quondam solebant, ab externo hoste 
atque longinquo, sed hie praesentes suo numine atque 15 
auxilio sua templa atque urbis tecta defendunt x - Quos 
vos, Quirites, precari, venerari, implorare debetis, ut, 
quam urbem pulcherrimam rlorentissimamque esse vol- 
uerunt, hanc, omnibus hostium copiis terra marique 
superatis, a perditissimorum civium nefario scelere 20 
defendant. 



3. How the Conspiracy was suppressed. 

Before the People, Dec. 3. 

Now that Catiline had been driven into open war, the conspir- 
acy within the city was in the hands of utterly incompetent men- 
Lentulus, who claimed the lead by virtue of his consular rank, was 
vain, pompous, and inefficient. The next in rank, Cethegus, was 
energetic enough, but rash and bloodthirsty. The consul easily 
kept the run of events, and at last succeeded in getting them to 
commit themselves in writing, when he had no difficulty in secur- 
ing the documents, and arresting the conspirators. How this was 
accomplished is told in the third oration. 

i. 1. Rem publicam, Quirites, vitamque omnium 
vestrum, bona, fortunas, conjuges liberosque vestros. 



no Catiline. [Catil. III. 

atqu_ hoc doiiiiciliuiia clanssimi imperi, fortunatissi- 
mam pulcherrimamque urbem, hodierno die deorum 
immortalium summo erga vos amore, laboribus, con- 
siliis, periculis meis, e flamma atque ferro ac paene 
5 ex faucibus fati ereptam et vobis conservatam ac 
restitutam videtis. 2. Et si non minus nobis jucundi 
atque inlustres sunt ei dies quibus conservamur, 
quam illi, quibus nascimur, — quod salutis certa lae* 
titia est, nascendi incerta condicio ; et quod sine sensu 

10 nascimur, cum voluptate servamur, — profecto,, quo- 
niam illum/qui hanc urbem condidit ad deos immor- 
talis benevolentia famaque sustulimus, esse apud vos 
posterosque vestros in honore debebit is qui eandem 
hanc urbem conditam amplificatamque servavit. Nam 

15 toti urbi, templis, delubris, tectis ac moenibus subjectos 
prope jam ignis circumdatosqueNrestinximus ; idemque 
gladios in rem publicam destrictos rettudimus, mucro- 
nesque eorum a jugulis vestris dejecimus. 3. Quae 
quoniam in senatu inlustrata, patefacta, comperta sunt 

20 per me, vobis jam exponam breviter, Quirites, ut et 
quanta et qua ratione investigata et comprehensa sint, 
vos qui ignoratis et exspectatis scire possitis. 

Principio, ut Catilina paucis ante diebus erupit ex 
urbe, cum sceleris sui socios, hujusce nefarii belli acer- 

25 rimos duces, Romae reliquisset, semper vigilavi et 
providi, Quirites, quern ad modum in tantis et tarn 
absconditis insidiis salvi esse possemus. 11. Nam 
turn, cum ex urbe Catilinam eiciebam, — non enim 
jam vereor hujus verbi invidiam, cum ilia magis sit 

30 timenda, quod vivus exierit, — sed turn, 
exterminari volebam, aut reliquam conjur, 
num simul exituram, aut eos qui restitissent injfrri 
sine illo ac debilis fore putabam. 4. Atq 
vidi quos maximo furore et scelere esse ii 

35 sciebam eos nobiscum esse, et Romae rem 
eo omnis dies noctisque consumpsi, ut quit 



in. 6.] At the Mulvian Bridge. in 

quid molirentur, sentirem ac viderem ; ut, quoniam 
auribus vestris propter incredibilem magnitudinem 
sceleris minorem fidem faceret oratio mea, rem ita 
comprehenderem, ut turn demum animis saluti vestrae - 
provideretis, cum oculis maleficium ipsum videretis. 5 
Itaque, ut comperi legatos Allobrogum, belli Transal* 
pini et tumultus Gallici excitandi causa, a P. Lentulo 
esse sollicitatos, eosque in Galliam ad suos civis, eo- 
demque itinere cum litteris mandatisque ad Catilinam 
esse missos, comitemque eis adjunctum esse T. Vol- xo 
turcium, atque huic ad Catilinam esse datas litteras, 
facultatem mihi oblatam putavi, ut — quod erat difficilli- 
mum, quodque ego semper optabam ab dis immortali- 
bus — tota res non solum a me, sed etiam a senatu et a 
vobis manifesto deprehenderetur. •'',' 5. Itaque hesterno i 5 
die L. Flaccum et C. Pomptinum praetores, fortissi- 
mos atque arnantissimos rei publicae viros, ad me 
vocavi ; rem exposui, quid fieri placeret ostendi/ 1111 
autem, qui omnia de re publica praeclara atque egre- 
gia sentirent, sine recusatione ac sine ulla mora nego- 20 
tium susceperunt, et, cum advesperasceret, occulte ad 
pontem Mulvium pervenerunt, atque ibi in proximis 
villis ita bipartito fuerunt, ut Tiberis inter eos et pons 
interesset. Eodem autem et ipsi sine cujusquam 
suspitione multos fortis viros eduxerant, et ego ex 25 
praefectura Reatina compluris delectos adulescentis, 
quorum opera utor adsidue in re publica praesidio, 
cum gladiis miseram. 6. Interim, tertia fere vigilia 
exacta, cum jam pontem Mulvium magno comitatu 
legati Allobrogum ingredi inciperent, unaque Voltur- 30 
cius, fit in eos impetus ; educuntur et ab illis gladii et 
a nostris. Res praetoribus erat nota solis, ignorabatur 
a ceteris. 

in. Turn, interventu Pomptini atque Flacci, pugna 
[quae erat commissa] sedatur. Litterae, quaecumque 35 
erant in eo comitatu, integris signis praetoribus tra- 



112 Conspiracy of Catiline. [Catil. III. 

duntur ; ipsi comprehensi ad me, cum jam dilucesce- 
ret, deducuntur. Atque horum omnium scelerum 
improbissimum machinatorem Cimbrum Gabinium sta- 
tim ad me, nihil dum suspicantem, vocavi ; deinde item 
5 arcessitus est L. Statilius, et post eum C. Cethegus ; 
tardissime autem Lentulus venit, credo quod in litteris 
dandis praeter consuetudinem proxima nocte vigila- 
rat. 7. Cum summis ac clarissimis hujus civitatis 
viris (qui audita re frequentes ad me mane convene- 

io rant) litteras a me prius aperiri quam ad senatum de- 
ferrem placeret, — ne, si nihil esset inventum, temere 
a me tantus tumultus injectus civitati videretur, — ne- 
gavi me esse facturum, ut de periculo publico non ad 
consilium publicum rem integram deferrem. Etenim, 

15 Quirites, si ea quae erant ad me delata reperta non 
essent, tamen ego non arbitrabar, in tantis rei publicae 
periculis, esse mihi nimiam diligentiam pertimescen- 
dam. Senatum frequentem celeriter, ut vidistis, coegi. 

8. Atque interea staHm, admonitu Allobrogum, C. Sul- 
20 picium praetorem, fovtem virum, misi, qui ex aedibus 

Cethegi si quid telo? nm esset efFerret : ex quibus ille 
maximum sicarum nti ?ierum et gladiorum extulit. 

iv. Introduxi Volturcium sine Gallis : fidem publi- 
cam jussu senatus dedi : hortatus sum, ut ea quae sci- 

25 ret sine timore indicaret. Turn ille dixit, cum vix se 
ex magno timore recreasset, ab Lentulo se habere 
ad Catilinam mandata et litteras, ut servorum prae- 
sidio uteretur, ut ad urbem quam primum cum exercitu 
accederet : id autem eo consilio, ut, cum urbem ex 

30 omnibus partibus quern ad modum descriptum dis- 
tributumque erat incendissent, caedemque inflnitam 
civium fecissent, praesto esset ille, qui et fugientis 
exciperet, et se cum his urbanis ducibus conjungeret. 

9. Introducti autem Galli jus jurandum sibi et litteras 
35 ab Lentulo, Cethego, Statilio ad suam gentem data 

esse dixerunt, atque ita sibi ab his et a L. Cassio esse 



v. ii.] Testimony of the Gauls: the Letters. 113 

praescriptum, ut equitatum in Italiam quam primum 
mitterent ; pedestris sibi copias non defuturas. Len- 
tulum autem sibi confirmasse, ex fatis Sibyllinis harus- 
picumque responsis, se esse tertium ilium Cornelium, 
ad quern regnum hujus urbis atque imperium perve- 5 
nire esset necesse ; Cinnam ante se et Sullam fuisse ; 
eundemque dixisse fatalem hunc annum esse ad inter- 
num hujus urbis atque imperi, qui esset annus deci- 
mus post virginum absolutionem, post Capitoli autem 
incensionem vicesimus. 10. Hanc autem Cethego cum 10 
ceteris controversiam fuisse dixerunt, quod Lentulo et 
aliis Saturnalibus caedem fieri atque urbem incendi 
placeret, Cethego nimium id longum videretur. 

vM Ac ne longum sit, Quirites, tabellas proferri jus- 
simus, quae a quoque dicebantur datae. Primum 15 
ostendimus Cethego signum : cognovit. Nos linum 
incidimus : legimus. Erat scriptum ipsius manu Allo- 
brogum senatui et populo, sese quae eorum legatis con- 
firmasset facturum esse ; orare ut item illi facerent quae 
sibi eorum legati recepissent. Turn Cethegus, qui 20 
paulo ante aliquid tamen de gladiis ac sicis, quae apud 
ipsum erant deprehensa, respondisset, dixissetque se 
semper bonorum ferramentorum studiosum fuisse, 
recitatis litteris debilitatus atque abjectus conscientia 
repente conticuit. Introductus est Statilius : cognovit 25 
et signum et manum suam. Recitatae sunt tabellae in 
eandem fere sententiam : confessus est. Turn ostendi 
tabellas Lentuloi et quaesivi cognosceretne signum. } 
Adnuit. -V Est veroTinquam, ' notum quidem signumT' 
imago avi tui, clarissimi viri, qui amavit unice patriam 30 
et civis sups ; quae quidem te a tanto scelere etiam 
muta revocare debuit.' 11. Leguntur eadem ratione ad 
senatum Allobrogum populumque litterae. Si quid 
de his rebus dicere vellet, feci potestatem. Atque ille 
primo quideurnegavit : post autem aliquanto, toto jam 35 
indicio exposito atque edito, surrexit ; quaesivit a Gal- 

8 



£14 Conspiracy of Catiline. [Catil. III. 

lis quid sibi esset cum eis, quam ob rem domum suam 
venissent, itemque a Volturcio. Qui cum illi brevi- 
ter constanterque respondissent, per quern ad eum 
quotiensque venissent, quaesissentque ab eo nihilne 
5 secum esset de fatis Sibyllinis locutus, turn ille subito. 
scelere demens, quanta conscientiae vis esset ostendit. 
Nam cum id posset infitiari, repente praeter opinionem 
omnium confessus est. Ita eum non modo ingenium 
illud et dicendi exercitatio, qua semper valuit, sed etiam 

10 propter vim sceleris manifesti atque deprehensi impu- 
dentia, qua superabat omnis, improbitasque defecit. 

12. Volturcius vero subito litteras proferri atque ape- 
riri jubet, quas sibi a Lentulo ad Catilinam datas esse 
dicebat. Atque ibi vehementissime perturbatus Len- 

15 tulus tamen et signum et manum suam cognovit. 
Erant autem [scriptae] sine nomine, sed ita : £)uis sim 
scies ex eo quern ad te misi. Cur a tit vir sis, et co~ 
gita quern in locum sis -progressus ; vide ecquid tibi 
jam sit necesse, et cur a ut omnium tibi auxilia adjun- 

20 gas, etiam infimorum. Gabinius deinde introductus, 
cum primo impudenter respondere coepisset, ad exte- 
rnum nihil ex eis quae Galli insimulabant negavit. 

13. Ac mihi quidem, Quirites, cum ilia certissima visa 
sunt argumenta atque indicia sceleris, — tabellae, sig- 

25 na, manus, denique unius cujusque confessio ; turn 
multo certiora ilia, — color, oculi, voltus, taciturnitas. 
Sic enim obstupuerant, sic terram intuebantur, sic fur- 
tim non numquam inter sese aspiciebant, ut non jam 
ab aliis indicari, sed indicare se ipsi viderentur.^s 

30 vi. Indiciis expositis atque editis, senatum consului 
de summa re publica quid fieri placeret. Dictae sunt 
a principibus acerrimae ac fortissimae sententiae, quas 
senatus sine ulla varietate est secutus. Et quoniam 
nondum est perscriptum senatus consultum, ex memo- 

35 ria vobis, Quirites, quid senatus censuerit exponam. 

14. Primum mihi gratiae verbis amplissimis aguntur, 



vi. is-] Action of the Senate. 115 

quod virtute, consilio, providentia mea res. publica 
maximis periculis sit liberata : deinde L. Flaccus et C. 
Pomptinus praetores, quod eorum opera forti fidelique 
usus essem, merito ac jure laudantur; atque etiam 
viro forti, conlegae meo, laus impertitur, quod eos qui 5 
hujus conjurationis participes fuissent a suis et a rei 
publicae consiliis removisset. Atque ita censuerunt, 
ut P. Lentulus, cum se praetura abdicasset, in cus- 
todiam traderetur ; itemque uti C. Cethegus, L. Sta- 
tilius, P. Gabinius, qui omnes praesentes erant, in 10 
custodiam traderentur ; atque idem hoc decretum est 
in L. Cassium, qui sibi procurationem incendendae 
urbis depoposcerat, in M. Ceparium, cui ad sollici- 
tandos pastores Apuliam attributam esse erat indica- 
tum, in P. Furium, qui est ex eis colonis quos Faesulas 15 
L. Sulla deduxit, in Q^ Annium Chilonem, qui una 
cum hoc Furio semper erat in hac Allobrogum solli- 
citatione versatus, in P. Umbrenum, libertinum homi- 
nem, a quo primum Gallos ad Gabinium perductos 
esse constabat. Atque ea lenitate senatus est usus, 20 
Quirites, ut ex tanta conjuratione, tantaque hac mul- 
titudine domesticorum hostium, novem hominuui per- 
ditissimorum poena re publica conservata, reliquorum 
mentis sanari posse arbitraretur. 15. Atque etiam 
supplicatio dis immortalibus pro singulari eorum me- 25 
rito meo nomine decreta est, quod mihi primum post 
hanc urbem conditam togato contigit. Et his verbis 
decreta est : quod urbem incendiis , caede civi's, Italiam 
bcllo liberassem. Quae supplicatio si cum ceteris con- 
ieratur, hoc interest, quod ceterae bene gesta, haec una 3° 
conservata re publica constituta est. Atque illud, quod 
faciendum primum fuit, factum atque transactum est. 
Nam P. Lentulus — quamquam patefactis indiciis, 
confessionibus suis, judicio senatus non modo prae- 
tons jus,- verum etiam civis amiserat — tamen magis- 35 
tratu se abdicavit, ut, quae religio C. Mario, Claris- 



n6 Conspiracy of Catiline. [Catil. III. 

simo vir-o, non fuerat, quo minus C. Glauciam, de quo 
nihil nominatim erat decretum, praetorem occideret, 
ea nos religione in privato P. Lentulo puniendo libe- 
raremur. 

5 vii. 16. Nunc quoniam, Quirites, consceleratissimi 
periculosissimique belli nefarios duces captos jam et 
comprehensos tenetis, existimare debetis omnis Catili- 
nae copias, omnis spes atque opes, his depulsis urbis 
periculis concidisse. Quern quidem ego cum ex urbe 

10 pellebam, hoc providebam animo, Quirites, — remoto 
Catilina, non mihi esse P. Lentuli somnura, nee L. 
Cassi adipes, nee C. Cethegi furiosam temeritatem 
pertimescendam. Ille erat unus timendus ex istis 
omnibus, sed tarn diu, dum urbis moenibus contine- 

15 batur. Omnia norat, omnium aditus tenebat : appel- 
lare, temptare, sollicitare poterat, audebat : erat ei 
consilium ad facinus aptum, consilio autem neque 
manus neque lingua deerat. Jam ad certas res con- 
flciendas certos homines delectos ac descriptos ha- 

20 bebat. Neque vero, cum aliquid mandarat, confectum 
putabat : nihil erat quod non ipse obiret, occurreret, 
vigilaret, laboraret. Frigus, sitim, famem, ferre po- 
terat. it. Hunc ego hominem tam acrem, tarn auda- 
cem, tam paratum, tam callidum, tam in scelere 

25 vigilantem, tam in perditis rebus diligentem, nisi ex 
domesticis insidiis in castrense latrocinium compulis- 
sem, — dicam id quod sentio, Quirites, — non facile 
hanc tantam molem mali a cervicibus vestris depulis- 
sem. Non ille nobis Saturnalia constituisset, neque 

3° tanto ante exsili ac fati diem rei publicae denuntiavis- 
set ; neque commisisset ut signum, ut litterae suae 
testes manifesti , sceleris deprehenderentur. Quae 
nunc illo absente sic gesta sunt, ut nullum in privata 
domo furtum umquam sit tam palam inventum, quam 

35 haec tanta in re publica conjuratio manifesto inven- 
ta atque deprehensa est. Quod si Catilina in urbe 



viii. 20.] The Deliverance : Signs and Omens. 117 

ad hanc diem remansisset, quamquam, quoad fuit, 
omnibus ejus consiliis oceurri atque obstiti, tamen, ut 
levissime dicam, dimieandum nobis cum illo fuisset ; 
neque nos umquam, cum ille in urbe hostis esset, 
tantis periculis rem publicam- tanta pace, tanto otio, 5 
tanto silentio liberassemus. 

viii. 18. Quamquam haec omnia, Quirites, ita sunt 
a me administrata, ut deorum immortalium nutu atque 
consilio et gesta et provisa esse videantur ; idque 
cum conjectura consequi possumus, quod vix vide- io 
tur humani consili tantarum rerum gubernatio esse 
potuisse ; turn vero ita praesentes his temporibus opem 
et auxilium nobis tulerunt, ut eos paene oculis videre 
possemus. Nam ut ilia omittam, — visas nocturno 
tempore ab occidente faces, ardoremque caeli, ut ful- 15 
minum jactus, ut terrae motus relinquam, ut omittam 
cetera, quae tarn multa nobis consulibus facta sunt, 
ut haec, quae nunc fiunt, canere di immortales vide- 
rentur, — hoc certe, quod sum dicturus, neque prae- 
termittendum neque relinquendum est. 20 

19. Nam profecto memoria tenetis, Cotta et Torquato 
consulibus, compluris in Capitolio res de caelo esse 
percussas, cum et simulacra deorum depulsa sunt, 
et statuae veterum hominum dejectae, et legum aera 
liquefacta : tactus est etiam ille qui hanc urbem con- 25 
didit Romulus, quern inauratum in Capitolio, parvum 
atque lactentem, uberibus lupinis inhiantem, fuisse 
meministis. Quo quidem tempore cum haruspices 
ex tota Etruria convenissent, caedes atque incendia et 
legum interitum et bellum civile ac domesticum, et 30 
totius urbis atque imperi occasum appropinquare 
dixerunt, nisi di immortales, omni ratione placati, suo 
numine prope fata ipsa flexissent. 20 Itaque illorum 
responsis turn et ludi per decern dies facti sunt, neque 
res ulla quae ad placandos deos pertineret praeter- 35 
missa est ; idemque jusserunt simulacrum Jovis facere 



n8 Conspiracy of Catiline. [Catil. III. 

majus, et in excelso conlocare, et (contra atque antea 
fuerat) ad orientem convertere ; ac se sperare dix- 
erunt, si illud signum, quod videtis, solis ortum et 
forum curiamque conspiceret, fore ut ea consilia, quae 
5 clam essent inita contra salutem urbis atque imperi, 
inlustrarentur, ut a senatu populoque Romano perspici 
possent. Atque [illud signum] conlocandum consules 
llli locaverunt ; sed tanta fuit operis tarditas, ut neque 
superioribus consulibus, neque nobis ante hodiernum 

io diem, conlocaretur. 

ixj 31. Hie quis potest esse tarn aversus a vero, tam 
praeceps, tam mente captus, qui neget haec omnia 
quae videmus, praecipueque hanc urbem, deorum im- 
mortalium nutu ac potestate administrari ? Etenim 

15 cum esset ita responsum, caedes, incendia, interitum 
rei publicae comparari, et ea per civis, — quae turn 
propter magnitudinem scelerum non nullis incredibilia 
videbantur, — ea non modo cogitata a nefariis civibus, 
verum etiam suscepta esse sensistis. xlllud vero nonne 

20 ita praesens est, ut nutu Jovis OptimiyMaximi factum 
esse videatur, ut, cum hodierno die mane per forum 
meo jussu et conjurati et eorum indices in aedem 
Concordiae ducerentur, eo ipso tempore signum sta- 
tueretur? quo conlocato atque ad vos senatumque con- 

25 verso, omnia [et senatus et vos] quae erant cogitata 
contra salutem omnium, inlustrata et patefacta vidistis. 
22. Quo etiam majore sunt isti odio supplicioque digni, 
qui non solum vestris domiciliis atque tectis, sed etiam 
deorum templis atque delubris sunt funestos ac nefa- 

30 rios ignis inferre conati. Quibus ego si me restitisse 
dicam, nimium mihi sumam, et non sirn ferendus. 
Ille, ille Juppiter restitit : ille Capitolium, ille haec 
templa, ille cunctam urbem, ille vos omnis salvos esse 
voluit. I Dis ego immortalibus ducibus hanc mentem, 

35 Quirites, voluntatemque suscepi, atque ad haec tanta 
indicia perveni. Jam vero [ilia Allobrogum sollici- 



x. 25O Thanksgiving to the Gods. 119 

tatio] ab Lentulo ceterisque domesticis hostibus tarn 
dementer tantae res creditae et ignotis et barbaris 
[commissae litterae] numquam essent profecto, nisi ab 
dis immortalibus huic tantae audaciae consilium esset 
ereptum. Quid vero? ut homines Galli, ex civitate 5 
male pacata, quae gens una restat quae bellum populo 
Romano facere posse et non nolle videatur, spem 
imperi ac rerum maximarum ultro sibi a patriciis 
hominibus oblatam neglegerent, vestramque salutem 
suis opibus anteponerent, id non divinitus esse factum 10 
putatis? praesertim qui nos non pugnando, sed tacendo 
superare potuerint? 

x. 23. Quam ob rem, Quirites, quoniam ad omnia 
pulvinaria supplicatio decreta est, celebratote illos dies 
cum conjugibus ac liberis vestris. Nam multi saepe 15 
honores dis immortalibus justi habiti sunt ac debiti, 
sed profecto justiores numquam. Erepti enim estis 
ex crudelissimo ac miserrimo interitu ; erepti sine 
caede, sine sanguine, sine exercitu, sine dimicatione. 
Togati me uno togato duce et imperatore vicistis. 20 
24. Etenim recordamini, Quirites, omnis civilis dissen- 
siones : non solum eas quas audistis, sed eas quas 
vosmet ipsi meministis atque vidistis. L. Sulla P. 
Sulpicium oppressit ; [ejecit ex urbe] C. Marium, 
custodem hujus urbis, multosque fortis viros partim 25 
ejecit ex civitate, partim interemit. Cn. Octavius 
consul armis expulit ex urbe conlegam : omnis hie 
locus acervis corporum et civium sanguine redundavit. 
Superavit postea Cinna cum Mario : turn vero, claris- 
simis viris interfectis, lumina civitatis exstincta sunt. 30 
Ultus est hujus victoriae crudelitatem postea Sulla : ' 
ne dici quidem opus est quanta diminutione civium, 
et quanta calamitate rei publicae. Dissensit M. Lepi- 
dus a clarissimo ac fortissimo viro Q^ Catulo : attulit 
non tarn ipsius interitus rei publicae luctum quam 35 
ceterorum. 25. Atque illae tamen omnes dissensiones 



120 Conspiracy of Catiline. [Catil. III. 

erant ejus modi, quae non ad delendam, sed ad com- 
mutandam rem publicam pertinerent. Non illi nullam 
esse rem publicam, sed in ea quae esset, se esse prin- 
cipes ; neque hanc urbem conflagrare, sed se in hac 
5 urbe florere voluerunt. [Atque illae tamen omnes 
dissensiones, quarum nulla exitium rei publicae quae- 
sivit, ejus modi fuerunt, ut non reconciliatione concor- 
diae, sed internecione civium dijudicatae sint.] In hoc 
autem uno post hominum memoriam maximo crudelis- 

10 simoque bello, quale bellum nulla umquam barbaria 
cum sua gente gessit, quo in bello lex haec fuit 
a Lentulo, Catilina, Cethego, Cassio constituta, ut 
omnes, qui salva urbe salvi esse possent, in hostium 
numero ducerentur, ita me gessi, Quirites, ut salvi 

15 omnes conservaremini ; et cum hostes vestri tantum 
civium superfuturum putassent, quantum infinitae 
caedi restitisset, tantum autem urbis, quantum flamma 
obire non potuisset, et urbem et civis integros incolu- 
misque servavi. 

20 xi. 26. Quibus pro tantis rebus, Quirites, nullum 
ego a vobis praemium virtutis, nullum insigne honoris, 
nullum monumentum laudis postulo, praeterquam 
hujus diei memoriam sempiternam. In animis ego 
vestris omnis triumphos meos, omnia ornamenta ho- 

25 noris, monumenta gloriae, laudis insignia condi et 
conlocari volo. Nihil me mutum potest delectare, 
nihil taciturn, nihil denique ejus modi, quod etiam 
minus digni adsequi possint. Memoria vestra, Qui- 
rites, res nostrae alentur, sermonibus crescent, lit— 

30 terarum monumentis inveterascent et conroborabun- 
tur ; eandemque diem intellego, quam spero aeternam 
fore, propagatam esse et ad salutem urbis et ad me- 
moriam consulatus mei ; unoque tempore in hac re 
publica duos civis exstitisse, quorum alter finis vestri 

35 imperi non terrae, sed caeli regionibus terminaret, 
alter ejusdem imperi domicilium sedisque servaret. 



xii. 29-] Appeal to the Citizens. 121 

xn. 27. Sed quoniam earum rerum quas ego gessi 
non eadem est fortuna atque condicio quae illorum 
qui externa bella gesserunt, — quod mihi cum eis 
vivendum est quos vici ac subegi, isti hostis aut in- 
terfectos aut oppressos reliquerunt, — vestrum est, 5 
Quirites, si ceteris facta sua recte prosunt, mihi 
mea ne quando obsint providere. Mentes enim 
hominum audacissimorum sceleratae ac nefariae ne 
vobis nocere possent ego providi ; ne mihi noceant 
vestrum est providere. Quamquam, Quirites, mihi 10 
quidem ipsi nihil ab istis jam noceri potest. Mag- 
num enim est in bonis praesidium, quod mihi in 
perpetuum comparatum est ; magna in re publica 
dignitas, quae me semper tacita defendet ; magna vis 
conscientiae, quam qui neglegunt, cum me violare 15 
Solent, se [ipsi] indicabunt. \ 28. Est etiam nobis is 
animus, Quirites, ut non modo nullius audaciae ce- 
damus, sed etiam omnis improbos ultro semper laces- 
samus. Quod si omnis impetus domesticorum hostium, 
depulsus a vobis, se in me unura convertit, vobis 20 
erit videndum, Quirites, qua condicione posthac eos 
esse velitis, qui se pro salute vestra obtulerint in- 
vidiae periculisque omnibus : mihi quidem ipsi, quid 
est quod jam ad vitae fructum possit adquiri, cum 
praesertim neque in honore vestro, neque in gloria vir- 25 
tutis, quicquam videam altius, quo mihi libeat ascen- 
dere? 29. Illud profecto perficiam, Quirites, ut ea quae 
gessi in consulatu privatus tuear atque orriem : ut si 
qua est invidia conservanda re publica suscepta, lae- 
dat invidos, mihi valeat ad gloriam. Denique ita me 3° 
in re publica tractabo, ut meminerim semper quae 
gesserim, curemque ut ea virtute, non casu gesta esse 
videantur. Vos, Quirites, quoniam jam nox est, vene- 
rati Jovem, ilium custodem hujus urbis ac vestrum, 
in vestra tecta discedite ; et ea, quamquam jam est 35 
periculum depulsum, tamen aeque ac priore nocte 



122 Conspiracy of Catiline. [Catil. IV. 

custodiis vigiliisque defendite. Id ne vobis diutius 
faciendum sit, atque ut in perpetua pace esse pos- 
sitis, providebo. 



4. Sentence of the Conspirators, 

In the Senate, Dec. 5. 

Two days later the Senate was convened, to determine what was 
to be done with the prisoners. It was a fundamental principle ot 
the Roman Constitution that no citizen should be put to death 
without the right of appeal to the people. Against the view ot 
Caesar, which favored perpetual confinement, Cicero urged the 
very lame argument that, by the fact of taking up arms against the 
Republic, they had forfeited their citizenship, and the law therefore 
did not protect them. This view prevailed, and the conspirators 
— Lentulus, Cethegus, Statilius, Gabinius, and Caeparius — were 
strangled by the public executioners. 

This was one of those acts of excessive vigor and severity which 
a man who feels himself deficient in decision of character — as 
Cicero was, at bottom — will sometimes force himself to commit. 
Had he had the strength to maintain himself as a leader in public 
affairs, it need not have hurt him in the end. As it was, he was 
soon pushed aside by men of genuine executive power, Pompey 
and Caesar, and was made to suffer severely for his illegal act. 

I. 1. Video, patres conscripti, in me omnium ves- 

5 trum ora atque oculos esse conversos. Video vos non 

solum de vestro ac rei publicae, verum etiam, si id 

depulsum sit, de meo periculo esse sollicitos. Est 

mihi jucunda in malis et grata in dolore vestra erga 

me voluntas : sed earn, per deos immortalis, deponite ; 

10 atque obliti salutis meae, de vobis ac de vestris liberis 

cogitate. Mihi si haec condicio consulatus data est, 

ut omnis acerbitates, omnis dolores cruciatusque per- 

ferrem, feram non solum fortiter, verum etiam libenter. 

dum moclo meis laboribus vobis populoque Romano 

15 dignitas salusque pariatur. 2. Ego sum ille consul, 



n - 3-] Cicero's Position and Responsibility. 123 

patres conscripti, cui non forum, in quo omnis aequitas 
continetur, non campus consularibus auspiciis conse- 
cratus, non curia, summum auxilium omnium gen- 
tium, non domus, commune perfugium, non lectus ad 
quietem datus, non denique haec sedes honoris [sella 5 
curulis] umquam vacua mortis periculo atque in- 
sidiis fuit. Ego multa tacui, multa pertuli, multa 
concessi, multa meo quodam dolore in vestro timore 
sanavi. Nunc si hunc exitum consulatus mei di im- 
mortales esse voluerunt, ut vos populumque Roma- 10 
num ex caede miserrima, conjuges liberosque vestros 
virginesque Vestalis ex acerbissima vexatione, templa 
atque delubra, hanc pulcherrimam patriam omnium 
nostrum ex foedissima flamma, totam Italiam ex bello 
etvastitate eriperem, quaecumque mihi uni proponetur 15 
fortuna, subeatur. Etenim si P. Lentulus suum nomen, 
inductus a vatibus, fatale ad perniciem rei publicae 
fore putavit, cur ego non laeter meum consulatum ad 
salutem populi Romani prope fatalem exstitisse? 

11. 3. Qua re, patres conscripti, consulite vobis, 20 
prospicite patriae, conservate vos, conjuges, liberos for- 
tunasque vestras, populi Romani nomen salutemque 
defendite : mihi parcere ac de me cogitare desinite. 
Nam primum debeo sperare omnis deos, qui huic 
urbi praesident, pro eo mihi ac mereor relaturos esse 25 
gratiam ; deinde, si quid obtigerit, aequo animo para- 
toque moriar. Nam neque turpis mors forti viro 
potest accidere, neque immatura consulari, nee misera 
sapienti. Nee tamen ego sum ille ferreus, qui fratris 
carissimi atque amantissimi praesentis maerore non 3° 
movear, horumque omnium lacrimis, a quibus me cir- 
cumsessum videtis. Neque raeara mentem non domum 
saepe revocat exanimata uxor, et abjecta metu fllia, et 
parvolus filius, quem milii videtur amplecti res publica 
tamquam obsidem consulatus mei, neque ille, qui ex- 35 
spectans hujus exitum diei adstat in conspectu meo 



124 Cons-piracy of Catiline. [Catil. IV. 

gener. Moveor his rebus omnibus, sed in earn partem, 
uti salvi sint vobiscum omnes, etiam si me vis aliqua 
oppresserit, potius quam et illi et nos una rei publicae 
peste pereamus. 
5 4. Qua re, patres conscripti, incumbite ad salutem 
rei publicae, circumspicite omnis procellas, quae im- 
pendent nisi providetis. Non Ti. Gracchus, quod iterum 
tribunus plebis fieri voluit, non C. Gracchus, quod 
agrarios concitare conatus est, non L. Saturninus, 

io quod C. Memmium occidit, in discrimen aliquod atque 
in vestrae severitatis judicium adducitur : tenentur ei 
qui ad urbis incendium, ad vestram omnium caedem, 
ad Catilinam accipiendum, Romae restiterunt ; tenen- 
tur litterae, signa, manus, denique unius cujusque 

15 confessio ; sollicitantur Allobroges, servitia excitantur, 
Catilina arcessitur ; id est initum consilium, ut inter- 
fectis omnibus nemo ne ad deplorandum quidem populi 
Romani nomen atque ad lamentandam tanti imperj 
calamitatem relinquatur. 

20 in. 5. Haec omnia indices detulerunt, rei confessi 
sunt, vos multis jam judiciis judicavistis : primum 
quod mihi gratias egistis singularibus verbis, et mea 
virtute atque diligentia perditorum hominum conjura- 
tionem patefactam esse decrevistis ; deinde quod P. 

25 Lentulum se abdicare praetura coegistis ; turn quod 
eum et ceteros, de quibus judicastis, in custodiam 
dandos censuistis ; maximeque quod meo nomine 
supplicationem decrevistis, qui honos togato habitus 
ante me est nemini ; postremo hesterno die praemia 

30 legatis Allobrogum Titoque Volturcio dedistis amplis- 
sima. Quae sunt omnia ejus modi, ut ei qui in custo- 
diam nominatim dati sunt sine ulla dubitatione a vobis 
damnati esse videantur. 

c. Sed ego institui referre ad vos, patres conscripti, 

35 tamquam integrum, et de facto quid judicetis, et de 
poena quid censeatis. Ilia praedicam quae sunt con- 



iv. 8.] What shall be the Sentence? 125 

sulis. Ego magnum in re publica versari furore m, et 
nova quaedam misceri et concitari mala jam pridem 
videbam ; sed hanc tantam, tarn exitiosam haberi con- 
jurationem a civibus numquam putavi. Nunc quic- 
quid est, quocumque vestrae mentes inclinant atque 5 
sententiae, statuendum vobis ante noctem est. Quan- 
tum facinus ad vos delatum sitvidetis. Huic si paucos 
putatis adfinis esse, vehementer erratis. Latius opin- 
ione disseminatum est hoc malum : manavit non solum 
per Italiam, verum etiam transcendit Alpis, et obscure 10 
serpens multas jam provincias occupavit. Id opprimi 
sustentando ac prolatando nullo pacto potest. Qua- 
cumque ratione placet, celeriter vobis vindicandum est. 
iv. 7. Video adhuc duas esse sententias : unam D. 
Silani, qui censet eos, qui haec delere conati sunt, 15 
morte esse multandos ; alteram C. Caesaris, qui mortis 
poenam removet, ceterorum suppliciorum omnis acer- 
bitates amplectitur. Uterque et pro sua dignitate et . 
pro rerum magnitudine in summa severitate versatur. 
Alter eos qui nos omnis, [qui populum Romanum,] 20 
vita privare conati sunt, qui delere imperium, qui 
populi Romani nomen exstinguere, punctum temporis 
frui vita et hoc communi spiritu non putat oportere ; 
atque hoc genus poenae saepe in improbos civis in 
hac re publica esse usurpatum recordatur. Alter in- 25 
tellegit mortem ab dis immortalibus non esse supplici 
causa constitutam, sed aut necessitatem naturae, aut 
laborum ac miseriarum quietem. Itaque earn sapientes 
numquam inviti, fortes saepe etiam libenter oppetive- 
runt. Vincula vero et ea sempiterna certe ad singu- 30 
larem poenam nefarii sceleris inventa sunt. Municipiis 
dispertiri jubet. Habere videtur ista res iniquitatem si 
imperare velis, difficultatem si rogare. Decernatur 
tamen, si placet. 8. Ego enim suscipiam, et (ut spero) 
reperiam qui id quod salutis omnium causa statueritis, 35 
non putent esse suae dignitatis recusare^i Adjungit 



126 Conspiracy of Catiline. [Catil. IV 

gravem poenam municipibus, si quis eorum vincula 
ruperit : horribilis custodias circumdat, et dignas sce- 
lere hominum perditorum ; sancit ne quis eorum 
poenam quos condemnat, aut per senatum aut pei 
5 populum, levare possit ; eripit etiam spem, quae sola 
hominem in miseriis consolari solet ; bona praeterea 
publicari jubet ; vitam solam relinquit nefariis ho- 
minibus, quam si eripuisset, multos uno dolores animi 
atque corporis et omnis scelerum poenas ademisset. 

ic Itaque, ut aliqua in vita formido improbis esset posita, 
apud inferos ejus modi quaedam illi antiqui supplicia 
impiis constituta esse voluerunt, quod videlicet intelle- 
gebant, eis remotis, non esse mortem ipsam pertimes- 
cendam. 

15 — -v. 9. Nunc, patres conscripti, ego mea video quid 
intersit. Si eritis secuti sententiam C. Caesaris, quo- 
niam hanc is in re publica viam quae popularis habe- 
tur secutus est, fortasse minus erunt — hoc auctore et 
cognitore hujusce sententiae — mihi populares impetus 

20 pertimescendi : sin illam alteram, nescio an amplius mihi 
negoti contrahatur. Sed tarhen meorum periculorum 
rationes utilitas rei publicae vincat. Habemus enim a 
Caesare, sicut ipsius dignitas et majorum ejus ampli- 
tudo postulabat, sententiam tamquam obsidem perpe- 

?-S tuae in rem publicam voluntatis. Intellectum est quid 
interesset inter levitatem contionatorum et animum vere 
popularem, saluti populi consulentem. 10. Video de 
istis, qui se popularis haberi volunt, abesse non nemi- 
nem, ne de capite videlicet civium Romanorum sen- 

30 tentiam ferat. At is et nudius tertius in custodiam 
civis Romanos dedit, et supplicationem mihi decrevit, 
et indices hesterno die maximis praemiis adfecit. Jam 
hoc nemini dubium est, qui reo custodiam, quaesitori 
gratulationem, indici praemium decrevit, quid de tota re 

35 et causa judicarit. At vero C. Caesar intellegit legem 
Semproniam esse de civibus Romanis constitutam ; qui 



vi. 12. J They have forfeited Citizenship. 127 

autem rei publicae sit hostis, eum civem nullo modo 
esse posse ; denique ipsum latorem Semproniae legis 
jussu populi poenas rei publicae dependisse. Idem 
ipsum Lentulum, largitorem et prodigum, non putat, 
cum de pernicie populi Romani, exitio hujus urbis 5 
tarn acerbe, tam crudeliter cogitarit, etiam appellari 
posse popularem. Itaque homo mitissimus atque lenis- 
simus non dubitat P. Lentulum aeternis tenebris vincu- 
lisque mandate, et sancit in posterum, ne quis hujus 
supplicio levando se jactare, et in perniciem populi 10 
Romani posthac popularis esse possit : adjungit etiam 
publicationem bonorum, ut omnis animi cruciatus et 
corporis etiam egestas ac mendicitas consequatur. 

vi. 11. Quam ob rem, sive hoc statueritis, dederitis 
mihi comitem ad contionem populo carum atque ju- 15 
cundum ; sive Silani sententiam sequi malueritis, facile 
me [atque vos] crudelitatis vituperatione exsolveritis, 
atque obtinebo earn multo leniorem fuisse. Quam- 
quam, patres conscripti, quae potest esse in tanti sce- 
leris immanitate punienda crudelitas? Ego enim de 20 
meo sensu judico. NaYn ita mihi salva re publica vo- 
biscum perfrui liceat, ut ego, quod in hac causa vehe- 
mentior sum, non atrocitate animi moveor — quis est 
enim me mitior? — sed singulari quadam humanitate 
et misericordia. Videor enim mihi videre hanc urbem, 25 
lucem orbis terrarum atque arcem omnium gentium, 
subito uno incendio concidentem. Cerno animo se- 
pulta in patria miseros atque insepultos acervos civium. 
Versatur mihi ante oculos aspectus Cethegi, et furor 
in vestra caede bacchantis. 12. Cum vero mihi pro- 30 
posui regnantem Lentulum, sicut ipse ex fatis se spe- 
rasse confessus est, purpuratum esse huic Gabinium, 
cum exercitu venisse Catilinam, turn lamentationem 
matrum familias, turn fugam virginum atque puero- 
rum ac vexationem virginum Vestalium perhorresco ; 35 
et quia mihi vehementer haec videntur misera atque 



128 Conspiracy of Catiline. [Catil. IV. 

miseranda, idcirco in eos qui ea perficere voluerunt me 
severum vehementemque praebeo. Etenim quaero, si 
quis pater familias,liberis suis a servo interfectis, uxore 
occisa, incensa domo, supplicium de servo non quam 
5 acerbissimum sumpserit, utrum is clemens ac miseri- 
cors, an inhumanissimus et crudelissimus esse videa- 
tur ? Mihi vero importunus ac ferreus, qui non dolore 
et cruciatu nocentis suum dolorem cruciatumque le- 
nient. Sic nos in his hominibus, — qui nos, qui con- 

10 juges, qui liberos nostros trucidare voluerunt ; qui 
singulas unius cujusque nostrum domos et hoc univer- 
sum rei publicae domicilium delere conati sunt ; qui 
id egerunt, ut gentem Allobrogum in vestigiis hujus 
urbis atque in cinere deflagrati imperi conlocarent, — 

15 si vehementissimi fuerimus, misericordes habebimur : 
sin remissiores esse voluerimus, summae nobis crudeli- 
tatis in patriae civiumque pernicie fama subeunda est. 
13. Nisi vero cuipiam L. Caesar, vir fortissimus et aman- 
tissimus rei publicae, crudelior nudius tertius visus est, 

20 cum sororis suae, feminae lectissimae, virum praesen- 
tem et audientem vita privandum esse dixit, cum avum 
suum jussu consulis interfectum, filiumque ejus impu- 
berem, legatum a patre missum, in carcere necatum 
esse dixit. Quorum quod simile factum ? quod initum 

25 delendae rei publicae consilium? Largitionis voluntas 
turn in re publica versata est, et partium quaedam 
contentio. Atque eo tempore hujus avus Lentuli, vir 
clarissimus, armatus Gracchum est persecutus. Ille 
etiam grave turn volnus accepit, ne quid de summa re 

3° publica deminueretur : hie ad evertenda rei publicae 
fundamenta Gallos arcessit, servitia concitat, Catili- 
nam vocat, attribuit nos trucidandos Cethego, et 
ceteros civis interficiendos Gabinio, urbem inflam- 
mandam Cassio, totam Italiam vastandam diripien- 

35 damque Catilinae. Vereamini, censeo, ne in hoc 
scelere tarn immani ac nefando nimis aliquid severe 



vii. 1 5.] J\r penalty can be too Severe. 129 

statuisse videamini : multo magis est verendum ne 
remissione poenae crudeles in patriam, quam ne se- 
veritate animadversionis nimis vehementes in acer- 
bissimos hostis, fuisse videamur. 

vii. 14. Sed ea quae exaudio, patres conscripti, dis- 5 
simulare non possum. Jaciuntur enim voces, quae 
perveniunt ad auris meas, eorum qui vereri videntur 
ut habeam satis praesidi ad ea quae vos statueritis 
hodierno die transigunda. Omnia et provisa et parata 
et constituta sunt, patres conscripti, cum mea summa 10 
cura atque diligentia, turn multo etiam majore populi 
Romani ad summum imperium retinendum et ad 
communis fortunas conservandas voluntate. Omnes 
adsunt omnium ordinum homines, omnium denique 
setatum : plenum est forum, plena templa circum fo- 15 
rum, pleni omnes aditus hujus templi ac loci. Causa 
est enim post urbem conditam haec inventa sola, in 
qua omnes sentirent unum atque idem, praeter eos 
qui, cum sibi viderent esse pereundum, cum omnibus 
potius quam soli perire voluerunt. 15. Hosce ego 20 
homines excipio et secerno libenter, neque in impro- 
borum civium, sed in acerbissimorum hostium numero 
habendos puto. Ceteri vero, di immortales ! qua fre- 
quentia, quo studio, qua virtute ad communem salutem 
dignitatemque consentiunt ! Quid ego hie equites Ro- 25 
manos commemorem? qui vobis ita summam ordinis 
consilique concedunt, ut vobiscum de amore rei publi- 
cae certent ; quos ex multorum annorum dissensione 
hujus ordinis ad societatem concordiamque revocatos 
hodiernus dies vobiscum atque haec causa conjungit : 30 
quam si conjunctionem, in consulatu confirmatam meo, 
perpetuam in re publica tenuerimus, confirmo vobis 
nullum posthac malum civile ac domesticum ad ullam 
rei publicae partem esse yenturum. Pari studio defen- 
dundae rei publicae convenisse video tribunos aerarios, 35 
fortissimos viros ; scribas item universos, quos cum 

9 



130 Conspiracy of Catiline. [Catil. IV. 

casu hie dies ad aerarium frequentasset, video ab ex- 
spectatione sortis ad salutem communem esse conver- 
ses. 16. Omnis ingenuorum adest multitudo, etiam 
tenuissimorum. Quis est enim cui non haec templa, 

5 aspectus urbis, possessio libertatis, lux denique haec 
ipsa et [hoc] commune patriae solum, cum sit carum 
turn vero dulce atque jucundum ? 

viii. Operae pretium est, patres conscripti, liberti- 
norum hominum studia cognoscere, qui, sua virtute 

10 fortunam hujus civitatis consecuti, hanc suam patriam 
judicant, — quam quidam hie nati, et summo loco nati, 
non patriam suam sed urbem hostium esse judicave- 
runt. Sed quid ego hosce homines ordinesque com 
memoro, quos privatae fortunae, quos communis res 

15 publica, quos denique libertas, ea quae dulcissima est, 
ad salutem patriae defendendam excitavit ? Servus 
est nemo, qui modo tolerabili condicione sit servitutis, 
qui non audaciam civium perhorrescat, qui non haec 
stare cupiat, qui non quantum audet et quantum potest 

20 conferat ad salutem voluntatis. IT. Qua re si quern 
vestrum forte commovet hoc, quod auditum est, leno- 
nem quendam Lentuli concursare circum tabernas, 
pretio sperare sollicitari posse animos egentium atque 
imperitorum, — est id quidem coeptum atque tempta- 

25 turn ; sed nulli sunt inventi tarn aut fortuna miseri aut 
voluntate perditi, qui non ilium ipsum sellae atque 
operis et quaestus cotidiani locum, qui non cubile ac 
lectulum suum, qui denique non cursum hunc otiosum 
vitae suae salvum esse velint. Multo vero maxima 

30 pars eorum qui in tabernis sunt, immo vero — id enim 
potius est dicendum — genus hoc universum, amantis- 
simum est oti. Etenim omne instrumentum, ornnis 
opera atque quaestus frequentia civium sustentatur, 
alitur otio : quorum si quaestus occlusis tabernis minui 

35 solet, quid tandem incensis futurum fuit ? 

18. Quae cum ita sint, patres conscripti, vobis populi 



x. 2o.] Importance of the Decision. 131 

Romani praesidia non desunt : vos ne populo Romano 
deesse videamini providete. ix. Habetis consulem ex 
plurimis periculis et insidiis atque ex media morte, non 
ad vitam suam, sed ad salutem vestram reservatum. 
Omnes ordines ad conservandam rem publicam mente, 5 
voluntate, voce consentiunt. Obsessa facibus et telis 
impiae conjurationis vobis supplex manus tendit patria 
communis ; vobis se, vobis vitam omnium civium, vobis 
arcem et Capitolium, vobis aras Penatium, vobis ilium 
ignem Vestae sempiternum, vobis omnium deorum 10 
templa atque delubra, vobis muros atque urbis tecta 
commendat. Praeterea de vestra vita, de conjugum 
vestrarum atque liberorum anima, de fortunis omnium, 
de sedibus, de focis vestris, hodierno die vobis judican- 
dum est. 19. Habetis ducem memorem vestri, oblitum 15 
sui, quae non semper facultas datur : habetis omnis 
ordines, omnis homines, universum populum Roma- 
num — id quod in civili causa hodierno die primum 
videmus — unum atque ideui sentientem. Cogitate 
quantis laboribus fundatum imperium, quanta virtute 20 
stabilitam libertatem, quanta deorum benignitate auc- 
tas exaggeratasque fortunas, una nox paene delerit. 
Id ne umquam posthac non modo non confici, sed ne 
cogitari quidem possit a civibus, hodierno die provi- 
dendum est. Atque haec non ut vos, qui mihi studio 25 
paene praecurritis, excitarem, locutus sum ; sed ut mea 
vox, quae debet esse in re publica princeps, officio 
functa consulari videretur. 

x. 20. Nunc, ante quam ad sententiam redeo, de 
me pauca dicam. Ego, quanta manus est conjurato- 3° 
rum, quam videtis esse permagnam, tantam me inimi- 
corum multitudinem suscepisse video : sed earn judico 
esse turpem et infirm am et abjectam. Quod si ali- 
quando alicujus furore et scelere concitata manus ista 
plus valuerit quam vestra ac rei publicae dignitas, me 35 
tamen meorum factorum atque consiliorum numquam, 



132 Cons-piracy of Catiline. [Catil. IV. 

patres conscripti, poenitebit. Etenim mors, quam ilii 
fortasse minitantur, omnibus est parata : vitae tantam 
laudem, quanta vos me vestrjs decretis honestastis, 
nemo est adsecutus. Ceteris enim semper bene gesta, 
5 mihi uni conservata re publica, gratulationem decre- 
vistis. 21. Sit Scipio ille.clarus, cujus consilio atque 
virtute Hannibal in Africam redire atque Italia dece- 
dere coactus est ; ornetur alter eximia laude Africanus, 
qui duas urbis huic imperio infestissimas, Karthaginem 

io Numantiamque, delevit ; habeatur vir egregius Paulus 
ille, cujus currum rex potentissimus quondam et nobi- 
lissimus Perses honestavit ; sit aeterna gloria Marius, 
qui bis Italiam obsidione et metu servitutis liberavit ; 
anteponatur omnibus Pompeius, cujus res gestae atque 

15 virtutes isdem quibus solis cursus regionibus ac ter- 
minis continentur : erit profecto inter horum laudes 
aliquid loci nostrae gloriae, — nisi forte majus est pate- 
facere nobis provincias quo exire possimus, quam 
curare ut etiam illi qui absunt habeant quo victores 

20 revertantur. 22. Quamquam est uno loco condicio 
melior externae victoriae quam domesticae, — quod 
hostes alienigenae aut oppressi serviunt, aut recepti 
in amicitiam beneficio se obligatos putant : qui autem 
ex numero civium, dementia aliqua depravati, hostes 

25 patriae semel esse coeperunt, eos cum a pernicie rei 
publicae reppuleris, nee vi coercere nee beneficio 
placare possis. Qua re mihi cum . perditis civibus 
aeternum bellum susceptum esse video. Id ego vestro 
bonorumque omnium auxilio, memoriaque tantorum 

3° periculorum, — quae non modo in hoc populo, qui 
servatus est, sed in omnium gentium sermonibus ac 
mentibus semper haerebit, — a me atque a meis facile 
propulsari posse confido. Neque ulla profecto tanta 
vis reperietur, quae conjunctionem vestram equitum- 

35 que Romanorum, et tantam conspirationem bonorum 
omnium, confringere et labefactare possit. 



xi. 24-] Appeal to the Senators. 133 

xi. 23. Quae cum ita sint, pro imperio, pro exercitu, 
pro provincia, quam neglexi, pro triumpho ceteris- 
que laudis insignibus, quae sunt a me propter urbis 
vestraeque salutis custodiam repudiata, pro clientelis 
hospitiisque provincialibus, quae tamen urbanis opibus 5 
non minore labore tueor quam comparo, pro his igitur 
omnibus rebus, pro meis in vos singularibus studiis, 
proque hac quam perspicitis ad conservandam rem 
publicam diligentia, nihil a vobis nisi hujus temporis 
totiusque mei consulatus memoriam postulo : quae dum 10 
erit vestris fixa mentibus, tutissimo me muro saeptum 
esse arbitrabor. Quod si meam spem vis improborum 
fefellerit atque superaverit, commendo vobis parvum 
meum filium, cui profecto satis erit praesidi non solum 
ad salutem, verum etiam ad dignitatem, si ejus, qui 15 
haec omnia suo solius periculo conservarit, ilium filium 
esse memineritis. 24. Quapropter de summa salute 
vestra populique Romani, de vestris conjugibus ac 
liberis, de aris ac focis, de fanis atque templis, de 
totius urbis tectis ac sedibus, de imperio ac libertate, 20 
de salute Italiae, de universa re publica, decernite dili- 
genter, ut instituistis, ac fortiter. Habetis euro con- 
sulem qui et parere vestris decretis non dubitet, et ea 
quae statueritis, quoad vivet, defendere et per se ipsum 
praestare possit. 25 



HE CITIZENSHIP OF ARCHIAS. 

B.C. 62. 

The case of Archias, though not a public one, yet had its origin 
in the politics of the time. The aristocratic faction, suspecting 
that much of the strength of their opponents was derived from the 
fraudulent votes of those who were not citizens, procured in B.C. 65 
the passage of the Lex Papia, by which " all the strangers, who pos- 
sessed neither Roman nor Latin burgess-rights, were ejected from 
the capital " (Mommsen). Archias, a native of Antioch, but for 
many years a Roman citizen, a friend of Lucius Lucullus, was 
accused in B.C. 62, by a certain Gratius, under this law, on the 
ground that he was not a citizen. The case was tried before 
the praetor Quintus Cicero, brother of the orator. 

It was a very small matter to disprove the charge, and com- 
pletely establish Archias's claims to citizenship. The greater part 
of the speech, therefore, is made up of an eulogy upon the poet, 
and upon poetry and literature in general. It is, for this reason, 
one of the most agreeable of Cicero's orations, and perhaps the 
greatest favorite of them all. 

SI QUID est in me ingeni, judices, quod sentio 
quam sit exiguum,aut si qua exercitatio dicendi, 
in qua me non infitior mediocriter esse versatum, aut 
si hujusce rei ratio aliqua ab optimarum artium studiis 
5 ac disciplina profecta, a qua ego nullum confiteor aeta- 
tis meae tempus abhorruisse, earum rerum omnium vel 
in primis hie A. Licinius fructum a me repetere prope 
suo jure debet. Nam quoad long'issime potest mens 
mea respicere spatium praeteriti temporis, et pueritiae 

10 memoriam recordari ultimam, inde usque repetens 
hunc video mihi principem et ad suscipiendam et ad 
ingrediendam rationem horum studiorum exstitisse. 
Quod si haec vox, hujus hortatu praeceptisque con- 
form ata, non nullis aliquando saluti fuit, a quo id 

15 accepimus quo ceteris opitulari et alios servare pos- 
semus, huic profecto ipsi, quantum est situm in nobis, 



ni. 4-] Character of the Plea. 135 

et opem et salutem ferre debemus. 2. Ac ne quis a 
nobis hoc ita dici forte miretur, quod alia quaedam in 
hoc facultas sit ingeni, neque haec dicendi ratio aut 
disciplina, ne nos quidem huic uni studio penitus urn- 
quam dediti fuimus. Etenim omnes artes, quae ad 5 
humanitatem pertinent, habent quoddam commune 
vinculum, et quasi cognatione quadam inter se con- 
tinentur. 

11. 3. Sed ne cui vestrum mirum esse videatur me 
in quaestione legitima et in judicio publico — cum res 10 
agatur apud praetorem populi Romani, lectissimum 
virum, et apud severissimos judices, tanto conventu 
hominum ac frequentia — hoc uti genere dicendi, 
quod non modo a consuetudine judiciorum, verum 
etiam a forensi sermone abhorreat ; quaeso a vobis, 15 
ut in hac causa mihi detis banc veniam, adcommo- 
datam huic reo, vobis (quern ad modum spero) non 
molestam, ut me pro summo poeta atque eruditissimo 
homine dicentem, hoc concursu hominum literatissi- 
morum, hac vestra humanitate, hoc denique praetore 20 
exercente judicium, patiamini de studiis humanitatis 
ac litterarum paulo loqui liberius, et in ejus modi per- 
sona, quae propter otium ac studium minime in judi- 
ciis periculisque tractata est, uti prope novo quodam 
et inusitato genere dicendi. 4. Quod si mihi a vobis 25 
tribui concedique sentiam, perficiam profecto ut hunc 
A. Licinium non modo non segregandum, cum sit 
civis, a numero civium, verum etiam si non esset, 
putetis asciscendum fuisse. 

in. Nam ut primum ex pueris excessit Archias, 30 
atque ab eis artibus quibus aetas puerilis ad humanita- 
tem informari solet se ad scribendi studium contulit, 
primum Antiochiae — nam ibi natus est loco nobili — 
celebri quondam urbe et copiosa, atque eruditissimis 
hominibus liberalissimisque studiis adfluenti, celeriter 35 
antecellere omnibus ingeni gloria contigit. Post in 



136 Citizenship of Archias. [Arch. 

ceteris Asiae partibus cunctaeque Graeciae sic ejus 
adventus celebrabantur, ut famain ingeni exspectatio 
hominis, exspectationem ipsius adventus admiratioque 
superaret. 5. Erat Italia tunc plena Graecarum artium 
5 ac disciplinarum, studiaque haec et in Latio vehemen- 
tius turn colebantur quam nunc eisdem in oppidis, et 
hie Romae propter tranquillitatem rei publicae non 
neglegebantur. Itaque hunc et Tarentini et Regini 
et Neapolitani civitate ceterisque praemiis donarunt ; 

10 et omnes, qui aliquid de ingeniis poterant judicare, 
cognitione atque hospitio dignum existimarunt. Hac 
tanta celebritate famae cum esset jam absentibus notus, 
Romam venit Mario consule et Catulo. Nactus est 
primum consules eos, quorum alter res ad scriben- 

15 dum maximas, alter cum res gestas turn etiam studium 
atque auris adhibere posset. Statim Luculli, cum 
praetextatus etiam turn Archias esset, eum domum 
suam receperunt. Sic etiam hoc non solum ingeni 
ac litterarum, verum etiam naturae atque virtutis, ut 

20 domus, quae hujus adulescentiae prima fuit, eadem 
esset familiarissima senectuti. 6. Erat temporibus 
illis jucundus Metello illi Numidico et ejus Pio filio ; 
audiebatur a M. Aemilio ; vivebat cum Q^ Catulo et 
patre et filio ;aL. Crasso colebatur ; Lucullos vero et 

25 Drusum et Octavios et Catonem et totam Hortensiorum 
domum devinctam consuetudine cum teneret, adficie- 
batur summo honore, quod eum non solum colebant 
qui aliquid percipere atque audire studebant, verum 
etiam si qui forte simulabant. iv. Interim satis longo 

30 intervallo, cum esset cum M. Lucullo in Siciliam pro- 
fectus, et cum ex ea proyincia cum eodem Lucullo 
decederet, venit Heracliam : quae cum esset civitas 
aequissimo jure ac foedere, ascribi se in earn civita- 
temvoluit; idque, cum ipse perse dignus putaretur, 

35 turn auctoritate et gratia Luculli ab Heracliensibus 
impetravit. 



v 9] His Technical Right as Citizen. 137 

7. Data est civitas Silvani lege et Carbonis : Si qui 
foederatis civitatibus ascripti fuissent; si turn, cum 
lex ferebatur, in Italia domiciliu,m habuisscnt; et 
si sexaginta diebus apicd praetorem esseut professi. 
Cum hie domicilium Romae multos jam annos habe- 5 
ret, professus est apud praetorem Q. Metellum fami- 
liarissimum suum. 8. Si nihil aliud nisi de civitate 
ac lege dicimus, nihil dico amplius : causa dicta est, 
Quid enim horum infirmari, Grati, potest? Hera- 
cliaene esse turn ascriptum negabis? Adest vir summa 10 
auctoritate et religione et fide, M. Lucullus, qui se non 
opinari sed scire, non audisse sed vidisse, non inter- 
fuisse sed egisse dicit. Adsunt Heraclienses legati, 
nobilissimi homines : hujus juclici causa cum mandatis 
et cum publico testimonio [venerunt] ; qui nunc ascrip- I5 
turn Heraclrensem dicunt. Hie tu tabulas desideras 
Heracliensium publicas : quas Italico bello incenso ta- 
bulario interisse scimus omnis. Est ridiculum ad ea 
quae habemus nihil dicere, quaerere quae habere non 
possumus ; et de hominum memoria tacere, litterarum 2 o 
memoriam flagitare ; et, cum habeas amplissimi viri 
religionem, integerrimi municipi jus jurandum fidem- 
que, ea quae depravari nullo modo possunt repudiare, 
tabulas, quas idem dicis solere corrumpi, desiderare. 

9. An domicilium Romae non habuit is, qui tot annis 25 
ante civitatem datam sedem omnium rerum ac fortu- 
narum suarum Romae conlocavit? At non est pro- 
fessus. Immo vero eis tabu lis professus, quae solae 
ex ilia professione conlegioque praetorum obtinent pub- 
licarum tabularum auctoritatem. \t Nam — cum Appi 30 
tabulae neglegentius adservatae dicerentur; Gabini, 
quam diu incolumis fuit, levitas, post damnationem 
calamitas omnem tabularum fidem resignasset — Me- 
tcllus, homo sanctissimus modestissimusque omnium, 
tanta diligentia fuit, ut ad L. Lentulum praetorem et 35 
ad judices vencrit, et unius nominis litura se commo- 



138 Citizenship of Archias. [Arch. 

turn esse dixerit. In his igitur tabulis nullam lituram 
in nomine A. Licini videtis. 

10. Quae cum ita sint, quid est quod de ejus civitate 
dubitetis, praesertim cum aliis quoque in civitatibus 
5 merit ascriptus ? Etenim cum mediocribus multis et 
ant nulla aut humili aliqua arte praeditis gratuito civi- 
tatem in Graecia homines impertiebant, Reginos credo 
aut Locrensis aut Neapolitanos aut Tarentinos, quod 
scenicis artificibus largiri solebant, id huic summa 

10 ingeni praedito gloria noluisse ! Quid ? cum ceteri 
non modo post civitatem datam, sed etiam post legem 
Papiam aliquo modo in eorum municipiorum tabulas 
inrepserunt, hie, qui ne utitur quidem illis in quibus 
est scriptus, quod semper se Heracliensem esse voluit, 

15 reicietur ? 11. Census nostros requiris scilicet. Est 
enim obscurum proximis censoribus hunc cum claris- 
simo imperatore L. Lucullo apud exercitum fuisse ; 
superioribus, cum eodem quaestore fuisse in Asia ; 
primis Julio et Crasso nullam populi partem esse cen- 

20 sam. Sed — quohiam census non jus civitatis confir- 
mat, ac tan'tum modo indicat eum qui sit census [ita] se 
jam turn gessisse pro cive — eis temporibus quibus tu 
ariminaris ne ipsius quidem judicio in civium Roma- 
norum jure esse versatum, et testamentum saepe fecit 

25 nostris legibus, et adiit hereditates civium Roma- 
norum, et in beneficiis ad aerarium delatus est a L. 
Lucullo pro consule. vi. Quaere argumenta, si qua 
potes : numquam enim hie neque suo neque amicorum 
judicio revincetur. 

30 12. Quaeres a nobis, Grati, cur tanto opere hoc 
homine delectemur. Quia suppeditat nobis ubi et 
animus ex hoc forensi strepitu reficiatur, et aures con- 
vitio defessae conquiescant. An tu existimas aut sup- 
petere nobis posse quod cotidie dicamus in tanta 

35 varietate rerum, nisi animos nostros doctrina excola- 
mus; aut ferre animos tantam posse contentionem, 



vi. I4-] The Utility of Letters. 139 

nisi eos doctrina eadem relaxemus ? Ego vero fateor 
me his studiis esse deditum : ceteros pudeat, si qui se 
ita litteris abdiderunt ut nihil possint ex eis neque ad 
communem adferre fructum, neque in aspectum lu- 
cemque proferre : me autem quid pudeat, qui tot annos 5 
ita vivo, judices, ut a nullius umquam me tempore aut 
commodo aut otium meura abstraxerit, aut voluptas 
avocarit, aut denique somnus retardarit ? 13. Qua re 
quis tandem me reprehendat, aut quis mihi jure sus- 
censeat, si, quantum ceteris ad suas res obeundas, 10 
quantum ad festos dies ludorum celebrandos, quantum 
ad alias voluptates et ad ipsam requiem animi et cor- 
poris conceditur temporum, quantum alii tribuunt tem- 
pestivis conviviis, quantum denique alveolo, quantum 
pilae, tantum mihi egomet ad haec studia recolenda 15 
sumpsero ? Atque hoc ideo mihi concedendum est 
magis, quod ex his studiis haec quoque crescit oratio 
et facultas ; quae, quantacumque in me est, numquam 
amicorum periculis defuit. Quae si cui levior videtur, 
ilia quidem certe, quae summa sunt, ex quo fonte 20 
hauriam sentio. 14. Nam nisi multorum praeceptis 
multisque littens mihi ab adulescentia suasissem, nihil 
esse in vita magno opere expetendum nisi laudem 
atque honestatem, in ea autem persequenda omnis 
cruciatus corporis, omnia pericula mortis atque exsili 25 
parvi esse ducenda, numquam me pro salute vestra in 
tot ac tantas dimicationes atque in hos profligatorum 
hominum cotidianos impetus objecissem. Sed pleni 
omnes sunt libri, plenae sapientium voces, plena ex- 
emplorum vetustas : quae jacerent in tenebris omnia, 30 
nisi litterarum lumen accederet. Qaam multas nobis 
imagines — non solum ad intuendum, verum etiam ad 
imitandum — fortissimorum virorum expressas scrip- 
tores et Graeci et Latini reliquerunt ? Quas ego mihi 
semper in administranda re publica proponens, ani- 35 
mum et mentem meara ipsa cogitatione hominum ex- 
cellentium conform aba m. 



140 Citizenship of Archias. [Arch. 

vii. 15. Quaeret quispiam : 'Quid? illi ipsi summi 
viri, quorum virtutes litteris proditae sunt, istane doc- 
trina, quam tu efFers laudibus, eruditi fuerunt?' Dif- 
ficile est hoc de omnibus confirmare, sed tamen est 
5 certe quod respondeam. Ego multos homines excel- 
lent! animo ac virtute fuisse, et sine doctrina naturae 
ipsius habitu prope divino per se ipsos et moderatos et 
gravis exstitisse, fateor : etiam illud adjungo, saepius 
ad laudem atque virtutem naturam sine doctrina quam 

10 sine natura valuisse doctrinam. Atque idem ego con- 
tend©, cum ad naturam eximiam atque inlustrem acces- 
serit ratio quaedam conformatioque doctrinae, turn illud 
nescio quid praeclarum ac singulare solere exsisteret 
16. Ex hoc esse hunc numero, quern patres nostri vide- 

15 runt, divinum hominem Africanum ; ex hoc C.Laelium, 
L. Furium, moderatissimos homines et continentissi- 
mos ; ex hoc fortissimum virum et illis temporibus doc- 
tissimum, M. Catonem ilium senem : qui profecto si 
nihil ad percipiendam [colendam] virtutem litteris adju- 

20 varentur, numquam se ad earum studium contulissent 
Quod si non hie tantus fructus ostenderetur, et si ex 
his studiis delectatio sola peteretur, tamen (ut opinor) 
hanc animi adversionem humanissimam ac liberalissi- 
mam judicaretis. Nam ceterae neque temporum sunt 

25 neque aetatum omnium neque locorum : haec studia 
adulescentiam alunt, senectutem oblectant, secundas 
res ornant, adversis perfugium ac solacium praebent, 
delectant domi, non impediunt foris, pernoctant nobis- 
cum, peregrinantur, rusticantur. 

30 17. Quod si ipsi haec neque attingere neque sensu 
nostro gustare possemus, tamen ea mirari deberemus, 
etiam cum in aliis videremus. viii. Quis nostrum tarn 
animo agresti ac duro fuit, ut Rosci morte nuper non 
commoveretur? qui cum esset senex mortuus, tamen 

35 propter excellentem artem ac venustatem videbatur 
omnino mori non debuisse. Ergo ille corporis motu 



ix. 1 9-] The Poet's Claim to Honor. 141 

tantum amorem sibi conciliarat a nobis omnibus : nos 
animorum incredibilis motus celeritatemque ingenio- 
rum neglegemus ? 18. Quotiens ego hunc Archiam 
vidi, judices, — utar enim vestra benignitate, quoniam 
me in hoc novo genere dicendi tarn diligenter atten- 5 
ditis, — quotiens ego hunc vidi, cum litteram scripsis- 
set nullam, magnum numerum optimorum versuum de 
eis ipsis rebus quae turn agerentur dicere ex tempore ! 
Quotiens revocatum eandem rem dicere, commutatis 
verbis atque sententiis ! Quae vero adcurate cogita- 10 
teque scripsisset, ea sic vidi probari, 11 1 ad veterum 
scriptorum laudem perveniret. Hunc ego non dili- 
gam? non admirer? non omni ratione defendendum 
putem ? 

Atque sic a summis hominibus eruditissimisque ac- 15 
cepimus, ceterarum rerum studia et doctrina et prae- 
ceptis et arte constare : poetam natura ipsa valere, et 
mentis viribus excitari, et quasi divino quodam spiritu 
inflari. Qua re suo jure noster ille Ennius sanctos 
appellat poetas, quod quasi deorum aliquo dono atque 20 
munere commendati nobis esse videantur. 19. Sit 
igitur, judices, sanctum apud vos, humanissimos ho- 
mines, hoc poetae nomen, quod nulla umquam bar- 
baria violavit. Saxa et solitudines voci respondent, 
bestiae saepe immanes cantu flectuntur atque consis- 25 
tunt : nos, instituti rebus optimis, non poetarum voce 
moveamur? Homerum Colophonii civem esse dicunt 
suum, Chii suum vindicant, Salaminii repetunt, Smyr- 
naei vero suum esse confirmant, itaque etiam delubrum 
ejus in oppido dedicaverunt : permulti alii praeterea 30 
pugnant inter se atque contendunt. ix. Ergo illi 
alienum, quia poeta fuit, post mortem etiam expetunt : 
nos hunc vivum, qui et voluntate et legibus noster est, 
repudiabimus ? praesertim cum omne olim studium 
atque omne ingenium contulerit Archias ad populi 35 
Romani gloriam laudemque celebrandam ? Nam et 



142 Citizenship of Archias. [Arch. 

Cimbricas res adulescens attigit, et ipsi illi C. Mario, 
qui durior ad haec studia videbatur, jucundus fuit. 

20. Neque enim quisquam est tarn aversus a Musis, 
qui non mandari versibus aeternum suorum laborum 
5 facile praeconium patiatur. Themistoclem ilium, sum- 
mum Athenis virum, dixisse aiunt, cum ex eo quae- 
reretur, quod acroama aut cujus vocem libentissime 
audiret : Ejus, a quo sua virtus ofitime praedicare- 
tur. Itaque ille Marius item eximie L. Plotium dilexit, 

10 cujus ingenio putabat ea quae gesserat posse celebrari. 
21. Mithridaticum vero bellum, magnum atque difficile 
et in multa varietate terra marique versatum, totum ab 
hoc expressum est : qui libri non modo L. Lucullum, 
fortissimum et clarissimum virum, verum etiam populi 

15 Romani nomen inlustrant. Populus enim Romanus 
aperuit Lucullo imperante Pontum, et regiis quondam 
opibus et ipsa natura et regione vallatum : populi Ro- 
mani exercitus, eodem duce, non maxima manu innu- 
merabilis Armeniorum copias fudit : populi Romani 

20 laus est urbem. amicissimam Cyzicenorum ejusdem 
consilio ex omni impetu regio atque totius belli ore ac 
faucibus ereptam esse atque servatam J nostra semper 
feretur et praedicabitur, L. Lucullo dimicante, cum 
interfectis ducibus depressa hostium classis, et incredi- 

25 bilis apud Tenedum pugna ilia navalis : nostra sunt 
tropaea, nostra monimenta, nostri triumphi. Quae 
quorum ingeniis efferuntur, ab eis populi Romani fama 
celebratur. 22. Carus fuit Africano superiori noster 
Ennius, itaque etiam in sepulcro Scipionum putatur is 

30 esse constitutus ex marmore. At eis laudibus certe 
non solum ipse qui laudatur, sed etiam populi Romani 
nomen ornatur. In caelum hujus proavus Cato tollitur : 
magnus honos populi Romani rebus adjungitur. Ora- 
nes denique illi Maximi, Marcelli, Fulvii, non sine 

35 com muni omnium nostrum laude decorantur. x. Ergo 
ilium, qui haec fecerat, Rudinum hominem, majores 



x. 25-j Fame is conveyed by Letters. 143 

nostri in civitatem receperunt : nos hunc Heraclien- 
sem, multis civitatibus expetitum, in hac autem legibus 
constitutum, de nostra civitate eiciemus? 

23. Nam si quis minorem gloriae fructum putat ex 
Graecis versibus percipi quam ex Latinis, vehementer 5 
errat : propterea quod Graeca leguntur in omnibus 
fere gentibus, Latina suis finibus, exiguis sane, con- 
tinentur. Qua re si res eae quas gessimus orbis 
terrae regionibus definiuntur, cupere debemus, quo 
manuum nostrarum tela pervenerint, eodem gloriam 10 
famamque penetrare ; quod cum ipsis populis de quo- 
rum rebus scribitur, haec ampla sunt, turn eis certe, 
qui de vita gloriae causa dimicant, hoc maximum et 
periculorum incitamentum est et. laborum. 24. Quam 
multos scriptores rerum suarum magnus ille Alexander 15 
secum habuisse dicitur ! Atque is tamen, cum in 
Sigeo ad Achillis tumulum astitisset : O fortunate 
inquit adulescens, qui tuae virtutis Homerum -firae- 
conem inveneris! Et vere. Nam nisi Ilias ilia exsti- 
tisset, idem tumulus, qui corpus ejus contexerat, 20 
nomen etiam obruisset. Quid? noster hie Magnus, 
qui cum virtute fortunam adaequavit, nonne Theopha- 
nem Mytilenaeum, scriptorem rerum suarum, in con- 
done militum civitate donavit ; et nostri illi fortes viri, 
sed rustici ac milites, dulcedine quadam gloriae com- 25 
moti, quasi participes ejusdem laudis, magno illud 
clamore approbaverunt ? 

25. Itaque, credo, si civis Rom anus Archias legibus 
non esset, ut ab aliquo imperatore civitate donaretu'r 
perficere non potuit." Sulla cum Hispanos donaret et 30 
Gallos, credo hunc petentem repudiasset : quern nos 
in contione vidimus, cum ei libellum malus poeta de 
populo subjecisset, quod epigramma in eum fecisset, 
tantummodo alternis versibus longiusculis, statim ex 
eis rebus quas tunc vendebat jubere ei praemium 35 
tribui, sed ea condicione, ne quid postea scriberet. 



144 Citizenship of Archias. [Arch. 

Qui sedulitatem mali poetae duxerit aliquo tamen 
praemio dignam, hujus ingenium et virtutem in scri- 
bendo et copiam non expetisset? 26. Quid? a Q^ 
Metello Pio, familiarissimo suo, qui civitate multos 
donavit, neque per se neque per Lucullos impetravis- 
set? qui praesertim usque eo de suis rebus scribi 
cuperet, ut etiam Cordubae natis poetis, pingue quid- 
dam sonantibus atque peregrinum, tamen auris suas 
dederet. 

10 xi. Neque enim est hoc dissimulandum (quod ob- 
scurar: non potest) sed prae nobis ferendum : trahi- 
mur omnes studio laudis, et optimus quisque maxime 
gloria ducitur. Ipsi illi philosophi, etiam in eis libellis 
quos de contemnenda gloria scribunt, nomen suum 

15 inscribunt : in eo ipso, in quo praedicationem nobilita- 
temque despiciunt, praedicari de se ac nominari vo- 
lunt. 27. Decimus quidem Brutus, summus vir et 
imperator, Acci, amicissimi sui, carminibus templorum 
ac monumentorum aditus exornavit suorum. Jam 

20 vero ille, qui cum Aetolis Ennio comite bellavit, Ful- 
vius, non dubitavit Martis manubias Musis consecrare. 
Qua re in qua urbe imperatores prope armati poeta- 
rum nomen et Musarum delubra coluerunt, in ea non 
debent togati judices a Musarum honore et a poetarum 

25 salute abhorrere. 

28. Atque ut id libentius faciatis, jam me vobis, judi- 
ces, indicabo, et de meo quodam amore gloriae, nimis 
acri fortasse verum tamen honesto vobis, confitebor. 
Nam quas res nos in consulatu nostro vobiscum simul 

30 pro salute hujusce imperi et pro vita civium proque 
universa re publica gessimus, attigit hie versibus 
atque inchoavit : quibus auditis, quod mihi magna 
res et jucunda visa est, hunc ad perficiendum ador- 
navi. Nullam enim virtus aliam mercedem laborum 

35 periculorumque desiderat, praeter hanc- laudis et glo- 
riae : qua quidem detracta, judices, quid est quod in 



xii 3'-] Fame the Motive of Virtue. 145 

hoc tarn exiguo vitae curriculo [et tarn brevi] tantis 
nos in laboribus exerceamus? 29. Certe si nihil ani- 
mus praesentiret in posterum, et si quibus regionibus 
vitae spatium circumscriptum est, eisdem omnis cogi- 
tationes terminaret suas ; nee tantis se laboribus fran- 5 
geret, neque tot curis vigiliisque angeretur, nee totiens 
de ipsa vita dimicaret. 1 Nunc insidet quaedam in 
optimo quoque virtus, quae noctis ac dies animum 
gloriae stimulis concitat, atque admonet non cum vitae 
tempore esse dimittendam commemorationem nominis 10 
nostri, sed cum omni posteritate adaequandam. 

xii. 30. An vero tam parvi animi videamur esse 
omnes, qui in re publica atque in his vitae periculis 
laboribusque versamur, ut, cum usque ad extremum 
spatium nullum tranquillum atque otiosum spiritum 15 
duxerimus, nobiscum simul moritura omnia arbitre- 
mur? An statuas et imagines, non animorum simu- 
lacra sed corporum, studiose multi summi homines 
reliquerunt ; consiliorum relinquere ac virtutum nos- 
trarum effigiem nonne multo malle debemus, summis 20 
ingeniis expressam et politam? Ego vero omnia quae 
gerebam, jam turn in gerendo spargere me ac dissemi- 
nare arbitrabar in orbis terrae memoriam sempiternam. 
Haec vero sive a meo sensu post mortem afutura est, 
sive — ut sapicntissimi homines putaverunt — ad ali- 25 
quam mei partem pertinebit, nunc quidem certe cogi- 
tatione quadam speque delector. 

31. Qua re conservate, judices, hominem pudore 
eo, quern amicorum videtis comprobari cum dignitate 
turn etiam vetustate ;|ingenio autem tanto, quantum id 30 
convenit existimari, quod summorum hominum inge- 
niis expetitum esse videatis ; causa vero ejus modi, 
quae beneficio legis, auctoritate municipi, testimonio 
Luculli, tabulis Metelli comprobetur. Quae cum ita 
sint, petimus a vobis, judices, si qua non modo hu- 35 
mana, verum etiam divina in tantis ingeniis com- 



146 Citizenship of Archias. 

mendatio debet esse, ut eum qui vos, qui vestros 
imperatores, qui populi Romani res gestas semper 
ornavit, qui etiam his recentibus nostris vestrisque 
domesticis periculis aeternum se testimonium laudis 
5 daturum esse profltetur, estque ex eo numero qui 
semper apud omnis sancti sunt habiti itaque dicti, 
sic in vestram accipiatis fidem, ut humanitate vestra 
levatus potius quain acerbitate violatus esse videatur. 
32. Quae de causa pro mea consuetudine breviter 

10 simpliciterque dixi, judices, ea confido probata esse 
omnibus. Quae autem remota a mea judicialique 
consuetudine, et de hominis ingenio et communiter de 
ipsius studio locutus sum, ea, judices, a vobis spero 
esse in bonam partem accepta ; ab eo qui judicium 

15 exercet, certo scio. 



CICERO'S EXILE AND RETURN. 

{Extract from the Defence of Sestitts.) 
b.c. 56. 

The year b. c. 60 is marked by the coalition between Caesar, 
Pompey, and Crassus, — sometimes called the First Triumvirate, — 
of which the immediate result was the election of Caesar to the 
consulship for the following year. During the existence of this 
coalition, the Senate was almost wholly stripped of power. The 
chief act of Caesar's administration was his iniquitous law for 
dividing the fertile and populous territory of Campania among 
needy citizens of Rome ; which was carried with such a degree of 
mob violence, that Bibulus, Caesar's colleague, after vainly resist- 
ing it, shut himself up in his house, leaving affairs of state to their 
own course. Cicero had refused to serve as one of the Board (viginti 
virt) for executing this law, and thus brought upon himself the re- 
sentment of the party in power ; whose leaders, while claiming to be 
his personal friends, gave him no support in the attacks which 
were presently made upon him. His most active enemy was Publius 
Clodius, a man of patrician birth (of the great Claudian house, 
whence his name Clodius), who, in order to hold the plebeian 
office of Tribune, caused himself to be adopted as son into a 
plebeian family. As Tribune, early in b. c. 58, he introduced a bill 
(apparently never passed) aimed at Cicero, making it penal to put 
to death a Roman citizen without trial. Upon this, Cicero and his 
friends — as many, it is said, as 20,000 — went into mourning. The 
consuls, Gabinius and Piso, refused to interfere. Pompey would 
not meet or see his eloquent advocate. Caesar, just departing for 
his campaigns in Gaul, waited till he should be assured of Clodius's 
triumph. As the affair was just coming to blows, Cicero withdrew 
into voluntary exile, which was followed, the next day, by a decree 
(Privilegiuni) forbidding him by name the use of fire or water 
— the regular formula for a sentence of banishment — anywhere 
within four hundred miles of Rome. 

The year of his exile Cicero spent mostly in Thessalonica, with 
his friend Plancius, quaestor of Macedonia, the same whom he 
afterwards defended on a charge of bribery. In the summer of the 
following year he was restored, " by the late but earnest efforts 



148 Cicero's Exile and Return. [Sestius, 

of Pompey, by the vows of Italy, by the resolutions of the Senate,, 
by the courage and energy of the tribune Annius Milo " (Veil. 
Paterc). The consuls of this year, Lentulus and Metellus, with 
eight of the tribunes, actively favored Cicero's recall. But it was 
violently resisted by Clodius, who attempted to prevent it by an 
appeal to terror ; and the disorders which followed led the way to 
that period of party passion and mob rule, which culminated in the 
civil war and the dictatorship of Julius Caesar. The most full and 
authentic account of these disorders is contained in Cicero's de- 
fence of Publius Sestius, a colleague of Milo in the tribuneship, 
who was brought to trial on a charge of assault (de vi). The fol- 
lowing extracts include nearly a third of this great speech. 

l^UERAT ille annus jam in re publica, judices, cum 
J- in magno motu et multorum timore intentUs est 
arcus in me unum, sicut volgo ignari rerum loqueban- 
tur ; re quidem vera in universam rem publicam, tra- 

5 ductione ad plebem furibundi hominis ac perditi, mihi 
irati, sed multo acrius oti et communis salutis inimici. 
Hunc vir clarissimus mihique multis repugnantibus 
amicissimus, Cn. Pompeius, omni cautione, foedere, 
exsecratione devinxerat nihil in tribunatu contra me 

10 esse facturum. Quod ille nefarius, ex omnium sce- 
lerum colluvione natus, parum se foedus violaturum 
arbitratus est, nisi ipsum cautorem alieni periculi suis 
propriis periculis terruisset. 2. Sed fuit profecto quae- 
dam ilia rei publicae fortuna fatalis, ut ille caecus atque 

15 aniens tribunus plebis nancisceretur, — quid dicam? 
consules ? hocine ut ego nomine appellem eversores 
hujus imperi, proditores vestrae dignitatis, hostis bo- 
norum omnium? — qui ad delendum senatum, adfli- 
gendum equestrem ordinem, exstinguenda omnia jura 

20 atque instituta majorum se illis fascibus ceterisque 
insignibus summi honoris atque imperi ornatos esse 
arbitrabantur. Quorum (per deos immortalis !) si 
nondum scelera volneraque inusta rei publicae voids 
recordari, voltum atque incessum animis intueroini. 

2 5 Facilius eorum facta occurrent mentibus vestris, si ora 
ipsa oculis proposueritis. 



ix. 2o.] The Consuls Gabinius and Piso. 149 

3. Alter unguentis adfiuens, calamistrata coma, de- 
spiciens conscios stuprorum ac veteres vexatores aeta- 
tulae suae, puteali et faeneratorum gregibus inflatus, — 
a quibus compulsus olim, ne in Scyllaeo illo aeris 
alieni tamquam [in] fretu ad columnam adhaeresceret, 5 
in tribunatus portum perfugerat, — contemnebat equites 
Romanos, minitabatur senatui, venditabat se operis, 
atque ab eis se ereptum, ne de ambitu causam diceret, 
praedicabat, ab isdemque se etiam invito senatu pro- 
vinciam sperare dicebat : eamque nisi adeptus esset, IO 
se incolumem nullo modo fore arbitrabatur. 

4. Alter, O di boni ! quam taeter incedebat ! quam 
truculentus ! quam terribilis aspectu ! — unum aliquem 
te ex barbatis illis, exemplum imperi veteris, imagi- 
nem antiquitatis, columen rei publicae diceres intueri : 15 
vestitus aspere nostra hac purpura plebeia ac paene 
fusca ; capillo ita horrido, ut Capua, in qua ipsa turn 
imaginis ornandae causa duumviratum gerebat, Se- 
plasiam sublaturus videretur. Nam quid ego de super- 
cilio dicam, quod turn hominibus non supercilium, sed 20 
pignus rei publicae videbatur? [Tanta erat gravitas in 
oculo, tanta contractio frontis, ut illo supercilio annus 
ille niti tamquam vade videretur] . 5. Erat hie omnium 
sermo : ' Est tamen rei publicae magnum flrmumque 
subsidium ; habeo quem opponam labi illi atque caeno ; 25 
voltu, me dius fidius, conlegae sui libidinem levitatem- 
que franget ; habebit senatus in hunc annum quem 
sequatur ; non deerit auctor et dux bonis.' Mihi deni- 
que homines praecipue gratulabantur, quod habiturus 
essem, contra tribunum plebis furiosum et audacem, 3° 
cum amicum et adfinem, turn etiam fortem et gravem 
consulem. 

6. Atque eorum alter fefellit neminem. Quis enim 
clavum tanti imperi tenere, et gubernacula rei publicae 
tractare in maximo cursu ac fluctibus, posse arbitra- 35 
retur hominem emersum subito ex diuturnis tenebris 



150 Cicero's Exile and Return. [Sestius, 

lustrorum ac stuprorum, vino, ganeis, lenociniis adul- 
teriisque confectum? cum is praeter spem in altissimo 
gradu alienis opibus positus esset, qui non niodo tem- 
pestatem impendentem intueri temulentus, sed ne lu- 

5 cem quidem insolitam aspicere posset? 7, Alter multos 
plane in omnis partis fefellit. Erat enim hominum 
opinioni nobilitate ipsa, blanda conciliatricula, com- 
mendatus. Omnes boni semper nobilitati favemus, et 
quia utile est rei publicae nobilis homines esse dignos 

IO majoribus suis, et quia valet apud nos clarorum homi- 
num et bene de re publica meritorum memoria etiam 
mortuorum. Quia tristem semper, quia taciturnum, 
quia subhorridum atque incultum videbant, et quod 
erat eo nomine, ut ingenerata familiae frugalitas vide- 

15 retur, favebant, gaudebant, et ad integritatem majo- 
rum spe sua hominem vocabant, materni generis obliti. 
8. Ego autem — vere dicam, judices — tantum esse in 
homine sceleris, audaciae, crudelitatis, quantum ipse 
cum re publica sensi, numquam putavi. Nequam esse 

20 hominem et levem et [falsa opinione] errore hommum 
ab adulescentia commendatum sciebam. Etenim ani- 
mus ejus voltu, flagitia parietibus tegebantur ; sed haec 
obstructio nee diuturna est, neque obducta ita ut curi- 
osis oculis perspici non possit. 

25 9. Videbamus genus vitae, desidiam, inertiam : in- 
clusas ejus libidines qui paulo propius accesserant in- 
tuebantur : denique etiam sermones ansas dabant, qui- 
bus reconditos ejus sensus tenere possemus. Laudabat 
homo doctus philosophos nescio quos, neque eorum 

3° tamen nomina poterat dicere : sed tamen eos laudabat 
maxime qui dicuntur praeter ceteros esse auctores et 
laudatores voluptatis — cujus et quo tempore et quo 
modo non quaerebat ; verbum ipsum omnibus animi 
et corporis sensibus devorabat : eosdemque praeclare 

35 dicere aiebat, sapientis omnia sua causa facere ; rem 
publicam capessere hominem bene sanum non opor- 



xiv. 32.] The Crime: the General Mourning. 151 

tere ; nihil esse praestabilius otiosa vita, plena et con- 
ferta voluptatibus ; eos autem, qui dicerent dignitati 
esse serviendum, rei publicae consulendum, offici ra- 
tionem in omni vita, non commodi esse ducendam, 
adeunda pro patria pericula, volnera excipienda, mor- 5 
tern oppetendam, vaticinari atque insanire dicebat. 
10. Ex his adsiduis ejus cotidianisque sermonibus, et 
quod videbam quibuscum hominibus in interiore parte 
aedium viveret, et quod ita domus ipsa fumabat ut mul- 
ta ejus sermonis indicia redolerent, statuebam sic, boni I0 
nihil ab illis nugis esse exspectandum, mali quidem 
certe nihil pertimescendum. Sed ita est, judices, ut, 
si gladium parvo puero aut si imbecillo seni aut debili 
dederis, ipse impetu suo nemini noceat, sin ad nudum 
vel fortissimi viri corpus accesserit, possit acie ipsa et 15 
ferri viribus volnerare ; sic cum hominibus enervatis 
atque exsanguibus consulatus tamquam gladius esset 
datus, qui per se pungere neminem umquam potuissent, 
ei summi imperi nomine armati totam rem publicam 
cont^ucidaverunt. Foedus fecerunt cum tribuno plebis 20 
palam, ut ab eo provincias acciperent quas ipsi vel- 
lent ; exercitum et pecuniam quantam vellent ea lege, 
si ipsi prius tribuno plebis adflictam et constrictam 
rem publicam tradidissent : id autem foedus meo 
sanguine ici posse dicebant. Qua re patefacta — 25 
neque enim dissimulari tantum scelus poterat nee 
latere — promulgantur uno eodemque tempore roga- 
tiones ab eodem tribuno de mea pernicie et de provin- 
ces consulum nominatim. . . . 

11. Erat igitur in luctu senatus ; squalebat civitas, 3° 
publico consilio veste mutata ; nullum erat Italiae 
municipium, nulla colonia, nulla praefectura, nulla 
Romae societas vectigalium, nullum conlegium aut 
concilium aut omnino aliquod commune consilium, 
quod turn non honoriricentissime de mea salute decre- 35 
visset: cum subito edicunt duo consules, ut ad suum 



152 Cicero's Exile and Return. [Sestius, 

vestitum senatores redirent. Quis umquam consul 
senatum ipsius decretis parere prohibuit ? Quis tyran- 
nus miseros lugere vetuit ? Parumne est, Piso — ut 
omittam Gabinium — quod tantum homines fefellisti, 

5 ut neglegeres auctoritatem senatus, optimi cujusque 
consilia contemneres, rem publicam proderes, con- 
sulare nomen adfligeres ? Etiamne edicere audebas, 
ne maererent homines meam, suam, rei publicae ca- 
lamitatem? ne hunc suum dolorem veste significarent? 

10 Sive ilia vestis mutatio ad luctum ipsorum, sive ad 
deprecandum valebat, quis umquam tam crudelis fuit 
qui prohiberet quemquam aut sibi maerere aut ceteris 
supplicare ? 12. Quid? sua sponte homines in ami- 
corum periculis vestitum mutare non solent ? Pro te 

15 ipso, Piso, nemone mutabit ? ne isti quidem, quos 
[legatos] non modo nullo senatus consulto, sed etiam 
repugnante senatu tibi tute legasti ? Ergo hominis 
desperati et proditoris rei publicae casum lugebunt 
fortasse qui volent : civis florentissimi benevolentia 

20 bonorum et optime de salute patriae meriti periculum 
conjunctum cum periculo civitatis lugere senatui non 
licebit ? Eidemque consules (si appellandi sunt con- 
sules, quos nemo est quin non modo ex memoria, sed 
etiam ex fastis evellendos putet), pacto jam foedere 

2 5 provinciarum, producti in circo Flaminio in contionem 
ab ilia furia ac peste patriae, maximo cum gemitu ves- 
tro ilia omnia voce ac sententia sua comprobaverunt. 
Isdem consulibus sedentibus atque inspectantibus lata 
lex est, Ne ausficia valerent, ne quis obnuntiaret, ne 

3° quis legi inter ceder et : ut omnibus fastis diebus legem 
ferri liceret : ut lex Aclia, lex Fufia ne valeret: qua 
una rogatione quis est qui non intellegat universam rem 
publicam esse cleletam ? 13. Isdemque consulibus in- 
spectantibus, servorum dilectus habebantur pro tribu- 

35 nali Aurelio nomine conlegiorum, cum vicatim homines 
conscriberentur, decuriarentur, ad vim, ad manus, ad 



xvn. 38.] Appeal to Violence and Terror. 153 

caedem, ad direptionem incitarentur. Isdemque consu- 
libus arma in templum Castoris palam comportabantur ; 
gracilis ejusdem templi tollebantur ; armati homines 
forum et contiones tenebant ; caedes lapidationesque 
fiebant. Nullus erat senatus, nihil reliqui magistra- * 
tus ; unus omnem omnium potestatem armis et latro- 
ciniis possidebat, non aliqua vi sua, sed cum duo con- 
sules a re publica provinciarum foedere retraxisset, 
insultabat, dominabatur, [aliis pollicebatur,] terrore ac 
metu multos, pluris etiam spe et promissis tenebat. I0 

14. Quae cum essent ejus modi, judices, — cum sen a- 
tus duces nullos ac pro ducibus proditores aut potius 
apertos hostis haberet, equester ordo reus a consuli- 
bus citaretur, Italiae totius auctoritas repudiaretur, alii 
nominatim relegarentur, alii metu et periculo terre- 15 
rentur, arma essent in templis, armati in foro, eaque 
non silentio consulum dissimularentur, sed et voce et 
sententia comprobarentur, cum omnes urbem nondum 
excisam et eversam, sed jam captam atque oppres- 
sam videremus, — tamen his tantis malis tanto bono- 20 
rum studio, judices, restitissemus : sed me alii metus 
atque aliae curae suspitionesque moverunt. 15. Ex- 
ponam enim hodierno die, judices, omnem rationem 
facti et consili mei, neque huic vestro tanto studio 
audiendi nee vero huic tantae multitudini, quanta mea 25 
memoria numquam ullo in judicio fuit, deero. Nam 
si ego — in causa tarn bona, tanto studio senatus, con- 
sensu tam incredibili bonorum omnium, tarn parato, 
tota denique Italia ad omnem contentionem expedita 
— cessi tribuni plebis, despicatissimi hominis, furori, 3° 
contemptissimorum consulum levitatem audaciamque 
pertimui, nimium me timidum, nullius animi, nullius 
consili fuisse confiteor. 

16. Erat autem mihi contentio non cum victore exer- 
citu, sed cum operis conductis et ad diripiendam urbem 35 
concitatis. Habebam inimicum non C. Marium, ter- 



154 Cicero's Exile and Return. [Sestius, 

rorem hostium, spem subsidiumque patriae, sed duo 
importuna prodigia, quos egestas, quos aeris alieni 
magnitudo, quos levitas, quos improbitas tribuno ple- 
bis constrictos addixerat. Quos homines si — id quod 

5 facile factu fuit, et quod fieri debuit, quodque a me 
optimi et fortissimi cives flagitabant — vi armisque 
superassem, non verebar ne quis aut vim vi depul- 
sam reprehenderet, aut perditorum civium [vel potius 
domesticorum hostium] mortem maereret. 17 Sed me 

io ilia moverunt. Omnibus in contionibus ilia furia cla- 
mabat se quae faceret contra salutem meam facere 
auctore Cn. Pompeio, clarissimo viro mihique et nunc 
et quoad licuit amicissimo. M. Crassus, quocum 
mihi omnes erant amicitiae necessitudines, vir fortissi- 

15 mus, ab eadem ilia peste infestissimus esse meis for- 
tunis praedicabatur. C. Caesar, qui a me nullo meo 
merito alienus esse debebat, inimicissimus esse meae 
saluti ab eodem cotidianis contionibus dicebatur. His 
se tribus auctoribus in consiliis capiendis, adjutoribus 

20 in re gerenda esse usurum dicebat : ex quibus unum 
habere exercitum in Italia maximum ; duo, qui privati 
turn essent, et praesto esse et parare, si vellent, exerci- 
tum posse, idque facturos esse dicebat. 18. Necmihi ille 
judicium populi, nee legitimam aliquam contentionem, 

25 nee disceptationem aut causae dictionem, sed vim, arma, 
exercitus, imperatores, castra denuntiabat. Quid ergo? 
inimici oratio, vana praesertim, tarn improbe in claris- 
simos viros conjecta me movit ? Me vero non illius 
oratio, sed eorum taciturnitas, in quos ilia oratio tarn 

3° improba conferebatur : qui turn, quamquam ob alias 
causas tacebant, tamen hominibus omnia timentibus 
tacendo loqui, non infltiando confiteri videbantur. Illi 
autem alio turn timore perterriti [quod acta ilia atque 
omnis res anni superioris labefactari a praetoribus, in- 

35 firmari a senatu atque principibus civitatis putabant] , 
tribunum popularem a se alienare nolebant, suaque 



xx. 46.] Why he shuns an Appeal to Force. 155 

sibi propiora esse pericula quam mea loquebantur. 
19. Sed tamen et Crassus a consulibus raeam causam 
suscipiendam esse dicebat, et eorum lid em Pompeius 
implorabat, neque se privatum publice susceptae cau- 
sae defuturum esse dicebat. Quern virum studiosum 5 
mei, cupidissimum rei publicae conservandae [domi 
meae], certi homines [ad earn rem positi] monuerunt, 
ut esset cautior, ejusquj^ vitae a me insidias apud me 
domi positas esse dixerunt ; atque hanc ejus suspitio- 
nem alii litteris mittendis, alii nuntiis, alii coram ipsi 10 
excitaverunt, ut ille, cum a me certe nihil timeret, ab 
illis ne quid meo nomine molirentur sibi cavendum 
putaret. Ipse autem Caesar, quem maxime homines 
ignari veritatis mihi esse iratum putabant, erat ad 
portas, erat cum imperio ; erat in Italia ejus exercitus, 15 
inque eo exercitu ipsius tribuni plebis, inimici mei, 
fratrem praefecerat. 

20. Unurn enim mihi restabat illud, quod forsitan non 
nemo vir fortis et acris animi magnique dixerit : ' Re- 
stitisses, repugnasses, mortem pugnans oppetisses.' De 20 
quo te, te, inquam, patria, testor, et vos, penates patrii- 
que dei, me vestrarum sedum templorumque causa, me 
propter salutem meorum civium, quae mihi semper 
fuit mea carior vita, dimicationem caedemque fugisse. 
Etenim si mihi in aliqua nave cum meis amicis navi- 25 
ganti hoc, judices, accidisset, ut multi ex multis locis 
praedones classibus earn navem se oppressuros mini- 
tarentur, nisi me unum sibi dedidissent, si id vectores 
negarent, ac mecum simul interire quam me tradere 
hostibus mallent, jecissem ipse me potius in profun- 3° 
dum, ut ceteros conservarem, quam illos mei tarn cupi- 
dos non modo ad certam mortem, sed in magnum vitae 
discrimen adducerem. 21. Cum vero in hanc rei pub- 
licae navem, ereptis senatui, gubernaculis, fluitantem in 
alto tempestatibus seditionum ac discordiarum, armatae 35 
tot classes, nisi ego essem unus deditus, incursurae 



156 Cicero's Exile and Return. . [Sestius, 

viderentur, — cum proscriptio, caedes, direptio denun- 
tiaretur ; cum alii me suspitione periculi sui non 
defenderent, alii vetere odio bonorum incitarentur, alii 
inviderent, alii obstare sibi me arbitrarentur, alii ul- 

5 cisci dolorem aliquem suum vellent, alii rem ipsam 
publicam atque hunc bonorum statum otiumque odis- 
sent, et ob hasce causas tot tamque varias me unum 
deposcerent, — depugnarem potius cum summo non 
dicam exitio, sed periculo certe vestro liberorumque 

10 vestrorum quam [non] id, quod omnibus impendebat, 
unus pro omnibus susciperem ac subirem? 

2.2. ' Victi essent improbi.' At cives, at ab eo pri- 
vate, qui sine armis etiarn consul rem publicam conser- 
varat. Sin victi essent boni, qui superessent? nonne 

15 ad servos videtis rem publicam venturam fuisse? An 
mihi ipsi, ut quidam putant, fuit mors aequo animo 
oppetenda? Quid? turn mortemne fugiebam? an erat 
res ulla quam mihi magis optandam putarem? aut ego 
illas res tantas in tanta improborum multitudine cum 

20 gerebam, non mihi mors, non exitium ob oculos ver- 
sabatur? non haec denique a me turn tamquam fata 
in ipsa re gerenda canebantur? 23. An erat mihi in 
tanto luctu meorum, tanta dijunctione, tanta acerbi- 
tate, tanta spoliatione omnium rerum, quas mihi aut 

2 5 natura aut fortuna dederat, vita retinenda? Tam 
eram rudis, tam ignarus rerum, tam expers consili aut 
ingeni? nihil audieram? nihil videram? nihil ipse 
legendo quaerendoque cognoveram? Nesciebam vitae 
brevem esse cursum, gloriae sempiternum? cum esset 

3° omnibus defmita mors, optandum esse ut vita, quae 
necessitati deberetur, patriae potius donata quam 
reservata naturae videretur? Nesciebam inter sapi- 
entissimos homines hanc contentionem fuisse, ut alii 
dicerent animos hominum sensusque morte restingui, 

35 alii autem turn mentis inaxime sapientium ac fortium 
virorum, cum ex corpore excessissent, sentire ac vi- 



xxii. 5°-] His Exile has saved the State. 157 

gere? Quorum alterum fugiendum non esse, carere 
sensu : alterum etiam optandum, meliore esse sensu. 

24. Hafc ego et multa alia cogitans hoc videbam, si 
causam publicam mea mors peremisset, neminem um- 
quam fore qui auderel suscipere contra improbos civis 5 
salutem rei publicae. Itaque non solum si vi interis- 
sem, sed etiam si morbo exstinctus essem, fore puta- 
bam ut exemplum rei publicae conservandae mecum 
simul interiret. Quis enim umquam — me a senatu 
populoque Romano tanto omnium bonorum studio non IO 
restitute, quod certe, si essem interfectus, accidere non 
potuisset — ullam rei publicae partem cum sua minima 
invidia auderet attingere? Servavi igitur rem publi- 
cam discessu meo, judices : caedem a vobis liberisque 
vestris, vastitatem, incendia, rapinas meo dolore luctu- 15 
que dt'puli, etunus bis rem publicam servavi, semel glo- 
ria, iterum aerumna mea. 25. Neque enim in hoc me 
hominem esse infitiabor umquam, ut me optimo fratre, 
carissimis liberis, fidissima conjuge, vestro conspectu, 
patria, hoc honoris gradu, sine dolore caruisse glorier. 20 
Quod si fecissem, quod a me beneficium haberetis, 
cum pro vobis ea, quae mihi essent vilia, reliquissem? 
Hoc meo quidem animo summi in patriam amoris mei 
signum esse debet certissimum, quod, cum abesse ab 
ea sine summo dolore non possem, hunc me perpeti 25 
quam illam labefactari ab improbis malui. 

26. Memineram, judices, divinum ilium virum, at- 
que ex isdem quibus nos radicibus natum ad salutem 
hujus imperi, C. Marium, summa senectute, cum vi 
prope justorum armorum profugisset, primo senile 3° 
corpus paludibus occultasse demersum, deinde ad 
infimorum ac tenuissimorum hominum [Minturnis] mi- 
sericordiam confugisse ; iride navigio perparvo, cum 
omnis portus terrasque fugeret, in oras Africae deser- 
tissimas pervenisse. 27. Atque ille vitam suam, ne 35 
inuitus esset, ad incertissimam spem et ad rei publicae 



158 Cicero's Exile and Return. [Sestius, 

fatum reservavit : ego, qui (quern ad modum multi 
in senatu me absente dixerunt) periculo rei publicae 
vivebam, quique ob earn causam consularibus litteris 
de senatuc sententia exteris nationibus commendabar, 
5 nonne, si meam vitam deseruissem, rem publicam 
prodidissem ? in qua quidem nunc me restitute* vivit 
mecum simul exempium fidei publicae. Quod si 
immortale retinetur, quis non intellegit immortalem 
hanc civitatem futuram? 28. Nam externa bella 

10 regum, gentium, nationum jam pridem ita exstincta 
sunt, ut praeclare cum eis agamus, quos pacatos 
esse patiamur. Denique ex bellica victoria non fere 
quemquam est invidia civium consecuta. Domes- 
ticis malis et audacium civium consiliis saepe est re- 

15 sistendum, eorumque periculorum est in re publica 
retmenda medicina : quam omnem, judices, perdidis- 
setis, si meo interitu senatui populoque Romano dolo- 
ris sui de me declarandi potestas esset erepta. Qua 
re moneo vos, adulescentes, atque hoc meo jure prae- 

20 cipio, qui dignitatem, qui rem publicam, qui gloriam 
spectatis, ne, si quae vos aliquando necessitas ad rem 
publicam contra improbos civis defendendam vocabit, 
segniores sitis, et recordatione mei casus a consiliis 
fortibus refugiatis. 29. Primum, non est periculum ne 

2 5 quis umquam incidat in ejus modi consules, praesertim 
si erit eis id quod debetur persolutum. Deinde nura- 
quam jam, ut spero, quisquam improbus consilio et 
auxilio bonorum se oppugnare rem publicam dicet illis 
tacentibus, nee armati exercitus terrorem opponet to- 

30 gatis ; neque erit justa causa ad portas sedenti impera- 
tori, qua re suum terrorem falso jactari opponique pati- 
atur. Numquam denique erit tarn oppressus senatus, 
ut ei ne supplicandi quidem ac lugendi sit potestas ; 
tarn captus equester ordo, ut equites Romani a consule 

35 relegentur. Quae cum omnia atque etiam multo alia 
majora, quae consulto praetereo, accidissent, videtis 



xxiv. 54] The Consuls have their Reward, 159 

me tamen in meam pristinam dignitatem, brevi tem- 
pore doloris interjecto, rei publicae voce esse re- 
vocatum. 

30. Sed (ut reyertar ad illud quod mihi in hac omni 
est oratione propositum, omnibus malis illo anno see- 5 
lere consulum rem publicam esse confectam) primum 
illo ipso die, qui mihi funestus fuit, omnibus bonis 
luctuosus, — cum ego me e complexu patriae con- 
spectuque vestro eripuissem, et metu vestri periculi, 
non mei, furori hominis, sceleri, perfidiae, telis minis- 10 
que cessissem, patriamque, quae mihi erat carissima, 
propter ipsius patriae caritatem reliquissem ; cum 
meum ilium casum tarn horribilem, tam gravem, tarn 
repentinum non solum homines, sed tecta urbis ac tem- 
pla lugerent, nemo vestrum forum, nemo curiam, nemo 15 
lucem aspicere vellet, — illo, inquam, ipso die, die 
dico? immo hora atque etiam puncto temporis eodem, 
mihi reique publjcae pernicies, Gabinio et Pisoni pro- 
vincia rogata est. 31. Pro dei immortales, custodes et 
conservatores hujus urbis atque imperi ! quaenam ilia 20 
in re publica monstra, quae scelera vidistis ! Civis erat 
expulsus is, qui rem publicam ex senatus auctoritate 
cum omnibus bonis defenderat, et expulsus non alio 
aliquo, sed eo ipso crimine. Erat autem expulsus 
sine judicio, vi, lapidibus, ferro, servitio denique con- 2 5 
citato : lex erat lata vasto ac relicto foro et sicariis ser- 
visque tradito ; et ea lex, quae ut ne ferretur, senatus 
fuerat veste mutata. 32. Hac tanta perturbatione civi- 
tatis ne noctem quidem consules inter meum interitum 
et suam praedam interesse passi sunt : statim me per- 3° 
culso ad meum sanguinem hauriendum, et spirante 
etiam re publica ad ejus spolia detrahenda advolave- 
runt. Omitto gratulationes, epulas, partitionem aerari, 
beneficia, spem, promissa, praedam, laetitiam pauco- 
rum in luctu omnium. Vexabatur uxor mea : liberi ?>S 
ad necem quaerebantur : gener, et Piso gener a Pi- 



160 Cicero s Exile and Return. [Sestius, 

sonis consulis pedibus supplex reiciebatur : bona di- 
ripiebantur, eaque ad consules deferebantur : domus 
ardebat in Palatio : consules epulabantur. Quod si 
meis incommodis laetabantur, urbis tamen periculo 

5 commoverentur. . . . 

33. Hie aliquando, serius quam ipse vellet, Cn. 
Pompeius, invitissimis eis qui mentem optimi ac fortis- 
sitni viri suis consiliis fictisque terroribus a defensione 
meae salutis averterant, excitavit illam suam non sopi- 

io tarn, sed suspitione aliqua retardatam consuetudinem 
reipublicae bene gerendae. Non est passus ille vir — 
qui sceleratissimos civis, qui acerrimos hostis, qui maxi- 
raas nationes, qui reges, qui gentis feras atque inaudi- 
tas, qui praedonum infinitam manum, qui etiam servitia 

15 virtute victoriaque domuisset, qui omnibus bellis terra 
marique compressis imperium populi Romani orbis 
terrarum terminis defmisset — rem publicam everti 
scelere paucorum, quam ipse non solum consiliis, sed 
etiam sanguine suo saepe servasset. 34. Accessit ad 

20 causam publicam : restitit auctoritate sua reliquis re- 
bus : questus est de praeteritis. Fieri quaedam ad 
meliorem spem inclinatio visa est. Decrevit senatus 
frequens de meo reditu Kalendis Juniis, dissentiente 
nullo, referente L. Ninnio, cujus in mea causa num- 

25 quam fides virtusque contremuit. De meo reditu octo 
tribuni promulgaverunt. Ex quo intellectum est non 
mihi absenti tfecrevisse amicos, in ea praesertim for- 
tuna, in qua non nulli etiam, quos esse putaveram, non 
erant, sed eos voluntatem semper eandem, libertatem 

30 non eandem semper habuisse. Nam ex novem tribu- 

nis, quos tamen habueram, unus me absente defluxit, 

qui cognomen sibi ex Aeliorum imaginibus adripuit, 

quo magis nationis ejus esse quam generis videretur. 

35. Abiit ille annus : veniunt Kalendae Januariae. 

35 Vos haec melius scire potestis ; equidem audita dico : 
quae turn frequentia senatus, quae exspectatio populi, 



xxxiv. 74-] Cotta moves his Recall. 161 

qui concursus legatorum ex Italia cuncta, quae virtus, 
actio, gravitas P. Lentuli consulis luerit, quae etiam 
conlegae ejus moderatio de me ; qui cum inimicitias 
sibi mecum ex rei publicae disseusione susceptas esse 
dixisset, eas se patribus conscriptis dixit et temporibus 5 
rei publicae permissurum. 36i Turn princeps rogatus 
sententiam L. Cotta dixit — id quod dignissimum re 
publica fuit — nihil de me actum esse jure, nihil more 
majorum, nihil legibus ; non posse quemquam de civi- 
tate tolli sine judicio ; de capite non modo ferri sed i© 
ne judicari quidem posse nisi comitiis centuriatis ; vim 
fuisse illam, flammam quassatae rei publicae pertur- 
batorumque temporum jure judiciisque sublatis ; magna 
rerura permutatione impendente, declinasse me pau- 
lum, et spe reliquae tranquillitatis praesentis fluctus 15 
tempestatemque fugisse : qua re, cum absens rem pub- 
licam non minus magnis periculis quam quodam tem- 
pore praesens liberassem, non restitui me solum, sed 
etiam ornari a senatu decere. Disputavit etiam multa 
prudenter, ita de me ilium amentissimum et profliga- 20 
tissimum hostem pudoris et pudicitiae scripsisse quae 
scripsisset, eis verbis, rebus, sententiis, ut, etiam si 
jure esset rogatum, tamen vim habere non posset: 
qua re me, qui nulla lege abessem, non restitui lege, 
sed revocari senatus auctoritate oportere. 37. Hunc 2 S 
nemo erat quin verissime sentire diceret. Sed post 
eum rogatus Cn. Pompeius, approbata laudataque 
Cottae sententia, dixit sese oti mei causa, ut omni 
populari concitatione defungerer, censere ut ad se- 
natus auctoritatem populi quoque Romani beneficium 3° 
erga me adjungeretur. Cum omnes certatim, aliusque 
alio gravius atque ornatius de mea salute dixisset, 
fieretque sine ulla varietate discessio, surrexit (ut sci- 
tis) Atilius hie Gavianus, nee ausus est, cum esset 
emptus, intercedere : noctem sibi ad deliberandum 35 
postulavit. Clamor senatus : querellae, preces, socer 



162 Cicero's Exile and Return. [Sestius, 

ad pedes abjectus. Ille se adfirmare postero die mo- 
ram nullam esse facturum. Creditum est: discessum 
est. Illi interea deliberatori merces, longa interposita 
nocte, duplicata est. Consecuti dies pauci omnino 

5 Januario mense per quos senatum haberi liceret : sed 
tamen actum nihil nisi de me. 

38. Cum omni mora, ludificatione, calumnia senatus 
auctoritas impediretur, venit tandem concilio de me 
agendi dies vm. Kalendas Februarias. Princeps ro- 

10 gationis, vir mihi amicissimus, Q^ Fabricius, templum 
aliquanto ante lucem occupavit. Quietus eo die Ses- 
tius, is qui est de vi reus : actor hie defensorque causae 
meae nihil progreditur ; consilia exspectat inimicorum 
meorum. Quid illi, quorum consilio P. Sestius in 

15 judicium vocatur, quo se pacto gerunt? Cum forum, 
comitium, curiam multa de nocte armatis hominibus 
ac servis plerisque occupavissent, impetum faciunt in 
Fabricium ; manus adferunt, occidunt non nullos, vol- 
nerant multos. 39. Venientem in forum, virum opti- 

20 mum et constantissimum, M. Cispium, tribunum plebis, 
*vi depellunt : caedem in foro maximam faciunt : uni- 
versique, destrictis gladiis et cruentis, in omnibus fori 
partibus fratrem meum [virum optimum, fortissimum 
meique amantissimum] oculis quaerebant, voce posce- 

2 5 bant. Quorum ille telis libenter in tanto luctu ac desi- 
derio mei [non repugnandi, sed moriendi causa] corpus 
obtulisset suum, nisi suam vitam ad spem mei reditus 
reservasset. Subiit tamen vim illam nefariam conscele- 
ratorum latronum, et, cum ad fratris salutem a populo 

3° Romano deprecandam venisset, pulsus e rostris in co- 
mitio jacuit, seque servorum et libertorum corporibus 
obtexit, vitamque turn suam noctis et fugae praesidio, 
non juris judiciorumque defendit. 40. Meministis turn, 
judices, corporibus civium Tiberim compleri, cloacas 

35 refarciri, e foro spongiis effingi sanguinem, ut omnes 
tantam illam copiam et tarn magnificum apparatum 



xxxvi. 78.] Bloody Fight in the Forum. 163 

non privatum aut plebeium, sed patricium et praetorium 
esse arbitrarentur. 

Nihil neque ante hoc tempus neque hoc ipso turbu- 
lentissimo die criminamini Sestium. ' Atqui vis in 
foro versata est.' Certe : quando enim major? La- 5 
pidationes persaepe vidimus : non ita saepe, sed nim- 
ium tamen saepe gladios. Caedem vero tantam, tantos 
acervos corporum exstructos, nisi forte illo Cmnano 
atque Octaviano die, quis umquam in foro vidit? qua 
ex concitatione animorum? Nam ex pertinacia aut I0 
constantia intercessors oritur saepe seditio, culpa at- 
que improbitate latoris oblato commodo aliquo imperi- 
tis aut largitione ; oritur ex concertatione magistra- 
tuum ; oritur sensim ex clamore primum, deinde aliqua 
discessione contionis : vix, sero et raro ad manus per- 15 
venitur. Nullo vero verbo facto, nulla contione advo- 
cata, nulla lata lege, concitatam nocturnam seditionem 
quis audivit? 41. An veri simile est, ut civis Romanus 
aut homo liber quisquam cum gladio in forum descen- 
derit ante lucem, ne de me ferri pateretur, praeter eos 20 
qui ab illo pestifero ac perdito civi jam pridem rei pub- 
licae sanguine saginantur? Hie jam de ipso accusa- 
tore quaero, qui P. Sestium queritur cum multitudine 
in tribunatu et cum praesidio magno fuisse/num illo 
die fuerit? Certe non fuit. Victa iontur est causa rei 2 5 
publicae, et victa non auspiciis, non intercessione, non 
sufFragiis, sed vi, manu, ferro. Nam si obnuntiasset 
[Fabricio] is fraetor qui se servasse de caelo dixerat, 
accepisset res publica plagam, sed earn quam accep- 
tam gemere posset : si intercessisset conlega Fabricio, 3° 
laesisset rem publicam, sed [rem publicam] jure laesis- 
set. Gladiatores tu novicios, pro exspectata aedilitate 
suppositos, cum sicariis e carcere emissis ante lucem 
immittas? magistrates templo deicias? caedem maxi- 
mam facias? forum spurces? et, cum omnia vi et armis 3 ^ 
egeris, accuses eum qui se praesidio munierit, non ut 
te oppugnaret, sed ut vitam suam posset defendere? 



164 Cicero's Exile and Return. [Sestius, 

42. Atqui ne ex eo quidem tempore id egit Sestius, 
at a suis munitus tuto in foro magistratum gereret, rem 
publicam administraret. Itaque fretus sanctitate tribu- 
natus, cum se non modo contra vim et ferrum, sed 

5 etiam contra verba atque interfationem legibus sacratis 
esse armatum putaret, venit in templum Castoris, ob- 
nuntiavit consuli : cum subito manus ilia Clodiana, in 
caede civium saepe jam victrix, exclamat, incitatur, 
invadit ; inermem atque imparatum tribunum alii gla- 

IO diis adoriuntur, alii fragmentis saeptorum et fustibus : 
a quibus hie, multis volneribus acceptis, [ac] debilitato 
corpore et contrucidato, se abjecit exanimatus ; neque 
ulla alia re ab se mortem nisi opinione mortis depulit. 
Quern cum jacentem et concisum plurimis volneribus, 

15 extremo spiritu exsanguem et confectum viderent, de- 
fetigatione magis et errore quam misericordia et modo 
aliquando caedere destiterunt. 

43. Adiit ad rem publicam [tribunus plebis] Milo, — 
de cujus laude plura dicam, non quo aut ipse haec dici 

20 quam existimari malit, aut ego hunc laudis fructum 
praesenti libenter impertiam, praesertim cum verbis 
consequi non possim ; sed quod existimo, si Milonis 
causam accusatoris voce conlaudatam probaro, vos in 
hoc crimine parem Sesti causam existimaturos. Adiit 

2 5 igitur T. Annius ad causam rei publicae sic, ut civem 
patriae recuperare vellet ereptum. Simplex causa, 
constans ratio, plena consensionis omnium, plena con- 
cordiae. Conlegas adjutores habebat : consulis alterius 
summum studium, alterius animus paene placatus ; 

3° de praetoribiis unus alienus ; senatus incredibilis vo- 
luntas, equitum Romanorum animi ad causam excitati, 
erecta Italia. Duo soli erant empti ad impediendum : 
qui si homines despecti et contempti tantam rem sus- 
tinere non potuissent, se causam quam susceperat 

35 nullo labore peracturum videbat. Agebat auctoritate, 
agebat consilio, agebat per summum ordinem, agebat 



xlii. 90.] Milo and Clodius. 165 

exemplo bonorum et fortium civium. Quid republica, 
quid se dignum esset, quis ipse esset, quid sperare, 
quid majoribus suis reddere deberet, diligentissime 
cogitabat. 44. Huic gravitati hominis videbat ille 
gladiator se, si moribus ageret, parem esse non 5 
posse. Ad cotidianam caedem, incendia, rapinas se 
cum exercitu suo contulit : domum oppugnare, itine- 
ribus occurrere, vi lacessere et terrere coepit. Non 
movit hominem summa gravitate summaque constantia. 
Sed — quamquam dolor animi, innata libertas, prompta 10 
excellensque virtus fortissimum virum hortabatur, vi 
vim oblatam, praesertim saepius, ut frangeret et refu- 
taret — tanta moderatio fuit hominis, tantum consilium, 
ut contineret dolorem, neque eadem se re ulcisceretur 
qua esset lacessitus ; sed ilium, tot jam in funeribus rei 15 
publicae exsultantem ac tripudiantem, legum, si posset, 
laqueis constringeret. 45. Descendit ad accusandum. 
Quis umquam tarn proprie rei publicae causa? nullis 
inimicitiis, nullis praemiis, nulla hominum postulatione 
aut etiam opinione id eum umquam esse facturum. 20 
Fracti erant animi hominis : hoc enim accusante, pris- 
tini illius sui judici turpitudinem desperabat. Ecce 
tibi consul, praetor, tribunus plebis nova novi generis 
edicta proponunt : Ne reus adsz't, ne citetur, ne quae- 
ratur, ne mentionem omnino cuiquam judicum aut 25 
judiciorum facere liceat. Quid ageret vir ad vir- 
tutem, dignitatem, gloriam natus, vi sceleratorum 
hominum conroborata, legibus judiciisque sublatis? 
Cervices tribunus plebis privato, praestantissimus vir 
profligatissimo homini daret? an causam susceptam 5° 
adfligeret? an se domi contineret? Et vinci turpe puta- 
vit, et deterreri, et latere. Perfecit ut, quoniam sibi in 
ilium legibus uti non liceret, illius vim neque in suo 
neque in rei publicae periculo pertimesceret. 

46. Quo modo igitur hoc in genere [praesidi com- 35 
parati] accusas Sestium, cum idem laudes Milonem? 



1 66 Cicero's Exile and Return. [Sestius, 

An qui sua tecta defendit, qui ab aris, focis, ferrum 
flammamque depellit, qui sibi licere volt tuto esse in 
foro, in templo, in curia, jure praesidium comparat ; 
qui volneribus, quae cernit cotidie toto corpore, mone- 

5 tur ut aliquo praesidio caput et cervices et jugulum 
ac latera tutetur, — hunc de vi accusandum putas? 

47. Quis enim nostrum, judices, ignorat ita naturam 
rerum tulisse, ut quodam tempore homines, nondum 
neque naturali neque civili jure descripto, fusi per 

IO agros ac dispersi vagarentur, tantumque haberent 
quantum manu ac viribus per caedem ac volnera aut 
eripere aut retinere potuissent? Qui igitur primi vir- 
tute et consilio praestanti exstiterunt, ei, perspecto 
genere humanae docilitatis atque ingeni, dissipatos 

15 unum in locum congregarunt, eosque ex feritate ilia 
ad justitiam atque ad mansuetudinem transduxerunt. 
Turn res ad communem utilitatem quas publicas ap- 
pellamus ; turn conventicula hominum, quae postea 
civitates nominatae sunt; turn domicilia conjuncta, 

20 quas urbis dicimus, invento et divino jure et humano ut 
moenibus saepserunt. 48. Atque inter hanc vitam per- 
politam humanitate et illam immanem nihil tam inter- 
est quam jus atque vis. Horum utro uti nolumus, 
altero est utendum. Vim volumus exstingui : jus 

25 valeat necesse est, — id est, judicia, quibus omne jus 
continetur. Judicia displicent aut nulla sunt : vis do- 
minetur necesse est. Hoc vident omnes. Milo etvidit 
et fecit [ut jus experiretur, vim depelleret]. Altero 
uti voluit, ut virtus audaciam vinceret ; altero usus 

30 necessario est, ne virtus ab audacia vinceretur. Eadem- 
que ratio fuit Sesti, si minus in accusando — neque 
enim per omnis fuit idem fieri necesse — at certe in 
necessitate defendendae salutis suae, praesidioque con- 
tra vim et manum comparando. . . . 

35 49. Reditus vero meus qui merit quis ignorat? quem 
ad modum mihi advenienti tamquam totius Italiae at- 



lxix. 144.] His Welcome bach to Italy. 167 

que ipsius patriae dextram porrexerint Brundisini, — 
cum ipsis Nonis Sextilibus idem dies adventus mei fuis- 
set reditus<^<?, qui natalis idem carissimae filiae, quam 
ex gravissimo turn primum desiderio luctuque conspexi ; 
idem etiam ipsius coloniae Brundisinae ; idem (ut sci- 5 
tis) aedis Salutis : cumque me domus eadem optimo- 
rum et doctissimorum virorum, M. Laeni Flacci et 
patris et fratris ejus, laetissima accepisset, quae proxi- 
mo anno maerens receperat et suo praesi-dio periculo- 
que defenderat ; cumque itinere toto urbes Italiae festos 10 
dies agere adventus mei videbantur ; viae multitudine 
legatorum undique missorum celebrabantur ; ad urbem 
accessus incredibili hominum multitudine et gratula- 
tione florebat ; iter a porta, in Capitolium ascensus, 
domum reditus erat ejus modi, ut summa in laetitia 15 
illud dolerem, civitatem tarn gratam tarn miseram 
atque oppressam fuisse. 

50. Sed me repente, judices, de fortissimorum et 
clarissimorum civium dignitate et gloria dicentem et 
plura etiam dicere parantem, horum aspectus in ipso 2 ° 
cursu orationis repressit. Video P. Sestium — meae 
salutis, vestrae auctoritatis, publicae causae defenso- 
rem, propugnatorem, actorem — reum. Video hunc 
praetextatum ejus filium oculis lacrimantibus me intu- 
entem. Video Milonem, vindicem vestrae libertatis, 2 5 
custodem salutis meae, subsidium adflictae rei publi- 
cae, exstinctorem domestici latrocini, repressorem 
caedis cotidianae, defensorem templorum atque tecto- 
rum, praesidium curiae, sordidatum et reum. Video 
P. Lentulum, cujus ego patrem deum ac parentem 3° 
statuo fortunae ac nominis mei et fratris rerumque 
nostrarum, in hoc misero squalore et sordibus : cui 
superior annus idem et virilem patris et praetextam 
populi judicio togam dederit, hunc hoc anno in hac 
toga rogationis injustissimae subitam acerbitatem 35 
pro patre fortissimo et clarissimo cive deprecantem. 



1 68 Cicero's Exile and Return. [Sestius. 

51. Atque hie tot et talium civium squalor, hie luctus, 
hae sordes susceptae sunt propter unum me : quia me 
defenderunt, quia meum casum luctumque doluerunt, 
quia me lugenti patriae, flagitanti senatui, poscenti 

5 Italiae, vobis omnibus orantibus reddiderunt. Quod 
tantum est in me scelus? Quid tanto opere deliqui illo 
die, cum ad vos indicia, litteras, confessiones commu- 
nis exiti detuli, cum parui vobis? Ac si scelestum est 
amare patriam, pertuli poenarum satis. Eversa domus 

io est, fortunae vexatae, dissipati liberi, raptata conjux, 
frater optimus, incredibili pietate, amore inaudito, 
maximo in squalore volutatus est ad pedes inimicis- 
simorum. Ego pulsus aris, focis, dis penatibus, 
distractus a meis, carui patria, quam, ut levissime 

15 dicam, certe dilexeram : pertuli crudelitatem inimico- 
rum, scelus infidelium, fraudem invidorum. 

52. Si hoc non est satis, quod haec omnia deleta vi- 
dentur reditu meo, multo mihi, multo (inquam), judi- 
ces, praestat in eandem illam recidere fortunam, quam 

20 tantam importare meis defensoribus et conservatoribus 
calamitatem. An ego in hac urbe esse possim, his 
pulsis qui me hujus urbis compotefn fecerunt? Non 
ero, non potero esse, judices. Neque hie umquam 
puer, qui his lacrimis qua sit pietate declarat, amisso 

25 patre suo propter me, me ipsum incolumem videbit ; 
nee quotienscumque me viderit, ingemescet ac pestem 
suam ac patris sui se dicet videre. Ego vero hos in 
omni fortuna, quaecumque erit oblata, complectar ; 
nee me ab eis quos meo nomine sordidatos videtis 

30 umquam ulla fortuna divellet ; neque eae nationes, 
quibus me senatus commendavit, quibus de me gratias 
egit, hunc exsulem propter me sine me videbunt. 



DEFENCE OF MILO, 

B.C. 52. 

During the absence of Caesar in Gaul, and after the disastrous 
campaign of Crassus in the East (b. c. 54), Pompey remained in 
Rome, with an influence which would have amounted to absolute 
power, if he had been a man of more political sagacity, and had 
known his own mind better. The real leader of the popular party 
at this time was Clodius, a man of versatile and brilliant gifts, of 
high birth but infamous life, a bitter and unscrupulous partisan in 
politics ; while, after the death of Crassus, the unnatural coalition 
was dissolved, and Pompey drifted easily into the ranks of the oli- 
garchy, where his real sympathies attached him. The strife of par- 
ties, which had broken out at the time of Cicero's recall, soon raged 
with more violence than ever. The organized mob, headed by Clo- 
dius, was resisted by a troop of professional bullies and prize-fight- 
ers (gladiatores), purchased and led by Milo. This was greatly 
praised in him as a mark of public spirit. (De Off. ii. 17.) His 
hearty partisanship, his lavish use of money, his personal courage, 
his headstrong temper, and his friendly relations with many mem- 
bers of the aristocracy, made him a recognized leader ; while Cicero 
himself was personally grateful to him for his bold and unhesitating 
defence at the time of his darkest fortunes. 

Under the auspices of these two leaders, the old political strife 
was turned into a contest of bludgeons. The disorders were so 
great, that the year B. C. 53 was half over before consuls were 
elected — who should have been chosen six months before the be- 
ginning of the year. The next year began with the same disorder, 
and with no consuls. Milo was a candidate for the consulship, but 
his election had been successfully resisted by Clodius. On the 18th 
of January, the quarrel came to a bloody crisis. Milo had set out 
from Rome, towards nightfall, with a large retinue, including his 
troop of armed guards or dependants, for Lanuvium, a village about 
twenty miles S.E. of Rome, where he held an office of some local 
dignity. He was met on the Appian Way, a few miles out, by Clo- 
dius, returning on horseback, with thirty armed attendants, from one 
of his estates. As they passed each other, their mob of followers 
came to blows. Clodius was wounded, and driven into a shop or 



170 Defence of Milo. [Milo, 

tavern by the wayside. Here Milo, not to leave so dangerous an 
enemy alive, followed him up ; and Clodius with a dozen others, 
including the owner of the tavern, was killed. The meeting was 
probably accidental on both sides. But each had openly threatened 
the other's life : each party violently charged the other with pre- 
meditated assault, and actual or intended murder. Anarchy broke 
loose in Rome. The funeral of Clodius was an occasion of riot 
and conflagration. Other disorders followed. Quiet was only re- 
stored at last by the appointment of Pompey as " consul without 
colleague," who for about six months held the city under a sort of 
martial law. 

A special court was organized early in the year, to try all cases 
arising out of the brawl in the Appian Way. The trial of Milo, 
before this court, on the charge of assault and homicide, took place 
about the 10th of April. Cicero undertook his defence both from 
political motives and from personal regard. The court was guarded 
by armed troops — a strange sight then in Rome — from the vio- 
lence of the mob which raged outside. Cicero, whose nerves were 
shaken by the uproar, lost his self-command, and spoke "not with 
his usual firmness." Milo was condemned by thirty-eight votes 
out of fifty-one, and went into exile at Marseilles. Cicero, dissatis- 
fied with the speech actually delivered, as taken down by short-hand, 
wrote out at' his leisure the master-piece of eloquence and specious 
argument which follows. 

"T7TSI vereor, judices, ne turpe sit pro fortissimo 
-"-^ viro dicere incipientem timere, minimeque de- 
ceat, cum T. Annius ipse magis de rei publicae salute 
quam de sua perturbetur, me ad ejus causam parem 

5 animi magnitudinem adferre non posse, tamen haec 
novi judici nova forma terret oculos, qui, quocumque 
inciderunt, consuetudinem fori et pristinum rrforem 
judiciorum requirunt. Non enim corona consessus 
vester cinctus est, ut solebat ; non usitata frequentia 

10 stipati sumus : 2. non ilia praesidia, quae pro templis 
omnibus cernitis, etsi contra vim conlocata sunt, non 
adferunt tamen [oratori] aliquid, ut in foro et in judi- 
cio, quamquam praesidiis salutaribus et necessariis 
saepti sumus, tamen ne non timere quidem sine aliquo 



ii. 4-] The Crozvdt the Military Guard. 171 

timore possimus. Quae si opposita Miloni putarem, 
cederem tempori, judices, nee inter tantam vim armo- 
fum existimarem esse oratori locum. Sed me recreat 
et reflcit Cn. Pompei, sapientissimi et justissimi viri, 
consilium, qui profecto nee justitiae suae putaret esse, 5 
quem reum sententiis judicum tradidisset, eundem telis 
militum dedere, nee sapientiae, temeritatem concita- 
tae multitudinis auctoritate publica armare. 3. Quam 
ob rem ilia anna, centuriones, cohortes non periculum 
nobis, sed praesidium denuntiant ; neque solum ut I0 
quieto, sed etiam ut magno animo simus hortantur-; 
neque auxilium modo defensioni meae, verum etiam 
silentium pollicentur. Reliqua vero multitudo, quae 
quidem est civiurn, tota nostra est; neque eorum quis- 
quam, quos undique intuentis, unde aliqua fori pars 15 
aspici potest, et hujus exitum judici exspectantis 
videtis, non cum virtuti Milonis favet, turn de se, 
de liberis suis, de patria, de fortunis hodierno die 
decertari putat. 

11. Unum genus est adversum infestumque nobis, 20 
eorum quos P. Clodi furor rapinis et incendiis et omni- 
bus exitiis publicis pavit : qui hes'terna etiam condone 
incitati sunt, ut vobis voce praeirent quid judicaretis. 
Quorum clamor si qui forte fuerit, admonere vos debe- 
bit, ut eum civem retineatis, qui semper genus illud 25 
hominum clamoresque maximos prae vestra salute ne- 
glexit. 4. Quam ob rem adeste animis, judices, et 
timorem si quem habetis deponite. Nam — si umquam 
de bonis et fortibus viris, si umquam de bene meritis civi- 
bus potestas [vobis] judicandi fuit, si denique umquam 3° 
locus amplissimorum ordinum delectis viris datus est, 
ut sua studia erga fortis et bonos civis, quae voltu et 
verbis saepe significassent, re et sententiis declararent 
— hoc profecto tempore earn potestatem omnem vos 
habetis, ut statuatis utrum nos, qui semper vestrae 35 
auctoritati dediti fuimus, semper miseri lugeamus, an, 



172 Defence of Milo. [Milo, 

diu vexati a perditissimis civibus, aliquando per 
vos ac per vestram fidem, virtutem, sapientiamque 
recreemur. 5. Quid enim nobis duobus, judices, 
laboriosius, quid magis sollicitum, magis exercitum 

5 dici aut fingi potest, qui, spe amplissimorum praemi- 
orum ad rem publicam adducti, metu crudelissimorum 
suppliciorum carere non possumus ? Equidem ceteras 
tempestates et procellas in illis dum taxat fluctibus 
contionum semper putavi Miloni esse subeundas, quia 

10 semper pro boms contra improbos senserat ; in judicio 
vero, et in eo consilio in quo ex cuncfis ordinibus 
amplissimi viri judicarent, numquam existimavi spem 
ullam esse habituros Milonis inimicos, ad ejus non 
modo salutem exstinguendam, sed etiam gloriam per 

15 talis viros infringendam. 6. Quamquam in hac causa, 
judices, T. Anni tribunatu, rebusque omnibus pro sa- 
lute rei publicae gestis ad hujus criminis defensionem 
non abutemur. Nisi oculis videritis insidias Miloni a 
Clodio factas, nee deprecaturi sumus ut crimen hoc 

20 nobis propter multa praeclara in rem publicam merita 
condonetis, nee postulaturi, ut si mors P. Clodi salus 
vestra fuerit, idcirco earn virtuti Milonis potius quam 
populi Romani felicitati adsignetis. Sed si illius in- 
sidiae clariores hac luce fuerint, turn denique obse- 

25 crabo obtestaborque vos, judices, si cetera amisimus, 
hoc saltern nobis ut relinquatur, ab inimicorum audacia 
telisque vitam ut impune liceat defendere. 

in. 7, Sed ante quam ad earn orationem venio quae 
est propria vestrae quaestionis, videntur ea esse re- 

3° futanda, quae et in senatu ab inimicis saepe jactata 
sunt, et in contione ab improbis, et paulo ante ab ac- 
cusatoribus, ut omni errore sublato, rem plane quae 
veniat in judicium videre possitis. Negant intueri 
lucem esse fas ei qui a se hominem occisum esse fate- 

35 atiir. In qua tandem urbe hoc homines stultissimi 
disputant ? nempe in ea quae primum judicium de 



iv. io.] Death of Public Enemies Lawful. 173 

capite vidit M. Horati, fortissimi viri, qui nondum li- 
bera civitate, tamen populi Romani comitiis liberatus 
est, cum sua manu sororem esse interfectam fateretur. 
8. An est quvsquam qui hoc ignoret, cum de homine 
occiso quaeratur, aut negari solere omnino esse factum 5 
aut recte et jure factum esse defendi ? Nisi vero ex- 
istimatis dementem P. Africanum fuisse, qui cum a 
C. Carbone [tribuno plebis seditiose] in contione in- 
terrogaretur quid de Ti. Gracchi morte sentiret, re- 
spondent jure caesum videri. Neque enim posset aut I0 
Ahala ille Servilius, aut P. Nasica, aut L. Opimius, 
aut C. Marius, aut me consule senatus, non nefarius 
haberi, si sceleratos civis interiici nefas esset. Itaque 
hoc, judices, non sine causa etiam fictis fabulis doc- 
tissimi homines memoriae prodiderunt, eum qui patris 15 
ulciscendi causa matrem necavisset, variatis hominum 
sententiis, non solum divina, sed etiam sapientissimae 
deae sententia liberatum. 9. Quod si duodecim tabulae 
nocturnum furem quoquo modo, diurnum autem, si se 
telo defenderet, interfici impune voluerunt, quis est 20 
qui, quoquo modo quis interfectus sit, puniendum pu- 
tet, cum videat aliquando gladium nobis ad hominem 
occidendum ab ipsis porrigi legibus. 

iyA-Atqui si tempus est ullum jure hominis necandi, 
quae multa sunt, certe illud est non modo justum, ve- 2 5 
rum etiam necessarium, cum vi vis inlata defenditur. 
Pudicitiam cum eriperet militi tribunus militaris in 
exercitu C. Mari, propinquus ejus imperatoris, inter- 
fectus ab eo est, cui vim adferebat. Facere enim pro- 
bus adulescens periculose quam perpeti turpiter maluit. 3° 
Atque hunc ille summus vir scelere solutum periculo 
liberavit. 10. Insidiatori vero et latroni quae potest 
inferri injusta nex ? Quid comitatus nostri, quid gla- 
dii volunt ? quos habere certe non liceret, si uti illis 
nullo pacto liceret. Est igitur haec, judices, non scrip- 35 
ta, sed nata lex ; quam non didicimus, accepimus, 



174 Defence of Milo. [Milo, 

legimus, verum ex natura ipsa adripuimus, hausimus, 
expressimus; ad quam non docti sed facti, non insti- 
tuti sed imbuti sumus, — ut, si vita nostra in aliquas 
insidias, si in vim et in tela aut latronum aut inimi- 

5 corum incidisset, omnis honesta ratio esset expedi- 
endae salutis. n. Silent enim leges inter arma ; nee 
se exspectari jubent, cum ei qui exspectare velit, 
ante injusta poena luenda sit, quam justa repetenda. 
Etsi persapienter et quodam modo tacite dat ipsa lex 

10 potestatem defendendi, quae non hominem occidi, 
sed esse cum telo hominis occidendi causa vetat ; ut, 
cum causa non telum quaereretur, qui sui defendendi 
causa telo esset usus non hominis occidendi causa 
habuisse telum judicaretur. Quapropter hoc maneat 

15 in causa, judices : non enim dubito quin probaturus 

sim vobis defensionem meam, si id memineritis quod 

oblivisci non potestis, insidiatorem jure interfici posse. 

v. 12. Sequitur illud, quod a Milonis inimicis sae- 

pissime dicitur, caedem in qua P. Clodius occisus 

20 est senatum judicasse contra rem publicam esse 
factam. Illam vero senatus non sententiis suis so- 
lum, sed etiam studiis comprobavit. Quotiens enim 
est ilia causa a nobis acta in senatu ! quibus adsensi- 
onibus universi ordinis, quam nee tacitis nee occultis ! 

2 5 Quando enim frequentissimo senatu quattuor aut sum- 
mum quinque sunt inventi qui Milonis causam non 
probarent? Declarant hujus ambusti tribuni plebis 
illae intermortuae contiones, quibus cotidie meam po- 
tentiam invidiose criminabatur, cum diceret senatum 

3° non quod sentiret, sed quod ego vellem decernere. 
Quae quidem si potentia est appellanda — potius quam 
aut propter magna in rem publicam merita mediocris 
in bonis causis auctoritas, aut propter hos officiosos 
labores meos non nulla apud bonos gratia, — appel- 

35 letur ita sane, dum modo ea nos utamur pro salute 
bonorum contra amentiam perditorum. 



vi. is-] Motive and Nature of the 7 rial. 175 

13. Hanc vero quaestionem, etsi non est iniqua, num- 
quam taraen senatus constiluendam putavit. Erant 
enim leges, erant quaestiones vel de caede vel de vi ; 
nee tan turn maerorem ac luctum senatui mors P. Clodi 
adferebat, ut nova quaestio constitueretur. Cujus enim 5 
de illo incesto stupro judicium decernendi senatui po- 
testas esset erepta, de ejus interitu quis potest credere 
senatum judicium novum constituendum putasse? Cur 
igitur incendium curiae, oppugnationem aedium M. 
Lepidi, caedem hanc ipsam contra rem publicam se- I0 
natus factam esse decrevit? quia nulla vis umquam est 
in libera civitate suscepta inter civis non contra rem 
publicam. 14. Non enim est ilia defensio contra vim 
umquam optanda, sed non numquam est necessaria. 
Nisi vero aut ille dies quo Ti. Gracchus est caesus, aut 15 
ille quo Gaius, aut quo arma Saturnini offressa sunt, 
etiam si e re publica oppressa sunt, rem publicam ta- 
men non volnerarunt. vi. Itaque ego ipse decrevi, 
cum caedem in Appia factam esse constaret, non 
eum qui se defendisset contra rem publicam fecisse, 20 
sed, cum inesset in re vis et insidiae, crimen judicio 
reservavi, rem notavi. Quod si per furiosum ilium 
tribunum senatui quod sentiebat perficere licuisset, 
novam quaestionem nullam haberemus. Decernebat 
enim, ut veteribus legibus, tantum modo extra ordi- 25 
nem, quaereretur. Divisa sententia est, postulante 
nescio quo : nihil enim necesse est omnium me flagitia 
proferre. Sic reliqua auctoritas senatus empta inter- 
cessione sublata est. 

15. At enim Cn. Pompeius rogatione sua et de re et 3° 
de causa judicavit : tulit enim de caede quae in Appia 
via facta esset, in qua P. Clodius occisus esset. Quid 
ergo tulit? nempe ut quaereretur. Quid porro quaeren- 
dum est? Factumne sit? at constat. A quo? at paret. 
Vidit igitur, etiam in confessione facti, juris tamen 35 
defensionem suscipi posse. Quod nisi vidisset pos^e 



176 Defence of Milo. [Milc 

absolvi eum qui fateretur, cum videret nos fateri. 
neque quaeri umquam jussisset, nee vobis tam hanc 
salutarem in judicando litteram quam illam tristem 
dedisset. Mihi vero Cn. Pompeius non modo nihi 

5 gravius contra Milonem judicasse, sed etiam statuisse 
videtur quid vos in judicando spectare oporteret. Nam 
qui non poenam confessioni, sed defensionem dedit, is 
causam interitus quaerendam, non interitum putavit. 
16. Jam illud ipse dicet profecto, quod sua sponte fecit. 

IO Publione Clodio tribuendum putarit an tempori. 

vii. Domi suae nobilissimus vir, senatus propug- 
nator, atque illis quidem temporibus paene patronus, 
avunculus hujus judicis nostri, fortissimi viri, M. Cato- 
nis, tribunus plebis M. Drusus occisus est. Nihil de 

15 ejus morte populus consultus, nulla quaestio decreta a 
senatu est. Quantum luctum in hac urbe fuisse a nos- 
tris patribus accepimus, cum P. Africano domi suae 
quiescenti ilia nocturna vis esset inlata? Quis turn 
non gemuit? Quis non arsit dolore, quern immor- 

20 talem, si fieri posset, omnes esse cuperent, ejus ne 
necessariam quidem exspectatam esse mortem ! Num 
igitur ulla quaestio de Africani morte lata est? certe 
nulla. 17. Quid ita? quia non alio facinore clari ho- 
mines, alio obscuri necantur. Intersit inter vitae digni- 

25 tatem summorum atque infimorum : mors quidem inlata 
per scelus isdem et poenis teneatur et legibus. Nisi 
forte magis erit parricida, si qui consularem patrem 
quam si quis humilem necarit : aut eo mors atrocior 
erit P. Clodi, quod is in monumentis majorum suorum 

30 sit interfectus — hoc enim ab istis saepe dicitur ; pro- 
inde quasi Appius ille Caecus viam muniverit, non qua 
populus uteretur, sed ubi impune sui posteri latroci- 
narentur ! 

18. Itaque in eadem ista Appia via cum ornatissi- 

35 mum equitem Romanum P. Clodius M. Papirium 
occidisset, non fuit illud facinus puniendum, homo 



viii. 2i.] Plots and Crimes of Clodius. 177 

enim nobilis in suis monumentis equitem Romanum 
occiderat : nunc ejusdem Appiae no men quantas tra- 
goedias excitat ! Quae cruentata antea caede honesti 
atque innocentis viri silebatur, eadern nunc crebro 
usurpatur, postea quam latronis et parricidae sanguine 5 
imbuta est. Sed quid ego ilia commemoro? Com- 
prehensus est in templo Castoris servus P. Clodi, quern 
ille ad Cn. Pompeium interficiendum collocarat : ex- 
torta est ei confitenti sica de manibus : caruit foro 
postea Pompeius, caruit senatu, caruit publico : janua IO 
se ac parietibus, non jure legum judiciorumque 
texit. i9o Nura quae rogatio lata, num quae nova 
quaestio decreta est? Atqui si res, si vir, si tempus 
ullum dignum fuit, certe haec in ilia causa summa 
omnia fuerunt. Insidiator erat in foro conlocatus, 15 
atque in vestibulo ipso senatus ; ei viro autem mors 
parabatur, cujus in vita nitebatur salus civitatis ; eo 
porro rei publicae tempore, quo, si unus ille occidisset, 
non haec solum civitas, sed gentes omnes concidissent. 
Nisi vero quia perfecta res non est, non fuit poenienda : 20 
proinde quasi exitus rerum, non hominum consilia 
legibus vindicentur. Minus dolendum fuit re non per- 
fecta, sed poeniendum certe nihilo minus. 20. Quo- 
tiens ego ipse, judices, ex P. Clodi telis et ex cruentis 
ejus manibus effugi ! ex quibus si me non vel mea vel 25 
rei publicae fortuna servasset, quis tandem de interitu 
meo quaestionem tulisset? 

viii. Sed stulti sumus qui Drusum, qui Africanum, 
Pompeium, nosmet ipsos cum P. Clodio conferre aude- 
amus. Tolerabilia fuerunt ilia : P. Clodi mortem 3° 
aequo animo ferre nemo potest. Luget senatus, mae- 
ret equester ordo, tota civitas confecta senio est, squa- 
lent municipia, adflictantur coloniae, agri denique ipsi 
tarn beneficum, tam salutarem, tarn mansuetum civem 
desiderant. 21. Non fuit ea causa, judices, profecto, 35 
non fuit, cur sibi censeret Pompeius quaestionem feren- 



178 Defence of Milo. [Milo, 

dam ; sed homo sapiens atque alta et divina quadam 
mente praeditus multa vidit : fuisse ilium sibi inimicum, 
familiarem Milonem ; in communi omnium laetitia, si 
etiam ipse gauderet, timuit ne videretur infirmior fides 

5 reconciliatae gratiae ; multa etiam alia vidit, sed illud 
maxime, quamvis atrociter ipse tulisset, vos tamen 
fortiter judicaturos. Itaque delegit ex florentissimis 
ordinibus ipsa lumina : neque vero, quod non nulli dic- 
titant, secrevit in judicibus legendis amicos meos. Ne- 
ro que enim hoc cogitavit vir justissimus ; neque in bonis 
viris legendis id adsequi potuisset, etiam si cupisset. 
Non enim rnea gratia familiaritatibus continetur, quae 
late patere non possunt, propterea quod consuetudines 
victus non possunt esse cum multis ; sed, si quid possu- 

15 mus, ex eo possumus, quod res publica nos conjunxit 
cum bonis : ex quibus ille cum optimos viros legeret, 
idque maxime ad fidem suam pertinere arbitraretur, 
non potuit legere non studiosos mei. 22. Quod vero 
te, L. Domiti, huic quaestioni praeesse maxime voluit, 

20 nihil quaesivit [aliud] nisi justitiam, gravitatem, hu- 
manitatem, fidem. Tulit ut consularem necesse esset : 
credo, quod principum munus esse ducebat resistere 
et levitati multitudinis et perditorum temeritati. Ex 
consularibus te creavit potissimum : dederas enim 

2 5 quam contemneres popularis insanias jam ab adu- 
lescentia documenta maxima. 

ix. 23. Quam ob rem, judices, ut aliquando ad cau- 
sam crimenque veniamus, — si neque omnis confessio 
facti est inusitata, neque de causa nostra quicquam 

3° aliter ac nos vellemus a senatu judicatum est, et lator 
ipse legis, cum esset controversia nulla facti, juris 
tamen disceptationem esse voluit, et ei lecti judices 
isque praepositus est quaestioni, qui haec juste sapien- 
terque disceptet, — reliquum est, judices, ut nihil jam 

35 quaerere aliud debeatis, nisi uter utri insidias fecerit. 
Quod quo facilius argumentis perspicere possitis, rem 



ix. 26.] Clodius resolves to kill him. 179 

gestam vobis dum breviter expono, quaeso, diligenter 
attendite. 

24. P. Clodius cum statuisset omni scelere in prae- 
tura vexare rem publicam, videretque ita tracta esse 
comitia anno superiore, ut non multos mensis praetu- 5 
ram gerere posset, — qui non honoris gradum specta- 
ret, ut ceteri, sed et L. Paulum conlegam effugere 
vellet, singulari virtute civem, et annum integrum ad 
dilacerandam rem publicam quaereret, — subito reliquit 
annum suum, seseque in annum proximum transtulit : 10 
non (ut fit) religione aliqua, sed ut haberet, quod ipse 
dicebat, ad praeturam gerendam, hoc est, ad ever- 
teudam rem publicam, plenum annum atque integrum. 
25. Occurrebat ei mancam ac debilem praeturam futu- 
ram suam consule Milone : eum porro summo consensu 15 
populi Romani consulem fieri videbat. Contulit se 
ad ejus competitores, sed ita, totam ut petitionem ipse 
solus etiam invitis illis gubernaret, tota ut comitia suis, 
ut dictitabat, umeris sustineret. Convocabat tribus, se 
interponebat, Collinam novam dilectu perditissimorum 20 
civium conscribebat. Quanto ille plura miscebat, tan- 
to hie magis in dies convalescebat. Ubi vidit homo 
ad omne facinus paratissimus fortissimum virum, in- 
imicissimum suum, certissimum consulem, idque intel- 
lexit non solum sermonibus, sed etiam suffragiis pop- 25 
uli Romani saepe esse declaratum, palam agere coepit, 
et aperte dicere occidendum Milonem. 26. Servos 
agrestis et barbaros, quibus silvas publicas depopula- 
tus erat Etruriamque vexarat, ex Apennino dedux- 
erat, quos videbatis. Res erat minime obscura. Ete- 3° 
nim palam dictitabat consulatum Miloni eripi non 
posse, vitam posse. Significavit hoc saepe in senatu, 
dixit in contione. Quin etiam M. Favonio, fortissimo 
viro, quaerenti ex eo qua spe fureret Milone vivo, re- 
spondit triduo ilium aut sum mum quadriduo esse peri- 35 
turum : quam vocem ejus ad hunc M. Catonem statim 
Favonius detulit. 



180 Defence of Milo. [Milo, 

x. 27. Interim cum sciret Clodius — neque enim erat 
difficile scire — iter sollemne, legitimum, necessarium 
ante diem xin. Kalendas Februarias Miloni esse Lanu- 
vium ad flaminem prodendum, [quod erat dictator 

5 Lanuvi Milo,] Roma subito ipse profectus pridie est, ut 
ante suum fundum, quod re intellectum est, Miloni in- 
sidias conlocaret. Atque ita profectus est, ut contionem 
turbulentam, in qua ejus furor desideratus est, [quae 
illo ipso die habita est,] relinqueret, quam nisi obire 

10 facinoris locum tempusque voluisset, numquam reli- 
quisset. 23. Milo autem cum in senatu fuisset eo die, 
quoad senatus est dimissus, domum venit ; calceos et 
vestimenta mutavit ; paulisper, dum se uxor (ut fit) 
comparat, commoratus est ; dein profectus id tem- 

15 poris cum jam Clodius, si quidem eo die Romam 
venturus erat, redire potuisset. Ob viam fit ei Clodius, 
expeditus, in equo, nulla raeda, nullis impedimentis ; 
nullis Graecis comitibus, ut solebat ; sine uxore, quod 
numquam fere : cum hie insidiator, qui iter illud ad 

20 caedem faciendam apparasset, cum uxore veheretur in 
raeda, paenulatus, magno et impedito et muliebri ac 
delicato ancillarum puerorumque comitatu. 29. Fit ob 
viam Clodio ante fundum ejus hora fere undecima, aut 
non multo secus. Statim complures cum telis in hunc 

2 5 faciunt de loco superiore impetum : adversi raedarium 
occidunt. Cum autem hie de raeda rejecta paenula de- 
siluisset, seque acri animo defenderet, illi qui erant cum 
Clodio, gladiis eductis, partim recurrere ad raedam, 
ut a tergo Milonem adorirentur ; partim, quod hunc 

30 jam interfectum putarent, caedere incipiunt ejus servos, 
qui post erant : ex quibus qui animo fideli in dominum 
et praesenti fuerunt, partim occisi sunt, partim, cum 
ad raedam pugnari viderent, domino succurrere pro- 
hiberentur, Milonem occisum et ex ipso Clodio audi- 

35 rent et re vera putarent, fecerunt id servi Milonis — 
dicam enim aperte, non derivandi criminis causa, sed 



xi. 3 2 -] He kills Clodius in Self-defence. 181 

ut factum est — nee imperante nee sciente nee prae- 
sente domino, quod suos quisque servos in tali re 
facere voluisset. 

xi. 30. Haec, sicuti exposui, ita gesta sunt, judices. 
Insidiator superatus est, vi victa vis, vel potius oppressa 5 
virtute audacia est. Nihil dico quid res publica con- 
secuta sit, nihil quid vos, nihil quid omnes boni : nihil 
sane id prosit Miloni, qui hoc fato natus est, ut ne se 
quidem servare potuerit, quin una rem publicam vosque 
servaret. Si id jure fieri non potuit, nihil habeo i0 
quod defendam. Sin hoc et ratio doctis, et necessi- 
tas barbaris, et raos gentibus, et feris etiam beluis 
natura ipsa praescripsit, — ut omnem semper vim, 
quacumque ope possent, a corpore, a capite, a vita 
sua propulsarent, — non potestis hoc facinus impro- 15 
bum judicare, quin' simul judicetis omnibus, qui in 
latrones incidermt, aut illorum telis aut vestris sen- 
tenths esse pereundum. 31. Quod si ita putasset, certe 
optabilius Miloni fuit dare jugulum P. Clodio, non 
semel ab illo neque turn primum petitum, quam jugu- 2 ° 
lari a vobis, quia se non jugulandum illi tradidisset. 
Sin hoc nemo vestrum ita sentit, non illud jam in ju- 
dicium venit, occisusne sit (quod fatemur), sed jure 
an injuria, quod multis in causis saepe quaesitum est. 
Insidias factas esse constat, et id est quod senatus con- 2 5 
tra rem publicam factum judicavit : ab utro factae sint 
incertum est. De hoc igitur latum est ut quaereretur. 
Ita et senatus rem non hominem notavit, et Pompeius 
de jure non de facto quaestionem tulit. xn. Num quid 
igitur aliud in judicium venit, nisi uter utri insidias 3° 
fecerit? Profecto nihil: si hie illi, ut ne sit impune ; 
si ille huic, ut scelere solvamur. 

32. Quonam igitur pacto probari potest insidias Mi- 
loni fecisse Clodium? Satis est in ilia quidem tam 
audaci, tam nefaria belua, docere magnam ei causam, 35 
magnam spem in Milonis morte propositam, magnas 



182 Defence of Milo. [Milo, 

utilitates fuisse. Itaque illud Cassianum cui bono fiie- 
rit in his personis valeat ; etsi boni nullo emolumento 
impelluntur in fraudem, improbi saepe parvo. Atqui 
Milone interfecto Clodius haec adsequebatur, non modo 

5 ut praetor esset non eo consule quo sceleris nihil facere 
posset ; sed etiam ut eis consulibus praetor esset, qui- 
bus si non adjuvantibus at coniventibus certe, speraret 
posse se eludere in illis suis cogitatis furoribus : cujus 
illi conatus, ut ipse ratiocinabatur, nee cuperent re- 

I0 primere si possent, cum tantum beneficium ei se debere 
arbitrarentur ; et, si vellent, fortasse vix possent fran- 
gere hominis sceleratissimi conroboratam jam vetustate 
audaciam. 

33. An vero, judices, vos soli ignoratis? vos hospites 

15 in hac urbe versamini? vestrae peregrinantur aures, 
neque in hoc pervagato civitatis sermone versantur, 
quas ille leges — si leges nominandae sunt ac non 
faces urbis, pestes rei publicae — merit impositurus 
nobis omnibus atque inusturus? Exhibe, quaeso, Sexte 

20 Clodi, exhibe librarium illud legum vestrarum, quod 
te aiunt eripuisse e domo et ex mediis armis turbaque 
nocturna tamquam Palladium sustulisse, ut praeclarum 
videlicet munus atque instrumentum tribunatus ad 
aliquem, si nactus esses, qui tuo arbitrio tribunatum 

2 5 gereret, deferre posses. Atque per ... an hujus ille 
legis quam Clodius a se inventam gloriatur, mentio- 
nem facere ausus esset vivo Milone, non dicam consule? 
De nostrum enim omnium — non audeo totum dicere. 
Videte quid ea viti lex habitura merit, cujus periculosa 

3° etiam reprehensio est. Et aspexit me illis quidem 
oculis, quibus turn solebat cum omnibus omnia mina- 
batur. Movet me quippe lumen curiae ! xin. Quid? 
tu me tibi iratum, Sexte, putas, cujus inimicissimum 
multo crudelius etiam poenitus es, quam erat humani- 

35 tatis meae postulare? Tu P. Clodi cruentum cadaver 
ejecisti domo ; tu in publicum abjecisti ; tu spoliatum 



xni. 35-] He loses by the Death of Clodius. 183 

imaginibus, exsequiis, pompa, laudatione, infelicissi- 
mis lignis semiustilatum, nocturnis canibus dilani- 
andum reliquisti. Qua re, etsi nefarie fecisti, tamen 
quoniam in meo inimico crudelitatem exprompsisti 
tuam, laudare non possum, irasci certe rion debeo. 5 

34o Audistis, judiccs, quantum Clodi mterfuent 00 
cidi Milonem : convertite aniraos nunc vicissim ad 
Milonem. Quid Milonis intererat interfici Clodi- 
um? Quid erat cur Milo non dicam admitteret, sed 
optaret? ' Obstabat in spe consulatus Miloni Clo- 10 
dius.' At eo repugnante fiebat, immo vero eo fiebat 
magis ; nee me suffragatore meliore utebatur quam 
Clodio. Valebat apud vos, judices, Milonis erga me 
remque publicam meritorum memoria ; valebant pre- 
ces et lacrimae nostrae, quibus ego turn vos mirifice 15 
moveri sentiebam ; sed plus multo valebat periculorum 
impendentium timor. Quis enim erat civium qui sibi 
solutam P. Clodi praeturam sine maximo rerum no- 
varum metu proponeret? Solutam autem fore vide- 
batis, nisi esset is consul, qui earn auderet possetque 20 
constringere. Eum Milonem unum esse cum sentiret 
universus populus Romanus, quis dubitaret suffragio 
suo se metu, periculo rem publicam liberare? At 
nunc, Clodio remoto, usitatis jam rebus enitendum est 
Miloni, ut tueatur dignitatem suam : singularis ilia et 25 
huic uni coneessa gloria, quae cotidie augebatur fran- 
gendis furoribus Clodianis, jam Clodi morte cecidit. 
Vos adepti estis, ne quem civem metueretis : hie exer- 
citationem virtutis, sufFragationem consulatus, fontem 
perennem gloriae suae perdidit. Itaque Milonis con- 30 
sulatus, qui vivo Clodio labefactari non poterat, mor- 
tuo denique temptari coeptus est. Non modo igitur 
nihil prodest, sed obest etiam Clodi mors Miloni. 

35. 'At valuit odium, fecit iratus, fecit inimicus, fuit 
ultor injuriae, poenitor doloris sui.' Quid? si haec 35 
non dico majora fuerunt in Clodio quam in Milone, 



184 Defence of Milo. [Milo, 

sed in illo maxima, nulla in hoc? quid voltis amplius? 
Quid enim odisset Clodium Milo, segetem ac mate- 
riem suae gloriae, praeter hoc civile odium, quo omnis 
improbos odiums? Ille erat ut odisset, primum defen- 

5 sorem salutis meae, deinde vexatorem furoris, domito- 
rem armorum suorum, postremo etiam accusatorem 
suum : reus enim Milonis lege Plotia fuit Clodius, 
quoad vixit. Quo tandem animo hoc tyrannum ilium 
tulisse creditis? quantum odium illius, et in homine 

I0 injusto quam etiam justum fuisse? 

xiv. 36. Reliquum est ut jam ilium natura ipsius 
consuetudoque defendat, hunc autem haec eadem 
coarguat. Nihil per vim umquam Clodius, omnia per 
vim Milo. Quid? ego, judices, cum maerentibus vobis 

15 urbe cessi, judiciumne timui? non servos, non arma, 
non vim? Quae fuisset igitur justa causa restituendi 
mei, nisi fuisset injusta eiciendi? Diem mihi, credo, 
dixerat, multam inrogarat, actionem perduellionis in- 
tenderat : et mihi videlicet in causa aut mala aut mea, 

20 non et praeclarissima et vestra, judicium timendum fuit. 
Servorum et egentium civium et facinorosorum armis 
meos civis, meis consiliis periculisque servatos, pro me 
obici nolui. 37. Vidi enim, vidi hunc ipsum Q^ Hor- 
tensium, lumen et ornamentum rei publicae, paene 

25 interflci servorum manu, cum mihi adesset : qua in 
turba C. Vibienus senator, vir optimus, cum hoc cum 
esset una, ita est mulcatus, ut vitam amiserit. Itaque 
quando illius postea sica ilia, quam a Catilina acce- 
perat, conquievit? Haec intentata nobis est ; huic ego 

3° vos obici pro me non sum passus ; haec insidiata 
Pompeio est; haec istam Appiam, monimentum sui 
nominis, nece Papiri cruentavit ; haec eadem longo 
intervallo conversa rursus est in me: nuper quidem, 
ut scitis, me ad regiam paene confecit. 

35 38. Quid simile Milonis? cujus vis omnis haec sem- 
per fuit, ne P. Clodius, cum in judicium detrahi non 



xv. 4°-] He had often spared Clodius's Life. 185 

posset, vi oppressam civitatem teneret. Quern si 
interflcere voluisset, quantae quotiens occasiones, quam 
praeclarae fuerunt ! Potuitne, cum domum ac deos 
penatis suos illo oppugnante defenderet, jure se 
ulcisci? Potuitne, civi egregio et viro fortissimo, P. 5 
Sestio, conlega suo, volnerato? Potuitne, Q^ Fabricio, 
viro optimo, cum de reditu meo legem ferret, pulso, 
crudelissima in foro caede facta? Potuitne, L. Caecili, 
justissimi fortissimique praetoris, oppugnata domo? 
Potuitne illo die, cum est lata lex de me ; cum totius 10 
Italiae concursus, quern mea salus concitarat, facti 
illius gloriam libens agnovisset, ut, etiam si id Milo 
fecisset, cuncta civitas earn laudem pro sua vindicaret? 
xv. 39. At quod erat tempus? Clarissimus et for- 
tissimus consul, inimicus Clodio, [P. Lentulus,] ultor 15 
sceleris illius, propugnator senatus, defensor vestrae 
voluntatis, patronus publici consensus, restitutor salutis 
meae ; septem praetores, octo tribuni plebei, illius 
adversarii, defensores mei ; Cn. Pompeius, auctor et 
dux mei reditus, illius hostis, cujus sententiam senatus 20 
[omnis] de salute mea gravissimam et ornatissimam 
secutus est, qui populum Romanum est cohortatus, qui 
cum de me decretum Capuae fecisset, ipse cunctae 
Italiae cupienti et ejus fidem imploranti signum dedit, 
ut ad me restituendum Romam concurrerent ; omnium 2 5 
denique in ilium odia civium ardebant desiderio mei, 
quern qui turn interemisset, non de impunitate ejus, sed 
de praemiis cogitaretur. 40. Tamen se Milo continuit, 
et P. Clodium in judicium bis, ad vim numquam voca- 
vit. Quid? privato Milone et reo ad populum accusante 3° 
P. Clodio, cum in Cn. Pompeium pro Milone dicentem 
impetus factus est, quae turn non modo occasio, sed 
etiam causa illius opprimendi fuit ! Nuper vero cum 
M. Antonius summam spem salutis bonis omnibus 
attulisset, gravissimamque adulescens nobilissimus rei 35 
publicae partem fortissime suscepisset, atque illam 



1 86 Defence of Milo. [Milo, 

beluam, judici laqueos declinantem, jam inretitam 
teneret, qui locus, quod tempus illud, di immortales, 
fuit ! cum se ille fugiens in scalarum tenebris abdi- 
disset, magnum Miloni fuit conficere illam pestem 

5 nulla sua invidia, M. vero Antoni maxima gloria? 
41. Quid? comitiis in campo quotiens potestas fuit! 
cum ille in saepta ruisset, gladios destringendos, 
lapides jaciendos curavisset ; dein subito, voltu Milonis 
perterritus, fugeret ad Tiberim, vos et omnes boni vota 

io faceretis, ut Miloni uti virtute sua liberet. 

xvi. Quern igitur cum omnium gratia noluit, hunc 
voluit cum aliquorum querella? quern jure, quern loco, 
quern tempore, quem impune non est ausus, hunc 
injuria, iniquo loco, alieno tempore, periculo capitis, 

15 non dubitavit occidere? 42. praesertim, judices, cum 
honoris amplissimi contentio et dies comitiorum subes- 
set, quo quidem tempore — scio enim quam timida sit 
ambitio, quantaque et quam sollicita sit cupiditas con- 
sulatus — omnia, non modo quae reprehendi palam, 

20 sed etiam obscure quae cogitari possunt timemus, 
rumoreni, fabulam fictam, levem perhorrescimus, ora 
omnium atque oculos intuemur. Nihil est enim 
tam molle, tarn tenerum, tarn aut fragile aut rlexi- 
bile, quam voluntas erga nos sensusque civiurn, 

2 S qui non modo improbitati irascuntur candidatorum, 
sed etiam in recte factis saepe fastidiunt. 43. Hunc 
igitur diem campi speratum atque exoptatum sibi pro- 
ponens Milo, cruentis manibus scelus et facinus prae 
se ferens et confitens, ad ilia augusta centuriarum 

3° auspicia veniebat? Quam hoc non credibile in hoc! 
quam idem in Clodio non dubitandum, cum se ille 
interfecto Milone regnaturum putaret ! Quid ? (quod 
caput est [audaciae], judices) quis ignorat maximam 
inlecebram esse peccandi impunitatis spem ? In utro 

35 igitur haec fuit? in Milone, qui etiam nunc reus est 
facti aut praeclari aut certe necessarii, an in Clodio, 



xvn. 46.] How Clodius laid his Plans. 187 

qui ita judicia poenamque contempserat, ut eum nihil 
delectaret quod aut per naturam fas esset, aut per 
leges liceret. 

44. Sed quid ego argumentor? quid plura disputo? 
Te, Q^ Petili, appello, optimum et fortissimum civem : 5 
te, M. Cato, testor, quos mihi divina quaedam sors 
dedit judices. Vos ex M. Favonio audistis Clodium 
sibi dixisse, et audistis vivoClodio, periturum Milonem 
triduo. Post diem tertium gesta res est quam dixerat. 
Cum ille non dubitarit aperire quid cogitaret, vos I0 
potestis dubitare quid fecerit? xvn. 45. Quern ad 
modum igitur eum dies non fefellit? Dixi equidem 
modo. Dictatoris Lanuvini stata sacrificia nosse ne- 
goti nihil erat. Vidit necesse esse Miloni proficisci 
Lanuvium illo ipso quo est profectus die. Itaque 15 
antevertit. At quo die? Quo, ut ante dixi. fuit insa- 
nissima contio ab ipsius mercenario tribuno plebis 
concitata : quern diem ille, quam contionem, quos 
clamores, nisi ad cogitatum facinus approperaret, 
numquam reliquisset. Ergo illi ne causa quidem 20 
itineris, etiam causa manendi : Miloni manendi nulla 
[facultas], exeundi non causa solum, sed etiam neces- 
sitas fuit. Quid? si, ut ille scivit Milonem fore eo die 
in via, sic Clodium Milo ne suspicari quidem potuit? 
46. Primum quaero qui id scire potuerit? quod vos 25 
idem in Clodio quaerere non potestis. Ut enim ne- 
minem alium nisi T. Patinam, familiarissimum suum, 
rogasset, scire potuit illo ipso die Lanuvi a dictatore 
Milone prodi flaminem necesse esse. Sed erant per- 
multi alii, ex quibus id facillime scire posset: [omnes 30 
scilicet Lanuvini.] Milo de Clodi reditu unde quae- 
sivit? Quaesierit sane — videte quid vobis largiar : 
servum etiam, ut Q^ Arrius, meus amicus, dixit, cor- 
ruperit. Legite testimonia testium vestrorum. Dixit 
C. Causinius Schola, Interamnas, familiarissimus et 35 
idem comes Clodi, — cujus jam pridem testimonio 



188 Defence of Milo. [Milo, 

Clodius eadem hora Interamnae fuerat et Roraae, — 
P. Clodium illo die in Albano mansurum fuisse ; sed 
subito ei esse nuntiatum Cyrum architectum esse mor- 
tuum, itaque repente Romam constituisse proficisci. 

5 Dixit hoc comes item P. Clodi, C. Clodius. 

xviii. 47. Videte, judices, quantae res his testimo- 
niis sint confectae. Primum certe liberatur Milo non 
eo consilio profectus esse, ut insidiaretur in via Clodio : 
quippe, si ille obvius ei futurus omnino non erat. 

I0 Deinde — non enim video cur non meum quoque 
agam negotium — scitis, judices, fuisse qui in hac 
rogatione suadenda dicerent Milonis manu caedem 
esse facta m, consilio vero majoris alicujus. Me videli- 
cet latronem ac sicarium abjecti homines et perditi 

15 describebant. Jacent suis testibus [ei] qui Clodium 
negant eo die Romam, nisi de Cyro audisset, fuisse 
rediturum. Respiravi, liberatus sum; non vereor ne, 
quod ne suspicari quidem potuerim, videar id cogitasse. 
48. Nunc persequar cetera. Nam occurrit illud : ' Igi- 

20 tur ne Clodius quidem de insidiis cogitavit, quoniam 
fuit in Albano mansurus.' Si quidem exiturus ad 
caedem e villa non fuisset. Video enim ilium, qui 
dicatur de Cyri morte nuntiasse, non id nuntiasse, sed 
Milonem appropinquare. Nam quid de Cyro nuntia- 

25 ret, quern Clodius Roma proficiscens reliquerat mori- 
entem? Una fui, testamentum simul obsignavi cum 
Clodio : testamentum autem palam fecerat, et ilium 
heredem et me scripserat. Quem pridie hora tertia 
animam efflantem reliquisset, eum mortuum postridie 

3° hora decima denique ei nuntiabatur? 

xix. 49. Age, sit ita factum. Quae causa cur 
Romam properaret? cur in noctem se coniceret? 
Ecquid adferebat festinationis, quod heres erat? Pri- 
mum, erat nihil cur properato opus esset : deinde, si 

35 quid esset, quid tandem erat quod ea nocte consequi 
posset, amitteret autem si postridie Romam mane 



xx - S3-] Why did Clodius return that Night f 189 

venisset? Atque ut ill i nocturnus ad urbem adventus 
vitandus potius quam expetendus fuit, sic Miloni, cum 
insidiator esset, si ilium ad urbem nocte accessurum 
sciebat, subsidendum atque exspectandum fuit. 50. 
Nemo ei neganti non credidisset, quern esse omnes 5 
salvum etiam confitentem volunt. Sustinuisset hoc 
crimen primum ipse ille latronum occultator et recep- 
tor locus, cum neque muta solitudo indicasset neque 
caeca nox ostendisset Milonem ; deinde ibi multi ab 
illo violati, spoliati, bonis expulsi, multi haec etiam 10 
timentes in suspitionem caderent, tota denique rea 
citaretur Etruria. 51. Atque illo die certe Aricia 
rediens devertit Clodius ad Albanum. Quod ut sci- 
ret Milo ilium Ariciae fuisse, suspicari tamen debuit 
eum, etiam si Romam illo die reverti vellet, ad villam 15 
suam, quae viam tangeret, deversurum. Cur neque 
ante occurrit, ne ille in villa resideret, nee eo in loco 
subsedit, quo ille noctu venturus esset? 

Video adhuc constare, judices, omnia: — Miloni 
etiam utile fuisse Clodium vivere, illi ad ea quae con- 20 
cupierat optatissimum interitum Milonis ; odium fuisse 
illius in hunc acerbissimum, nullum hujus in ilium ; 
consuetudinem illius perpetuam in vi inferenda, hujus 
tantum in repellenda ; 52. mortem ab illo denuntiatam 
Miloni et praedicatam palam, nihil umquam auditum 25 
ex Milone ; profectionis hujus diem illi notum, reditus 
illius huic ignotum fuisse; hujus iter necessarium, 
illius etiam potius alienum ; hunc prae se tulisse 
illo die Roma exiturum, ilium eo die se dissimulasse 
rediturum ; hunc nullius rei mutasse consilium, ilium 30 
causam mutandi consili flnxisse ; huic, si insidiaretur, 
noctem prope urbem exspectandam, illi, etiam si hunc 
non timeret, tamen accessum ad urbem nocturnum 
fuisse metuendum. 

xx. 53. Videamus nunc (id quod caput est) locus 35 
ad insidias ille ipse, ubi congressi sunt, utri tandem 



190 Defence of Milo. [Milo, 

fuerit aptior. Id vero, judices, etiam dubitandum et 
diutius cogitandum est? Ante fundum Clodi, quo in 
fundo propter insanas illas substructiones facile homi- 
num mille versabantur valentium, edito adversari atque 

5 excelso loco, superiorem se fore putarat Milo, et ob 
earn rem eum locum ad pugnam potissimum elegerat? 
an in eo loco est potius exspectatus ab eo qui ipsius 
loci spe facere impetum cogitarat? Res loquitur ipsa, 
judices, quae semper valet plurimum. 54. Si haec 

10 non gesta audiretis, sed picta videretis, tamen appare- 
ret uter esset insidiator, uter nihil cogitaret mali, cum 
alter veheretur in raeda paenulatus, una sederet uxor. 
Quid horum non impeditissimum ? vestitus an vehic- 
ulum an comes? Quid minus promptum ad pug- 

15 nam, cum paenula inretitus, raeda impeditus, uxore 
paene constrictus esset? Videte nunc ilium, primum 
egredientem e villa, subito : cur? vesperi : quid ne- 
cesse est? tarde : qui convenit, praesertim id tempo- 
ris? Devertit in villam Pompei. Pompeium ut vide- 

20 ret? s.ciebat in Alsiensi esse: villam ut perspiceret? 
miliens in ea fuerat. Quid ergo erat? morae et ter- 
giversationes : dum hie veniret, locum relinquere 
noluit. 

xxi. 55. Age nunc ; iter expediti latronis cum Milo- 

25 nis impediments comparate. Semper ille antea cum 
uxore, turn sine ea ; numquam nisi in raeda, turn in 
equo ; comites Graeculi, quocumque ibat, etiam cum 
in castra Etrusca properabat, turn nugarum in comitatu 
nihil. Milo, qui numquam, turn casu pueros sympho- 

30 niacos uxoris ducebat et ancillarum greges. Ille, qui 
semper secum scorta, semper exoletos, semper lupas 
duceret, turn neminem, nisi ut virum a viro lectum 
esse diceres. Cur igitur victus est? Quia non sem- 
per viator a latrone, non numquam etiam latro a viatore 

35 occiditur : quia, quamquam paratus in imparatos Clo- 
dius, tamen mulier inciderat in viros. 56. Nee vero 



xxii. 58.] Why Clodius -was defeated. 191 

sic erat umquam non paratus Milo contra ilium, ut non 
satis fere esset paratus. Semper [ille] et quantum 
interesset P. Clodi se perire, et quanto illi odio esset, 
et quantum ille auderet cogitabat. Quam ob rem 
vitam suam, quam maximis praemiis propositam et 5 
paene addictam sciebat, numquam in pericuLum sine 
praesidio et sine custodia proiciebat. Adde casus, 
adde incertos exitus pugnarum Martemque commu- 
nem, qui saepe spoliantem jam et exsultantem evertit 
et perculit ab abjecto : adde inscitiam pransi, poti, osci- I0 
tantis ducis, qui cum a tergo hostem interclusum reli- 
quisset, nihil de ejus extremis comitibus cogitavit, in 
quos incensos ira vitamque domini desperantis cum 
incidisset, haesit in eis poenis, quas ab eo servi fideles 
pro domini vita expetiverunt. ^ 

57. Cur igitur eos manu misit? Metuebat scilicet ne 
indicaretur, ne dolorem perferre non possent, ne tor- 
mentis cogerentur occisum esse a servis Milonis in 
Appia via P. Clodium confiteri. Quid opus est tortore ? 
quid quaeris? Occideritne? occidit. Jure an injuria? 2 o 
nihil ad tortorem : facti enim in eculeo quaestio est, ju- 
ris in judicio. xxii. Quod igitur in causa quaerendum 
est, indagamus hie : quod tormentis invenire vis, id 
fatemur. Manu vero cur miserit, si id potius quaeris, 
quam cur parum amplis adfecerit praemiis, nescis 25 
inimici factum reprehendere. 58. Dixit enim hie 
idem, qui omnia semper constanter et fortiter, M. 
Cato, et dixit in turbulenta contione, quae tamen hujus 
auctoritate placata est, non libertate solum, sed etiam 
omnibus praemiis dignissimos fuisse, qui domini caput 30 
defendissent. Quod enim praemium satis magnum est 
tarn benevolis, tarn bonis, tam fidelibus servis, propter 
quos vivit? Etsi id quidem non tanti est, quam quod 
propter eosdem non sanguine et volneribus suis crude- 
lissimi inimici mentem oculosque satiavit. Quos nisi 35 
manu misisset, tormentis etiam dedendi fuerunt conser- 



192 Defence of Milo. [Milo, 

vatores domini, ultores sceleris, defensores necis. Hie 
vero nihil habet in his malis quod minus moleste ferat, 
quam, etiam si quid ipsi accidat, esse tamen illis meri- 
tum praemium persolutum. 

5 59. Sed quaestiones urgent Milonem, quae sunt ha- 
bitae nunc in atrio Libertatis. Quibusnam de servis? 
rogas? de P. Clodi. Quis eos postulavit? Appius. 
Quis produxit? Appius. Unde? ab Appio. Di 
boni ! quid potest agi severius? [De servis nulla 

10 lege quaestio est in dominum nisi de incestu, ut fuit in 
Clodium.] Proxime deos accessit Clodius, propius 
quam turn cum ad ipsos penetrarat, cujus de morte 
tamquam de caerimoniis violatis quaeritur. Sed tamen 
majores nostri in dominum [de servo] quaeri noluerunt, 

15 non quin posset verum inveniri, sed quia videbatur in- 
dignum esse et [domini] morte ipsa tristius. In reum 
de servo accusatoris cum quaeritur, verum inveniri 
potest? go. Age vero, quae erat aut qualis quaestio? 
' Heus tu, Rufio' (verbi causa) 'cave sis mentiaris. 

20 Clodius insidias fecit Miloni? ' ' Fecit : ' ' certa crux.' 
' Nullas fecit : ' ' sperata libertas.' Quid hac quaestione 
certius? Subito abrepti in quaestionem, tamen sepa- 
rantur a ceteris et in areas coniciuntur, ne quis cum 
eis conloqui possit. Hi centum dies penes accusato- 

25 rem cum fuissent, ab eo ipso accusatore producti sunt. 
Quid hac quaestione dici potest integrius, quid incor- 
ruptius ? 

xxiii. 61. Quod si nondum satis cernitis, cum res 
ipsa tot tarn claris argumentis signisque luceat, pura 

30 mente atque Integra Milonem, nullo scelere imbutum, 
nullo metu perterritum, nulla conscientia exanimatum 
Romam revertisse, recordamini (per deos immortalis !) 
quae fuerit celeritas reditus ejus, qui ingressus in 
forum ardente curia, quae magnitudo animi, qui vol- 

35 tus, quae oratio. Neque vero se populo solum, sed 
etiam senatui commisit ; neque senatui modo, sed 



xxiv. 64.] Mile's Conduct afterwards. 193 

etiam publicis praesidiis et armis ; neque his tantum, 
verum etiam ejus potestati, cui senatus totam rem pub- 
licam, omnern Italiae pubem, cuncta populi Romani 
arm a commiserat : cui numquam se hie profecto tra- 
didisset, nisi causae suae confideret, praesertim omnia 5 
audienti, magna metuenti, multa suspicanti, non nulla 
credenti. Magna vis est conscientiae, judices, et 
magna in utramque partem, ut neque timeant qui 
nihil commiserint, et poenam semper ante oculos ver- 
sari putent qui peccarint. 10 

62. Neque vero sine ratione certa causa Milonis 
semper a senatu probata est. Videbant enim sapien- 
tissimi homines facti rationem, praesentiam animi, 
defensionis constantiam. An vero obliti estis, judices, 
recenti illo nuntio necis Clodianae, non modo inimico- 15 
rum Milonis sermones et opiniones, sed non nullorum 
etiam imperitorum? Negabant eum Romam esse red- 
iturum. 63. Sive enim illud animo irato ac percito 
fecisset, ut incensus odio trucidaret inimicum, arbitra- 
bantur eum tanti mortem P. Clodi putasse, ut aequo 2 ° 
animo patria careret, cum sanguine inimici explesset 
odium suum ; sive etiam illius morte patriam liberare 
voluisset, non dubitaturum fortem virum quin, cum suo 
periculo salutem populo Romano attulisset, cederet 
aequo animo [legibus] , secum auferret gloriam sempi- 2 5 
ternam, nobis haec fruenda relinqueret, quae ipse 
servasset. Multi etiam Catilinam atque ilia portenta 
loquebantur : ' Erumpet, occupabit aliquem locum, bel- 
lum patriae faciet.' Miseros interdum civis optime de 
re publica meritos, in quibus homines non modo res 3° 
praeclarissimas obliViscuntur, sed etiam nefarias sus- 
picantur ! 64. Ergo ilia falsa fuerunt, quae certe vera 
exstitissent, si Milo admisisset aliquid quod non posset 
honeste vereque defendere. 

xxiv. Quid? quae postea sunt in eum congesta, 35 
quae quemvis etiam mediocrium delictorum conscien- 

13 



194 Defence of Milo. [Milo s 

tia perculissent, ut sustinuit, di immortales ! Sustinuit? 
immo vero ut contempsit ac pro nihilo putavit, quae 
neque maximo animo nocens neque innocens nisi for- 
tissimus vir neglegere potuisset ! Scutorum, gladio- 

5 rum, frenorum, pilorumque etiam multitudo deprehendi 
posse indicabatur ; nullum in urbe vicum, nullum 
angiportum esse dicebant, in quo Miloni conducta non 
esset domus ; arma in villain Ocriculanam devecta 
Tiberi, domus in clivo Capitolino scutis referta, 

10 plena omnia malleolorum ad urbis incendia comparato- 
rum : haec non delata solum, sed paene credita, nee 
ante repudiata sunt quam quaesita. 65. Laudabam 
equidem incredibilem diligentiam Cn. Pompei, sed 
dicam ut sentio, judices. Nimis multa audire cogun- 

15 tur, neque aliter facere possunt, ei quibus tota com- 
missa est res publica. Quin etiam fuit audiendus popa 
Licinius nescio qui de Circo maximo, servos Milonis, 
apud se ebrios factos, sibi confessos esse de interfi- 
ciendo Pompeio conjurasse, dein postea se gladio per- 

20 cussum esse ab uno de illis, ne indicaret. Pompeio 
in hortos huntiavit ; arcessor in primis ; de amicorum 
sententia rem defert ad senatum. Non poteram in 
illius mei patriaeque custodis tanta suspitione non 
metu exanimari ; sed mirabar tamen credi popae, con- 

2 5 fessionem servorum audiri, volnus in latere, quod 
acu punctum videretur, pro ictu gladiatoris probari. 
66. Verum, ut intellego, cavebat magis Pompeius quam 
timebat, non ea solum quae timenda erant, sed omnia, 
ne vos aliquid timeretis. Oppugnata domus C.-Cae- 

3° saris, clarissimi et fortissimi viri, per multas noctis 
horas nuntiabatur. Nemo audierat tarn celebri loco, 
nemo senserat : tamen audiebatur. Non poteram Cn. 
Pompeium, praestantissima virtute virum, timidum 
suspicari : diligentiam, tota republica suscepta, nimiam 

35 nullam putabam. Frequentissimo senatu nuper in 
Capitolio senator inventus est qui Milonem cum telo 



xxv. 68.] Pompcy has nothing to fear from Milo. 195 

esse diceret. Nudavit se in sanctissimo templo, quo- 
niam vita talis et civis et viri fidem non faciebat, ut eo 
tacente res ipsa loqueretur. 

xxv. 67. Omnia falsa atque insidiose ficta comperta 
sunt. Cum tamen, si metuitur etiam nunc Milo, non 5 
jam hoc Clodianum crimen timemus, sed tuas, Cn. 
Pompei — te enim jam appello, et ea voce ut me 
exaudire possis — tuas, tuas, inquam, suspitiones per- 
horrescimus : si Milonem times ; si hunc de tua vita 
nefarie aut nunc cogitare aut molitum aliquando ali- IO 
quid putas ; si Italiae dilectus (ut non nulli conquisi- 
tores tui dictitarunt), si haec arma, si Capitolinae 
cohortes, si excubiae, si vigiliae, si dilecta juventus 
quae tuum corpus domumque custodit contra Milonis 
impetum armata est, atque ilia omnia in hunc unum 15 
instituta, parata, intenta sunt, — magna in hoc certe 
vis et incredibilis animus, et non unius viri vires atque 
opes judicantur, si quidem in hunc unum et praestan- 
tissimus dux electus et tota res publica armata est. 
68. Sed quis non intellegit omnis tibi rei publicae 20 
partis aegras et labantis, ut eas his armis sanares et 
confirmares, esse commissas? Quod si locus Miloni 
datus esset, probasset profecto tibi ipsi neminem um- 
quam hominem homini cariorem fuisse quam te sibi ; 
nullum se umquam periculum pro tua dignitate fugisse ; 25 
cum ipsa ilia taeterrima peste se saepissime pro tua 
gloria contendisse ; tribunatum suum ad salutem meam, 
quae tibi carissima fuisset, consiliis tuis gubernatum ; 
se a te postea defensum in periculo capitis, adjutum in 
petitione praeturae ; duos se habere semper amicissi- 30 
mos sperasse, te tuo beneficio, me suo. Quae si non 
probaret, si tibi ita penitus inhaesisset ista suspitio 
nullo ut evelli modo posset, si denique Italia a dilectu, 
urbs ab armis sine Milonis clade numquam esset 
conquietura, ne ille baud dubitans cessisset patria, is 35 
qui ita natus est et ita consuevit : te, Magne, tamen 
antestaretur, quod nunc etiam facit. 



196 Defence of Milo. [Milo, 

xxvi. 69. Vide quam sit varia vitae commutabilisque 
ratio, quam vaga volubilisque fortuna, quantae inrl- 
delitates in amicis, quam ad tempus aptae simulationes, 
quantae in periculis fugae proximorum, quantae timi- 

5 ditates. Erit, erit illud profecto tempus, et inlucescet 
aliquando ille dies, cum tu — salutaribus, ut spero, 
rebus tuis, sed fortasse motu aliquo communium tem- 
porum, qui quam crebro accidat experti scire debemus 
— et amicissimi benevolentiam et gravissimi hominis 

10 fidem et unius post homines natos fortissimi viri mag- 
nitudinem animi desideres. 70. Quamquam quis hoc 
credat, Cn. Pompeium, juris publici, moris majorum, 
rei denique publicae peritissimum, cum senatus ei com- 
miserit ut videret JVe quid res -publico, detri?nenti cap- 

15 eret (quo uno versiculo satis armati semper consules 
fuerunt, etiam nullis armis datis), hunc exercitu, hunc 
dilectu dato, judicium exspectaturum fuisse in ejus 
consiliis vindicandis, qui vi judicia ipsa tolleret? Satis 
judicatum est a Pompeio, satis, falso ista conferri in 

20 Milonem, qui legem tulit, qua, ut ego sentio, Milonem 
absolvi a vobis oporteret, ut omnes confitentur, liceret. 
71. Quod vero in illo loco atque illis publicorum prae- 
sidiorum copiis circumfusus sedet, satis declarat se non 
terrorem inferre vobis — quid enim minus illo dignum 

25 quam cogere ut vos eum condemnetis, in quern ani- 
madvertere ipse et more majorum et suo jure posset? 
sed praesidio esse, ut intellegatis contra hesternam 
illam contionem licere vobis quod sentiatis libere 
judicare. 

3° xxvii. 72. Nee vero me, judices, Clodianum crimen 
movet, nee tam sum demens tamque vestri sensus 
ignarus atque expers, ut nesciam quid de morte Clodi 
sentiatis. De qua, si jam nollem ita diluere crimen, ut 
dilui, tamen impune Miloni palam clamare ac mentiri 

$5 gloriose liceret : ' Occidi, occidi, non Sp. Maelium, qui 
annona levanda jacturisque rei familiaris, quia nimis 



xxvu. 74-] The Crimes of Clodius recited. 197 

amplecti plebem videbatur, in suspitionem incidit 
regni appetendi ; non Ti. Gracchum, qui conlegae 
magistratum per seditionem abrogavit, quorum inter- 
fectores impleverunt orbem terrarum nominis sui glo- 
ria ; sed eum — auderet enim dicere, cum patriam 5 
periculo suo liberasset — cujus neiandum adulterium 
in pulvinaribus sanctissimis nobilissimae feminae com- 
prehenderunt ; 73. eum cujus supplicio senatus sollem- 
nis religiones expiandas saepe censuit ; eum quern cum 
sorore germana nefarium stuprum fecisse L. Lucullus IO 
juratus se quaestionibus habitis dixit comperisse ; eum 
qui civem quern senatus, quern populus Romanus, quern 
omnes gentes urbis ac vitae civium conservatorem 
judicarant, servorum armis exterminavit ; eum qui 
regna dedit, ademit, orbem terrarum quibuscum voluit 15 
partitns est; eum qui, plurimis caedibus in foro factis, 
singulari virtute et gloria civem domum vi et armis 
compulit ; eum cui nihil umquam nefas fuit, nee in 
facinore nee in libidine ; eum qui aedem Nympharum 
incendit, ut memoriam publicam recensionis tabulis 20 
publicis impressam exstingueret ; 74. eum denique, 
cui jam nulla lex erat, nullum civile jus, nulli 
possessionum termini; qui non calumnia litium, non 
injustis vindiciis ac sacramentis alienos fundos, sed 
castris, exercitu, signis inferendis petebat ; qui non 2 5 
solum Etruscos — eos enim penitus contempserat — 
sed hunc P. Varium, fortissimum atque optimum 
civem, judicem nostrum, pellere possessionibus armis 
castrisque conatus est ; qui cum architectis et decem- 
pedis villas multorum hortosque peragrabat ; qui 3° 
Janiculo et Alpibus spem possessionum terminarat 
suarum; qui, cum ab equite Romano splendido et 
forti, M. Paconio, non impetrasset ut sibi insulam in 
lacu Prilio venderet, repente luntribus in earn insulam 
materiem, calcem, caementa, arma convexit, domino- 35 
que trans ripam inspectante, non dubitavit exstrucre 



198 Defence of Milo. [Milo, 

aedificium in alieno ; 75. qui huic T. Furfanio, — cui 
viro, di immortales ! quid enim ego de muliercula 
Scantia, quid de adulescente P. Apinio dicam? quo- 
rum utrique mortem est minitatus, nisi sibi hortorum 

5 possessione cessissent, — sed ausum esse Furfanio 
dicere, si sibi pecuniam, quantam poposcerat, non 
dedisset, mortuum se in domum ejus inlaturum, qua 
invidia huic esset tali viro conflagrandum ; qui Appium 
fratrem, hominem mihi conjunctum fidissima gratia, 

10 absentem de possessione fundi dejecit ; qui parietem 
sic per vestibulum sororis instituit ducere, sic agere 
fundamenta, ut sororem non modo vestibulo privaret, 
sed omni aditu et limine. 

xxviii. 76. Quamquam haec quidem jam tolerabilia 

15 videbantur, etsi aequabiliter in rem publicam, in pri- 
vates, in longinquos, in propinquos, in alienos, in suos 
inruebat ; sed nescio quo modo jam usu obduruerat et 
percalluerat civitatis incredibilis patientia. Quae vero 
aderant jam et impendebant, quonam modo ea aut de- 

20 pellere potuissetis aut ferre? Imperium ille si nactus 
esset, — omitto socios, exteras nationes, reges, tetrar- 
chas ; vota enim faceretis, ut in eos se potius immitte- 
ret quam in vestras possessiones, vestra tecta, vestras 
pecunias : — pecunias dico? a liberis (me dius fidius) et 

2 5 a conjugibus vestris numquam ille effrenatas suas libid- 
ines cohibuisset. Fingi haec putatis, quae patent, quae 
nota sunt omnibus, quae tenentur? servorum exercitus 
ilium in urbe conscripturum fuisse, per quos totam 
rem publicam resque privatas omnium possideret? 77. 

30 Quam ob rem si cruentum gladium tenens clamaret 
T. Annius : ' Adeste, quaeso, atque audite, cives : P. 
Clodium interfeci ; ejus furores, quos nullis jam legi- 
bus, nullis judiciis frenare poteramus, hoc ferro et hac 
dextera a cervicibus vestris reppuli, per me ut unum 

35 jus, aequitas, leges, libertas, pudor, pudicitia in civitate 
maneret ! ' esset vero timendum, quonam modo id 



axix. 79.] Milo might well have slain him* 199 

ferret civitas ! Nunc enim quis est qui non probet, 
qui non laudet, qui non unum post hominum memo- 
riam T. Annium plurimum rei publicae profuisse, 
maxima laetitia populum Romanum, cunctam Italiam, 
nationes omnis adfecisse et dicat et sentiat? Non 5 
queo vetera ilia populi Romani gaudia quanta fuerint 
judicare : multas tamen jam summorum imperatorum 
clarissimas victorias aetas nostra vidit, quarum nulla 
neque tarn diuturnam attulit laetitiam nee tantam. 
78. Mandate hoc memoriae, judices. Spero multa vos IO 
liberosque vestros in re publica bona esse visuros : in 
eis singulis ita semper existimabitis, vivo P. Clodio 
nihil eorum vos visuros fuisse. In spem maximam, 
et (quern ad modum confido) verissimam sumus ad- 
ducti, hunc ipsum annum, hoc ipso summo viro con- 15 
sule, compressa hominum licentia, cupiditatibus fractis, 
legibus et judiciis constitutis, salutarem civitati fore. 
Num quis est igitur tarn demens, qui hoc P. Clodio 
vivo contingere potuisse arbitretur? Quid? ea quae 
tenetis, privata atque vestra, dominante homine furioso 20 
quod jus perpetuae possessionis habere potuissent? 

xxix. Non, timeo, judices, ne odio inimicitiarum 
mearum inflammatus libentius haec in ilium evomere 
videar quam verius. Etenim si praecipuum esse de- 
bebat, tamen ita communis erat omnium ille hostis, 25 
ut in communi odio paene aequaliter versaretur odium 
meum. Non potest dici satis, ne cogitari quidem, 
quantum in illo sceleris, quantum exiti fuerit. 79. Quin 
sic attendite, judices. Nempe haec est quaestio de 
interitu P. Clodi. Fingite animis — liberae sunt enim 3° 
nostrae cogitationes, et quae volunt sic intuentur ut 
ea cernimus quae videmus — fingite igitur cogita- 
tione imaginem hujus condicionis meae, si possim 
efficere ut Milonem absolvatis, sed ita, si P. Clodius 
revixerit. Quid voltu extimuistis? quonam modo ille 35 
vos vivus adficeret, quos mortuus inani cogitatione per- 



200 Defence of Milo. [Milo, 

cussit? Quid ! si ipse Cn. Pompeius, qui ea virtute ac 
fortuna est ut ea potuerit semper quae nemo praeter 
ilium, si is, inquam, potuisset aut quaestionem de morte 
P. Clodi ferre aut ipsum ab inferis excitare, utrum 

5 putatis potius facturum fuisse ? Etiam si propter ami- 
citiam vellet ilium ab inferis evocare, propter rem 
publicam non fecisset. Ejus igitur mortis sedetis ulto- 
res, cujus vitam si putetis per vos restitui posse, nolitis ; 
et de ejus nece lata quaestio est, qui si lege eadem re- 

10 viviscere posset, lata lex numquam esset. Hujus ergo 
interfector si esset, in confitendo ab eisne poenam 
timeret quos liberavisset? 80. Graeci homines deorum 
honores tribuunt eis viris qui tyrannos necaverunt. 
Quae ego vidi Athenis ! quae aliis in urbibus Graeciae ! 

15 quas res divinas talibus institutas viris ! quos cantus, 
quae carmina ! prope ad immortalitatis et religionem 
et memoriam consecrantur. Vos tanti conservatorem 
populi, tanti sceleris ultorem non modo honoribus nullis 
adficietis, sed etiam ad supplicium rapi patiemini? 

20 Confiteretur, confiteretur, inquam, si fecisset, et magno 
animo et libenter fecisse se libertatis omnium causa, 
quod esset ei non confitendum modo, verum etiam 
praedicandum. 

xxx. 81. Etenim si id non negat ex quo nihil petit nisi 

25 ut ignoscatur, dubitaret id fateri ex quo etiam prae- 
mia laudis essent petenda? nisi vero gratius putat esse 
vobis sui se capitis quam vestri defensorem fuisse, cum 
praesertim [in] ea confessione, si grati esse velletis, 
honores adsequeretur amplissimos. Si factum vobis 

3° non probaretur — quamquam qui poterat salus sua 
cuiquam non probari? — sed tamen si minus fortissimi 
viri virtus civibus grata cecidisset, magno animo con- 
stantique cederet ex ingrata civitate. Nam quid esset 
ingratius quam laetari ceteros, lugere eum solum prop- 

35 ter quern ceteri laetarentur? 82. Quamquam hoc 
animo semper omnes fuimus in patriae proditoribus 



xxxi. 84.] He deserves well of the State. 201 

opprimendis, ut, quoniam nostra futura esset gloria, 
periculum quoque et invidiam nostram putaremus. 
Nam quae mihi ipsi tribuenda laus esset, cum tantum 
in consulatu meo pro vobis ac liberis vestris ausus 
essem, si id, quod conabar sine maximis dimication- 5 
ibus meis me esse ausurum arbitrarer? Quae mulier 
sceleratum ac perniciosum civem interficere non au- 
deret, si periculum non timeret? Proposita invidia, 
morte, poena, qui nihilo segnius rem publicam defendit, 
is vir vere putandus est. Populi grati est praemiis I0 
adficere bene meritos de re publica civis ; viri fortis ne 
suppliciis quidem moveri ut fortiter fecisse paeniteat. 
83. Quam ob rem uteretur eadem confessione T. An- 
nius qua Ahala, qua Nasica, qua Opimius, qua Marius, 
qua nosmet ipsi ; et, si grata res publica esset, laeta- I5 
retur : si ingrata, tamen in gravi fortuna conscientia 
sua niteretur. 

Sed hujus beneflci gratiam, judices, fortuna populi 
Romani et vestra felicitas et di immortales sibi deberi 
putant. Nee vero quisquam aliter arbitrari potest, 20 
nisi qui nullam vim esse ducit numenve divinum ; 
quern neque imperi nostri magnitudo neque sol ille 
nee caeli signorumque motus nee vicissitudines rerum 
atque ordines movent, neque (id quod maximum 
est) majorum sapientia, qui sacra, qui caerimonias, 25 
qui auspicia et ipsi sanctissime coluerunt, et nobis suis 
posteris prodiderunt. xxxi. 84. Est, est profecto ilia 
vis : neque in his corporibus atque in hac imbecillitate 
nostra inest quiddam quod vigeat et sentiat, et non 
inest in hoc tanto naturae tarn praeclaro motu. Nisi 30 
forte idcirco non putant, quia non apparet nee cernitur : 
proinde quasi nostram ipsam mentem qua sapimus, 
qua providemus, qua haec ipsa agimus ac dicimus, 
videre aut plane qualis aut ubi sit sentire possimus. 
Ea vis igitur ipsa, quae saepe incredibilis huic urbi 35 
felicitates atque opes attulit, illam perniciem exstinxit 



202 Defence of Milo. [Milo, 

ac sustulit ; cui primum mentem injecit, ut vi irritare 
ferroque lacessere fortissimum virum auderet, vincere- 
turque ab eo, quern si vicisset habiturus esset impuni- 
tatem et licentiam sempiternam. 

5 85. Non est humano consilio, ne mediocri quidem, 
judices, deorum immortalium cura, res ilia perfecta. 
Religiones me hercule ipsae, quae illam beluam cadere 
viderunt, commosse se videntur, et jus in illo suum 
retinuisse. Vos enim jam, Albani tumuli atque luci, 

10 vos, inquam, imploro atque obtestor ; vosque, Albano- 
rum obrutae arae, sacrorum populi Romani sociae et 
aequales, quas ille praeceps amentia, caesis prostra- 
tisque sanctissimis lucis, substructionum insanis moli- 
bus oppresserat. Vestrae turn [arae] vestrae religiones 

15 viguerunt ; vestra vis valuit, quam ille omni scelere 
polluerat. Tuque ex tuo edito monte, Latiaris sancte 
Juppiter, cujus ille lacus, nemora finisque saepe omni 
nefario stupro et scelere macularat, aliquando ad eum 
poeniendum oculos aperuisti. Vobis illae, vobis vestro 

20 in conspectu serae, sed justae tamen et debitae poenae 
solutae sunt. 86. Nisi forte hoc etiam casu factum 
esse dicemus, ut ante ipsum sacrarium Bonae deae, 
quod est in fundo T. Sergi Galli, in primis honesti et 
ornati adulescentis, ante ipsam, inquam, Bonam deam, 

2 5 cum proelium commisisset, primum illud volnus ac- 
ciperet, quo taeterrimam mortem obiret ; ut non ab- 
solutus judicio illo nefario videretur, sed ad hanc 
insignem poenam reservatus. xxxn. Nee vero non 
eadem ira deorum hanc ejus satellitibus injecit amen- 

3° tiam, ut sine imaginibus, sine cantu atque ludis, sine 
exsequiis, sine lamentis, sine laudationibus, sine funere, 
oblitus cruore et iuto, spoliatus illius supremi diei cele- 
britate, cui cedere inimici etiam solent, ambureretur 
abjectus. Non fuisse credo fas clarissimorum virorum 

35 for mas illi taeterrimo parricidae aliquid decoris adferre, 
neque ullo in loco potius mortem ejus lacerari quam in 
quo vita esset damnata. 



xxxiii. 89.] Crimes and Madness of Clodius. 203 

87. Dura (me dius fidius) mihi jam Fortuna populi 
Romani et crudelis videbatur, quae tot annos ilium 
in hanc rem publicam insultare pateretur. Polluerat 
stupro sanctissimas religiones, senatus gravissima de- 
creta perfregerat, pecunia se a judicibus palam redem- 5 
erat, vexarat in tribunatu senatum, omnium ordinum 
consensu pro salute - rei publicae gesta resciderat, 
me patria expulerat, bona diripuerat, domum incende- 
rat, liberos, conjugem meam vexarat, Cn. Pompeio 
nefarium bellum indixerat, magistratuum privatorum- IO 
que caedis effecerat, domum mei fratris incenderat, 
vastarat Etruriam, multos sedibus ac fortunis ejece- 
rat. Instabat, urgebat. Capere ejus amentiam civitas, 
Italia, provinciae, regna non poterant. Incidebantur 
jam domi leges, quae nos servis nostris addicerent. 15 
Nihil erat cujusquam, quod quidem ille adamasset, 
quod non hoc anno suum fore putaret. 88. Obstabat 
ejus cogitationibus nemo praeter Milonem. Ilium 
ipsum, qui obstare poterat, novo reditu in gratiam 
quasi devinctum arbitrabatur : Caesaris potentiam 20 
suam esse dicebat : bonorum animos in meo casu 
contempserat : Milo unus urgebat. 

xxxiii. Hie di immortales, ut supra dixi, mentem 
illi perdito ac furioso dederunt, ut huic faceret insidias. 
Aliter perire pestis ilia non potuit : numquam ilium 2 5 
res publica suo jure esset ulta. Senatus (credo) prae- 
torem eum circumscripsisset. Ne cum soiebat quidem 
id facere, in privato eodem hoc aliquid profecerat. 
89. An consules in praetore coercendo fortes fuissent? 
Primum, Milone occiso habuisset suos consules : deinde 3° 
quis in eo praetore consul fortis esset, per quern tri- 
bunum virtutem consularem crudelissime vexatam esse 
meminisset? Oppressisset omnia, possideret, teneret : 
lege nova [quae est inventa apud eum cum reliquis 
legibus Clodianis] servos nostros libertos suos fecisset : 35 
postremo, nisi eum di immortales in earn mentem 



204 Defence of Milo. [Milo, 

impulissent, ut homo effeminatus fortissimum virum 
conaretur occidere, hodie rem publicam nullam habe- 
retis. do. An ille praetor, ille vero consul, — si modo 
haec templa atque ipsa moenia stare eo vivo tarn diu et 

5 consulatum ejus exspectare potuissent, — ille denique 
vivus mali nihil fecisset, qui mortuus, uno ex suis satel- 
litibus [Sex. Clodio] duce, curiam incenderit? Quo 
quid miserius, quid acerbius, quid luctuosius vidimus? 
Templum sanctitatis, amplitudinis, mentis, consili 

10 publici, caput urbis, aram sociorum, portum omnium 
gentium, sedem ab universo populo concessam uni 
ordini, inflammari, exscindi, funestari? neque id fieri 
a multitudine imperita — quamquam esset miserum id 
ipsum — sed ab uno? Qui cum tantum ausus sit ustor 

15 pro mortuo, quid signifer pro vivo non esset ausus? In 
curiam potissimum abjecit, ut earn mortuus incenderet, 
quam vivus everterat. 91. Et sunt qui de via Appia 
querantur, taceant de curia ! et qui ab eo spirante 
forum putent potuisse defendi, cujus non restiterit 

20 cadaveri curia ! Excitate, excitate ipsum, si potestis, 
a mortuis. Frangetis impetum vivi, cujus vix susti- 
netis furias insepulti? Nisi vero sustinuistis eos qui 
cum facibus ad curiam cucurrerunt, cum falcibus 
ad Castoris, cum gladiis toto foro volitarunt. Caedi 

25 vidistis populum Romanum, contionem gladiis distur- 
bari, cum audiretur silentio M. Caelius, tribunus 
plebis, vir et in re publica fortissimus, et in suscepta 
causa firmissimus, et bonorum voluntati et auctoritati 
senatus deditus, et in hac Milonis sive invidia sive 

3° fortuna singulari, divina et incredibili fide. 

xxxiv. 92. Sed jam satis multa de causa : extra 
causam etiam nimis fortasse multa. Quid restat nisi 
ut orem obtesterque vos, judices, ut earn misericor- 
diam tribuatis fortissimo viro, quam ipse non implorat, 

35 ego etiam repugnante hoc et imploro et exposco? 
Nolite, si in nostro omnium fletu nullam lacrimam 



xxxiv. 94-] He bids Farewell to the City. 205 

aspexistis Milonis, si voltum semper eundem, si vocem, 
si orationem stabilem ac non mutatam videtis, hoc 
minus ei parcere : haud scio an multo sit etiam adju- 
vandus magis. Etenim si in gladiatoriis pugnis et 
infimi generis hominum condicione atque fortuna timi- 5 
dos atque supplices et ut vivere liceat obsecrantis 
etiam odisse solemus, fortis atque animosos et se acriter 
ipsos morti offerentis servare cupimus, eorumque nos 
magis miseret qui nostram misericordiam non requirunt 
quam qui illam efflagitant, — quanto hoc magis in for- I0 
tissimis civibus facere debemus? 93. Me quidem, ju- 
dices, exanimant et interimunt hae voces Milonis, quas 
audio adsidue et quibus intersum cotidie. ' Valeant,' 
inquit, * valeant cives mei : sint incolumes, sint floren- 
tes, sint beati : stet haec urbs praeclara mihique patria 15 
carissima, quoquo modo erit merita de me. Tranquilla 
re publica mei cives, quoniam mihi cum illis non licet, 
sine me ipsi, sed propter me tamen perfruantur. Ego 
cedam atque abibo : si mihi bona re publica frui non 
licuerit, at carebo mala, et quam primum tetigero 20 
bene moratam et liberam civitatem, in ea conquiescam. 
94. O frustra,' inquit, ' mihi suscepti labores ! O spes 
fallaces et cogitationes inanes meae ! Ego cum tribu- 
nus plebis re publica oppressa me senatui dedissem, 
quern exstinctum acceperam, equitibus Romanis, quo- 2 5 
rum vires erant debiles, bonis viris, qui omnera auc- 
toritatem Clodianis armis abjecerant, mihi umquam 
bonorum praesidium defuturum putarem? ego cum 
te' — mecum enim saepissime loquitur — ' patriae 
reddidissem, mihi putarem in patria non futurum 3° 
locum? Ubi nunc senatus est, quern secuti sumus? 
ubi equites Romani illi [illi] ,' inquit, 'tui? ubi studia 
municipiorum? ubi Italiae voces? ubi denique tua 
ilia, M. Tulli, quae plurimis fuit auxilio, vox atque 
defensio? mihine ea soli, qui pro te totiens morti me 35 
obtuli, nihil potest opitulari?' 



206 Defence of Milo. [Milo, 

xxxv. 95. Nee vero haec, judices, ut ego nunc, 
flens, sed hoe eodem loquitur voltu quo videtis. Ne- 
gat enim, negat ingratis civibus fecisse se quae 
fecerit ; timidis et omnia circumspicientibus pericula 

5 non negat. Plebem et infimam multitudinem, quae 
P. Clodio duce fortunis vestris imminebat, earn, quo 
tutior esset vestra vita, se fecisse commemorat ut non 
modo virtute flecteret, sed etiam tribus suis patrimoniis 
deleniret ; nee timet ne, cum plebem muneribus pla- 

10 carit, vos non conciliarit mentis in rem publicam 
singularibus. Senatus erga se benevolentiam tempo- 
ribus his ipsis saepe esse perspectam, vestras vero et 
vestrorum ordinum occursationes, studia, sermones, 
quemcumque cursum fortuna dederit, se secum abla- 

15 turum esse dicit. 96. Meminit etiam sibi vocem prae- 
conis modo defuisse, quam minime desiderarit ; populi 
vero cunctis suffragiis, quod unum cupierit, se consu- 
lem declaratum : nunc denique, si haec contra se sint 
futura, sibi facinoris suspitionem, non facti crimen 

20 obstare. Addit haec, quae certe vera sunt : fortis et 
sapientis viros non tarn praemia sequi solere recte 
factorum, quam ipsa recte facta; se nihil in vita nisi 
praeclarissime fecisse, si quidem nihil sit praestabilius 
viro quam periculis patriam liberare ; beatos esse quibus 

2 5 ea res honori fuerit a suis civibus, 97. nee tamen eos 
miseros qui beneficio civis suos vicerint ; sed tamen ex 
omnibus praemiis virtutis, si esset habenda ratio prae- 
miorum, amplissimum esse praemium gloriam : esse 
hanc unam quae brevitatem vitae posteritatis memoria 

30 consolaretur ; quae efflceret ut absentes adessemus, 
mortui viveremus ; hanc denique esse, cujus gradi- 
bus etiam in caelum homines viderentur ascendere. 
98. ' De me,' inquit, ' semper populus Romanus, sem- 
per omnes gentes loquentur, nulla umquam obmute- 

35 scet vetustas. Quin hoc tempore ipso, cum omnes a 
meis inimicis faces invidiae meae subiciantur, tamen 



xxxvi. ioo.] Cicero makes Milcfs Cause his own. 207 

omni in hominum coetu gratiis agendis et gratulatio- 
nibus habendis et omni sermone celebramur.' Omitto 
Etruriae festos et actos et institutes dies : centesima 
lux est haec ab interitu P. Clodi, et (opinor) altera. 
Qua lines imperi populi Romani sunt, ea non solum 5 
fa ma jam de illo, sed etiam laetitia peragravit. Quam 
ob rem f Ubi corpus hoc sit non,' inquit, ' laboro, quo- 
niam omnibus in terris et jam versatur et semper 
habitabit nominis mei gloria.' 

xxxvi. 99. Haec tu mecum saepe his absentibus, I0 
sed isdem audientibus haec ego tecum, Milo : ' Te 
quidem, cum isto animo es, satis laudare non possum ; 
sed, quo est ista magis divina virtus, eo majore a te 
dolore divellor. Nee vero, si mihi eriperis, reliqua 
est ilia tamen ad consolandum querella, ut eis irasci 15 
possim, a quibus tantum volnus accepero. Non enim 
inimici mei te mihi eripient, sed amicissimi ; non male 
aliquando de me meriti, sed semper optime.' Nullum 
umquam, judices, mihi tantum dolorem inuretis — - 
etsi quis potest esse tantus? — sed ne hunc quidem 20 
ipsum, utobliviscar quanti me semper feceritis. Quae 
si vos cepit oblivio, aut si in me aliquid offendistis, cur 
non id meo capite potius luitur quam Milonis? Prae- 
clare enim vixero, si quid mihi accident prius quam 
hoc tantum mali videro. 100. Nunc me una consolatio 2 5 
sustentat, quod tibi, T. Anni, nullum a me amoris, 
nullum studi, nullum pietatis officium defuit. Ego 
inimicitias potentium pro te appetivi ; ego meura saepe 
corpus et vitam objeci armis inimicorum tuorum ; 
ego me plurimis pro te supplicem abjeci ; bona, for- 3° 
tunas meas ac liberorum meorum in communionem 
tuorum temporum contuli : hoc denique ipso die, si 
quae vis est parata, si quae dimicatio capitis futura, 
deposco. Quid jam restat? Quid habeo quod faciam 
pro tuis in me mentis, nisi ut earn fortunam, quaecum- 35 
que erit tua, ducam meam? Non recuso, non abnuo : 



2o8 Defence of Milo. [Milo, 

vosque obsecro, judices, ut vestra beneficia, quae in 
me contulistis, aut in hujus salute augeatis, aut in 
ejusdem exitio occasura esse videatis. 

xxxvu. 101. His lacrimis non movetur Milo. Est 

5 quodam incredibili robore animi. Exsilium ibi esse 
pntat, ubi virtuti non sit locus ; mortem naturae fi- 
nem esse, non poenam. Sed hie ea mente qua natus 
est. Quid vos, judices? quo tandem animo eritis? 
Memoriam Milonis retinebitis, ipsum eicietis? et erit 

\o dignior locus in terris ullus qui hanc virtutem excipiat, 
quam hie qui procreavit? Vos, vos appello, fortissimi 
viri, qui multum pro re publica sanguinem effudistis : 
vos in viri et in civis invicti appello periculo, centurio- 
nes, vosque milites : vobis non modo inspectantibus, 

15 sed etiam armatis et huic judicio praesidentibus, haec 
tanta virtus ex hac urbe expelletur, exterminabitur, 
proicietur? 102. O me miserum ! O me infelicem ! 
Revocare tu me in patriam, Milo, potuisti per hos : 
ego te in patria per eosdem retinere non potero? Quid 

20 respondebo liberis meis, qui te parentem alterum pu- 
tant? Quid tibi, Quinte frater, qui nunc abes, consorti 
mecum temporum illorum? Mene non potuisse Milo- 
nis salutem tueri per eosdem, per quos nostram ille 
servasset? At in qua causa non potuisse? quae est 

25 grata gentibus .... non potuisse? eis qui maxime 
P. Clodi morte acquierunt : quo deprecante? me. 
103. Quodnam ego concepi tantum scelus, aut quod 
in me tantum facinus admisi, judices, cum ilia indicia 
communis exiti indagavi, patefeci, protuli, exstinxi? 

3° Omnes in me meosque redundant ex fonte illo dolores. 
Quid me reducem esse voluistis? an ut inspectante me 
expellerentur ei per quos essem restitutus? Nolite, 
obsecro vos, acerbiorem mini pati reditum esse, quam 
merit ille ipse discessus. Nam qui possum putare me 

35 restitutum esse, si distrahar ab his, per quos restitutus 
sum? 



xxxviii. io5-] Last Appeal to the Court. 209 

xxxviii. Utinam di immortales fecissent — pacetua, 
patria, dixerim ; metuo enim ne scelerate dicam in te 
quod pro Milone dicam pie — utinam P. Clodius non 
modo viveret, sed etiam praetor, consul, dictator esset, 
potius quam hoc spectaculum viderem ! 104. O di 5 
immortales ! fortem et a vobis, judices, conservandum 
virum ! ' Minime, minime,' inquit. ' Immo vero poe- 
nas ille debitas luerit : nos subeamus, si ita necesse 
est, non debitas.' Hicine vir, patriae natus, usquam 
nisi in patria morietur? aut, si forte, pro patria? IO 
Hujus vos animi monumenta retinebitis, corporis in 
Italia nullum sepulcrum esse patiemini? Hunc sua 
quisquam sententia ex hac urbe expellet, quern omnes 
urbes expulsum a vobis ad se vocabunt? 105. O ter- 
ram illam beatam, quae hunc virum exceperit : hanc 15 
ingratam, si ejecerit ; miseram, si amiserit ! 

Sed finis sit : neque enim prae lacrimis jam loqui 
possum, et hie se lacrimis defendi vetat. Vos oro 
obtestorque, judices, ut in sententiis ferendis, quod 
sentietis id audeatis. Vestram virtutem, justitiam, 20 
fidem, mihi credite, is maxime probabit, qui in judi- 
cibus legendis optimum et sapientissimum et fortis- 
simum quemque elegit. 



THE PARDON OF MARCELLUS. 

B. C. 46. 

Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul b. c. 51) had been an 
honest but active and bitter partisan of the Senate in the struggle 
which finally broke out in civil war. It was he who introduced the 
several decrees which set a limit to Caesar's power, and put him in 
the attitude of a public enemj After the defeat at Pharsalia, and 
the death of Pompey, he still refused to make terms with the vic- 
tor, but remained in voluntary exile at Mitylene. When, contrary 
to the general fear, no massacre or proscription followed Caesar's 
victory, his friends were encouraged to hope for a full pardon ; 
and, in the summer of B. c. 46, in a meeting of the Senate, Caesar 
was openly entreated in his behalf. In reply, the dictator reminded 
the senators of the intense and persistent hostility of Marcellus ; 
but added, that he would not stand in the way if the Senate desired 
his restoration. The senators were then, in regular form, called up 
for the expression of their wishes ; and, when it came to Cicero's 
name, he expressed the formal thanks of the body in the following 
speech. It is remarkable — especially in contrast to the language 
which Cicero used two years later — for the tone of its eulogy of 
Caesar, and for the hope it expresses of an era of good feeling and 
a restored republic. 

Marcellus set out for Rome, but never arrived. He was assas- 
sinated at the Piraeus, and buried in the Academy near Athens. 
(See the letter of Sulpicius, Fam. iv. 12.) 

T^IUTURNI silenti, patres conscript! , quo eram his 
-■-^ temporibus usus — non timore aliquo, sed par- 
tim dolore, partim verecundia — finem hodiernus dies 
attulit, idemque initium quae vellem quaeque sentirem 

5 meo pristino more dicendi. Tantam enim mansuetu- 
dinem, tarn inusitatam inauditamque clementiam, tan- 
tum in summa potestate rerum omnium modum, tarn 
denique incredibilem sapientiam ac paene divinam, 
tacitus praeterire nullo modo possum. 2. M. enim 

1° Marcello vobis, patres conscripti, reique publicae red- 
dito, non illius solum, sed etiam meara vocem et 



n - 5-] The Great ucss of Ccesar's Triumph. 211 

auctoritatem et vobis et rei publicae conservatam ac 
restitutam puto. Dolebam enim, patres conscripti, et 
vehementer angebar, virum talem, cum in eadem 
causa in qua ego fuisset, non in eadem esse fortuna ; 
nee mihi persuadere poteram, nee fas esse ducebam, 5 
versari me in nostro vetere curriculo, illo aemulo atque 
imitatore studiorum ac laborum meorum, quasi quo- 
dam socio a me et comite, distracto. 

Ergo et mihi meae pristinae vitae consuetudinem, 
C. Caesar, interclusam aperuisti, et his omnibus ad 10 
bene de [omni] re publica sperandum quasi signum 
aliquod sustulisti. 3. Intellectum est enim mihi qui- 
dem in multis, et maxime in me ipso, sed paulo 
ante [in] omnibus, cum M. Marcellum senatui rei- 
que publicae concessisti, commemoratis praesertim 15 
offensionibus, te auctoritatem hujus ordinis dignita- 
temque rei publicae tuis vel doloribus vel suspitionibus 
anteferre. Ille quidem fructum omnis ante actae vitae 
hodierno die maximum cepit, cum sumrao consensu 
senatus, turn judicio tuo gravissimo et maximo. Ex 2 ° 
quo profecto intellegis quanta in dato beneficio sit 
laus, cum in accepto sit tanta gloria. Est vero for- 
tunatus ille, cujus ex salute non minor paene ad 
omnis quam ad ipsum ventura sit laetitia pervenerit 
4. Quod quidem ei merito atque optimo jure contigit. 2 5 
Quis enim est illo aut nobilitate aut probitate aut 
optimarum artium studio aut innocentia aut ullo laudis 
genere praestantior? 

11. Nullius tantum flumen est ingeni, nullius dicendi 
aut scribendi tanta vis, tanta copia, quae non dicam 3° 
exornare, sed enarrare, C. Caesar, res tuas gestas 
possit. Tamen adfirmo, et hoc pace dicam tua, nul- 
lam in his esse laudem ampliorem quam earn quam 
hodierno die consecutus es. 5. Soleo saepe ante 
oculos ponere, idque libenter crebris usurpare sermo- 35 
nibus, omnis nostrorum imperatorum, omnis exterarum 



212 The Pardon of Marcellus. [Marc. 

gentium potentissimorumque populorum, omnis cla- 
rissimorum regum res gestas, cum tuis nee contentio- 
num magnitudine nee numero proeliorum nee varietate 
regionum nee celeritate conficiendi nee dissimilitudine 

5 bellorum posse conferri ; nee vero disjunctissimas 
terras citius passibus cujusquam potuisse peragrari, 
quam tuis non dicam cursibus, sed victoriis lustratae 
sunt. 6. Quae quidem ego nisi ita magna esse fatear, 
ut ea vix cujusquam mens aut cogitatio capere possit, 

io amens sim : sed tamen sunt alia majora. Nam belli- 
cas laudes solent quidam extenuare verbis, easque 
detrahere ducibus, communicare cum multis, ne pro- 
priae sint imperatorum. Et certe in armis militum 
virtus, locorum opportunitas, auxilia sociorum, classes, 

IS commeatus multum juvant : maximam vero partem 
quasi suo jure Fortuna sibi vindicat, et quicquid pros- 
pere gestum est, id paene omne ducit suum. 7. At 
vero hujus gloriae, C. Caesar, quam es paulo ante 
adeptus, socium habes neminem : totum hoc quantum- 

20 cumque est (quod certe maximum est) totum est, in- 
quam, tuum. Nihil sibi ex ista laude centurio, nihil 
praefectus, nihil cohors, nihil turma decerpit : quin 
etiam ilia ipsa rerum humanarum domina, Fortuna, 
in istius societatem gloriae se non offert : tibi cedit ; 

2 5 tuam esse totam et propriam fatetur. Numquam enim 
temeritas cum sapientia commiscetur, neque ad con- 
silium casus admittitur. 

in. 8. Domuisti gentis immanitate barbaras, multi- 
tudine innumerabilis, locis infinitas, omni copiarum 

3° genere abundantis : sed tamen ea vicisti, quae et 
naturam et condicionem ut vinci possent habebant. 
Nulla est enim tanta vis, quae non ferro et viribus 
debilitari frangique possit. Animum vincere, ira- 
cundiam cohibere, victoriam temperare, adversarium 

35 nobilitate, ingenio, virtute praestantem non modo ex- 
tollere jacentem, sed etiam amplificare ejus pristinam 



iv. ii.] True Glory of Ccesar's Victory. 213 

dignitatem, haec qui facit, non ego eum cum summis 
viris comparo, sed simillimum deo judico. 9. Itaque, 
C. Caesar, bellicae tuae laudes celebrabuntur iliae 
quidem non solum nostris, sed paene omnium gentium 
litteris atque Unguis, nee ulla umquam aetas de tuis 5 
laudibus conticescet. Sed tamen ejus modi res nescio 
quo modo etiam cum leguntur, obstrepi clamore mili- 
um! videntur et tubarum sono. At vero cum aliquid 
clementer, mansuete, juste, moderate, sapienter fac- 
tum — in iracundia praesertim, quae est inimica con- 10 
silio, et in victoria, quae natura insolens et superba 
est — audimus aut legimus, quo studio incendimur, 
non modo in gestis rebus, sed etiam in fictis, ut eos 
saepe, quos numquam vidimus, diligamus ! 10. Te 
vero, quern praesentem intuemur, cujus mentem sen- 15 
susque et os cernimus, ut, quicquid belli fortuna reli- 
quum rei publicae fecerit, id esse salvum velis, quibus 
laudibus efferemus? quibus studiis prosequemur? qua 
benevolentia complectemur? Parietes (me dius rldius) 
ut mini videtur hujus curiae tibi gratias agere gestiunt, 20 
quod brevi tempore futura sit ilia auctoritas in his ma- 
jorum suorum et suis sedibus. iv. Equidem cum C. 
Marcelli, viri optimi et commemorabili pietate praediti, 
lacrimas modo vobiscum viderem, omnium Marcello- 
rum meum pectus memoria obfudit, quibus tu etiam 25 
mortuis, M. Marcello conservato, dignitatem suam 
reddidisti, nobilissimamque familiam jam ad paucos 
redactam paene ab interitu vindicasti. 11. Hunc tu 
igitur diem tuis maximis et innumerabilibus gratula- 
tionibus jure antepones. Haec enim res unius est pro- 30 
pria C. Caesaris : ceterae duce te gestae magnae illae 
quidem, sed tamen multo magnoque comitatu. Hujus 
autem rei tu idem es et dux et comes : quae quidem 
tanta est, ut tropaeis et monumentis tuis adlatura 
finem sit aetas, — nihil est enim opere et manu fac- 35 
turn, quod non [aliquando] conficiat et consumat 



214 The Pardon of Marcellus. [Marc. 

vetustas : — 12. at haec [tua justitia et lenitas animi] 
florescet cotidie magis, ita ut quantum tuis operibus 
diuturnitas detrahet, tantum adferat laudibus. Et 
ceteros quidem omnis victores bellorum civilium jam 

5 ante aequitate et misericordia viceras : hodierno vero 
die te ipsum vicisti. Vereor ut hoc, quod dicarn, per- 
inde intellegi possit auditum atque ipse cogitans sen- 
tio : ipsam victoriam vicisse videris, cum ea quae ilia 
erat adepta victis remisisti. Nam cum ipsius victoriae 

io condicione omnes victi occidissemus, clementiae tuae 
judicio conservati sumus. Recte igitur unus invictus 
es, a quo etiam ipsius victoriae condicio visque devicta 
est. 

v. 13. Atque hoc C. Caesaris judicium, patres con- 

15 scripti, quam late pateat attendite. Omnes enim, qui 
ad ilia arma fato sumus nescio quo rei publicae misero 
funestoque compulsi, etsi aliqua culpa tenemur errori's 
humani, scelere certe liberati sumus. Nam cum M. 
Marcellum deprecantibus vobis rei publicae conserva- 

20 vit, me et mihi et item rei publicae, nullo deprecante, 
reliquos amplissimos viros et sibi ipsos et patriae red- 
didit : quorum et frequentiam et dignitatem hoc ipso 
in consessu videtis. Non ille hostis induxit in curiam, 
sed judicavit a plerisque ignoratione potius et falso 

25 atque inani metu quam cupiditate aut crudelitate bel- 
lum esse susceptum. 14. Quo quidem in bello semper 
de pace audiendum putavi, semperque dolui non modo 
pacem, sed etiam orationem civium pacem flagitan- 
tium repudiari. Neque enim ego ilia nee ulla umquam 

30 secutus sum arma civilia ; semperque mea consilia 
pacis et togae socia, non belli atque armorum fuerunt. 
Hominem sum secutus privato consilio, non publico ; 
tantumque apud me grati animi fidelis memoria valuit, 
ut nulla non modo cupiditate, sed ne spe quidem, 

35 prudens et sciens tamquam ad interitum ruerera vo- 
luntarium. 15. Quod quidem meum consilium minime 



vi. 19 



.] Ccesar zvould f refer Peace to Victory. 215 



obscurum fuit. Nam et in hoc ordine integra re 
multa de pace dixi, et in ipso bello eadem etiam cum 
capitis mei p^riculo sensi. Ex quo nemo jam erit tarn 
injustus existimator rerum, qui dubitet quae Caesaris 
de bello voluntas fuerit, cum pacis auctores conservan- 5 
dos statim censuerit, ceteris fuerit iratior. Atque id 
minus mirum fortasse turn, cum esset incertus exitus 
et anceps fortuna belli : qui vero victor pacis auctores 
diligit, is profecto declarat se maluisse non dimicare 
quam vincere. 10 

vi. 16. Atque hujus quidem rei M. Marcello sum 
testis. Nostri enim sensus ut in pace semper, sic turn 
etiam in bello congruebant. Quotiens ego eum et 
quanto cum dolore vidi, cum insolentiam certorum 
hominum turn etiam ipsius victoriae ferocitatem exti- 15 
mescentem ! Quo gratior tua liberalitas, C. Caesar, 
nobis, qui ilia vidimus, debet esse. Non enim 
jam causae sunt inter se, sed victoriae comparandae. 

17. Vidimus tuum victoriam proeliorum exitu termina- 
tam : gladium vagina vacuum in urbe non vidimus. 20 
Quos amisimus civis, eos Martis vis perculit, non ira 
victoriae ; ut dubitare debeat nemo quin multos, si fieri 
posset, C. Caesar ab inferis excitaret, quoniam ex 
eadem acie conservat quos potest. Alterius vero 
partis nihil amplius dicam quam (id quod omnes ve- 2 5 
rebamur) nimis iracundam futuram fuisse victoriam. 

18. Quidam enim non modo. armatis, sed interdum 
etiam otiosis minabantur ; nee quid quisque sensisset, 
sed ubi fuisset cogitandum esse dicebant : ut mihi 
quidem videantur di immortales, etiam si poenas a 3° 
populo Romano ob aliquod delictum expetiverunt, qui 
civile bellum tantum et tarn luctuosum excitaverunt, vel 
placati jam vel satiati aliquando, omnem spem salutis 
ad clementiam victoris et sapientiam contulisse. 

19. Qua re gaude tuo isto tarn excellenti bono, et 35 
fruere cum fortuna et gloria, turn etiam natura et mo- 



216 The Pardon of Marcellus. [Marc. 

ribus tuis : ex quo quidem maximus est fructus jucun- 
ditasque sapienti. Cetera cum tua recordabere, etsi 
persaepe virtuti, tamen plerumque felicitak tuae gratu- 
labere : de nobis, quos in re publica tecum simul 

5 esse voluisti, quotiens cogitabis, totiens de maximis 
tuis beneficiis, totiens de incredibili liberalitate, totiens 
de singulari sapientia tua cogitabis : quae non modo 
summa bona, sed nimirum audebo vel sola dicere. 
Tantus est enim splendor in laude vera, tanta in mag- 

10 nitudine animi et consili dignitas, ut haec a virtute 
donata, cetera a fortuna commodata esse videantur. 
20. Noli igitur in conservandis bonis viris defetigari 
— non cupiditate praesertim aliqua aut pravitate lap- 
sis, sed opinione offici stulta fortasse, certe non im- 

15 proba, et specie quadam rei publicae : non enim tua 
culpa est si te aliqui timuerunt, contraque summa 
laus, quod minime timendum fuisse senserunt. 

vii. 21. Nunc venio ad gravissimam querelam et 
atrocissimam suspitionem tuam, quae non tibi ipsi 

20 magis quam cum omnibus civibus turn maxime nobis, 
qui a te conservati sumus, providenda est : quam etsi 
spero falsam esse, tamen numquam extenuabo verbis. 
Tua enim cautio nostra cautio est, ut si in alterutro 
peccandum sit, malim videri nimis timidus quam pa- 

25 rum prudens. Sed quisnam est iste tarn demens? De 
tuisne? — tametsi qui magis sunt tui quam quibus tu 
salutem insperantibus reddidisti? — an ex hoc numero, 
qui una tecum fuerunt? Non est credibilis tantus in 
ullo furor, ut quo duce omnia summa sit adeptus, 

3° hujus vitam non anteponat suae. An si nihil tui cogi- 
tant sceleris, cavendum est ne quid inimici? Qui? 
omnes enim, qui fuerunt, aut sua pertinacia vitam 
amiserunt, aut tua misericordia retinuerunt ; ut aut 
nulli supersint de inimicis, aut qui fuerunt sint ami- 

35 cissimi. 22. Sed tamen cum in animis hominum 
tantae latebrae sint et tanti recessus, augeamus sane 



viii. 25.] The Wounds of War must be healed. 217 

suspitionem tuam ; simul enim augebimus diligentiam. 
Nam quis est omnium tarn ignarus rerum, tam rudis 
in re publica, tam nihil umquam nee de sua nee de 
communi salute cogitans, qui non intellegat tua salute 
contineri suam, et ex unius tua vita pendere omnium? 5 
Equidem de te dies noctisque (ut debeo) cogitans, 
casus dumtaxat humanos et incertos eventus valetu- 
dinis et naturae communis fragilitatem extimesco ; do- 
leoque, cum res publica immortalis esse debeat, earn 
in unius mortalis anima consistere. 23. Si vero ad 10 
humanos casus incertosque motus valetudinis sceleris 
etiam accedit insidiarumque consensio, quern deum, si 
cupiat, posse opitulari rei publicae credamus? 

viii. Omnia sunt excitanda tibi, C. Caesar, uni, 
quae jacere sentis, belli ipsius impetu, quod necesse 15 
fuit, perculsa atque prostrata : constituenda judicia, 
revocanda fides, comprimendae libidines, propaganda 
suboles : omnia, quae dilapsa jam diffluxerunt, severis 
legibus vincienda sunt. 24. Non fuit recusandum in 
tanto civili bello, tanto animorum ardore et armo- 20 
rum, quin quassata res publica, quicumque belli even- 
tus fuisset, multa perderet et ornamenta dignitatis et 
praesidia stabilitatis suae ; multaque uterque dux fa- 
ceret armatus, quae idem togatus fieri prohibuisset. 
Quae quidem tibi nunc omnia belli volnera sananda 2 5 
sunt, quibus praeter te nemo mederi potest. 25. Itaque 
illam tuam praeclarissimam et sapientissimam vocem 
invitus audivi : ' Satis diu vel naturae vixi vel o-loriae.' 
Satis, si ita vis, fortasse naturae, addo etiam, si placet, 
gioriae : at, quod maximum est, patriae certe parum. 3° 
Qua re omitte istam, quaeso, doctorum hominum in 
contemnenda morte prudentiam : noli nostro periculo 
esse sapiens. Saepe enim venit ad auris meas, te 
idem istud nimis crebro dicere, tibi satis te vixisse. 
Credo : sed turn id audirem, si tibi soli viveres, aut si 35 
tibi etiam soli natus esses. Omnium salutem civium 



218 Pardon of Marccllus. [Marc. 

cunctamque rem publicam res tuae gestae complexae 
sunt : tantum abes a perfectione maximorum operum, 
ut fundamenta nondum quae cogitas jeceris. Hie tu 
modum vitae tuae non salute rei publicae, sed aequi- 

5 tate animi definies? Quid, si istud ne gloriae tuae 
quidem satis est? cujus te esse avidissimum, quam- 
vis sis sapiens, non negabis. 26. Parumne igitur, 
inquies, magna relinquemus? Immo vero aliis quam- 
vis multis satis, tibi uni parum. Quicquid est enim, 

10 quamvis amplum sit, id est parum turn, cum est ali- 
quid amplius. Quod si rerum tuarum immortalium, 
C. Caesar, hie exitus futurus fuit, ut devictis adversa- 
riis rem publicam in eo statu relinqueres in quo nunc 
est, vide, quaeso, ne tua divina virtus admirationis 

15 plus sit habitura quam gloriae : si quidem gloria est 

inlustris ac pervagata magnorum vel in suos vel in 

patriam vel in omne genus hominum fama meritorum. 

ix. 27. Haec igitur tibi reliqua pars est : hie restat 

actus, in hoc elaborandum est, ut rem publicam con- 

20 stituas, eaque tu in primis summa tranquillitate et 
otio perfruare : turn te, si voles, cum et patriae quod 
debes solveris, et naturam ipsam expleveris satietate 
vivendi, satis diu vixisse dicito. Quid est enim [om- 
nino] hoc ipsum diu, in quo est aliquid extremum? 

25 quod cum venit, omnis voluptas praeterita pro nihilo 
est quia postea nulla est futura. Quamquam iste tuus 
animus numquam his angustiis, quas natura nobis ad 
vivendum dedit, contentus fuit : semper immortalitatis 
amore flapravit. 28. Nee vero haec tua vita ducenda 

3° est, quae corpore et spiritu continetur. Ilia, inquam, 
ilia vita est tua, quae vigebit memoria saeculorum om- 
nium, quam posteritas alet, quam ipsa aeternitas semper 
tuebitur. Huic tu inservias, huic te ostentes oportet, 
quae quidem quae miretur jam pridem multa habet : 

35 nunc etiam quae laudet exspectat. Obstupescent pos- 
ted certe imperia, provincias, Rhenum, Oceanum, 



x. 3 2 -] The Judgments of Posterity. 219 

Nilum, pugnas innumerabilis, incredibilis victorias, 
monimenta, munera, triumphos audientes et legentes 
tuos. 29. Sed nisi haec urbs stabilita tuis consiliis et 
institutis erit, vagabitur modo tuum nomen longe atque 
late : sedem stabilem et domicilium certum non habe- 5 
bit. Erit inter eos etiam qui nascentur, sicut inter nos 
fuit, magna dissensio, cum alii laudibus ad caelum 
res tuas gestas efferent, alii fortasse aliquid requirent, 
idque vel maximum, nisi belli civilis incendium salute 
patriae restinxeris, ut illud fati fuisse videatur, hoc 10 
consili. Servi igitur eis etiam judicibus, qui multis 
post saeculis de te judicabunt, et quidem haud scio an 
incorruptius quam nos. Nam et sine amore et sine 
cupiditate et rursus sine odio et sine invidia judicabunt. 
30» Id autem etiam si turn ad te, ut quid am falso pu- 15 
tant, non pertinebit, nunc certe pertinet esse te talem, 
ut tuas laudes obscuratura nulla umquam sit oblivio. 

x. Diversae voluntat.es civium fuerunt, distractaeque 
sententiae. Non enim consiliis solum et studiis, sed 
armis etiam et castris dissidebamus. Erat enim ob- 20 
scuritas quaedam; erat certamen inter clarissimos du- 
ces : multi dubitabant quid optimum esset, multi quid 
sibi expediret, multi quid deceret, non nulli etiam 
quid liceret. 31. Perfuncta res publica est hoc misero 
fatalique bello : vicit is, qui non fortuna inflammaret 25 
odium suum, sed bonitate ieniret ; neque omnis quibus 
iratus esset, eosdem [etiam] exsilio aut morte dignos 
judicaret. Arma ab aliis posita, ab aliis erepta sunt. 
Ingratus est injustusque civis, qui, armorum periculo 
liberatus, animum tamen retinet armatum ; ut etiam 30 
ille melior sit qui in acie cecidit, qui in causa animam 
profudit. Quae enim pertinacia quibusdam, eadem 
aliis constantia videri potest. 32. Sed jam omnis 
fracta dissensio est armis, exstincta aequitate victoris : 
restat ut omnes unum velint, qui modo habent aliquid 35 
non solum sapientiae, sed etiam sanitatis. Nisi te, C. 



220 The Pardon of Marcellus. 

Caesar, salvo, et in ista sententia qua cum antea turn 
hodie vel maxime usus es manente, salvi esse non pos- 
sumus. Qua re omnes te, qui haec salva esse volu- 
mus, et hortamur et obsecramus, ut vitae tuae et saluti 

5 consulas; omnesque tibi, ut pro aliis etiam loquar 
quod de me ipse sentio, quoniam subesse aliquid putas 
quod cavendum sit, non modo excubias et custodias, 
sed etiam laterum nostrorum oppositus et corporum 
pollicemur. 

10 xi. 33. Sed, ut unde est orsa, in eodem terminetur 
oratio, — maximas tibi omnes gratias agimus, C. Cae- 
sar, majores etiam habemus. Nam omnes idem sen- 
tiunt, quod ex omnium precibus et lacrimis sentire 
potuisti : sed quia non est omnibus stantibus ne- 

15 cesse dicere, a me certe dici volunt, cui necesse est 
quodam modo, et quod fieri decet — M. Marcello a te 
huic ordini populoque Romano et rei publicae red- 
dito — fieri id intellego. Nam laetari omnis non de 
unius solum, sed de communi omnium salute sentio. 

20 34. Quod autem summae benevolentiae est, quae mea 
erga ilium omnibus semper nota fuit, ut vix C. Mar- 
cello, optimo et amantissimo fratri, praeter eum qui- 
dem cederem nemini, cum id sollicitudine, cura, labore 
tarn diu praestiterim, quam diu est de illius salute du- 

2 5 bitatum, certe hoc tempore, magnis curis, molestiis, 
dolorous liberatus, praestare debeo. Itaque, C. Cae- 
sar, sic tibi gratias ago, ut omnibus me rebus a te non 
conservato solum, sed etiam ornato, tamen ad tua in 
me unum innumerabilia merita, quod fieri jam posse 

3° non arbitrabar, maximus hoc tuo facto cumulus acces- 
serit. 



PLEA FOR LIGARIUS. 

B. C. 46. 

Though the case of Ligarius is of no importance in itself, the 
speech of Cicero in his defence ranks among the first of his ora- 
tions in rhetorical merit ; and is interesting, besides, for the glimpse 
it gives of the state of feeling in Rome during Caesars dictatorship. 
Ouintus Ligarius had held a subordinate position in Africa, in 
the Pompeian army under P. Attius Varus, in the first year of 
the Civil War. In this capacity it had fallen to him to prevent 
the landing of L. /Elius Tubero, whom the Senate had sent to take 
'command in Africa, but to whom Varus refused to give up the post. 
When then the war was over, Caesar spared the life of Ligarius, 
but kept him in exile, until a personal application was made by his 
brother for his recall. Quintus Tubero (afterwards a distinguished 
jurist) came forward to oppose this, on the ground that Ligarius had 
not merely taken sides in the Civil War, but had stood with Juba and 
the foreign enemies of Rome against his native country. The case 
was argued in the Forum before Caesar himself, sitting in judgment 
as Dictator. Caesar, with characteristic magnanimity, gave Ligarius 
a full pardon. This Ligarius requited, a year and a half later, by 
joining in the plot for Caesars murder. 

"TVTOVUM crimen, C. Caesar, et ante hunc diem non 
■*• ^ auditum propinquus mens ad te Q^ Tubero de- 
tulit, Q^ Ligarium in Africa fuisse ; idque C. Pansa, 
praestanti vir ingenio, fretus fortasse familiaritate ea 
quae est ei tecum, ausus est confiteri. Itaque quo me 5 
vertam nescio. Paratus enim veneram, cum tu id neque 
per te scires neque audire aliunde potuisses, ut igno- 
ratione tua ad hominis miseri salutem abuterer. Sed 
quoniam diligentia inimici investigatum est quod late- 
bat, confitendum est, opinor, praesertim cum meus tc 
necessarius Pansa fecerit ut id integrum jam non 
esset ; omissaque controversia, omnis oratio ad miseri- 
cordiam tuam conferenda est, qua plurimi sunt con- 
servati, cum a te non liberationem culpae, sed errati 



222 Plea for Ligarius. [Ligar. 

veniam impetravissent. 2. Habes igitur, Tubero, quod 
est accusatori maxime optandum, confitentem reum ; 
sed tamen hoc confitentem, se in ea parte fuisse qua 
te, qua virum omni laude dignum, patrem tuum. Ita- 

5 que prius de vestro delicto confiteamini necesse est, 
quam Ligari ullam culpam reprehendatis. 

Q^ enim Ligarius, cum esset nulla belli suspitio, 
legatus in Africam [cum] C. Considio profectus est. 
Qua in legatione et civibus et sociis ita se probavit, ut 

io decedens Considius provincia satis facere hominibus 
non posset, si quemquam alium provinciae praefecis- 
set. Itaque Ligarius, cum diu recusans nihil profe- 
cisset, provinciam accepit invitus : cui sic praefuit in 
pace, ut et civibus et sociis gratissima esset ejus in- 

15 tegritas ac fides. 3. Bellum subito exarsit, quod qui 
erant in Africa ante audierunt geri quam parari. Quo 
audito, partim cupiditate inconsiderata, partim caeco 
quodam timore primo salutis, post etiam studi sui, 
quaerebant aliquem ducem ; cum Ligarius, domum 

20 spectans, ad suos redire cupiens, nullo se implicari 
negotio passus est. Interim P. Attius Varus, qui 
praetor Africam obtinuerat, Uticam venit. Ad eum 
statim concursum est. Atque ille non mediocri cu- 
piditate adripuit imperium, — si illud imperium esse 

25 potuit, quod ad privatum clamore multitudinis impe- 
ritae, nullo publico consilio, deferebatur. 4. Itaque 
Ligarius, qui omne tale negotium cuperet effugere, 
paulum adventu Vari conquievit. 

11. Adhuc, C. Caesar, Q± Ligarius omni culpa 

3° vacat. Domo est egressus non modo nullum ad 
bellum, sed ne ad minimam quidem suspitionem belli : 
legatus in pace profectus est : in provincia pacatissima 
ita se gessit, ut ei pacem esse expediret. Profectio 
certe animum tuum non debet offendere : num igitur 

35 remansio? Multo minus. Nam profectio voluntatem 
habuit non turpem, remansio necessitatem etiam ho- 



in. 7.] The Clemency of Ccesar. 223 

nestam. Ergo haec duo tempora carent crimine : 
unum cum est legatus profectus, alteram, cum ecflagi- 
tatus a provincia praepositus Africae est. 5. Tertium 
tempus est quod post adventum Vari in Africa restitit, 
quod si est criminosum, necessitatis crimen est, non 5 
voluntatis. An ille, si potuisset ullo modo evadere, 
Uticae quam Romae, cum P. Attio quam cum con- 
cordissimis fratribus, cum alienis esse quam cum suis 
maluisset? Cum ipsa legatio plena desideri ac sol- 
licitudinis fuisset propter incredibilem quendam fra- 10 
trum amorem, hie aequo animo esse potuit, belli 
discidio distractus a fratribus? 

6. Nullum igitur habes, Caesar, adhuc in Q^ Liga- 
rio signum alienae a te voluntatis. Cujus ego causam 
animadverte, quaeso, qua fide defendam : prodo meam. 15 
O clementiam admirabilem atque omnium laude, prae- 
dicatione, litteris, monumentisque decorandam ! cum 
M. Cicero apud te defendit alium in ea voluntate 
non fuisse, in qua se ipsum confitetur fuisse ; nee tuas 
tacitas cogitationes extimescit, nee quid tibi de alio 20 
audienti de se ipso occurrat reformidat. ill. Vide 
quam non reformidem : vide quanta lux liberalitatis et 
sapientiae tuae mihi apud te dicenti oboriatur. Quan- 
tum potero, voce contendam ut [hoc] populus Roma- 
nus exaudiat. 7 Suscepto bello Caesar, gesto etiam 25 
ex parte magna, nulla vi coactus, judicio ac voluntate, 
ad ea arma profectus sum quae erant sumpta contra 
te. Apud quern igitur hoc dico? Nempe apud eum, 
qui, cum hoc sciret, tamen me, ante quam vidit, rei 
publicae reddidit ; qui ad me ex Aegypto litteras misit, 3° 
ut essem idem qui fuissem ; qui cum ipse imperator 
in toto imperio populi Romani unus esset, esse me 
alteram passus est; a quo, hoc ipso C. Pansa mihi 
hunc nuntium perferente, concessos fascis laureatos 
tenui, quoad tenendos putavi ; qui mihi turn denique se 35 
salutem putavit reddere, si earn nullis spoliatam orna- 



224 Plea for Ligarius. [Ligar. 

mentis dedisset. 8. Vide, quaeso, Tubero, ut qui de 
meo facto non dubitem, de Ligari non audeam con- 
fiteri. Atque haec propterea de me dixi, ut mini 
Tubero, cum de se eadem dicerem, ignosceret : cujus 

5 ego industriae gloriaeque faveo, vel propter propin- 
quam cognationem, vel quod ejus ingenio studiisque 
delector, vel quod laudem adulescentis propinqui ex- 
istimo etiam ad meum aliquem fructum redundare. 
9. Sed hoc quaero : Quis putat esse crimen fuisse in 

io Africa? Nempe is, qui et ipse in eadem Africa esse 
voluit, et prohibitum se a Ligario queritur, et certe 
contra ipsum Caesarem est congressus armatus. Quid 
enim tuus ille, Tubero, destrictus in acie Pharsalica 
gladius agebat? Cujus latus ille mucro petebat? Qui 

15 sensus erat armorum tuorum? quae tua mens, oculi, 
manus, ardor animi? quid cupiebas? quid optabas? 
Nimis urgeo : commoveri videtur adulescens : ad me 
revertar : isdem in armis fui. 

iv. 10. Quid autem aliud egimus, Tubero, nisi ut 

20 quod hie potest nos possemus? Quorum igitur impu- 
nitas, Caesar, tuae clementiae laus est, eorum ipsorum 
ad crudelitatem te acuit oratio. Atque in hac causa 
non nihil equidem, Tubero, etiam tuam, sed multo 
magis patris tui prudentiam desidero, quod homo, cum 

2 5 ingenio turn etiam doctrina excellens, genus hoc cau- 
sae quod esset non viderit. Nam si vidisset, quovis 
profecto quam isto modo a te agi maluisset. 

Arguis fatentem. Non est satis : accusas eum qui 
causam habet aut (ut ego dico) meliorem quam tu, 

3° aut (ut tu vis) parem. 11. Haec admirabilia : sed pro- 
digi simile est quod dicam. Non habet earn vim ista 
accusatio ut Q^ Ligarius condemnetur, sed ut necetur. 
Hoc e^it civis Rom an us ante te nemo. Externi isti 
mores usque ad sanguinem incitari [solent] odio, aut 

35 levium Graecorum, aut immanium barbarorum. Nam 
quid agis aliud? Romae ne sit? ut domo careat? ne 



v. is-] Malignity of the Charge. 225 

cum optimis fratribus, ne cum hoc T. Broccho avun- 
culo, ne cum ejus filio consobrino suo, ne nobiscum 
vivat? ne sit in patria? Num est? num potest magis 
carere his omnibus quam caret? Italia prohibetur ; 
exsulat. Non tu ergo eum patria privare, qua caret, 5 
sed vita vis. 12, At istud ne apud eum quidem dicta- 
torem, qui omnis quos oderat morte multabat, quis- 
quam egit isto modo. Ipse jubebat occidi nullo postu- 
lante ; praemiis etiam invitabat : quae tamen crudelitas 
ab hoc eodem aliquot annis post, quern tu nunc cru- IO 
delem esse vis, vindicata est. v. ' Ego vero istud non 
postulo,' inquies. Ita me hercule existimo, Tubero. 
Novi enim te, novi patrem, novi domum nomenque 
vestrum ; studia generis ac familiae vestrae virtutis, 
humanitatis, doctrinae, plurimarum artium atque opti- 15 
marum, nota mihi sunt. 13. Itaque certo scio vos non 
petere sanguinem, sed parum attenditis. Res enim 
eo spectat, ut ea poena, in qua adhuc Q^Ligarius est, 
non videamini esse contenti. Quae est igitur alia 
praeter mortem? Si enim est in exsilio, sicuti est, 20 
quid amplius postulatis? An, ne ignoscatur? Hoc 
vero multo acerbius multoque est durius. Quod nos 
[domi] petimus precibus, lacrimis, strati ad pedes, 
non tarn nostrae causae fidentes quam hujus huma- 
nitati, id ne impetremus oppugnabis, et in nostrum 25 
fletum inrumpes, et nos jacentis ad pedes supplicum 
voce prohibebis? 14. Si, cum hoc domi faceremus, — 
quod et fecimus et, ut spero, non frustra fecimus, — 
tu repente inruisses et clamare coepisses : 'C. Caesar, 
cave ignoscas, cave te fratrum pro fratris salute obse- 30 
crantium misereat,' nonne omnem humanitatem exu- 
isses? Quanto hoc durius, quod nos domi petimus, 
id te in foro eppugnare, et in tali miseria multorum 
perfugium misericordiae tollere ! Dicam plane, Cae- 
sar, quod sentio. 15. Si in [hac] tanta tua fortuna 35 
lenitas tanta non esset, quam tu per te, per te inquam, 



226 Plea for Ligarius. [Ligar. 

obtines, — intellego quid loquar, - — acerbissimo luctu 
redundaret ista victoria. Quam multi enim essent de 
victoribus qui te crudelem esse vellent, cum etiam de 
victis reperiantur ! quam multi qui, cum a te ignosci 

5 nemini vellent, impedirent clementiam tuam, cum 
etiam hi, quibus ipse ignovisti, nolint te esse in alios 
misericordem. 16. Quod si probare Caesari possemus 
in Africa Ligarium omnino non fuisse, si honesto et 
misericordi mendacio saluti civi calamitoso esse velle- 

io mus, tamen hominis non esset, in tanto discrimine et 
periculo civis, refellere et redarguere nostrum menda- 
cium ; et, si esset alicujus, ejus certe non esset, qui in 
eadem causa et fortuna fuisset. Sed tamen aliud est 
errare Caesarem nolle, aliud nolle misereri. Tunc 

15 diceres, r Caesar, cave credas : fuit in Africa, tulit 
arma contra te.' Nunc quid dicis? * Cave ignoscas.' 
Haec nee hominis nee ad hominem vox est : qua qui 
apud te, C. Caesar, utitur, suam citius abiciet humani- 
tatem quam extorquebit tuam. 

20 vi. it. Ac primus aditus et postulatio Tuberonis 
haec, ut opinor, ( fuit : velle se de Q^ Ligari scelere 
dicere. Non dubito quin admiratus sis, vel quod de 
nullo alio [quisquam], vel quod is qui in eadem causa 
fuisset, vel quidnam novi [sceleris] adferret. Scelus tu 

25 illud vocas, Tubero? Cur? isto enim nomine ilia adhuc 
causa caruit. Alii errorem appellant, alii timorem : 
qui durius, spem, cupiditatem, odium, pertinaciam ; 
qui gravissime, temeritatem : scelus praeter te adhuc 
nemo. Ac mihi quidem, si proprium et verum nomen 

3° nostri mali quaeritur, fatalis quaedam calamitas inci- 
disse videtur, et improvidas hominum mentis occupa- 
visse, ut nemo mirari debeat humana consilia divina 
necessitate esse superata. 18. Liceat esse miseros : 
quamquam hoc victore esse non possumus. Sed non 

35 loquor de nobis : de illis loquor qui occiderunt. Fue- 
rint cupidi, fuerint irati, fuerint pertinaces : sceleris 



vii. 2i.] JTozv Ccesar has used his Victory. 227 

vero crimine, furoris, parricidi liceat Cn. Pompeio 
mortuo, liceat multis aliis carere. Quando hoc quis- 
quam ex te, Caesar, audivit? aut tua quid aliud arma 
voluerunt, nisi a te contumeliam propulsare? Quid 
egit tuus invictus exercitus, nisi ut suum jus tueretur 5 
et dignitatem tuam? Quid? tu, cum pacem esse cu- 
piebas, idne agebas, ut tibi cum sceleratis, an ut cum 
bonis civibus conveniret? 19. Mihi vero, Caesar, tua 
in me maxima merita tanta certe non viderentur, si me 
ut sceleratum a te conservatum putarem. "Quo modo 10 
autem tu de re publica bene meritus esses, cum tot 
sceleratos incolumi dignitate esse voluisses? Seces- 
sionem tu illam existimavisti, Caesar, initio, non 
bellum ; neque hostile odium, sed civile discidium, 
utrisque cupientibus rem publicam salvam, sed partim 15 
consiliis, partim studiis a communi utilitate aberran- 
tibus. Principum dignitas erat paene par, non par 
fortasse eorum qui sequebantur : causa turn dubia, 
quod erat aliquid in utraque parte quod probari posset ; 
nunc melior ea judicanda est, quam etiam di adjuve- 20 
runt. Cognita vero dementia tua, quis non earn 
victoriam probet, in qua occiderit nemo nisi armatus? 
vii. 20. Sed — ut omittam communem causam,veni- 
amus ad nostram — utrum tandem existimas facilius 
fuisse, Tubero, Ligarium ex Africa exire, an vos in 2 5 
Africam non venire? ' Poteramusne,' inquies, 'cum 
senatus censuisset?' Si me consulis, nullo modo. 
Sed tamen Ligarium senatus idem legaverat. At- 
que ille eo tempore paruit, cum parere senatui ne- 
cesse erat : vos tunc paruistis, cum paruit nemo qui 3° 
noluit. Reprehendo igitur? Minime vero. Neque 
enim licuit aliter vestro generi, nomini, familiae, 
disciplinae. Sed hoc non concedo, ut, quibus rebus 
gloriemini in vobis, easdem in aliis reprehendatis. 
2i. Tuberonis sors conjecta est ex senatus consulto, 35 
cum ipse non adesset, morbo etiam impediretur. Sta- 



228 Plea for Ligarius. [Ligar. 

tuerat excusare. Haec ego novi propter omnis neces- 
situdines quae mihi sunt cum L. Tuberone : domi una 
eruditi, militiae contubernales, post adfines, in omni 
denique vita familiares : magnum etiam vinculum, 

5 quod isdem studiis semper usi sumus. Scio igitur 
Tuberonem domi manere voluisse : sed ita quidam 
agebat, ita rei publicae sanctissimum nomen oppo- 
nebat, ut, etiam si aliter sentiret, verborum tamen 
ipsorum pondus sustinere non posset. 22. Cessit 

io auctoritati amplissimi viri, vel potius paruit. Una est 
profectus cum eis, quorum erat una causa : tardius 
iter fecit ; itaque in Africam venit jam occupatam. 
Hinc in Ligarium crimen oritur, vel ira potius. Nam 
si crimen est [ilium] voluisse, non minus magnum est 

15 vos Africam, arcem omnium provinciarum, natam ad 
bellum contra hanc urbem gerundum, obtinere volu- 
isse, quam aliquem se maluisse. Atque is tamen ali- 
quis Ligarius non fuit. Varus imperium se habere 
dicebat : fascis certe habebat. 23. Sed quoquo modo 

20 se illud habet, haec querella Tubero, vestra, quid 
valet? 'Recepti in provinciam non sumus.' Quid, 
si essetis? Caesarine earn tradituri fuistis, an contra 
Caesarem retenturi? vm. Vide quid licentiae, Cae- 
sar, nobis tua liberalitas det, vel potius audaciae. Si 

2 5 respondent Tubero, Africam, quo senatus eum sorsque 
miserat, tibi patrem suum traditurum fuisse, non dubi- 
tabo apud ipsum te, cujus id eum facere interfuit, 
gravissimis verbis ejus consilium reprehendere. Non 
enim, si tibi ea res grata fuisset, esset etiam probata. 

3° 24. Sed jam hoc totum omitto, non tarn ne offendam 
tuas patientissimas auris, quam ne Tubero quod num- 
quam cogitavit facturus fuisse videatur. Veniebatis 
igitur in Africam, provinciam unam ex omnibus huic 
victoriae maxime infestam, in qua erat rex potentissi- 

35 mus, inimicus huic causae, aliena voluntas, conventus 
firmi atque magni. Quaero : quid facturi fuistis? 



ix. 27-] His Enemies in the same Fault. 229 

quamquam quid facturi fueritis dubitem, cum videam 
quid feceritis? Prohibiti estis in provincia vestra 
pedem ponere, et prohibiti summa injuria. 25. Quo 
modo id tulistis? acceptae injuriae querellam ad quern 
detulistis? Nempe ad eum, cujus auctoritatem secuti 5 
in societatem belli veneratis. Quod si Caesaris causa 
in provinciam veniebatis, ad eum profecto exclusi pro- 
vincia venissetis. Venistis ad Pompeium. Quae est 
ergo apud Caesar em querella, cum eum accusetis, a 
quo queramini prohibitos esse vos contra Caesarem 10 
gerere bellum? Atque in hoc quidem vel cum men- 
dacio, si voids, gloriemini per me licet, vos provin- 
ciam fuisse Caesari tradituros. Etiam si a Varo et a 
quibusdam aliis prohibiti estis, ego tamen confiteor 
culpam esse Ligari, qui vos tantae laudis occasione 15 
privaverit. 

ix. 26. Sed vide, quaeso, Caesar, constantiam or- 
natissimi viri [Tuberonis], quam ego, quamvis ipse 
probarem, ut probo, tamen non commemorarem, nisi 
a te cognovissem in primis earn virtutem solere lau- 2 ° 
dari. Quae fuit igitur umquam in ullo homine tanta 
constantia? Constantiam dico? nescio an melius pa- 
tientiam possim dicere. Quotus enim istud quisque 
fecisset, ut, a quibus partibus in dissensione civili non 
esset receptus, esset etiam cum crudelitate rejectus, 2 5 
ad eos ipsos rediret? Magni cujusdam animi atque 
ejus viri est, quern de suscepta causa propositaque 
sententia nulla contumelia, nulla vis, nullum pericu- 
lum possit depellere. 27. Ut enim cetera paria Tube- 
roni cum Varo fuissent, — honos, nobilitas, splendor, 3° 
ingenium, quae nequaquam fuerunt, — hoc certe 
praecipuum Tuberonis, quod justo cum imperio ex 
senatus consulto in provinciam suam venerat. Hinc 
prohibitus non ad Caesarem, ne iratus, non domum, 
ne iners, non in aliquam regionem, ne condemnare 35 
causam illam quam secutus erat, videretur : in Mace- 



230 Plea for Ligarius. [Ligar. 

doniam ad Cn. Pompei castra venit, in earn ipsam 
causam a qua erat rejectus injuria. 28. Quid? cum ista 
res nihil commovisset ejus animum ad quern veneratis, 
languidiore (credo) studio in causa fuistis : tantum 

5 modo in praesidiis eratis, animi vero a causa abhor- 
rebant : an, ut fit in civilibus bellis .... nee in 
vobis magis quam in reliquis ; omnes enim vincendi 
studio tenebamur. Pacis equidem semper auctor fui, 
sed turn sero : erat enim amentis, cum aciem videres, 

10 pacem cogitare. Omnes, inquam, vincere volebamus : 
tu certe praecipue, qui in eum locum veneras, ubi 
tibi esset pereundum nisi vicisses. Quamquam, ut 
nunc se res habet, non dubito quin hanc salutem ante- 
ponas illi victoriae. x. 29. Haec ego non dicerem, 

15 Tubero, si aut vos constantiae vestrae aut Caesarem 
benefici sui paeniteret. Nunc quaero utrum vestras 
injurias an rei publicae persequamini : si rei publicae, 
quid de vestra in ilia causa perseverantia responde- 
bitis? si vestras, videte ne erretis, qui Caesarem ves- 

20 tris inimicis iratum fore putetis, cum ignoverit suis. 

Itaque num tibi videor in causa Ligari esse occupa- 
tus? num de ejus facto dicere? Quicquid dixi, ad 
unam summam referri volo, vel humanitatis, vel cle- 
mentiae, vel misericordiae tuae. 30. Causas, Caesar, 

2 5 egi multas equidem tecum, dum te in foro tenuit ratio 
honorum tuorum, certe numquam hoc modo : ' Ignos- 
cite, judices : erravit, lapsus est, non putavit ; si um- 
quam posthac ' — ad parentem sic agi solet : ad judices, 
' Non fecit, non cogitavit : falsi testes, fictum crimen.' 

30 Die te, Caesar, de facto Ligari judicem esse; quibus 
in praesidiis fuerit quaere : taceo, ne haec quidem 
conligo, quae fortasse valerent etiam apud judicem : 
' Legatus ante bellum profectus, relictus in pace, bello 
oppressus, in eo ipso non acerbus, jam est totus animo 

35 ac studio tuus.' Ad judicem sic, sed ego apud pa- 
rentem loquor : ' Erravit, temere fecit, paenitet : ad 



XL 33-] How the Case should be judged. 231 

clementiam tuam confugio, delicti veniam peto, ut 
ignoscatur oro.' Si nemo impetravit, adroganter : si 
plurimi, tu idem fer opem, qui spem dedisti. 31. An 
sperandi Ligario causa non sit, cum mihi apud te locus 
sit etiam pro altero deprecandi? Qiiamquam nee in 5 
hac oratione spes est posita causae, nee in eorum 
studiis qui a te pro Ligario petunt, tui necessarii. 
xi. Vidi enim et cognovi quid maxime spectares, cum 
pro alicujus salute multi laborarent : causas apud te 
rogantium gratiosiores esse quam voltus ; neque te I0 
spectare quam tuus esset necessarius is qui te oraret, 
sed quam illius, pro quo laboraret. Itaque tribuis tu 
quidem tuis ita multa, ut mihi beatiores illi videantur 
interdum qui tua liberalitate fruuntur, quam tu ipse, 
qui illis tarn multa concedas. Sed video tamen apud 15 
te causas, ut dixi, valere plus quam preces ; ab eisque 
te moveri maxime, quorum justissimum videas dolo- 
rem in petendo. 

32. In Q^ Ligario conservando multis tu quidem 
gratum facies necessariis tuis, sed hoc, quaeso, con- 20 
sidera, quod soles. Possum fortissimos viros, Sabinos, 
tibi probatissimos, totumque agrum Sabinum, florem 
Italiae ac robur rei publicae, proponere. Nosti opti- 
mos homines. Animadverte horum omnium maesti- 
tiam et dolorem : hujus T. Brocchi (de quo non dubito 25 
quid existimes) lacrimas, squaloremque ipsius et fili 
vides. 33. Quid de fratribus dicam? Noli, Caesar, 
putare de unius capite nos agere. Aut tres tibi Ligarii 
retinendi in civitate sunt, aut tres ex civitate extermi- 
nandi : [nam] quodvis exsilium his est optatius quam 30 
patria, quam domus, quam di penates, uno illo exsu- 
lante. Si fraterne, si pie, si cum dolore faciunt, 
moveant te horum lacrimae, moveat pietas, moveat 
germanitas : valeat tua vox ilia, quae vicit. Te enim 
dicere audiebamus nos omnis adversarios putare, nisi 35 
qui nobiscum essent ; te omnis qui contra te non es- 



232 Pica for Ligarius. [Ligar. 

sent, tuos. Videsne igitur hunc splendorem omnium, 
hanc Brocchorum domum, hunc L. Marcium, C. Cae- 
setium, L. Corfidium, hos omnis equites Romanos, qui 
adsunt veste mutata, non solum notos tibi, verum etiam 

5 probatos viros, qui tecum fuerunt? Atque his iras- 
cebamur, hos requirebamus, his non nulli etiam mina- 
bamur. Conserva igitur tuis suos, ut, quern ad modum 
cetera quae dicta sunt a te, sic hoc verissimum repe- 
riatur. 

IO xii. 34. Quod si penitus perspicere posses concor- 
diam Ligariorum, omnis fratres tecum judicares fuisse. 
An potest quisquam dubitare quin, si Q^ Ligarius in 
Italia esse potuisset, in eadem sententia fuerit futurus, 
in qua fratres fuerunt? Quis est qui horum consen- 

15 sum conspirantem et paene conflatum in hac prope ae- 
qualitate fraterna [non] noverit? qui hoc non sentiat, 
quidvis prius futurum fuisse, quam ut hi fratres diver- 
sas sententias fortunasque sequerentur? Voluntate 
igitur omnes tecum fuerunt: tempestate abreptus est 

20 unus, qui si consilio id fecisset, esset eorum similis, 
quos tu tamen salvos esse voluisti. 35. Sed ierit ad 
bellum, dissenserit non a te solum, verum etiam a fra- 
tribus : hi te orant tui. Equidem, cum tuis omnibus 
negotiis interessem, memoria teneo qualis T. Ligarius 

25 quaestor urbanus fuerit erga te et dignitatem tuam. 
Sed parum est me hoc meminisse : spero etiam te (qui 
oblivisci nihil soles nisi injurias, quoniam hoc est 
animi, quoniam etiam ingeni tui) te aliquid de hujus 
illo quaestorio officio, etiam de aliis quibusdam quaes- 

3° toribus reminiscentem, recordari. 36. Hie igitur T. 
Ligarius, qui turn nihil egit aliud — neque enim haec 
divinabat — nisi ut tui eum studiosum et bonum virum 
judicares, nunc a te supplex fratris salutem petit: 
quam hujus admonitus officio cum utrisque his dede- 

35 ris, tris fratres optimos et integerrimos non solum sibi 
ipsos, neque his tot talibus viris, neque nobis neces- 
sariis tuis, sed etiam rei publicae condonaveris. 



xii. 3 8 -] Hozv Ccesar has used his Victory. 233 

37. Fac igitur, quod de homine nobilissimo et cla- 
rissimo fecisti nuper in curia, nunc idem in foro de 
optimis et huic omni frequentiae probatissimis fratri- 
bus. Ut concessisti ilium senatui, sic da hunc populo, 
cujus voluntatem carissimam semper habuisti ; et, si 5 
ille dies tibi gloriosissimus, populo Romano gratissimus 
fuit, noli, obsecro, dubitare, C. Caesar, similem illi 
gloriae laudem quam saepissime quaerere. Nihil est 
tarn populare quam bonitas, nulla de virtutibus tuis 
plurimis nee admirabilior nee gratior misericordia est. 10 
38. Homines enim ad deos nulla re propius accedunt 
quam salutem hominibus dando. Nihil habet nee 
fortuna tua majus quam ut possis, nee natura melius 
quam ut velis, servare quam plurimos. Longiorem 
orationem causa forsitan postulet, tua certe natura 15 
breviorem. Qua re cum utilius esse arbitrer te ipsum 
quam me aut quemquam loqui tecum, finem jam fa- 
ciam : tantum te admonebo, si illi absenti salutem 
dederis, praesentibus his omnibus te daturum. 



THE STRUGGLE AGAINST ANTONY. 

b. c. 43- 

Julius Cesar was assassinated on the Ides of March (March 
15), b. c. 44, by a band of conspirators, headed by Marcus Junius 
Brutus and Caius Cassius Longinus. The conspirators fancied that 
if the dictator were out of the way the Republic could be restored. 
But the success of Caesar had made any return to the republic 
impossible. Nor had the conspirators made any provision for 
their own safety, much less for getting control of the government. 
The only question was, who should succeed to the power of the 
murdered dictator. And the only persons who had any chance of 
doing so were Mark Antony, Caesar's surviving colleague in the 
consulship, and the young Caius Caesar Octavianus, Caesar's grand 
nephew, adopted son, and heir, afterwards the emperor Augustus. 

Antony had come into possession of Caesar's papers and estates, 
caused his " acts " to be legally confirmed, seized the public funds, 
abolished the office of dictator, and secured as large a share of 
authority as he could. He was a man of inordinate ambition, con- 
trolled only by an equally unbounded self-indulgence, utterly with- 
out principle or scruple, and (if we may trust the character of him 
drawn by Cicero) a monster of profligacy and crime. He had 
married for his third wife Fulvia, widow of Publius Clodius, and 
shared, with her, that tribune's vindictive hate of Cicero. His col- 
league, Publius Cornelius Dolabella, Cicero's son-in-law, had been 
appointed by Caesar to succeed him as consul, and assumed the 
office at his death. He dallied with the conspirators, suppressed 
the violence of the mob that threatened them, and might have had 
some pretensions to the power, with the support of the aristocracy, 
but was easily outgeneralled or bought off by Antony. Lepidus, 
who had a military command, and in whom the aristocracy had some 
hope, was also gained over by Antony. Octa-vianus, now twenty 
years old, hastened from Epirus to claim his inheritance, and take 
part in the conflict which he saw approaching. He was a young 
man of precocious talent, of cool and wary temper, of ambition 
equal to Antony's, and of a political sagacity which, through his 
long life, seems never to have been at fault. 

Neither of the two chief claimants was strong enough alone to 
be quite independent of the other ; though at first they stood in the 



The Struggle against Antony. 235 

attitude of rivals, and in their antagonism there seemed still some 
hope for the republic. Each endeavored to secure the countenance 
of the Senate, and to gain control over the public armies ; and 
each succeeded in attaching to himself a considerable force, while 
neither was strong enough to hold the capital against the other. 

Meanwhile Cicero, who at first hailed the death of Caesar as the 
restoration of the republic, lost courage, and set out in July for 
Greece. Detained, however, by contrary winds, and receiving 
more favorable news from Rome, he returned to the city at the end 
of August, to find that all his hopes were void. Still, he made an 
effort at conciliation, in a speech in the Senate, on the 2d of Sep- 
tember. In this lie replied severely to an attack made upon 
him by Antony the day before, but still took pains to leave the 
door open for a restoration of good-will. It was to no purpose. 
Antony replied, September 19, with such bitterness — directly 
charging Cicero with the murder of Clodius and of Caesar — that 
it was clear he meant there should be no alternative but civil war. 
Cicero did not venture to answer him in the Senate ; but replied, 
ten weeks later, in a pamphlet — by many regarded as his master- 
piece — as bitter and uncompromising as the consul's attack. 
From its likeness in tone to the famous invectives of Demos- 
thenes, this was called a " Philippic ; " and the term has been 
extended to the entire series of fourteen orations against An- 
tony, commencing with that of September 2, and ending with the 
triumphant speech (given below) with which his political career 
closed. 

The winter was spent in attempts at negotiation, every stage 
illustrated by the running commentary of Cicero's Philippics. At 
last, in the spring of b. c. 43, diplomacy was at an end. Actual 
hostilities broke out first in Cisalpine Gaul (North Italy), where 
Decimus Brutus — who had taken command of that province, ac- 
cording to Caesar's will — held the town of Mutina (Modend) to 
resist Antony ; Octavianus, with his independent force, having 
also ranged himself on the side of the Senate. The consuls, Aulus 
Hirtius and C. Vibius Pansa, had after some hesitation vigorously 
taken up the same cause. In April the consuls met Antony in two 
battles, — on the 15th at Bononia (Bologna), on the 27th near 
Mutina. In both battles Antony was defeated ; but in the first the 
consul Pansa was mortally wounded, and in the second Hirtius was 
killed. It was on the reception of the news of the victory at 



236 The Struggle against Antony. [Phil. XIV. 

Bononia, while Pansa's fate was unknown, that Cicero, in the 
Senate, delivered his fourteenth and last Philippic. 

The rejoicings were soon at an end. Octavianus found that his 
own interests were best served by uniting with Antony against the 
Senate. These two — with Lepidus as a third triumvir — came 
easily into possession of supreme power. A remorseless proscrip- 
tion followed, in which the most illustrious victim was Cicero, sac- 
rificed to Antony's resentment, the vindictive hate of Fulvia, and 
the cold ingratitude of Octavianus. 

Of the fourteen Philippics, the Second is by far the most famous. 
It is a long and elaborate invective, — in some parts exceedingly 
bitter and coarse, — reviewing the domestic and political career of 
Mark Antony, charging him with every personal vice and almost 
every public crime. In its allusions to the public acts of Cae- 
sar, its hostility is uncompromising, vindictive, often scornful. 
The revival of the title "perpetual dictator" seems to have inspired 
Cicero with hatred, horror, and fear ; and his real hostility was no 
longer disguised after Caesar's death. This oration contains the 
celebrated portrait of him, interesting as the only extant testimony, 
publicly spoken at the time, of one who was at once contemporary, 
peer, and rival : — 

Fuit in illo ingeiiium, ratio, me7noria, littercs, cura, cogitatio, 
diligentia. Res betlo gesserat, quamvis 7'ei publiccs calamitosas, at 
tauten magnas. Multos annos regnare meditatus, magno laboi'e, 
multis periculis, quod cogitarat effecerat. Muneribus, ?nonimen- 
tis, congiariis, epulis multitudinem imfieriiam delenierat : suos 
fir(Z?niis, adversarios clementice specie devinxerat. Quid multa ? 
attulerat jam liberce civitati, partim metu ftartim ftatientia, consue- 
tudine?n serviettdi. Sed ex pluj-imis 7)ialis, quce ab illo rei publico? 
sunt intista, hoc ta7)ie7i bo7ii est, quod didicit ja77i poptclus Ro7)ianus 
q7ia7itu77i cuique crederet, q2iibus se co77i7nitteret, a quibus caveret. 

The Fourteenth Philippic has a unique interest as the last free 
voice of the Roman Senate, and from its ill-timed confidence in the 
future emperor. It is also interesting as an example of labored and 
stately panegyric on patriots fallen in battle, after the manner of the 
Greeks, and from the formal resolution of thanks and honor with 
which it closes. Its immediate occasion was a resolution of- P. 
Servilius, that the citizens should lay aside the military garb, and 
that a public thanksgiving should be celebrated in honor of the 
victory. 



ii. 4-] When will the Victory be Complete f 237 

CI, ut ex litteris quae recitatae sunt, patres conscripti, 
^~* sceleratissimorum hostium exercitum caesum fu- 
sumque cognovi, sic id quod et omnes maxime opta- 
mus, et ex ea victoria quae parta est consecutum 
arbitramur, D. Brutum egressum jam Mutina esse 5 
cognovissem, propter cujus periculum ad saga issemus, 
propter ejusdem salutem redeundum ad pristinum ves- 
titum sine ulla dubitatione censerem. Ante vero quam 
sit ea res, quam avidissime civitas exspectat, adlata, 
laetitia frui satis est maximae praeclarissimaeque pug- 10 
nae : reditum ad vestitum confectae victoriae reservate. 
Confectio autem hujus belli est D. Bruti salus. 

2. Quae autem est ista sententia, ut in hodiernum 
diem vestitus mutetur, deinde eras sagati prodeamus? 
Nos vero cum semel ad eum quern cupimus optamus- 15 
que vestitum redierimus, id agamus, ut eum in per- 
petuum retineamus. Nam hoc quidem cum turpe est, 
turn ne dis quidem immortalibus gratum, ab eorum 
aris, ad quas togati adierimus, ad saga sumenda dis- 
cedere. 3. Atque animadverto, patres conscripti, quos- 20 
dam huic favere sententiae, quorum ea mens idque 
consilium est, ut, cum videant gloriosissimum ilium 
D. Bruto futurum diem, quo die propter ejus salutem 
redierimus, hunc ei fructum eripere cupiant, ne me- 
moriae posteritatique prodatur propter unius civis 25 
periculum populum Romanum ad saga isse, propter 
ejusdem salutem redisse ad togas. Tollite hanc : nul- 
lam tarn pravae sententiae causam reperietis. Vos 
vero, patres conscripti, conservate auctoritatem ves- 
tram, manete in sententia, tenete vestra memoria, quod 3° 
saepe ostendistis, hujus totius belli in unius viri fortis- 
simi et maximi vita positum esse discrimen. 

11. 4. Ad D. Brutum liberandum legati missi prin- 
cipes civitatis, qui illi hosti ac parricidae denuntiarent 
ut a Mutina discederet. Ejusdem D. Bruti conser- 35 
vandi gratia consul sortitu ad bellum profectus A. 



238 The Struggle against Antony. [Phil. XIV. 

Hirtius, cujus imbecillitatem valetudinis animi virtus et 
spes victoriae confirmavit. Caesar, cum exercitu per 
se comparato cum primum pestibus rem publicam libe- 
rasset, ne quid postea sceleris oreretur, profectus est ad 

5 eundem Brutum liberandum, vicitque dolorem aliquem 
domesticum patriae caritate. 5, Quid C. Pansa egit 
aliud dilectibus habendis, pecunia comparanda, sena- 
tus consultis faciendis gravissimis in Antonium, nobis 
cohortandis, populo Romano ad causam libertatis vo- 

10 cando, nisi ut D. Brutus liberaretur? A quo populus 
Romanus frequens ita salutem D. Bruti una voce 
depoposcit, ut earn non solum commodis suis, sed 
etiam necessitati victus anteferret. Quod sperare nos 
quidem debemus, patres conscripti, aut inibi esse aut 

15 jam esse confectum. Sed spei fructum rei convenit 
et evento reservari, ne aut deorum immortalium bene- 
ficium festinatione praeripuisse, aut vim fortunae stul- 
titia contempsisse videamur. 

6. Sed quoniam significatio vestra satis declarat quid 

20 hac de re sentiatis, ad litteras veniam, quae sunt a 
consulibus et a propraetore missae, si pauca ante quae 
ad ipsas iitteras pertineant dixero. 111. Imbuti gladii 
sunt, patres conscripti, legionum exercituumque nostro- 
rum, vel madefacti potius duobus duorum consulum, 

2 5 tertio Caesaris proelio. Si hostium fuit ille sanguis, 
summa militum pietas : nefarium scelus, si civium. 
Quo usque igitur is, qui omnis hostis scelere superavit, 
nomine hostis carebit? nisi mucrones etiam nostrorum 
militum tremere voltis, dubitantis utrum in cive an in 

3° hoste figantur. 7. Supplicationem decernitis ; hostem 
non appellatis. Gratae vero nostrae dis immortalibus 
gratulationes erunt, gratae victimae, cum interfecta sit 
civium multitudo ! ' De improbis' inquit f et audaci- 
bus.' Nam sic eos appellat clarissimus vir : quae sunt 

35 urbanarum maledicta litium, non inustae belli inter- 
necivi notae. Testamenta (credo) subiciunt aut eiciunt 



iv. io.] Antony's Cruelties at Parma. 239 

vicinos, aut adulescentulos circumscribunt : [his enim 
vitiis adfectos et talibus malos aut audacis appellare 
consuetudo solet.] 8. Bellum inexpiabile infert quat- 
tuor consulibus unus omnium latronum taeterrimus. 
Gerit idem bellum cum senatu populoque Romano. 5 
Omnibus — quamquam ruit ipse suis cladibus — pes- 
tem, vastitatem, cruciatum, tormenta denuntiat. Do- 
labellae ferum et immane facinus, quod nulla barbaria 
posset agnoscere, id suo consilio factum esse testatur : 
quaeque esset facturus in hac urbe, nisi eum hie ipse I0 
Juppiter ab hoc templo atque moenibus reppulisset, 
declaravit in Parmensium calamitate, quos optimos 
viros honestissimosque homines, maxime cum aucto- 
ritate hujus ordinis populique Romani dignitate con- 
junctos, crudelissimis exemplis interemit propudium 15 
illud et portentum, L. i\ntonius, insigne odium om- 
nium hominum vel (si etiam di oderunt quos oportet) 
deorum. 9. Refugit animus, patres conscripti, eaque 
dicere reformidat quae L. Antonius in Parmensium 
liberis et conjugibus effecerit. Quas enim turpitudines 20 
Antoni libenter [cum dedecore] subierunt, easdem per 
vim laetantur aliis se intulisse. Sed vis calamitosa est, 
quam illis intulerunt : libido flagitiosa, qua Antonio- 
rum oblita est vita. Est igitur quisquam, qui hostis 
appellare non audeat, quorum scelere crudelitatem Kar- 25 
thaginiensium victam esse fateatur? iv. Qua enim in 
urbe tarn immanis Hannibal capta quam in Parma 
surrepta Antonius? Nisi forte hujus coloniae et cete- 
rarum, in quas eodem est animo, non est hostis putan- 
dus. 10. Si v r ero coloniarum et municipiorum sine ulla 3° 
dubitatione hostis est, quid tandem hujus censetis ur- 
bis, quam ille ad explendas egestates latrocini sui 
concupivit? quam jam peritus metator et callidus 
decempeda sua Saxa diviserat? Recordamini, per 
deos immortalis ! patres conscripti, quid hoc biduo 35 
timuerimus a domesticis hostibus, rumoribus impro- 



240 The Struggle against Antony. [Phil. XIV. 

bissimis dissipatis. Quis liberos, quis conjugem aspi- 
cere poterat sine fletu? quis domum? quis tecta? quis 
larem familiarem? Aut foedissimam mortem omnes 
aut miserabilem fugam cogitabant. Haec a quibus 

5 timebantur, eos hostis appellare dubitamus? Gravius 
si quis attulerit nomen, libenter adsentiar : hoc volgari 
contentus vix sum, leviore non utar. 

11. Itaque cum supplicationes justissimas ex eis 
litteris quae recitatae sunt decernere debeamus, Ser- 

10 viliusque decreverit, augebo omnino numerum dierum, 
praesertim cum non uni sed tribus ducibus sint decer- 
nendae. Sed hoc primum faciam, ut imperatores 
appellem eos, quorum virtute, consilio, felicitate, maxi- 
mis periculis servitutis atque interitus liberati sumus. 

15 Etenim cui viginti his annis supplicatio decreta est, ut 
non imperator appellaretur, aut minimis rebus gestis 
aut plerumque nullis? Quam ob rem aut supplicatio 
ab eo qui ante dixit decernenda non fuit, aut usitatus 
honos pervolgatusque tribuendus eis, quibus etiam novi 

20 singularesque debentur. v. 12. An si quis Hispano- 
rum aut Gallorum aut Threcum mille aut duo milia 
occidisset, eum hac consuetudine quae increbuit im- 
peratorem appellaret senatus : tot legionibus caesis, 
tanta multitudine hostium interfecta — hostium dico ? ita 

2 5 inquam, hostium, quam vis hoc isti hostes domestici 
nolint — clarissimis ducibus supplicationum honorem 
tribuemus, imperatorium nomen adimemus? Quanto 
enim honore, laetitia, gratulatione in hoc templum 
ingredi debent illi ipsi hujus urbis liberatores, cum 

3° hesterno die propter eorum res gestas me ovantem et 
prope triu mphantem populus Romanus in Capitolium 
domo tulerit, domum inde reduxerit? 13. Is enim 
demum est (mea quidem sententia) Justus triumphus 
ac verus, cum bene de re publica mentis testimonium 

35 a consensu civitatis datur. Nam sive in communi 
gaudio populi Romani uni gratulabantur, magnum 



vi. i6.] False Charges against Cicero 



24 



judicium; sive uni gratias agebant, eo majus; sive 
utrumque, nihil magnificentius cogitari potest. 

' Tu igitur ipse de te? ' dixerit quispiam. Equidem 
invitus, sed injuriae dolor facit me praeter consue- 
tudinem gloriosum. Nonne satis est ab hominibus 5 
virtutis ignaris gratiam bene merentibus non referri? 
Etiam in eos qui omnis suas curas in rei publicae 
salute defigunt, impietatis crimine invidia quaeretur? 
14. Scitis enim per hos dies creberrimum fuisse sermo- 
nem, me Parilibus, qui dies hodie est, cum fascibus I0 
descensurum. In aliquem credo hoc gladiatorem aut 
latronem aut Catilinam esse conlatum,°non in eum qui 
ne quid tale in re publica fieri posset effecerit. An [ut] 
ego, qui Catilinam haec molientem sustulerim, ever- 
terim, adflixerim, ipse exsisterem repente Catilina? IS 
Quibus auspiciis istos fascis augur acciperem? quate- 
nus haberem? cui traderem? Quemquamne fuisse 
tarn sceleratum qui hoc fingeret, tarn furiosum qui 
crederet? Unde igitur ista suspitio, vel potius unde 
iste sermo? vi. 15. Cum, ut scitis, hoc triduo vel 20 
quadnduo tnstis a Mutina fama manaret, inflati laeti- 
tia atque insolentia impii cives unum se in locum, 
ad illam curiam furiis potius suis quam rei publicae 
intehcem congregabant. Ibi cum consilia inirent de 
caede nostra, partirenturque inter se qui Capitolium, 25 
qui rostra, qui urbis portas occuparent, ad me concur- 
sum tuturum civitatis putabant. Quod ut cum invidia 
niea fieret, et cum vitae etiam periculo, famam istam 
fascium dissipaverunt : fascis ipsi ad me delaturi fue- 
runt. Quod cum esset quasi mea voluntate factum, 30 
turn in me impetus conductorum hominum quasi in 
tyrannura parabatur : ex quo caedes esset vestrum om- 
nium consecuta. Quae res patefecit. patres conscripti, 
sed suo tempore totius hujus sceleris fons aperietur. 

16. Itaque P. Apuleius, tribunus plebis, meorum 35 
omnium consiliorum periculorumque jam inde a con- 

16 



242 The Struggle against Antony. [Phil. XIV. 

sulatu meo testis, conscius, adjutor, dolorem ferre non 
potuit doloris mei. Contionem habuit maxiraam, 
populo Romano unum atque idem sentiente. In qua 
contione cum me pro summa nostra conjunctione et 

5 familiaritate liberare suspitione fascium vellet, una 
voce cuncta contio declaravit nihil esse a me umquam 
de re publica nisi optime cogitatum. Post hanc ha- 
bitam contionem duabus tribusve horis, optatissimi 
nuntii et litterae venerunt : ut idem dies non modo 

10 iniquissima me invidia liberarit ? sed etiam celeberrima 
populi Romani gratulatione auxerit. 

17. Haec interposui, patres conscripti, non tarn ut 
pro me dicerem — male enim mecum ageretur, si 
parum vobis essem sine defensione purgatus — quam 

15 ut quosdam nimis jejuno animo et angusto monerem, 
id quod semper ipse fecissem, uti excellentium civium 
virtutem imitatione dignam, non invidia putarent. 
Magnus est in re publica campus, ut sapienter dicere 
Crassus solebat, multis apertus cursus ad laudem. 

20 vii. Utinam quidem illi principes viverent, qui me 
post meum consulatum, cum eis ipse cederem, prin- 
cipem non inviti videbant ! Hoc vero tempore, in 
tanta inopia constantium et fortium consularium, quo 
me dolore adfici creditis, cum alios male sentire, alios 

2 5 nihil omnino curare videam, alios parum constanter 
in suscepta causa permanere, sententiamque suam non 
semper utilitate rei publicae, sed turn spe turn timore 
moderari? 18. Quod si quis de contentione principa- 
tus laborat, quae nulla esse debet, stultissime facit, si 

3° vitiis cum virtute contendit : ut enim cursu cursus, sic 
in viris fortibus virtus virtute superatur. Tu, si ego de 
re publica optime sentiam, ut me vincas, ipse pessime 
senties? aut, si ad me bonorum concursum fieri vide- 
bis, ad te improbos invitabis? Nolle m, primum rei 

35 publicae causa, deinde etiam dignitatis tuae. Sed si 
principalis ageretur, quern numquam expetivi, quid 



1 

viii. 22.] The Part Cicero has taken. 243 

tandem mihi esset optatius? Ego enim maiis senten- 
tiis vinci non possum, bonis forsitan possim et libenter. 
19. Haec populum Romanum videre, animadvertere, 
judicare quidam moleste ferunt. Poteratne fieri ut 
non proinde homines de quoque, ut quisque mereretur, 5 
judicarent? Ut enim de universo senatu populus 
Romanus verissime judicat, nullis rei publicae tem- 
poribus hunc ordinem firmiorem aut fortiorem fuisse, 
sic de uno quoque nostrum et maxime, qui hoc loco 
sententias dicimus, sciscitantur omnes, avent audire 10 
quid quisque senserit : ita de quoque, ut quemque 
meritum arbitrantur, existimant. Memoria tenent me 
ante diem xiii. Kalendas Januarias principem revo- 
candae libertatis fuisse : me ex Kalendis Januariis ad 
hanc horam invigilasse rei publicae : 20. meam do- I5 
mum measque auris dies noctisque omnium praeceptis 
monitisque patuisse : meis litteris, meis nuntiis, meis 
cohortationibus omnis qui ubique essent ad patriae 
praesidium excitatos : meis sententiis a Kalendis Jan- 
uariis numquam legatos ad Antonium : semper ilium 20 
hostem, semper hoc bellum, ut ego, qui omni tempore 
verae pacis auctor fuissem, huic essem nomini pesti- 
ferae pacis inimicus : 21. idem P. Ventidium, cum alii 
tr. pi. I volusenum, ego semper hostem. Has in sen- 
tentias meas si consules discessionem facere voluis- 25 
sent, omnibus istis latronibus auctoritate ipsa senatus 
jam pridem de manibus arma cecidissent. 

viii. Sed quod turn non licuit, patres conscripti, id 
hoc tempore non solum licet, verum etiam necesse est, 
— eos qui re sunt hostes [verbis notari], sententiis 3° 
nostris hostis judicari. 22. Antea cum hostem ac bel- 
lum nominassem, semel et saepius sententiam meam 
de numero sententiarum sustulerunt : quod in hac 
causa jam fieri non potest. Ex litteris enim C. Pansae 
A. Hirtii consulum, C. Caesaris pro praetore, de 35 
honore dis immortalibus habendo sententias dicimus. 



244 The Struggle against Antony. [Phil. XIV. 

Supplicationem modo qui decrevit, idem imprudens 
hostis judicavit : numquam enim in civili bello suppli- 
catio decreta est. Decretam dico? ne victoris quidem 
litteris postulata est. 23. Civile bellum consul Sulla 

5 gessit : legionibus in urbem adductis, quos voluit ex- 
pulit ; quos potuit occidit : supplicationis mentio nulla. 
Grave bellum Octavianum insecutum est:, supplicatio 
[Cinnae] nulla victori. Cinnae victoriam imperator 
ultus est Sulla : nulla supplicatio decreta a senatu. Ad 

io te ipsum, P. Servili, num misit ullas conlega litteras 
de ilia calamitosissima pugna Pharsalia? Num te de 
supplicatione voluit referre ? Profecto noluit. At misit 
postea de Alexandria, de Pharnace. Pharsaliae vero 
pugnae ne triumphum quidem egit. Eos enim civis 

15 pugna ilia sustulerat, quibus non modo vivis, sed etiam 
victoribus, incolumis et florens civitas esse posset. 
24. Quod idem contigerat superioribus bellis civilibus. 
Nam mihi consuli supplicatio nullis armis sumptis, non 
ob caedem hostium, sed ob conservationem civium, 

20 novo et inaudito genere decreta est. Quam ob rem 
aut supplicatio re publica pulcherrime gesta postulan- 
tibus nostris imperatoribus deneganda est, quod praeter 
A. Gabinium contigit nemini ; aut, supplicatione de- 
cernenda, hostis eos de quibus decernitis judicetis 

2 5 necesse est. 

ix. Quod ergo ille re, id ego etiam verbo, cum 
imperatores eos appello : hoc ipso nomine et eos qui 
jam devicti sunt, et eos qui supersunt, hostis judico 
[cum victores appello imperatores]. 25. Quo modo 

3° enim potius Pansam appellem? etsi habet honoris 
nomen amplissimi. Quo Hirtium? Est ille quidem 
consul, sed alterum nomen benefici populi Romani est, 
alterum virtutis atque victoriae. Quid? Caesarem, 
deorum beneficio rei publicae procreatum, dubitemne 

35 appellare imperatorem? qui primus Antoni immanem 
et foedam crudelitatem non solum a jugulis nostris, 



x. 28.] The Consuls Pansa and Hirtius* 245 

sed etiam a membris et visceribus avertit. Unius 
autem diei quot et quantae virtutes, di immortales, 
fuerunt ! 26. Princeps enim omnium Pansa proeli 
faciendi et cum Antonio confligendi fuit : dignus im- 
perator legione Martia, digna legio imperatore. Cujus 5 
si acerrimum impetum cohibere Pansa potuisset, uno 
proelio confecta res esset. ( Sed cum libertatis avida 
legio effrenatius in aciem hostium inrupisset, ipseque in 
primis Pansa pugnaret, duobus periculosis volneribus 
acceptis, sublatus e proelio, rei publicae vitam reser- 10 
vavit. Ego vero hunc non solum imperatorem sed 
etiam clarissimum imperatorem judico, qui, cum aut 
morte aut victoria se satis facturum rei publicae spo- 
pondisset, alterum fecit, alterius di immortales omen 
avertant ! r 5 

x. 27. Quid dicam de Hirtio ? qui, re audita, 
e castris duas legiones eduxit incredibili studio atque 
virtute ; quartam illam, quae relicto Antonio se olim 
cum Martia legione conjunxit, et septimam, quae, 
constituta ex veteranis, docuit hoc proelio militibus 2 ° 
eis qui Caesaris beneficia servassent, senatus populique 
Romani carum nomen esse. His viginti cohortibus, 
nullo equitatu, Hirtius ipse aquilam quartae legionis 
cum inferret, qua nullius pulcriorem speciem impe- 
ratoris accepimus, cum tribus Antoni legionibus equi- 2 5 
tatuque conflixit, hostisque nefarios, huic Jovis Optimi 
Maximi ceterisque deorum immortalium templis, urbis 
tectis, libertati populi Romani, nostrae vitae sanguini- 
que imminentis prostravit, fudit, occidit, ut cum admo- 
dum paucis, nocte tectus, metu perterritus, princeps 3° 
latronum duxque fugerit. O solem ipsum beatissi- 
mum, qui, ante quam se abderet, stratis cadaveribus 
parricidarum, cum paucis fugientem vidit Antonium ! 

28. i\n vero quisquam dubitabit appellare Caesarem 
imperatorem? Aetas ejus certe ab hac sententia ne- 35 
minem deterrebit, quando quidem virtute superavit 



246 The Struggle against Antony. [Phil. XIV. 

aetatem. Ac mihi semper eo majora beneficia C. 
Caesaris visa sunt, quo minus erant ab aetate ilia pos- 
tulanda. Cui cum imperium dabamus, eodem tempore 
etiam spem ejus nominis deferebamus : quod cum esset 

5 consecutus, auctoritatem nostri decreti rebus gestis 
suis comprobavit. Hie ergo adulescens maximi animi, 
ut verissime scribit Hirtius, castra multarum legionum 
paucis cohortibus tutatus est, secundumque proelium 
fecit. Ita trium imperatorum virtute, consilio, felici- 

10 tate uno die locis pluribus res publica est conservata. 
xi. 29. Decerno igitur eorum trium nomine quin- 
quaginta dierum supplicationes : causas, ut honorifi- 
centissimis verbis consequi potuero, complectar ipsa 
sententia. 

15 Est autem fidei pietatisque nostrae declarare fortis- 
simis militibus, quam memores simus quamque grati. 
Quam ob rem promissa nostra, atque ea quae legioni- 
bus bello confecto tributuros nos spopondimus, ho- 
dierno senatus consulto renovanda censeo : aequum 

20 est enim militum, talium praesertim, honorem con- 
jungi. 30. Atque utinam, patres conscripti, [civibus] 
omnibus solvere nobis praemia liceret ! Quamquam 
nos ea quae promisimus studiose cumulata reddemus. 
Sed id quidem restat (ut spero) victoribus, quibus 

2 5 senatus fides praestabitur : quam quoniam difficillimo 
rei publicae tempore secuti sunt, eos numquam opor- 
tebit consili sui paenitere. Sed facile est bene agere 
cum eis a quibus etiam tacentibus flagitari videmur : 
illud admirabili is et majus maximeque proprium se- 

3° natus sapientis est, grata eorum virtutem memoria 
prosequi, qui pro patria vitam profuderunt. 

31. Quorum de honore utinam mihi plura in mentem 
venirent ! Duo certe non praeteribo, quae maxime 
occurrunt : quorum alterum pertinet ad virorum fortis- 

35 simorum gloriam sempiternam, alterum ad leniendum 
maerorem et luctum proximorum. 



XIL 33-] Praise of the Patriot Soldiers, 247 

xii. Placet igitur mihi, patres conscripti, legionis 
Martiae militibus, et eis qui una pugnantes occiderunt, 
monumentura fieri quam amplissimum. Magna atque 
incredibilia sunt in rem publicam hujus merita legio- 
nis. Haec se prima latrocinio abrupit Antoni ; haec 5 
tenuit Albam ; haec se ad Caesarem contulit ; hanc 
imitata quarta legio parem virtutis gloriam consecuta 
est. Quarta victrix desiderat neminem : ex Martia 
non nulli in ipsa victoria conciderunt. O fortunata 
mors, quae naturae debita pro patria est potissimum IO 
reddita ! 32. Vos vero patriae natos judico : quorum 
etiam nomen a Marte est, ut idem deus urbem hanc 
gentibus, vos huic urbi genuisse videatur. In fuga 
foeda mors est : in victoria gloriosa. Etenim Mars 
ipse ex acie fortissimum quemque pignerari solet. Illi I5 
igitur impii, quos cecidistis, etiam ad inferos poenas 
parricidi luent : vos vero, qui extremum spiritum in 
victoria effudistis, piorum estis sedem et locum conse- 
cuti. Brevis a natura nobis vita data est: at memoria 
bene redditae vitae sempiterna. Quae si non esset 20 
longior quam haec vita, quis esset tarn amens qui 
maximis laboribus et periculis ad summam laudem 
gloriamque contenderet? 33. Actum igitur praeclare 
vobiscum, fortissimi, dum vixistis, nunc vero etiam 
sanctissimi milites, quod vestra virtus neque oblivione 25 
eorum qui nunc sunt, nee reticentia posterorum se- 
pulta esse poterit, cum vobis immortale monimentum 
suis paene manibus senatus populusque Romanus ex- 
struxerit. Multi saepe exercitus Punicis, Gallicis, 
Italicis bellis clari et magni fuerunt, nee tamen ullis 30 
tale genus honoris tributum est. Atque utinam majora 
possemus, quando quidem a vobis maxima accepimus ! 
Vos ab urbe furentem Antonium avertistis : vos redire 
molientem reppulistis. Erit igitur exstructa moles 
opere magnifico incisaeque litterae, divinae virtutis 35 
testes sempiternae : numquamque de vobis eorum, qui 



248 The Struggle against Antony. [Phil. XIV. 

aut videbunt vestrum monimentum aut audient, gra- 
tissimus sermo conticescet. Ita pro mortali condicione 
vitae immortalitatem estis consecuti. 

xiii. 34. Sed quoniam, patres conscripti, gloriae 

5 munus opdmis et fortissimis civibus monimend honore 
persolvitur, consolemur eorum proximos, quibus op- 
tima est haec quidem consolatio : parentibus, quod 
tanta rei publicae praesidia genuerunt ; liberis, quod 
habebunt domestica exempla virtutis ; conjugibus, 

10 quod eis viris carebunt, quos laudare quam lugere 
praestabit ; fratribus, quod in se ut corporum, sic vir- 
tutum similitudinem esse confident. Atque utinam 
his omnibus abstergere fletum sententiis nostris con- 
sultisque possemus, vel aliqua talis eis adliiberi pub- 

15 lice posset oratio, qua deponerent maerorem atque 
luctum, gauderentque potius, cum multa et varia im- 
penderent hominibus genera mortis, id genus quod 
esset pulcherrimum suis obtigisse, eosque nee inhuma- 
tos esse nee desertos, quod tamen ipsum pro patria 

20 non miserandum putatur, nee dispersis bustis humili 
sepultura crematos, sed contectos publicis operibus 
atque muneribus, eaque exstructione quae sit ad me- 
moriam aeternitatis ara Virtutis. 35. Quam ob rem 
maximum quidem solacium erit propinquorum eodem 

2 5 monimento declarari et virtutem suorum, et populi 
Romani pietatem, et senatus fidem, et crudelissimi 
memoriam belli : in quo nisi tanta militum virtus ex- 
stitisset, parricidio M. Antoni nomen populi Romani 
occidisset. Atque etiam censeo, patres conscripti, 

3° quae praemia militibus promisimus nos re publica 
recuperata tributuros, ea vivis victoribusque cumulate, 
cum tempus venerit, persolvenda ; qui autem ex eis 
quibus ilia promissa sunt pro patria occiderunt, eorum 
parentibus, liberis, conjugibus, fratribus eadem tribu- 

35 enda censeo. 



xiv. 38.] Resolution of Thanks and Honor. 249 

xiv. 36. Sed, ut aliquando sententia complectar, ita 
censeo : 

Cum C. Pansa consul, imperator, initium cum hostibus 
confligendi fecerit, quo proelio legio Martia admirabili incre- 
dibilique virtute libertatem populi Romani defenderit, quod 
idem legiones tironum fecerint ; ipseque C. Pansa consul, 
imperator, cum inter media hostium tela versaretur, volnera 
acceperit ; cumque A. Hirtius consul, imperator, [proelio 
audito,] re cognita, fortissimo praestantissimoque animo 
exercitum castris eduxerit, impetumque in M. Antonium 
exercitumque hostium fecerit, ejusque copias occidione Occi- 
dent, suo exercitu ita incolumi ut ne unum quidem militem 
desiderarit ; 37. cumque C. Caesar pro praetore, imperator, 
consilio diligentiaque sua castra feliciter defenderit, copias- 
que hostium quae ad castra accesserant profligarit, occiderit ; 
— ob eas res senatum existimare et judicare eorum trium 
imperatorum virtute. imperio, consilio, gravitate, constantia, 
magnitudine animi, felicitate, populum Romanum foedissima 
crudelissimaque servitute liberatum. Cumque rem publicam, 
urbem, templa deorum immortalium, bona fortunasque om- 
nium liberosque conservarint dimicatione et periculo vitae 
suae, uti ob eas res, bene fortiter feliciterque gestas, C 
Pansa A. Hirtius consules, imperatores, alter ambove, aut 
(si aberunt) M. Cornutus, praetor urbanus, supplicationes 
per dies quinquaginta ad omnia pulvinaria constituat. 
38. Cumque virtus legionum digna clarissimis imperatoribus 
exstiterit, senatum, quae, sit antea pollicitus legionibus exer- 
citibusque nostris, ea summo studio re publica recuperata 
soluturum. Cumque legio Martia princeps cum hostibus 
conflixerit, atque ita cum majore numero hostium conten- 
derit, ut cum plurimos caederent, caderent non nulli, cum- 
que sine ulla retractatione pro patria vitam profuderint ; cum- 
que simili virtute reliquarum legionum milites pro salute 
et libertate populi Romani mortem oppetiverint, senatui 
placere ut C. Pansa A. Hirtius consules, imperatores, alter 
ambove, si eis videatur, eis qui sanguinem pro vita, libertate, 
fortunis populi Romani, pro urbe, templis deorum immor- 
talium profudissent, monimentum quam amplissimum lo- 
candum faciundumque curent : quaestores<^£ urbanos ad 



250 The Struggle against Antony. [Phil. XIV. 

earn rem pecuniam dare, attribuere, solvere jubeant, ut 
exstet ad memoriam posteritatis sempiternam scelus crude- 
lissimorum hostium militumque divina virtus ; utique, 
quae praemia senatus militibus ante constituit, ea solvan- 
tur eorum qui hoc bello pro patria occiderunt parenti- 
bus, liberis, conjugibus, fratribus ; eisque tribuantur quae 
militibus ipsis tribui oporteret, si vivi vicissent, qui morte 
vicerunt. 



NOTES. 



NOTES. 



DEFENCE OF ROSCIUS. 
Argument. 

[Omitted portions in brackets.] 

Chap. I. Exordium. Cicero's reasons for undertaking the case. — 
[2. Political aspect of the trial, showing («) why others refused to undertake 
it; {b) why the jury ought to be especially cautious.] — Narratio. 6. The 
murder. — 7. Circumstances pointing to Magnus as the procurer : Chrysogo- 
nus is informed, and a conspiracy made with him by Capito and Magnus. 

— 8. Proscription and sale of the property : Chrysogonus buys it up for a 
nominal sum. Sex. Roscius is dispossessed. — 9. Amerians take up his 
cause and apply to Sulla, but are staved off by Capito, who was on the 
committee. — 10. Roscius flies to his friends at Rome : the conspirators 
commence the prosecution. — 1 1. Commiseration of his client's position, 
with review of the circumstances. — 13. Partitio : (a) the charge; (£) the 
reckless villany of the two T. R.; (c) influence of Chrysogonus. — De- 
fensio : (I.) 14. The crime is not in accordance with the character of the 
defendant: no motive can be shown: no enmity between father and son. 

— 15-17- His rustic employment: this is no evidence of ill-will. — 19. Al- 
leged intention to disinherit: no proof. — 20. No case is made out: hence 
the accuser (Erucius) is attacked for bringing such a charge. — 21. The 
case rests only on the negligence of the Court, and supposed friendless- 
ness of the defendant. — 22. For the conspirators' manner changed when 
they found there would be a real defence. — Recapitulation : no motive 
existed: enormity of the crime, and severity of its punishment. — 23-26. 
Instances from real life and fiction. — 27, 28. No means of committing the 
crime. — [29. Again: the accuser's presumption in trying to force a con- 
viction. — (II.) 30. Countercharge : T. Roscius the probable murderer: in 
his case there are motives. — 31. It was for his advantage. — 32. He was 
the murdered man's enemy. — 33. He had opportunities (compare the 
two cases). — 34. His acts after the murder: hasty message to Capito; 
his character. — 36. His testimony at the trial. — 37. Speedy announce- 
ment to Chrysogonus — apparently from the Roscii, for they have received 



4 Notes : Cicero. 

the reward and possess the property. — 38, 39. Capito's perfidy to the 
committee. — 41. Magnus refuses the slaves for question. — 42. Influence 
of Chrysogonus.] — (HI.) 43. Chrysogonus the purchaser : the sale was 
illegal, for proscriptions had ceased. — 44-47. Lawlessness and insolence 
of Chrysogonus : Sulla is artfully excused. — 48. No political necessity of 
conviction. — 49. Responsibility of the attack on Chrysogonus is Cicero's : 
Roscius asks only his life. — Peroratio : 50-51. Simulated appeal to Chry- 
sogonus, to stir sympathy of the jury : incidental mention of the power- 
ful friends of the defendant. — 52, 53. But if Chrysogonus does not spare 
him, he appeals confidently to the Court. 

The grammars cited are those of Allen and Greenongh (§), Gilder- 
sleeve (G.), and HarJtness (H.). 

PAGE 

2. Section 1. Credo . . . periculum vitant. This para- 
graph may be analyzed as an example of the involved periodic style 
of Latin writers. The main clause is credo ego; the rest of the 
sentence is all the object of credo in the indirect discourse (§ 336 ; 
G. 653; H. 522). The main verb of the discourse is mirari 
(changed from miramini), with vos in the accusative as its sub- 
ject. The object of mirari is the indirect question quid sit quod, 
etc., embracing all the rest, changed from a direct question quid 
est quod, etc. Again, the subject of sit is all that follows, being 
a clause with' quod (§ 333 ; G. 525 ; H. 540. iv.), of which surrex- 
erim is the main verb, and all the other clauses are modifiers. — 
The clause cum . . . sedeant is a kind of adverbial modifier of 
surrexerim, while the clause qui . . . sim . . . comparandus is a 
kind of adjective modifier of ego the subject of surrexerim, and 
qui sedeant is a kind of adjective modifier of his. — omnes hi, 
etc., is an independent sentence, but is connected in thought with 
the preceding, and explains the fact at which the jurors are sup- 
posed to be surprised, i.e. / suppose you wonder, etc., but the fact 
is, etc. (See §345./.) 

The learner will notice, if he has not already learned the fact, that in 
Latin prose (and to a less degree in poetry) the position of every word is 
significant. The emphasis of each word, as it would be given in English 
by a good reader, is indicated by the place in which the word appears. If 
this emphasis is noticed, the reader becomes at once aware of the inner 
connection of thought which would require otherwise considerable study to 



Defence of Roscius. 5 

disentangle. The sentence would read, " I SUPPOSE (conceding some- 
thing he will presently contradict or explain) VOL" (who do not, as I do, 
know or think of the state of things) wonder why it is that, etc., but the 
fact is" (implied as the antithesis of the emphatic credo). Again, omnes 
is emphatic; i.e. "I am not the only one, but all would speak if it were 
not for circumstances " he proceeds to mention. Even videtis has an 
emphatic position : " who, as you see, are in attendance." Again, putant 
oportere defendi, i.e. "think (though they do nothing) ought to be 
averted by a defence, but to make the defence themselves" etc. 

Line i. ego : not emphatic itself, but only expressed to set off 
vos, which is. The Latin is so fond of putting pronouns in anti- 
thesis, that one is often (as here) expressed on purpose. — judices : 
not judges, but rather jurors. They were persons selected by law 
to try facts (under the presidency of a praetor or judex quaestionis), 
and varied in number from a single one to fifty or more. 

In the year B.C. 149, an important reform was introduced into the crimi- 
nal procedure of Rome, by establishing a Quaestio Perpetua, or standing 
Criminal Court, for trial of cases of extortion by provincial governors; 
the object of the suit was res repetere (to recover property), and the 
court was known as the Quaestio Rerum Repetundaricm, or simply Repe- 
tundarum. Until B.C. 122, it was presided over by the Praetor Pere- 
grin as ; after this time, by a special Praetor Repetundarum. A second 
court of murder — de Sicariis et Venejicis — was (according to Momm- 
sen) established shortly after, by Caius Gracchus, and perhaps others fol- 
lowed. The whole system was revised by Sulla, and eight or ten separate 
courts were established, embracing the entire field of criminal offences. 
Six of these (Repetundae, Ambitus, Peculatus, Majestas, de Sicariis et 
Venejicis, and probably Falsi) were presided over by six of the eight 
praetors, — the praetor urbanus and peregrinus having civil jurisdiction; 
the assignment was made by lot. For the rest of the courts, citizens 
of aedilician rank (ex-aediles) were appointed, under the title Judex 
Quaestionis. The title of a president of a court, whether Praetor or Judex 
Quaestionis, was Quaesitor. 

These new and remodelled courts went into operation in B.C. 80, and the 
case of Roscius was the first that came before them. His trial was before 
the Quaestio inter Sicarios, under the presidency of the praetor, Marcus 
Fannius. The judices, or jury, in all these courts, had been originally 
selected from the Senators; Caius Gracchus had transferred the right to the 
Equites, or wealthy middle class; Sulla restored it to the Senators, but 
ten years later (B.C. 70) a new arrangement was made (see Verr. i. 15). 



6 Notes: Cicero. 

quid sit quod, why it is that. Here quod . . . surrexerim is a 
clause oi fact, taking the subj. on account of the indirect question. 
— summi oratores, homines nobilissimi : notice the inversion 
{chiasmus, § 344./*; G. 684: H. 562). 

3. sedeant : subj. because curn is causal (§ 326; G. 587; 
H. 517), although to be translated when, or while. Since Sulla's 
victory had restored the aristocracy to power, it might be expected 
that men of rank (nobilissimi) would have courage to come forward 
to defend Roscius : their presence showed their sympathies. — ego : 
emphatic, as opposed to the orators and men of rank. — potissi- 
mum, rather than any other (§ 92. 2). — aetate : Cicero was now 
but 26 years old. 

4. auctoritate, influence, particularly that derived from rank, or 
office. — sim : in direct disc, this might be either subj. to indicate 
the character of Cicero, or indie, to denote a mere fact about him ; 
but here necessarily subj. on account of the indirect question (§ 334 ; 
G. 666 ; H. 523. ii.). — sedeant, sit still, instead of rising to speak : 
in the same construction as sim. 

5. hi: strongly demonstrative and accompanied, perhaps, with 
a gesture, — these men here. 

6. injuriam, injustice. — novo scelere (abl. of means), the 
strange charge of parricide. — conflatam, got up, implying a con- 
spiracy to effect it. 

7. oportere : this verb is always impersonal ; its subject here is 
the clause injuriam defendi. The verb defendere signifies not 
to defend, but to strike down, hence to ward off , or avert. — ipsi, 
agreeing with the subject of audent ; not (as from the English idiom 
we might expect) with that of defendere, which is a complementary 
infinitive (§ 271 ; G. 424; H. 533). Supply but in translating.— 
iniquitatem temporum, i.e. the disturbed state of politics, while 
the wounds of the civil war were still fresh. 

8. ita fit: the subject is the clause ut adsint, etc. (§ 332. a\ 
G. 558 ; H. 501). — propterea = propter (compar. of prope) ea, 
near, on account of (literally, near) these things —for this reason : 
distinguish carefully from praeterea, which is praeter (compar. of 
prae) ea, along by {beyond and so besides) these things. — adsint, 
they attend: opposed to taceant, hence the position. The friends 
of any party to a suit (called advocati) attended court to give him 



Defence of Roscius. 7 

the weight of their influence (compare Cass. B.G. i. 4). Hence 
the English word suit, which originally meant following of wit- 
nesses and friends. 

9. officium, duty, arising from their relations to the murdered 
man, who had stood in the relation of hospitium with some of 
the highest families. 

Sect. 2. ergo, at : for the force of these conjunctions, see Gr. 
§ 1 56. b and e. — audacissimus, i.e. is it that I have ?nore effrontery 
than any of the rest ? 

12. officiosior, with a stronger sense of duty. — ne . . . quidem, 
not . . . either, enclosing, as usual, the emphatic word (§ 151. e). — 
istius, i.e. which is in your thoughts (§ 102. c). 

13. sim, conjunctivus modestiae (§ 311. b ; G. 252. R. ; H. 486). — 
aliis, dat. (§ 229; G. 346; H. 386. 2). — praereptam : prae gives 
here the force of getting the start of others in snatching it (com- 
pare prevent, from prae-venid) . 

14. me : emphatic, so much so as to throw igitur out of its place 

(§ 344). 

15. Rosci : gen. (§ 40. b). The contracted form of the genitive 
of nouns in ius or ium is here given throughout. — reciperem, 
undertake a case offered ; suscipere is to take up of one's own motion. 
(For the mood, see § 317; G. 544; H. 497: tense, 287. a\ G. 
511, R. 2 ; H. 493). 

17. a.mplitud.6, position, from birth, wealth, office, or the like. — 
de re public a, on politics. 

18. id quod, a thing which (§ 200. e\ G. 616. R. 2 ). 

19. dixisset : as a part of the case supposed in si fecisset, this 
must also be in the plup. subj. (see next note). — putaretur, apo- 
dosis of fecisset (§ 308; G. 599; H. 507), while the whole from 
si verbum, etc., is the apodosis of si quis dixisset. Translate, 
if any one had spoken, in case he had 7iiade any allusion to politics, 
he would, etc. 

Sect. 3. ego, etc., but in my case, even if I, etc.— si dixero 
. . . poterit: for the form of condition, see § 307. c\ G. 598. R. 2 ; 
H. 511. 

21. similiter, in like manner, i.e. as if a man of rank had spoken. 
— exire, etc., i.e. this speech would not be quoted and talked over, 
nor on the other hand distorted and misinterpreted. 



8 Notes: Cicero. 

22. emanare, leak out (cf. manere). — volgus = vulgus (see 
§ 7). — deinde quod: the second reason, corresponding to quia 
above. — ceterorum, opposed to ego below. 

The learner is greatly assisted (as, indeed, the Romans themselves 
must have been) in the understanding of a sentence like this, by noticing 
the way in which one word is set off against another. Thus, besides the 
case just mentioned, dictum obscurtim esse is opposed to dido concedi ; so 
propter nobilitatem is opposed to propter aetatem, and occultum, etc., to 
ignosci, etc. At the same time, occultum is parallel with obscuru?n, and 
ignosci with concedi. These antitheses are indicated in various ways, 
— (a) by emphatic and similar or chiastic position, as here ceterorum 
precedes neque, and ego precedes siquid, though the connective is usually 
placed first; (b) by particles, as the correlative neque . . . neque, and vet 
. . . vet. 

23. dictum is a noun limited by ceterorum; dicto is also a 
noun, though modified by an adverb (see examples under § 207. c\ 
G. 438 ; H. 359. n .*). 

24. concedi (impersonal, § 230; G. 208; H. 534. i.), allowed, or 
put up with. 

27. nondum . . . accessi, / have not yet gone into public life, 
i.e. become candidate for any office. Cicero began his political 
career five years later, with the quaestorship. 

28. tametsi, although, in its so-called " corrective " use, — the 
concession coming after the general statement, as a kind of limi- 
tation of it. — ignoscendi ratio, the idea of pardon. As Latin 
has few abstract nouns, their place is supplied in various other 
ways. The thought is, not only pardoning, but even official inves- 
tigation (cognoscendi) has ceased in the state (in consequence of 
the stormy times of Sulla). But this thought can hardly be ex- 
pressed in any other way than by the general word ratio with a 
genitive, which we may translate as above. [Notice the order : "the 
idea of pardo?i " ; ratio ignoscendi would mean " the idea of par- 
don"]. 

" This is boldly said, at a time when the tyrant Sulla was in power. 
Sulla never pardoned, and inquiry in legal form was out of fashion; at 
least such a trial as an innocent man could rely on. The legislation of 
Sulla had excluded the Equites from the office of ju dices ; and the Sena- 



Defence of Roscius. 9 

tors, who were his tools, were the class from which judices were now 
taken." (Long.) It should be observed, however, that during the period 
in which the equities were in possession of the courts, they showed them- 
selves — in spite of Cicero's assertion (see Verr. i. 13) —quite as corrupt 
as the Senators. The fact is, each class was under a special temptation to 
pass unjust judgments, since the provincial governors belonged to the 
Senatorial order, and the farmers of revenue (the conflicting interest) to 
the Equestrian. 

3. Sect. 4. accedit, there is in addition: used as a kind of 
passive of addo. — ilia, this: see § 102. b (at the end). — quod, 
that (§ 333; G. 525; H. 540. iv.). — a ceteris, from the others, 
i.e. the nobles. (For the use of the prep., see § 239. c. Rem.; 
G. 333 \ H. 374- n. 4 ) 

4. petitum sit, subj. by § 311. a; G. 459. R. ; H. 485. 6: it is, 
strictly, subj. of indir. question after forsitan (== fors sit an, it is 
a chance whether). — ut dicerent (sc. causam), that they should 
plead: a subst. clause (§ 331. a\ G. 546; H. 501), subject of peti- 
tum sit : the others have been asked to, etc. ; dicer e causam is the 
technical expression for the counsel {to argue or defend a case), 
as well as for the defendant {to be brought to trial). — ut . . . arbi- 
trarentur, a clause of result, correlative with ita (§ 319; G. 553; 
H. 500). — utrumvis, lit. either [of the two] you please: here, 
simply, either at their option (speak or not). — salvo officio (abl. 
abs.), without breach of duty. 

5. arbitrarentur ; imperf. following petitum sit (§§ 286, 287. a ; 
G. 513 : H. 495. i.). — a me (opposed to a ceteris) contenderunt, 
have urged it upon me : preserve the antithesis by inserting, but as 
to myself , which is implied in the position of a me. — ei (simply 
correlative to qui, § 102. d), men: not a demonstrative, like hie, 
etc. The noble friends of Roscius are here meant, who would de- 
sire his cause to be well conducted. 

6. apud me : the position still keeps the antithesis, where in Eng- 
lish we abandon it, so also in the case of ego, in line 7. 

7. plurimum possunt, have the greatest weight. 

9. debeam, subj. of characteristic (§ 320; G. 633; H. 503). — 
his de causis, it is for these reasons that, etc. 

10. ego: expressed to continue the emphasis of a me. — his; 



IO Notes: Cicero. 

emphatic, referring to the reasons just mentioned ; ego, as opposed 
to the others present. — causae, dat. (§ 235. a ; G. 343; H. 392). 
— patronus, advocate (the word advocati meaning friends, as 
above). The term patronus, protector, — properly the correlative 
of cliens, a dependent, — was transferred to the counsellor, as the 
defender of his client ; all the more easily, as the practice of the 
law was in the hands of the nobles, who were obliged to defend 
their friends and dependents gratis. [It should be noticed that 
cliens is never used in the modern sense of client in law, correla- 
tive to counsellor : the Roman cliens was necessarily a poor man, 
or one in humble station, or a foreigner.] — electus, relictus : this 
antithesis (in position and sound as well as sense) suggests at once 
that ingenio is in the same construction as periculo, and that 
posseni dicere must be supplied. 

1 1 . unus, as the one man. 

12. uti : older form for ut. — uti ne : in purpose clauses (§ 317 ; 
G. 544; H. 497) the double form is often used instead of ne alone. 

Sect. 5. municeps (munus-capio), lit. sharing public duties, 
and so, citizen of a municipium or free Italian town with Roman 
citizenship. — Amerinus, of Aineria (§ 214. a ; G. 360; H. 331). 

A native Italian town which had lost its original independence, and was 
absorbed in the Roman state, ceased to be a civitas, and became a muni- 
cipium ; its citizens now possessed Roman citizenship as well as that of 
their own town. This Roman citizenship was possessed in various de- 
grees. Some towns lose all rights of self-government, without receiving 
any political rights at Rome in their place; that is, their political existence 
was extinguished, and their citizens became mere passive citizens of 
Rome, with civil rights, but no political ones. A second class of towns 
retained their corporate existence, with the rights of local self-government, 
but without the grant of Roman citizenship. The condition thus estab- 
lished was called jus Caeritum, because the Etruscan town of Caere was 
taken as the type. The most favored class retained all powers of self- 
government, with magistrates of their own election, at the same time 
being full citizens of Rome. All furnished their contingent to the Roman 
army, and were under the civil jurisdiction of the Roman praetor; but 
they paid no taxes except for their own local concerns. 

17. vicinitatis : i.e. probably the whole territory of Ameria, 
extending to the Tiber. 



Defence of Roscius. 1 1 

20. hospitium, guest-friendship. This was a relation between 
individuals of different cities or states, at a lime when there were 
no international relations ; it included the duties of hospitality and 
protection, was transmitted from father to son, and was vouched 
for by a ticket (tessera). 

21. domesticus . . . consuetudo, intercourse and companion- 
ship in their homes. 

22. honestatis gratia (so honoris causa, § 17), with all honor : 
it seems to have been held a liberty to mention the name of any 
person of quality ; and it is generally done in some such form of 
compliment. 

23. hoc solum, i.e. the hospitium. 

24. domestici, of his own house. 

25. ereptum possident, have plundered and now hold (§ 292. a ; 
G. 667. R. 2 ; H. 549); possidere does not signify to own, in the 
modern sense, but only to hold or occupy. — innocentis, i.e. filii. 

Sect. 6. cum, introducing the general situation ; turn, the par- 
ticular circumstance. — omni tempore, at all times, as opposed to 
the time of the civil war ; notice the emphatic position. 

27. nobilitatis fautor, i.e. of Sulla's party. — hoc tumultu, this 
last disturbance (euphemistic) : i.e. the final scenes of the civil war 
of Marius and Sulla, which Cicero will not call bellum. 

28. in discrimen veniret, was at stake: subj. of characteristic 
(at a time when, etc.). 

30. opera, etc., labor, zeal, influence. 

31. rectum, render no more than right (thus giving the emphasis 
of its position). — se pugnare, simply to fight (§ 330./"; G. 527. 
R. 3 ) : object of putabat, while rectum is in pred. apposition 
(§ 186. b\ G. 197; H. 360). — honestate, honestissimus, refer 
respectively to the rank and dignity of these great families, and 
the credit which his connection with them gave him in his own 
neighborhood. 

33. victoria, i.e. of Sulla's party. — constituta est, praescribe- 
rentur : the first is of absolute, the second of relative time (§ 323 ; 
G. 562), describing the period by its characteristics (§ 320). 

34. proscriberentur : the number of the proscribed in Sulla's 
time was 4,700. 



12 Notes : Cicero. 

"Whoever killed one of these outlaws was not only exempt from pun- 
ishment, like an executioner duly fulfilling his office, but also obtained for 
the execution a compensation of 12,000 denarii (nearly $2,400); any 
one, on the contrary, who befriended an outlaw, even his nearest relative, 
was liable to the severest punishment. The property of the proscribed 
was forfeited to the state, like the spoil of an enemy; their children and 
grandchildren were excluded from a political career, and yet, so far as of 
senatorial rank, were bound to undertake their share of senatorial bur- 
dens" (Mommsen). At first only the names of those who had justly for- 
feited their lives were proscribed; afterwards it became easy for friends 
and favorites of the dictator (as Chrysogonus, attacked in the oration for 
Roscius) to put upon the list the names of innocent men, and even of 
men already dead, so as to work confiscation of their property. These 
proscriptions nominally ceased June 1, B.C. 81. 

36. erat Romae, i.e. he did not stay away, as one would who 
feared the proscription. — frequens : adjective for adverb (§ 191; 
G. 324. r. 6 ; H. 443). 

4. Sect. 7. erant, see § 343. b. — inimicitiae : plural of the 
abstract, signifying causes or occasions of enmity (§ 75. b). 

5. accusatorum : prosecutions might be brought by private per- 
sons (as by Cicero against Verres) : these Roscii took their places 
as prosecutors along with Erucius {coadjutor es, subscriptores). 

8. neque enim, nor, you see. 

9. isti (§ 102. c), i.e. of the party of prosecution. 

10. Capitoni (§ 231. b\ G. 322; H. 387): following cognomen. 

12. palmarum, prizes : sarcastically said of his acts of violence, 
as of so many victories in gladiatorial fights. — nobilis, famous 
(as of artists, actors, etc.). — hie, the one here present (Magnus) ; 
eum, referring to the one just mentioned, the absent one (Capito). 

13. lanistam, a professional trainer or " coach" : used sarcasti- 
cally, like palmarum, above. 

14. quod sciam, so far as I know, sc. id (adv. ace. § 240. b\ 
G. 331. r. 2 ; H. 378): i.e. he must have been a mere apprentice 
(tiro) at the trade ; this is the first of his actual murders that I 
know of. 

Sect. 8. hie, this man (with a gesture), i.e. here at my side ; 
iste, that one, i.e. there on the accusers' bench. 



Defence of Roscius. 13 

17. cum . . . esset, parenthetical. 

19. iste, T. Roscius: the repetition of the words frequens, etc., 
brings out the point that he was likeliest to be the murderer. 

20. Palacinas : the reading is uncertain, and the place unknown. 

22. suspitio : this word is not formed immediately from the verb- 
stem of suspicio, but the true derivative ending is -tio (§§ 163. b, 
10. c), and the long vowel seems to indicate contraction. 

23. res ipsa, the fact itself. 

24. hunc, i.e. my client. — judicatote (§ 269. d; G. 262; H. 
487 2 ) : the second or longer form of the imperative is regular where 
the action is not to be performed immediately, especially when a 
future appears in protasis (§§ 269. d, 307 ; G. 597; H. 511). 

Sect. 9. Ameriam nuntiat, brings the news to Ameria : the 
accus. of end of motion (§ 258. b\ G. 410; H. 380). 

26. quidam, one. 

28. horam primam : the night from sunset to sunrise was 
divided into twelve hours. 

30. nocturnis, i.e. when the travelling would be more difficult 
and slow, though the hours would be longer in the late autumn or 
winter, -when the murder is thought to have been committed. But 
the time is uncertain. 

31. cisiis, a two-wheeled wagon, like a gig or chaise. The plural 
form shows that there were relays of carriages. 

Sect. 10. quadriduo, i.e. in the same space of four days : we 
should say within four days from the time when, etc. 

36. in castra : the idea of motion, vividly conceived, suggests 
the ace. of place as well as person ; we should say, TO Sulla in his 
camp at V. (§ 259. h). — Volaterras : a very ancient and impor- 
tant town of Etruria, on a high and very steep hill, about 30 miles 
S. W. of Florence. "Here some of the Etruscans and of those 
proscribed by Sulla made a stand and were blockaded for two years, 
and then surrendered on terms 11 (Strabo). — defertur : this word 
implies an intentional conveying of the information, in the manner 
of a formal report, or charge. 

5. fundos, different estates, i.e. lands or buildings, whether in 
town or country. — tris = ties (§ 84. b) : the ace. termination in is 
remained in this and a few other words for a considerable time after 



14 Notes : Cicero. 

the form in es became more common.- — Tiberim (§§ 55. d, 56. a, 1): 
the river must add greatly to the value of these estates, whether for 
transportation or irrigation. 

5. splendidus, eminent: the regular complimentary epithet of 
equites % and persons of similar rank ; gratiosus, in favor : referring 
to his relations with great families. — negotio, difficulty. 

7. de medio tolli, put out of the way. — ne teneani, not to 
detain you : a purpose clause after some verb of saying, etc., which 
is, as usual, omitted (§ 317. c\ G. 688; H. 499/). 

9. societas, partnership. — coitur : coire, as governing the 
accusative (§ 238. b\ G. 696), here takes the passive. 

Sect. 11. cum, etc.: the proscriptions ceased June 1, B.C. 81 •; 
the murder was committed some months after this date (see below, 

§39)- 

11. jam (with reference to time preceding), already (§ 151. b) : 
nunc (referring only to the moment itself), now. — defunctos, rid 
of, sc. esse. 

13. studiossisimi, devoted to the party of Sulla, and so not likely 
to be proscribed. — manceps (manu capio), purchaser of con- 
fiscated goods and the like. 

16. iste, yonder, on the accusers' benches. — nomine, i.e. as 
agent. 

17. impetum facit, makes a raid upon, implying violence, as of 
a charge in battle. — duobus milibus minimum, i.e. about $100 
(§ 378) ; they are estimated in ch. ii. to have been worth $300,000 
(sexagies). 

Sect. 12. imprudente, without the knowledge (prudens — 
providens). 

20. certo scio, [ am well aware (§ 151. c). — neque enim, nega- 
tive of et enim (§ 156. d), introducing a point obvious or indis- 
putable, for, you see. — mirum, predicate of the clause si . . . 
moliantur, below (§ 333. R.). 

22. praeparet, must provide for : cum is causal, though to be 
rendered when. — pacis . . . rationem, i.e. the ordering of the new 
constitution. 

25. distentus, pulled, different ways. 

26. si aliquid (more emphatic than si quid) 11011 animadvertat, 
if there is something he does not notice: protasis with mirum, above. 



Defence of Roscius. 1 5 

28. ut . . . moliantur, that as soon as he takes off his eyes they 
may get up something of this sort: clause of purpose (§317; G. 
545 ; H. 497. ii.) ; despexerit, perf. subj. (§ 342; G. 666: H. 529. 
ii.), for fut. perf. 

29. hue accedit, add to this. (Compare accedit ilia, etc., § 4, 
where the meaning is, there is in addition, etc. ; here the difference 
in position gives the meaning, in addition to this.) — quamvis felix 
sit (§ 313. a\ G. 608; H. 515. hi.), however fortunate he may be: 
Sulla was so impressed with his own good fortune, that he assumed 
the agnomen Felix, implying, by the ancient notion, peculiar favor of 
the gods. (See Manil. § 47.) 

31. familia, household of slaves and dependents (see under § 35). 
— qui liabeat, as to have (§ 320. a). 

32. libertum, freedman : he still remained attached to his former 
master as patronus, often lived in his family, did various services 
for him, and stood towards him in a relation somewhat like that of 
a son under the patria pot est as. Towards others he was a liberti- 
uus, fully free, but with some political disqualifications ; towards his 
former master he was a libertus. 

Sect. 13. vir optimus, sarcastic. 

35. qui . . . solvisset (§ 320 ; G. 634; H. 500. i.), though he had 
not yet, etc. 

36. justa, the due rites of burial: these ended with a sacrifice on 
the ninth day {novemdialia) after the death or burial. — eicit = eji- 
cit : in the compounds of jacio, the combination ji is written with 
a single letter (§ 10. d). 

Q m pecuniae, prope?'ty. — dominus, master in the sense of 
owner. 

3. qui . . . fuisset, since he had been, etc. — ut fit, as generally 
happens. 

4. insolens, here extravagant, etc. — domum suani (§ 258. 
b, e\ G. 410. R. 1 ; H. 380 2 ), to his house. — auferebat (§ 277. c\ 
G. 224; H. 468), began to, etc. 

7. auctione, verbal from augeo, i.e. increasing the bids. — usque 
eo, to that degree. 

8. urbe tota, § 258. /; G. 386; H. 425. ii. 2 

Sect. 14. 12. iter, right of way : this was usually reserved in 



1 6 Notes: Cicero. 

case of the sale of any estate on which was a family burial-place ; 
by the proscription this right was cut off. 

13. bonorum emptio, the technical term denoting purchase at 
public sale. — furta refers to clam ; rapinae to palam, above. 

Sect. 15. decurionum : these were members of the municipal 
senate, or council. — decern primi : these may have been a stand- 
ing board, or a special committee. Committees of ten of the Roman 
Senate, as well as committees and boards of ten of municipal towns, 
are frequently mentioned, and particular men are referred to in in- 
scriptions as belonging to such a body. T. Roscius Capito (see 
§ 16) was one of this body. 

19. qui vir, what sort of man. 

21. ut . . . velit, that he will consent. 

22. decretum : the decree was here read to the court, but is not 
given in the published speech. 

25. id quod, as (§ 200. e\ G. 616. R. 2 ). 

28. nobilis, ace. plur. (§ 84. b). — ab eis qui peterent (§ 317; 
G. 545 ; H. 497. L), to beg of them : eis refers to the decern primi. 

29. ne . . . adirent, obj. of peterent. 

30. vellent, § 341. a ; G. 509 1 ; H. 524. 

Sect. 16. antiqui, of the old stamp. — ex sua natura, after 
their own nature. 

33. ceteros, subj. of esse understood, depending on fingerent, 
i/nagined. — confirmaret, assured them. 

36. apprornitteret, promised in addition. 

7. re inorata, without having pleaded their case: the primary 
meaning of oro implies not entreaty, but statement or argument 
(cf. orator). — reverterunt : the active form of this verb is found 
only in the tenses of the perfect stem ; otherwise it is deponent. 

2. isti, i.e. Chrysogonus and Capito. 

3. lentius, more slackly. — nihil agere, do nothing, refrain from 
action. — deludere, make fools of the Amerians, i.e. treat them 
with contempt. 

4. id quod, etc., as we ///ay easily infer : this point is an infer- 
ence, not like the rest, an attested fact. 

5. neque, and not, the negative qualifying posse: and judge 
that they can no longer, etc. In Latin the connective attracts the 



Defence of Roscius. ij 

Sect. 17. hie, my client. — cognatorum (co-gnatus), blood- 
relations: these were accustomed to hold a consilium, or formal 
deliberation, on important family affairs. 

10. Caeciliam, see § 50. 

12. id quod, etc., i.e. she showed on this occasion (nunc) the 
generous traits all expected in her. 

13. quasi . . . causa, as a model. — antiqui officii, old-fashioned 
fidelity : officium means the performance of duties as well as the 
duties themselves. 

15. domo (§258.(2; G.411; H. 412. ii. 1 ), without the prep., 
while bonis requires ex. 

18. vivus . . . referretur, brought alive to trial, rather than 
murdered and put on the proscription-list. 

Sect. 18. consilium ceperunt : this phrase is equivalent to a 
verb of determining, and so has the clause ut . . . pugnarent for 
its object (§ 331. d\ G. 424 ; H. 501. ii.). 

23. nomen deferrent, i.e. lay a formal charge before the president 
of the proper court. — de parricidio, § 220. b ; G. yjy. r. 2 ; H. 410. ii. 

24. veterem, old in the trade : the reign of terror through which 
Rome had just passed had given ample practice. 

25. de ea re, etc., in a case in which, etc. 

26. suspitio, ground of suspicion. 

27. crimine (abl. of means), on the charge itself. — poterant: 
indicative as being Cicero's reason, not theirs. — tempore : partly 
the character of the time in general ; partly the fact that the courts 
were now first reopened, after their reorganization by Sulla. 

28. loqui : the thought of the conspirators is put in indir. disc, 
the verb being implied in consilium ceperunt. — tarn diu, during 
the long troubles. 

29. eum, any one. — oportere, was sure to; qui primus: this 
was the first case that came before the Quaestio inter Sicarios. 

30. adductus esset : for fut. perf. of direct disc. — huic : op- 
posed to the indefinite qui primus. 

31. gratiam, favor or influence, i.e. with Sulla. 

33. fore ut, etc. : the most usual form for the fut. infin. pass. ; 
the supine with iri is rare. 

34. tolleretur, got out of the way : a derivative meaning from 
the original sense of lift. — nullo : for the abl. of nemo, which is 
never used. 



1 8 Notes: Cicero. 

35. atque adeo, or rather. — -quern: the antecedent is eum, 
below. 

36. jugulandum (§294. d\ G. 431 ; H. 544. n. 2 ), i.e. for judicial 
murder. 

3. Sect. 19. unde, where : i.e. the point whence the argument 
proceeds. — potissimum (superl. of potius, as if rathest), best 
(rather than anywhere else). 

4. summam : i.e. of rendering a verdict. 

5. fidem : i.e. the protection required by good faith. — pater, 
etc. : these nominatives are in no grammatical construction, but are 
simply a list of crimes (see § 292. a \ G. 667. r. 2 ). 

7. infesta, in peril. 

9. lief arils, abl. of instr. after cumulant : but translate, upon 
these they heap up other infamies. 

11. hujusce (emphatic instead of ejus, the regular pronoun of 
reference, § 102. d), his own. 

12. condicionem, terms (or dilejmnd) : as containing the idea 
of a bargain, it is followed by ut (§ 331. d\ G. 559; H. 497. ii.). — 
cervices : this word is used by early writers only in the plural. 

13. insutus in culeum : the old punishment of parricide was to 
be " beaten with blood-red rods, then sewed into a sack, with a 
dog, a cock, a viper, and an ape, and thrown into the deep sea " 
(see below, § 29). 

14. patronos : Cicero's modesty will not allow him to call him- 
self 2. pat r onus (cf. note on § 4). 

15. qui dicat, purpose-clause (§ 317; G. 634; H. 497. i.) : the 
antecedent is the subj. of deest, below. 

Sect. 20. quantum, so far as (adverbial ace). 

19. crimen, the criminal charge: with the other means used to 
convict the accused the advocate has nothing to do. 

2 1 . confictionem, the getting up. 

24. quid igitur est? how then? The whole task implied in 
oportere is too large to be attempted in a single plea. He has 
only to argue the case on the charge : the jury must see that reck- 
less audacity and coercion shall have no effect with them. 

30. primo quo que tempore, the very first opportunity since 
the violence and disorder of the civil war. 



Defence of Roscins. 1 9 

Sect. 21. quo uno maleficio, that in this one crime. — voltu, 
by a look, showing a lack of filial affection (pietas). 

9, 2. si . . . cogebant, would compel it if the case should re- 
quire (see § 307./; G. 598. R. 1 ; H. 510) : a future protasis, relative 
to the time of cogebant, which is past. 

5. auditum sit, fut. cond. completed (§ 307. c\ G. 236. r. 2 ; H. 
509). 

6. tu (emphatic), you, a professional prosecutor. 

7. censes : the word used to express deliberate judgment, after 
discussion, etc. 

9. mores, character, as resulting from habits of life ; naturam, 
natural disposition. 

11. tu, emphatic, as opposed to accusers generally. 

12. ne . . . causa, i.e. not even as a plausible charge. — contu- 
listi, brought against, alleged. 

Sect. 22. qui homo? what sort of man? — adulescentulus, 
some young fellow : the diminutive emphasizes the contrast in age. 

14. nequam, modifying hominibus. 

15. major, anomalous for the more usual plus or amplius (§ 247. 
c\ G. 311. R. 4 ; H. 417. 1. N. 2 ). 

16. videlicet, no doubt (ironical). 

20. de luxuria, ablative of charge (§ 220. b ; G. t>77- r - 2 5 H. 
410. ii.). — objecit : the accuser made it a point in his charge, that 
the accused was of a gloomy and morose temper, shunning all 
society. 

26. officio, sense of duty, and consequent discharge of it. 

Sect. 23. jus tarn, sufficient or well-grounded. 

30. illud, this, in appos. with the clause immediately following, 
i.e. the point previously treated ; hoc, the new point now introduced. 

34. eodem, to the same point as that treated in the preceding 
section. 

10. q u i odisset, in that he hated (according to their argument). 

2. constantissimus, most consistent. 

3. illud refers to causam fuisse. — jam, by this time. 

Sect. 24. 9. jam prope cotidiana, i.e. which have come to be 
an almost everyday affair. 



20 Xotes : Cicero. 

13. convenisse . . . videntur, seem to have converged upo?i one 
spot and to agree together : the phrase inter se may express any 
sort of reciprocal relation (§ it)6.f). The figure here is of a band 
of conspirators, or the like. 

16. ingenio, power, in putting the case. 

Sect. 25. expressa vestigia, distinct footprints. — ratione, 
manner ; i.e. the whole plan of the act. 

23. res . . . credi : notice that credo takes the ace. of the thing. 

27. esse, that there should be, etc. 

31. feras, i.e. even in the case of wild beasts (notice the emphatic 
position). 

Sect. 26. ita, so very. 

34. Tarracinensem, of Tarracina (Anxur), a colony on the 
Latian coast, 40 miles from Rome. — non obscurum, respectable. 

||, servus : here used as an adjective (cf. § 188. d\ G. 284. R. ; 
H. 441 »)• 

2. id aetatis, i.e. too old for the sound sleep of childhood. 

3. propter, near by. — auteni, on the other hand. 

5. neutrumne sensisse, the idea that, etc. (infin. of exclam.). 

7. potissimum, of all others. 

Sect. 27. conveniret, could naturally fall. 

16. non modo . . . possunt, not only cannot, etc. (§ 149. e) : the 
verb is sufficiently negatived by ne. 

Sect. 28. multis = many other (implied in the generalizing 
cum followed by turn). 

23. singulare, special. 

26. rerum natura, the universe, represented by air {caelum), fire 
(solem), water, and earth, the elements " from which all things are 
said to be produced. 1 ' 

Sect. 29. obicere, cast forth to. — ne bestiis . . . uteremur, 
lest we should find the very beasts more savage (immanioribus, in 
predicate apposition). 

32. sic nudos, naked as they were. — ipsum, even that. 

34. violata, defiled. — expiari : sea-water, as well as running 
water, was regarded as having a purifying quality, — a notion pre- 
vailing in various religions, and found in the forms of ablution, 
baptism, and the like. 



Defence of Roscius. 21 

35. tarn . . . volgare, so cheap or so common. 

36. etenim : i.e. it needs no argument to show, etc. 

12. ejectis, to waifs. — ita, in such a way. 
Sect. 30. crimen, accusation. 

9. talibus viris, "to this intelligent jury." — causam, ?notive. 

10. emptores, i.e. men having the strongest interest in his con- 
viction, with Chrysogonus himself as their presiding officer. 

11. judicio, the trial. 

12. venisses, you should have come (§ 266, e\ G. 266. R. 3 ; H. 
483.- n.). — utrum . . . an, i.e. which is it — the nature of the ques- 
tion or the character of the court [another compliment to the jury] 
— that you do not see ? 

17. admittere, commit. 

Sect. 31. esto, well then (to quit that point). — causam pro- 
fens, to allege a motive. 

29. vicisse debeo, / ought to have now gained the case, i.e. by 
my past argument : ought to have conquered (in the past) is vincere 
debui (§ 288. a\ G. 424: H. 537 1 ). 

20. in alia causa, in another case, an implied condition to con- 
cederem. 

21. qua re, why ; quo modo, how. 

23. ita, sic, i.e. I will deal with you on these terms. 

24. meo loco, in my place, i.e. in the time allotted to the defence : 
this was determined for each party by the praetor. — respondendi, 
i.e. at the end of a question; interpellandi, in the middle of any 
question, to answer a part; interrogandi, asking questions in turn. 

Sect. 32. ipsum, sc. percussisse. 

29. per alios, for abl. of means, when persons are intended (§ 246. 
b\ G. 403 ; H. 415. N. 1 ). 

30. indidemne Am eria, from Ameria there? 

31. hosce sicarios, these cut-throats of ours. 
34. convenit, i.e. to bargain for the murder. 

36. unde, i.e. on whom did he draw for the money? All such 
banking business being in a manner public, the sum could be traced, 
as by cheques, etc., in modern times. 



22 Notes: Cicero. 

1 3 . caput, fountain-head. 

2. tibi, dat. for poss. (§ 235. a\ G. 343. r. 2 ; H. 389). — veniat, 
with facito (fac) for simple imperat. (§ 331./, R. ; G. 546. r. 3 ; 
H. 489. 2). The fut. form of the imperat. is used, because it is a 
point for the accuser to reflect upon (§ 269. d\ G. 262 ; H. 487 2 ). 

4. ferum atque agrestem, rude and clownish (not simply 
rustic). 

6. in oppido constitisse, to have stayed in any town : oppidum 
is distinguished both from urbs, the great city, and vicus, a country 
village, or mere hamlet : it would be a place of some society and 
cultivation. 

Sect. 33. poterat, might, i.e. if I chose to use it (§ 311. £; 

G. 599-R- 2 ; H. 511 1 ). 

9. victu arido, dry or meagre way of life. — inculta, uncouth. 
11. possis, potential subjunctive (§ 311. a; G. 602 ; H. 485). 

13. in urbe (emphatic), i.e. not in the country, where Roscius 
was. 

14. erumpat, burst forth : a strong word on account of audacia, 
reckless daring. 

15. autem, 071 the other ha?id. — agrestem, boorish. 

16. parsimoniae, thrift (in a good sense). 

Sect. 34. missa f acio, I let that pass (missa agreeing with ea, 
understood, obj. of facio) ; such phrases are often used colloquially 
or with emphasis, for the simple verb (§ 292. d\ G. 537). — illud 
quaero, this is what I want to know. 

20. per quos : these words are the interrogative expression with 
which the clause grammatically begins ; is homo is put first for 
emphasis. 

22. suspitiose, i.e. so as to look suspicious. 

23. in his rebus, but in these circumstances of the case (emphatic 
position). — suspitio, culpam : i.e. in so clear a case I will not ask 
proof of guilt; any suspicious circumstance will be enough. 

25. credo, I suppose : ironical, as usual when thus used paren- 
thetically. 

30. causa dicitur, lit. the case is argued by the defendant : i.e. he 
is put on trial. 

Sect. 35. quod [innocenti] relates to id, having in appos. the 
clause ut . . . polliceatur. 



Defence of Roscius. 23 

34. quaestionem, question in the technical sense, i.e. examina- 
tion by torture, the regular legal way of examining slaves. In a 
few special classes of cases, the slaves of the accused could be 
tortured in order to get evidence against their master (see Milo, ch. 
xxii.). The master might, however, of his own accord, offer them 
for torture (polliceri) : in this case Roscius had lost his slaves, 
and so was deprived of that privilege. 

36. unus puer, as much as a single slave; the apparently unem- 
phatic position of 11011 making the whole more effective. — minister, 
i.e. to wait upon him. 

14. familiar this word, in its primary meaning, properly em- 
braced the entire body of free persons, clients and slaves, under the 
patriarchal rule of the paterfamilias. In time, the meaning was 
divided, applying either (1) to the family proper — the paterfamilias^ 
with his wife, children, etc. ; (2) to a body (or gang) of slaves. 
The latter is the meaning here. The word is also often used to 
designate a group of kinsfolk having a common name, — as Metel- 
lus, Scipio, Cicero, Caesar. 

2. Scipio, Metelle : these were, probably, P. Scipio Nasica, 
father of Metellus Scipio (a leader on Pompey's side in the civil 
war), and his cousin, O. Metellus Nepos, brother of Caecilia (§ 50), 
and father of the Celer and Nepos referred to in the orations against 
Catiline. — advocatis, called in (as friends of the accused) ; 
agentibus, taking active part. The demand seems to have been 
formal, and these friends were present to attest it. 

3. aliquotiens, several times. 

4. meministisne, don't you remember? 

5. T. Roscium, i.e. Magnus. 

6. sectantur, are in the train of. 

Sect. 36. aureum : the Greek name Chrysogonus means gold-born. 

16. latuit : because his was the only name that appeared. 

20. alii quoque, i.e. other purchasers of confiscated estates. 

22. sectorum : these were the purchasers of confiscated property 
in the lump, who afterwards divided it (seco) to sell again in detail. 
The word also means both cut-throat and cut-purse, and was perhaps 
used here to imply, by the double meaning, that these men connived 
at the death of the proscribed. 



24 Notes : Cicero. 

Sect. 37. venierunt, were sold (§ 136. b). 

30. tantus homo, such a great person : a hint that more impor- 
tant men than he had suffered. In fact, all the really eminent vic- 
tims of the civil war had perished before the proscription. 

^. Valeria: the law by which Sulla was made perpetual dicta- 
tor and invested with absolute power of life and death (b.c. 82) : 
it was proposed by L. Valerius Flaccus as interrex. Laws were 
designated by the gentile name of their proposer: all laws, for 
example, carried by L. Cornelius Sulla were known as Leges Cor- 
neliae. — Cornelia: this appears to have been enacted some time 
after the lex Valeria, in order to regulate the details of the proscrip- 
tion. Cicero's ignorance of the law is no doubt affected. 

34. novi, I know the thing or person ; scio, I know the fact : / 
am not acquainted with the law, and do not know which it is. 

15. proscripti sunt : the indie, must mean those already pro- 
scribed when the law was passed. Future cases would be referred 
to by the subj. or fut. perf. (see Verr. ii. ch. xli. xlii.). 

2. in . . . praesidiis, among the armed forces , etc., i.e. in arms. — 
bona, the property . 

7. veteres, those of the regular code ; novas, those of the Sullan 
revolution. 

Sect. 38. in eum, i.e. Sulla. Here it is necessary for the ora- 
tor to proceed with great caution : even if not himself present, Sulla 
would watch jealously the first case before his own criminal court. 

12. ab initio, from the beginning of this trial; omni tempore, 
in his whole career. 

13. ut . . . passus 11011 sit, clauses in appos. with liaec omnia: 
for the change of tense, see § 279. d\ G. 513 ; H. 495. vi. 

15. apud adversaries, in the enemies'' ranks = in praesidiis, 
see above. 

18. postea : the passage referred to appears to have been lost 
out of the oration, probably in the gap in ch. xlv. The scholiast 
represents Chrysogonus as saying that he had used the property in 
building a villa at Veii. 

Sect. 39. Kal. Juntas, ace. in the same constr. as diem. — 
aliquot post mensis, see introd. (p. 1, above). 

24. tabulas, the records of confiscated property, which belonged 



Defence of Roscius. 25 

to the State, —nulla, not at all (§ 191 ; G. 324. r.° ; H. 457 2 ). — 
redierunt = relata sunt. — nebulone, knave. 

25. facetius, more neatly : in the case supposed, the proscription 
would be a mere trick, and the property would be taken without 
even the forms of law. 

26. corruptae, tampered with. 
2S. ante tempus, prematurely. 

30. reduviam curem, treat a sore finger (a proverbial expres- 
sion) : i.e. in a case of life and death, I deal only with some trifling 
ailment. 

31. non rationem ducit, he does not take account (a mercantile 
phrase). 

Sect. 40. partim pro me, partly in my own name. To avoid 
entangling the case of his client with politics, Cicero makes himself 
responsible for all that might have a political bearing : he was a 
known partisan of the nobility, and could afford to speak freely. 

16. ad oninis pertinere, concerns all. 

3. sensu ac dolore, feeling and pain, i.e. painful feeling. The 
adjective idea is enforced by dwelling on it in the form of another 
noun (hendiadys). — jam, with the fut., presently. 

Sect. 41. ego, opposed to Roscio. 

12. diem, feminine (§ 73). 

13. praefinita, fixed in advance, as the limit (finio). — tantulo, 
so little. — patronum, i.e. Sulla. (See note on liberties, § 12.) 

15. conferre, throw the responsibility . 

17. imprudente, without the knowledge of. — egerit, will effect; 
fut. perf. for fut. (§ 281. R. ; G. 236. r. 1 ; H. 473). 

Sect. 4-2. placet, do I like f i.e. do I think it right ? — impru- 
dentia, want of foresight. 

21. etenim si, etc. The comparison is strained, and rather 
offensive to good taste ; but it is curious as showing the ancient 
notions as to the origin of evil, and at the same time Sulla 1 s rela- 
tion to the State as " lord protector. 11 (Compare the oration for 
Marcellus.) 

25. pernicii for perniciei (§ 74. a). 

26. vi ipsa rerum, by the very violence of the elements, — the 
agents or powers which he has to control. 



26 Notes : Cicero. 

34. possit, adepta sit, informal indirect disc, as the thought of 
the person surprised. — si . . . sit, clause with mirum (§ 333. r.). 

17. Sect. 43. tametsi, and yet. 

2. meo jure, with peifect right (as belonging to that party) : jure 
alone would mean justly ; meo limits it to the speaker's own case. 
The passage that follows is interesting, as showing the way in which 
Cicero regarded the general issues of the civil war, and the excesses 
of the victorious party. 

5. pro mea, etc., to the extent of my poor and feeble ability. 

7. ut componeretur, that reco7iciliation should be made: a clause 
of result in appos. with id (§ 332; G. 559; H. 501. iii.). 

8. qui vicerunt, who did (in fact) conquer : the subjunctive here 
would mean, whatever party might conquer. 

9. humilitatem, not merely low rank, but meanness and vulgar- 
ity ; dignitate, personal worth, from birth and services ; amplitu- 
dine, rank or position — prominence in the state. With all his 
arrogance, blood-thirstiness, and narrow conservatism, Sulla was, 
after all, the representative of orderly government against anarchy 
and mob-law. 

12. retineretur, woidd be preserved (fut. cond. § 307./"; G. 598 ; 
H. 510. n. 1 ), the protasis being quibus incolumibus. — quae, i.e. 
the reinstating of the nobility. 

Sect. 44. quod ... in eos, that those have been punished (a 
mild expression for proscription) . 

19. non debeo, / have no right. — in eo studio partium, in 
favor of that party : studium is the regular word for partisan favor. 

23. id actum est, this was the object : the clause ut . : . facerent 
is in appos. with id. 

24. postremi, the lowest in class or character. 

Sect. 45. male : to speak ill is to utter abuse or calumny. 

35. causam conimunicare, identify their cause with that of, etc. 

13. equestrem, referring to the struggle for the judicia (§ 11). 
and the extensive sympathy of the equites with the party of Marius. 
Compare note to Verr. § 1. 

3. servi : Chrysogonus was a freedman of Sulla. — dominatio- 

nera, 7/iastery or tyranny. 



Defence of R os cms. 27 

4. versabatur, displayed itself. 

5 . quam viam munitet, whither it is paving a way : road- 
building, both literally and figuratively among the Romans, was 
spoken of by the engineering term munire. 

6. ad fidem : i.e. after getting possession of the political power, 
these low-born fellows were aiming at the courts, the one security 
of public faith and good government. — jusjurandum : the jurors 
were under oath to give a righteous judgment. 

8. hicine, § 101. a, N. 

10. neque . . . possit : Cicero does not wish to encourage them 
by supposing that they can do anything in this case. — verear : 
subj. because it is not a real reason, but one introduced only to be 
contradicted (§ 341. d, R. ; G. 541. R. 1 ; H. 529. ii.). 

Sect. 46. exspectata, so long waited for \ 

16. servoli, diminutive of contempt. — bona, estates; fortunas 
(more generally), wealth. — id actum est, this was the object. 

19. senserim, sided with them: this verb, with its noun senten- 
tia, often refers to political opinions. — inermis : i.e. had he taken 
up arms, his regret w r ould have been deeper. 

22. cuique, to eve?y man in proportion as he is, etc. (§ 93. 4 0- 

25. probe novit : note the strong sarcasm. 

27. rationem, interests: so that what touches one touches the 
other. 

28. laeditur, etc., is injured by being separated, etc. Mommsen 
puts cum before laeditur, in which case it means, " by owning 
himself injured he cuts himself off, 1 "' etc. 

Sect. 47. mea, emphatic : he will avoid prejudice to his client, 
by assuming the responsibility of these words. 
3 1 . istorum, those men's. 

34. morum, the ways of doing business. 

35. more, in the regular way. 

36. jure gentium: the "law common to all nations 11 (Maine), 
as opposed to jus civile, or law of the state. It is thus used as 
nearly equivalent to natural right. 

(9, a nobis, i.e. once clear of guilt, and acquitted of a shocking 
crime, he will leave you unmolested. 

3. rogat : a feigned appeal to his persecutors. 



28 Notes: Cicero. 

4. in suam rem : in a former passage, allusion is made to a 
charge that Roscius had fraudulently kept back part of his father's 
property. 

6. concessit, etc., has given up [the immovable property], 
counted and weighed [the rest]. By particularizing and dwelling 
upon different kinds of property, a stronger impression is produced. 

7. anulum, probably the gold ring indicating his rank as eques. 

8. neque . . . excepit, and has reserved nothing else besides his 
naked self. 

Sect. 48. quod, quia, § 321 ; G. 539 ; H. 516. i. 

19. hominem, i.e. the owner. 

26. praeter ceteros : i.e. even if other purchasers had to refund, 
he the favorite had no cause to fear. 

27. patria, of their fathers. — ne quando : i.e. some time when 
there comes a political reaction. 

Sect. 49. facis injuriam, \.& you act unreasonably. — majorem 
spem : Cicero artfully suggests that Chrysogonus has no confidence 
that Sulla's constitution will last ; hence he wishes to remove a 
dangerous claimant in case of another overturn. 

33. monumenti, memorial, or keepsake. 

20. cruenta (pred.) : the thought is strengthened by the use 
of words only appropriate to an actual killing and stripping of the 
dead. 

Sect. 50. rem tuam, your interests. 

9. quasi nescias, as if you did not know (§ 312. R. ; G. 604). 
11. spectatissima, most estimable: the friends of Roscius are 

purposely exalted, in order to influence the Court.* — cum haberet, 
though she had. 

13. cum esset, though she was, etc. — femina, mulier : observe 

* Caecilia is called in § 17 daughter of Nepos; but the statement here is probably cor- 
rect. Q. Csecilius Metellus Balearicus was one of the four sons of Metellus Macedonicus 
— two of consular rank, the third consul, and the fourth candidate for the consulship — 
who accompanied the bier of their distinguished father (b.c. 115). The description of 
father, uncles, and brother applies, therefore, perfectly in this case; but Nepos, son of 
Balearicus and (as we assume) the omatissimum fratrem referred to, had no brothers 
that are known, and on the other hand had two sons, — neither of whom, however, was 
old enough at this time to deserve this epithet. Both were active in the time of Catiline's 
conspiracy. Celer was consul B.C. 60, the younger Nepos in 57. Cascilia, daughter of 
Balearicus, married App. Claudius, and was mother of Cicero's bitter enemy Clodius. 



Defence of Roscius. 29 

the distinction between the words, the latter being always used 
when speaking of the tenderness of the feminine nature. — quanto : 
the usual correlative is supplied by non minora, j idl as great \ 

Sect. 51. quod, the fact that. 

17. pro hospitals, in accordance with ]iis father s friendly rela- 
tions and personal influence (see above, § 1). 

20. pro eo quod, in view of the fact that. — sin . . . vindica- 
rent, i.e. if all were disposed to right this wrong: hinting that the 
accusers would be in danger of violence. 

21. summa res pubiica, i.e. the existence of the state itself. 

22. haec, these outrages. 

23. nunc, opposed to the preceding suppositions. — sane, cer- 
tainly. 

Sect. 52. quae domi : i.e. the protection of Roscius, supply of 
money, providing of witnesses, etc. 

26. fori . . . rationem, the business of forum a?id court, i.e. the 
preliminaries of the trial. 

27. ut videtis, i.e. Messala* is here in court. 

32. adsiduitate, constant presence, probably at the preliminary 
proceedings. 

t,^. sectorum, see note to § 36. 

34. hac nobilitate, i.e. such nobles as he. 

35. haec res, the present state of things was brought about. 

36. ei nobiles, i.e. the nobles expelled by Marius and Cinna. 

21. Sect. 53. propria, his own; communis, common to all. 
— pristina, as of the olden time. 

17. versata est, has prevailed. 

18. id quod, etc., which surely can never be. 

19. actum est, all is over. 

Sect. 54. ad eamne rem, is it for this that, etc. ; condemna- 
retis : for the tense, see §§ 286, 287. a\ G. 511. r.' 2 ; H. 495. iii. ; so 
potuissent, have not been able. 

27. nimirum, doubtless. 

31. consilium : the jury, or body oijudices, was called consilium. 

* This is supposed to have been the one who was consul B.C. 53 (not the consul of 61). 
In this case he was father of the distinguished orator and soldier of the reign of Augustus. 
As appears from this passage, he was too young to undertake the case himself. 



30 Notes : Cicero. 

By calling them a public council, their dignity and importance are 
enhanced. 

Sect. 55. an vero, or can it be true that, etc. In this use of 
an, the first question is omitted (§ 211. b\ G. 459), and the second 
is often a reductio ad absurdum, as here. The full thought is, Do 
you not agree with me, or can it really (vero) be, etc. 

34. agi, is at stake : aliquid agere is to aim at soinething. — ut 
. . . tollantur, be got rid of, in one way or aiiother. 

36. periculo, often used of defendants. 

22. sectorem . . . accusatorem, i.e. T. Roscius Magnus, at 
once purchaser, enemy, cut-throat, and accuser. 

3. probatum suis, vouched for by his friends. 

Sect. 56. suscipere noluit : the law by which the proscriptions 
were instituted was passed by the people, without the intervention 
of the Senate. 

14. more majorum, i.e. that every capital judgment was subject 
to an appeal to the people in the coniitia centuriata. 

Sect. 57. quibus : the antecedent is eis. 

26. pati nolite, do ?iot suffer. 

28. hominibus, etc. (dat. §§ 225, 229), has taken from the gentlest 
of men the sense of ?nercy, through familiarity with distresses. 



IMPEACHMENT OF VERRES. 

Argument. 

Chap. i. The jurors are congratulated on the opportunity of restoring 
the good name of the senatorial courts : character of the defendant. — 
2, 3. Attempts of Verres to avoid the trial : he places all his hope in 
bribery. — 4, 5. His crimes in administration, of pillage, extortion, and 
cruelty, are open and flagrant. — 6. His attempt to contract in advance 
for acquittal. — 7, 8. His hopes in the election of Hortensius as consul 
and Metellus as praetor. — 9, 10. Cicero's anxiety. The great effort to have 
the case tried before Metellus, which was to be effected by delaying the 
trial till after the holidays. — 1 1, 12. Cicero proposes to display his case at 
once, without argument, and so prevent its being laid over : he will meet 



'Impeachment of Verves. 31 

the domineering Hortensius on that issue. — 13-15- The senatorial com- 
pared with the equestrian courts; their corruption and ill repute. Loss 
of confidence in Roman justice; ruin and misery of the provinces. — 

16. The court itself is on trial: acquittal can have but one meaning. — 

17. Appeal to Glabrio to prevent bribery. — iS. The Sicilians must not be 
baffled. Way in which Cicero proposes to conduct the prosecution : he 
will introduce witnesses at once, without previous argument. List of the 
charges, including the plunder of 4,000,000 sesterces from the Sicilians. 



25. Sect. 1. erat optaudum (§ 311. c\ G. 246. r. 1 ; H. 511. 
N. 3 not necessarily implying a protasis contrary to fact), what was 
chiefly to be wished. — quod . . . pertinebat, the one thing which 
most tended (or, was of chief importance). 

2. invidiam infamiamque, odium and ill repute, from the parti- 
san use of the courts by the Senators (see Rose. Am. § 3). These 
points are here emphasized, as being of quite equal importance with 
the conviction or acquittal of Verres. In fact, the trial turns more 
on the character of the court than on the guilt of the accused, which 
was notorious. — vestri ordiuis, i.e. the senatorial, from which the 
judices were at this time taken. (See note on judices, R. A. § 1.) 
The word Ordo (used first in a military sense, as meaning a "rank" 
or "grade " of prominence) came to signify, loosely, any recognized 
body of citizens — as freedmen, publicans, clerks; it was more espe- 
cially used of the two powerful classes of the Roman Aristocracy, 
the Senatorial and the Equestrian, which struggled with each other 
for power during the last century of the Republic. 

The Roma?i Aristocracy. 

Senatorial Order. — Strictly speaking, the Ordo Senatorius was 
only another name for the Senate, the members of which, by virtue of 
their life tenure of office, and their esprit de corps, formed a united body, 
and were raised above the rest, so as to be an " Order " in the state. The 
list of senators, regularly numbering 300, was formerly made up by the 
Censors from among those who had held high magistracies : after the 
time of Sulla, every person who held the quoestorship — the lowest grade 
of the regular magistracy (see note, § n) — was entitled to a seat in the 
Senate. The number therefore fluctuated, running up to five or six hun- 
dred. The elections were so largely under the control of the Senate and 



32 Notes: Cicero. 

the magistrates, that it was very hard for any person not belonging to the 
nobility (i.e. a descendant of an ex-magistrate: see note on § 15) to be 
chosen to any office : when any such person, novus homo, entered the Sen- 
ate, — such as Cato the Censor, Marius, and Cicero, — he belonged of 
course to the Senatorial Order, and, though he was not himself a noble, 
his posterity would be noble. Such cases, however, were so rare, — the 
nobles being almost exclusively elected to magistracies which made them 
Senators, — that it may be laid down as a general truth, that the Senatorial 
Order and the Nobility were identical, and " new men" became necessarily 
identified with the class to which their posterity would belong, rather 
than that from which they came. This double relation of Cicero — a 
member of the Senate, but sprung from the Equestrian order — goes a 
great way to explain what is inconsistent and vacillating in his political 
career. 

Equestrian Order. — The title Equites was properly applied to the 
members of the eighteen centuries equittim equo publico ; to whom a 
horse was assigned by the State, together with a certain sum of money 
yearly for its support. Those who served equo publico must have a for- 
tune of 400,000 sesterces ($20,000), and the horses were assigned by the 
censors, as a rule, to the young men of senatorial families. The cen- 
turiae equitum were therefore composed of young noblemen [see " Celsi 
Ramnes," Hor. A. P. v. 342]. When they entered the Senate, they were 
(in the later years of the republic) obliged to give up the public horse; 
on becoming Senators, therefore, they voted in the centuries of the first 
class, not with the Equites (see note on Assemblies, § 18). This aristo- 
cratic body had, however, long before this period, ceased to serve in the 
field; they formed a parade corps (somewhat like the Royal Guards in 
England), from which active officers of the legion, tribuni, were taken. 
When the Roman equites ceased to serve as cavalry, troops of horse were 
demanded of the allies; and in the time of Caesar we find that the Roman 
legion consisted exclusively of infantry, the cavalry being made up of aux- 
iliaries. (See "Caesar's Gallic War " (A. & G.), Notes, pp. 17, 35.) 

During the time that the equites equo publico still served in the field as 
cavalry, another body grew up by their side, of equites equo private : that 
is, persons of the equestrian census, who had a property of 400,000 ses- 
terces, who had not received a horse from the state, but who volunteered 
with horses of their own. This body consisted mainly of young men of 
wealth, who did not belong to noble (that is, senatorial) families. No 
very distinct line was, however, drawn between the two classes, until the 
Lex Judiciaria of Caius Gracchus (B.C. 123), which prescribed that the 



Impeachment of Verres. 33 

judices should no longer be taken from the Senators, but from those who 
possessed the equestrian census, and at the same time were not members 
of the Senate (see note on judices, R. A. § i). This law did not formally 
exclude nobles who were not members of the Senate; but the entire body 
of nobility was so far identified in spirit and interest with this body, that 
an antagonism immediately grew up between them and this new judicial 
class. A principal cause of the antagonism was, that members of the Senate 
were prohibited from being engaged in any trade or business ; while, as 
has been shown above, the Senate, by its control over the elections, virtually 
filled its own vacancies, of course from the ranks of the nobility. 

Since rich men of non-senatorial families were thus excluded from a 
political career, while Senators were excluded from a business life, there 
were formed during the last century of the republic two powerful aristocra- 
cies, — the nobles, or Senatorial order, a wealthy governing aristocracy of 
rank, and the Equestrian order, an aristocracy of wealth, the counterpart 
of the moneyed aristocracy of our clay. The name Ordo Equestris was 
derived from the fact of its members possessing the equestrian census: 
that is, that amount of property which would have entitled them to a 
public horse. From the ranks of the nobility were taken the oppressive 
provincial governors; the equestrian order furnished the pitblicani, the 
equally oppressive tax-gatherers. It is easy to see, therefore, that neither 
the law of Gracchus, which placed the Court of Repetundae in the exclu- 
sive power of the Equestrian order, nor that of Sulla, which gave it to the 
Senators exclusively, was calculated to protect the provincials against 
extortion. 

The Equestrian order, ordo equestris, is therefore not merely distinct 
from the cent urine equitum, but strongly contrasted with them. The one 
is the wealthy middle class, the other the young nobility. The term equites 
is sometimes applied to both, although the strictly correct term for the 
members of the Equestrian order was judices. 



4. consilio, foresight. — datum, oblatum, refer respectively to 
optandum (as corresponding with our wishes) and pertinebat (as 
suited to gain the end proposed). 

5. sumnio, most critical : the year of the consulship of Pompey 
and Crassus (b.c. 70). 

6. inveteravit (emphatic position), there has come to be deeply 
rooted. — opinio, notion or idea (not so strong as opinion, which is 
sententia) . 



34 Notes : Cicero. 

10. neminem = never, more emphatic than nullum, and often so 
used, especially by early writers. 

Sect. 2. contionibus et legibus, harangues and bills (pro- 
posed laws). The proposition of the law which took the exclusive 
control of the courts from the Senators was even now pending, and 
it was enacted before the case was decided. 

19. actor, complainant, i.e. agent or attorney for conducting the 
suit in personal processes {in personam). 

20. ordinis, the body, i.e. the Senate, from which the judices 
were at this time taken. The right of judicium was restored to the 
eqnites by the Aurelian law (lex Aurelid). — communi, i.e. so far as 
it affected the whole state. 

21. reconciliare, etc., win back the lost repute. 

24. depeculatorem, etc. : for a more complete statement of 
these charges, see chapters iv., v. 

25. juris urbani, i.e. as praetor urbanus. — labem, pest. 
Sect. 3. vos, opposed to ego, below. — religiose, according 

to your oath. — judicaveritis, fut. perf. (§ 307. c\ G. 236; H. 

473)- 

29. religionem veritatemque ; here, feeling of obligation and 
regard for the truth. (Notice that the Latin, having a poor vocab- 
ulary, is obliged to use one word for all the phases or sides of an 
idea.) 

30. judicium, etc., i.e. the fault will be with the court, not witlr 
the prosecutors. 

22,- equidem, i.e. for my own part. — quas partim, some of 
which (partim is properly adverbial accus. § 148. e). 

35. devitarim, subjunctive as a part of the concession (§ 342 ; G. 
666 ; H. 529. ii.) contained in cum . . . sint. 

26* neque . . . neque, following numquam, do not destroy 
the negative, but are more emphatic than aut . . . aut. 

Sect. 4. istius, frequently used of an opponent (§ 102. c). 

6. Glabrioni, the praetor presiding. 

7. ordini . . . senatorio, i.e. the senatorial order, nay, the very 
name of senator. 

8. dictitat, constantly repeats ('§ 167. b). 

9. esse metuendum (for erat met. in dir. disc, § 288. b\ G. 



Impeachment of Verves. 35 

277; H. 511. n. 3 ), i.e. those would have to fear if the case were 
theirs, but he, etc. — quod, i.e. only what. 

12. pecunia belongs to both clauses, as is indicated by their 
parallelism. 

Sect. 5. esset, imperfect subj. in protasis of a continued con- 
dition lasting till now (§ 308. a). 

15. fefellisset, he would have deceived us, — i.e. done something 
we did not find out. 

16. cadit : present indicative of time lasting till now (§ 276. a\ 
G. 221 ; H. 467). 

18. corrumpendi judicii, of bribmg the court. 

24. tempus . . . offenderet, he hit an unfavorable time ; because 
popular sentiment was so roused and exasperated in regard to the 
corruption of the courts. 

Sect. 6. in Siciliam ... in Achaiam, i.e. for going into, etc. 
— invenit qui, he found some 07ie who: for the circumstances, see 
introd. The fictitious case was not brought against Verres. 

29. Brundisium, Briudisi, the port whence the greater part of 
Italian travel, now as then, embarks for the East. 

31. obii, went throughout. — populorum, communities. The 
political system of the ancients was composed of an indefinite num- 
ber of petty communities, all possessing a certain degree of inde- 
pendence. (See the beginning of note on municeps, R. A. § 5). 

34. qui . . . obsideret, to block my opportunity. 

Sect. 7. nunc : i.e. now that his former scheme has failed. 

27. socios, allies: citizens of communities which, although 
embraced within the boundaries of Roman provinces (see note, § 
11), had nevertheless, for special reasons, been allowed to retain a 
nominal independence, with their own laws and magistrates. 

5. cives, citizens, travelling or doing business in the provinces, 
or provincials who had received the citizenship. 

7. auctoritatibus, documents, i.e. credentials, or (more proba- 
bly) official testimony relating to the acts of Verres. 

Sect. 8. bonis : here, as generally in Cicero, used in a partisan 
sense, the aristocracy. 

10. judicia, courts. 

12. experiatur, in apparent violation of the sequence of 



36 Xotes : Cicero. 

tenses : the imperf. would make it refer to the time of getting the 
money. 

13. tempus : the present scheme of the defence is by corrupt 
means to stave off the judgment to a more advantageous time (see 
chapters vi.-viii.). 

15. posset, imperf. referring to the time of the purchase. — 
criminum vim, the force of the charges. — ■ poterat, indie, the 
reason being Cicero's. (The whole passage is an instructive exam- 
ple of the freedom of a living language from its own trammels. 
Rules are made for the language, not language for the rules.) 

Sect. 9. non modo, not merely. 

18. eloquentia, gratia : even sophistical arguments and personal 
influence were respectable means of escape to a criminal who had 
no case {causa). 

19. profecto, I am sure. — aucuparetur.yfo/^ for (lit. set nets 
or birds) . 

21. ut . . . fieret, as to have so?ne chosen to be put on trial (see 
§ 6) : the Senate itself was insulted, by selecting one of its members 
to be set up as a man of straw, that Verres might get clear. 

23. hie, i.e. Verres. — causam diceret, stand trial. 

Sect. 10. quibus rebus, from this (ablative of means with 
perspicio) . 

27. consilio, " panel " i.e. the body of jurors (see R.A. § 54. n.). 

28. in rejectione judicavit, decided at the challenging (" throw- 
ing out") of the jury : i.e. on seeing the kind of men challenged by 
the two sides respectively. The regular number to be challenged 
was three ; but Verres, as senator, was permitted to challenge more. 

29. ea spe : words of this class, used with a demonstrative, allow 
a substantive clause of result (justified by the demonstrative ea) in- 
stead of the more regular indir. disc, (compare § 320; G. 633; H. 
501. iii.), as in ut . . . constitucret and ut ... arbitraretur, which follow. 

28. Sect. 11. adulescentiae, i.e. before he entered public 
life. — quaestura, quozstorship, the first grade of political honor. 

The Quaestors were at this time twenty in number, two having charge of 
the treasury and archives in the city, while the others were assigned to the 
several military commanders and provincial governors, to serve as quarter- 
masters and paymasters. Aspirants for honors were required to serve as 



Impeachment of Verres. 37 

quaestors before presenting themselves for the prsetorship, which was, 
again, a requirement for the consulship. The office of curule sedile was 
regularly held — as by Cicero — between the qusestorship and prsetor- 
ship. That this was not necessary, however, as is often assumed, is 
proved by the fact that there were six praetors, but only two curule 
axliles. (See Mommsen Rom. Staatsrecht, vol. i. p. 443.) 

3. Carbonem : Carbo was the leader of the Marian faction after 
the death of Marius and Cinna. He was consul B.C. 82, the year of 
Sulla's return and victor}-. Verres was his quaestor, and went over 
to the enemy with the money-chest, when he saw which side was 
likely to prevail. 

6. necessitudinem religionemque : the quaestor was originally 
nominated specially by the consul ; and the peculiarly close and 
sacred relation (iiecessitudo) existing between them was known as 
pietas, — a sentiment of filial affection. (See Lange, Rom. Alt. 
vol. i. p. 633.) The designation by lot (sors) was also held to be a 
token of divine will, and therefore sacred (religio). 

7. legatio : for the office of legatus, see note on Manilian Law, 
§ 11. Verres when legatus, acting as quaestor, served Dolabella 
much as he had served Carbo : not that either of these infamous 
commanders deserved better treatment. — Asiae : the province of 
this name, the old kingdom of Pergamus, embraced the western part 
of Asia Minor. The province of Dolabella (b.c. 80-79) was Cilicia. 
His extortions and those of Verres were in the adjoining regions of 
Pamphylia. Pisidia, and parts of Asia. The word totius is there- 
fore a rhetorical exaggeration. 



■&&* 



The term provincia was primarily used to designate the special field of 
operations assigned (by lot, agreement, or designation of the Senate) to 
a consul or other military commander. When a foreign territory was con- 
quered and reduced to subjection to Rome, the government of it was 
assigned to one of the praetors, or the imperium of a consul or praetor 
was extended (prorogatum*) for a second year for this purpose. The 
officer whose command was thus extended was called pro-consul or pro- 
praetor. After the time of Sulla, all provinces were so governed. The 
foreign state thus organized as a Roman dependency was called by the old 
name, provincia ; and this special use of the word is more familiar in 
classic writers than its original meaning. Of the states here mentioned, 



38 Notes: Cicero. 

Asia was an organized province, while Cicilia, Pisidia, and Pamphylia 
were provinces only in the early sense of the word : Cilicia, however, was 
the regular provincia, or special command, of a pro-praetor whose field 
of operations was western Cilicia {Cilicia Asperd), with the adjoining 
coast-line of Pamphylia, and mountain region of Pisidia. Cilicia was 
not formally organized as a province until B.C. 64. — As governor of a 
province in the later sense of the word, the pro-praetor exercised direct 
rule only over those portions of the country which had been subjugated 
by Rome, while the geographical limits of his province included also 
allied and independent communities, civitates sociae and liberae (see 
Kuhn, Verfassting des Rom. Reichs. vol. ii. p. 14), some of which paid 
tribute, while others were tribute-free (immunes), as well as legally exempt 
from his authority in matters of administration. Practically, however, 
even these last were under his almost unlimited control, just as the nomi- 
nally independent states in British India are really subject to Great Britain. 

11. pro quaestore, acting qu/zstor : when there was a vacancy 
in a provincial quaestorship, the commander might appoint any per- 
son to perform its functions. (Mommsen, R. S. vol. i. p. 187.) 

12. adduxit : Dolabella was bad enough, but he had to bear the 
added infamy of Verres 1 outrageous acts, and after all Verres saved 
himself by turning against him (oppugnavit) , appearing as witness 
in his trial for extortion. 

Sect. 12. praetura urbana : this is the topic of the first ora- 
tion of the accusatio. 

There were at this time eight praetor es, whose office it was to preside 
over the administration of justice; after the expiration of their year of 
office, they went as pro-praetores to govern provinces. Verres held the 
first and most important of the pnetorships, that of praetor urbamts, who 
had the charge of civil cases between Roman citizens; the praetor per e- 
grinus had civil cases in which aliens were a party; the other six presided 
over the Quaestiones perpetaae, or permanent criminal courts (see note, 
R. A. § 1). The praetor urbanus, having charge of all civil cases be- 
tween citizens, had almost unlimited power of plunder, and this was used 
by Verres without scruple. His colleague, the praetor peregrinus, filled 
several books with cases in which he interfered (as colleagues had a right 
to do) in order to oblige Verres to administer justice in accordance with 
his own rules. The functions of the praetor were summed up in these 
words do (judicem, vindicias), Dico (Jus), addico (rem, etc.). 



Impeachment of Verves. 39 

14. aedium, etc. The public buildings were regularly under the 
charge of the oedile, not of the praetor : the cases referred to here 
were certain flagrant instances of corruption and extortion arising 
out of contracts for public buildings, in which the praetor had it 
exceptionally in his power to interfere for his own advantage. 

15. in jure dicundo : jus dicere (furisdictio), declaring the 
law, was the primary function of the praetor ; bonorum addictio is 
the adjudging of property to the claimant ; condonatio (" grant ") is 
the giving it up to the defendant : in the case of Verres both are 
presumed to be unlawful. — instituta, precedents. The edicts of 
the praetors made up a body of common law, not absolutely bind- 
ing, however, for their successors. 

23. posse, virtually a future infinitive (cf. § 288./). 

Sect. 13. suas leges : the native institutions of the several 
communities, so far as they were allowed to retain them. — senatus 
consulta, decrees (or executive orders) of the Senate. 

The Senate had originally only advisory powers. It had, therefore, 
strictly speaking, no authority to make laws or to enforce their execution; 
and its votes were simply consulta, i.e. matters agreed upon as advisable, 
while its power was auctoritas. When the Senate came, in the 3d cent. 
B.C., to be the actual (though not formal) governing power in the State, 
these consulta became ordinances, in which the Senate directed the ad- 
ministration of the whole empire, though it still had no power to pass laws, 
and was itself subject to the laws. The organization of a new province, 
for example, was an executive measure, put in force not by a law of the 
people, but by an ordinance of the Senate; and in this ordinance was 
embodied the entire authority of Rome over the province, except so far as 
this was prescribed by general laws. 

25. communia jura, the same as jus gentium, those laws com- 
mon to all mankind (see note on jus gentium, R. A. § 47). The 
terms leges, consulta , jura, include the three sources of provincial 
law. — tenuerunt, retained. — tantum, [only] so much. 

27. subterfugit, escaped his notice. 

31. ab eo, away from him, i.e. the possessor. 

32. aratorum, cultivators (whether tenants or proprietors), who 
paid tithes (decumae) to the state. 



40 Notes : Cicero. 

The territory of conquered communities in the provinces was partly 
given or sold to individuals or allied states, as private property {ager pri- 
vatus), paying a tax (vccligal) of a tenth of the products {decuma); 
partly retained as public domain {ager publicus), which was let by the 
censors, generally for a long term of years, sometimes on a heritable lease. 
In Sicily the original proprietors received back their old estates on these 
terms, paying tithes, decumae, just as the proprietors of ager privatus did, 
from whom therefore they differed only in right of property, not in 
amount of tax or mode of payment. All these are included by Cicero 
under the general term aratores, which is used in a popular, not a techni- 
cal sense. (Marquardt, Rom. Staatsverwaltung, ii. 182, n.) The collec- 
tion of the tenth, as well as of other indirect revenues, was farmed out by 
auction to publicani, of the Equestrian order; these paid a round sum 
into the treasury, for the chance of squeezing a larger amount in detail 
out of the provincials. From these aratores Verres had required a sup- 
ply of grain, as he was entitled to do, and then commuted the demand for 
cash, valuing the grain at five or six times its market value. (Caecil. x.) 

33. socii : these were the provincial states which retained inde- 
pendent self-government, either by treaty or by special enactment : 
to this class in Sicily belonged Messana and Tauromenium. 

35. cruciati et necati : a Roman citizen could not legally re- 
ceive any punishment touching life or limb, except by judgment of 
his peers in Rome. Thus. Jesus was crucified by the Roman gov- 
ernor under the ordinary provincial law applying to Jews ; while 
Paul, a Roman citizen of the free city Tarsus, appealed to Caesar, 
and was sent to Rome for trial. (See extract from Verr. vi. pp. 
51-56: "Crucifixion of a Roman Citizen. 1 ') 

36. judicio, i.e. by mock trial. 

29. rei facti, accused (rei from reus). The details of these 
charges are given in the five orations of the Accusatio ; it would 
require too much space to repeat them here. — indicta, -impleaded. 

2. ejecti, expelled from the country. 

5. optimae, best in themselves ; opportunissirnae, most valua- 
ble in the circumstances. 

Sect. 14. regum, the famous kings of Syracuse, — Hiero, 
Agathocles, etc. 

9. imperatorum : Marcellus, who conquered Syracuse, and 



Impeachment of Verves. 41 

Scipio Africanus the elder, who had Sicily as his province, and 
crossed over from there for the conquest of Carthage. 

14. deum, i.e. statue of a god. 

17. commemorare, complem. infin. for subjunctive with ne or 
quoininus (§ 271. a\ G. 424. R. 2 ; II. 505. ii. 2 ). 

Sect. 15. at enim (a supposed objection), but, you may say. 

28. cognoscere, learn ; recognoscere, review. 

In Chap. vi. the orator returns to the charge of bribery. lie has shown 
at close of Chap. iii. that Verres had been disappointed in the character of 
the jury; the two following chapters show that no favor could be expected 
from an honest jury in so patent a case. He now reviews the several 
schemes of bribery, leading at last to the final plot of staving off the trial 
till the next year. 

32. eloquentiam, etc., see note on § 9 ; gratia and auctoritate 
refer to his counsel, Hortensius ; potentia, to the noble family of 
the Metelli. — mania nomina, empty names. 

33. simulat, proponit : notice the emphatic position of these 
verbs, as opposed to what Verres is really doing. 

30. nobiles, noble by birth ; noti, well known, or notorious. 

The Roman Nobility has been shown (see note, § 1) to have been in 
the main identical with the Senatorial Order. It was in point of fact an 
hereditary rank, although based directly upon the holding of office. Who- 
ever held any curule office — that is, Dictator, Consul, Interrex,Praetor, Magis- 
ter Equitum, or Curule ^Edile — secured to his posterity the jus imaginum ; 
that is, the right to place in the hall and carry at funeral processions a wax 
mask of this ancestor, as well as of any other deceased members of the 
family of curule rank. All patricians were, as a matter of course, nobles : 
the nobility which governed Rome during the last three centuries of the 
republic was, therefore, composed of the entire patriciate, and those 
plebeian families, members of which «had held curule office. Among 
patrician families were those of Caesar, Sulla, Scipio, Lepidus; the most 
eminent of the plebeian nobility were Metellus, Catulns, Lucullus, Crassus, 
Gracchus. 

Sect. 16. redemptio, a contract with another party for buying 
up the court. 



42 Notes : Cicero. 

8. in condicione, by the terms: until the jury was made up, the 
bargain could not be absolutely concluded ; and when the character 
of the jury was known, the contractor renounced (reniuitiavit) the 
bargain. 

10. rejectio : after Cicero's careful challenging, the lot had for- 
tunately given a trustworthy jury. 

12. istorum, the partisans of Verres. 

Sect. 17. praeclare, admirably well for the cause of justice. 
■ — libelli, lists. 

16. color : in a former case, in which Hortensius had been coun- 
sel, in order to make sure that the bribed jurors voted as they had 
agreed, colored ballots were given to them. 

17. sententiis : this is the word regularly used for a formal and 
official expression of opinion in the Senate (vote) or in a court of jus- 
tice (verdict). — cum (inversion : § 325. b), whereupon. — ex alacri, 
from being, etc. 

20. his diebus paucis, a few days ago: the consular and other 
elections were held this year, as usual, towards the end of July. 

23. famae and fortunis, dat. after laisidiae comparaiittir. — 
per eosdeni homines, the same professional bribers ; the redemp- 
tor, etc., referred to in § 16. 

26. aperto, etc., when the door to suspicion had once been 
opened. 

Sect. 18. reducebatur : the successful candidate was escorted 
home by his friends after the election. 

29. Campo : higher magistrates were elected in the comitia cen- 
turiata, which were in form a military organization of the people. 
As the military command, imperium, could not lawfully be exer- 
cised in the city (except by special permission of the Senate, for 
the purpose of celebrating a triumph), these comitia met in the 
Campus Martins, or military exercise-ground, north of the city. 
This is the space covered by the principal part of modern Rome. 

There were at this time two principal Assemblies, both of them having 
as their basis the thirty-five local tribes into which the whole people were 
divided for administrative purposes: — I. The Comitia Centuriata, or 
great comitia, which was established at the foundation of the republic 
upon the basis of the military organization of Servius Tullius. At a later 
period it was reorganized upon the basis of the tribes; and, although 



Impeachment of Verves. 43 

there is no precise statement as to either the time or the manner of this 
reorganization, there is little doubt as to either. It must have been 
between the First and Second Tunic Wars, and in the following manner. 
The old division of the people into five classes, according to wealth, being 
retained, for each tribe there were now formed two centuries of each 
class, — one oi senior es (above 45), one of junior -es, — -making in all 350 
centuries. To these were added 18 centuries of cqnites (the young men 
of senatorial families, see note § 1), guilds of smiths, carpenters, horn- 
blowers and trumpeters, and a century of freedmen and capite censi 
(those who had no property) — 373 in all. Each century had one vote, 
determined by the majority of its voters. These comitia were regularly 
presided over by the consul; they elected all the higher magistrates, and 
had full power of making laws, as well as judicial power in criminal cases, 
so far as this had not been transferred to the Quaestiones Perpetnae. — 2. 
Legislation had, however, practically passed into the hands of the tribal 
assembly (Comitia Tribida). There were two distinct assemblies which 
passed under this name : (a) the Comitia Tribnta proper, an assembly of 
the entire people according to the thirty-five tribes, each tribe having one 
vote, which, elected the inferior magistrates (curule oedile, quaestor, etc.), and 
was presided over by the prcetor; (/>) the far more important tribal assembly 
of the plebeians exclusively, presided over by the Tribune of the People. 
Strictly speaking, this latter was not comitia, inasmuch as it was not com- 
posed of the whole people, populns, — the patricians being excluded from 
it. But the patricians were now reduced to a few noble families, whose 
members would not have cared to take part in this democratic assembly even 
if they had been permitted; and by the Hortensian Law, B.C. 287, acts of 
this assembly, plebiscita, received the validity of laws. This plebeian assem- 
bly elected the plebeian magistrates (tribunes, plebeian aediles) ; it was also 
the principal organ for making laws. 

31. Curio: C. Scribonius Curio was one of the leaders of the 
aristocratic party, always a good friend of Cicero. — honoris causa, 
see note upon R. A. § 5. 

36. ratio, consideration. 

31. Sect. 19. fornicem Fabianum, the Fabian Arch, erected 
B.C. 109 by O. Fabius Maximus Allobrogicus, — one of the earliest 
triumphal arches in Rome. It stood at the southern end of the 
Forum, and served as an entrance to it. 

6. renuntio, the word regularly used to announce the result of 
an election. 



44 Notes : Cicero. 

9. defertur means a formal announcement by some one person; 
narrabat, told, as a piece of news. — immo vero, nay, rather. 

11. criminum ratione, the nature of the charges. 

13. positam, resting on. 

Sect. 20. ratiocinabantur, reasoned : the imperf. describing a 
state of mind, and one existing in different persons. 

17. aperte, 7nanifestly ', notoriously. 

20. quod, the fact that. 

21. negotiatores, Roman citizens doing business in Sicily. — 
publicae, official, from cities of Sicily (as auctoritates, above). 

24. existimationeni, opinion, i.e. as made up on their estab- 
lished tests in court. 

25. unius, i.e. Hortensius. 

26. moderatione, control. 

29. quidem (concessive), it is true : this criminal may be res- 
cued, but such a thing will not be allowed to happen again ; the 
judicial power will be given to other hands. — nos, we Senators. 

Sect. 21. hominis amplissimi, i.e. Curio. The congratula- 
tions of so respected a man showed the significance of the fact. 

34. cupiebam dissimulare, etc., I was anxious to conceal the 
fact, etc. 

32. sortirentur, allotted. The particular offices (posts) of 
coordinate magistrates were assigned by lot, for which the regular 
word is obtingere (" fall to "). 

2. Metello : a brother of O. Metellus Creticus, consul elect, and 
of L. Metellus, praetor in Sicily.* 

4. factam, offered. — pueros, slaves. 

Sect. 22. sane, you may be sure. — ne haec quidem, etc.. 
this tiling did not please me either. 

6. neque intellegebam : i.e. his confidence in the integrity of 
Metellus was so great, that he did not even yet see through the 
tricks of the defence. 

8. certis, trusty. — reperiebam : the imperfect denotes a succes- 
sion of items of information. 

* There were three principal branches of the powerful family of Metelli: — i. that of 
Metellus Pius, the colleague of Sulla; 2. that of Nepos (second cousin of Pius,), whose 
sister, Csecilia, was the friend of Roscius; 3. that of Creticus, the friend of Verres (of 
uncertain relation to the others). See foot-note, page 28. 



Impeachment of Verves. 45 

9. ii3co3, wicker baskets, used for carrying money. The word 
came to mean treasure-chest, or private treasury ; and, when the 
empire was established, it was applied to the emperor's privy-purse. 
Hence the English fiscal. — Siciliensi, i.e. that extorted in Sicily. 

10. senatore, etc. The senator, a man of the same class as 
Verres, put the money to be used in the elections and trial into the 
hands of an cques, one of the class that had the management of all 
such financial operations. He retained, however, say (quasi) ten 
baskets, to be used directly to defeat Cicero's election as aedile. 

12. nomine, on account of. — divisores, managers. The money 
to be used at elections was put into the hands of sequesires (election 
agents), who themselves made use of divisores to approach the 
voters personally. On this occasion, the exigency was so great that 
Verres himself (istum) called the divisores to his house, without 
the mediation of sequcstres. 

Sect. 23. omnia debere, ivas bound to do anything for me. 

18. proximis, the last. 

zi. negasse audere, said they did not dare. 

22. fortem, staunch (ironical), in allusion to audere. 

23. Romilia, sc. tribu. — ex optima discipiina, from the best 
school (ironical), i.e. that of Verres' father. 

25. H S. (see §§ 377-380) : the defeat of Cicero would, therefore, 
cost nearly $25,000. 

Sect. 24. A lively description of the embarrassment in which 
Cicero was placed at the end of July by the election and the trial, 
both coming on together. 

33. agere deterrebar, from doing (§ 271. a) freely what, etc., / 
was dete?-red by, etc. 

35. petition!, canvass. 

36. ratio, good policy. 

33. Sect. 25. hoc ipso tempore, in the midst of all this. — 
denuntiatum esse, that a message was sent. This compound im- 
plies a peremptory and threatening message. 

4. primum corresponds to arcessit, etc., § 27, below. 

5. sane liberos, pretty independent, i.e. in refusing to come. 
If he had been consul, instead of merely consul-elect, they would 
have had to come. 



46 Notes : Cicero. 

9. cursare, ran hither and thither. 

11. appellare et convenire, accost and confer with. 

Sect. 26. M. Metellum (see § 21), the friend of Verres, who 
had obtained the presidency of the court of Repetundae for the next 
year. — eo, in this thing, i.e., postponing the trial. 

25. praerogativam, an earnest. In the comitia centuriata, it was 
determined by lot which century should first cast its vote. The 
vote of this century, called praerogativa (prae-rogo), was regarded 
as an omen or earnest of the result which it was likely to decide. 
Hence the word is here used of the effective support given to 
Metellus at the polls by Verres. The praerogativa which O. Me- 
tellus gave to Verres, in return for the praerogativae of the comitia, 
is described in the next section. 

Sect. 27. alter consul : Q. Caecilius Metellus Creticus (see § 21). 

The three brothers, fast friends of Verres, were so situated as to promise 
the greatest help the next year, when Quintus would be consul, and 
Marcus prsetor, presiding over the court of Repetundae, while Lucius was 
already pro-praetor in Sicily. Certain of the Sicilians, therefore, complied 
with the summons of Metellus, although they had disregarded that of 
Hortensius. The object of Metellus was to induce the Sicilians to with- 
draw the suit, or at any rate to refrain from appearing as witnesses. 

34. Sect. 28. alienissimum, no kin of yours. 

8. dictitat, says incessantly (see next section). — alicui depends 
upon videatur (§ 232. c). 

Sect. 29. ceteros, etc. : the Metelli seemed born to hold office. 
The poet Naevius wrote, a hundred and fifty years before : — 

Faro Metelli Romae hunt consules. 

To this Cicero alludes in the word fato. 

14. populi existimationi, reputation with the people. 

15. illud, what follows. He here points out the changes in the 
jury whirh must follow from changes in the government with the 
new year. 

16. conlega, colleague of Cicero : i.e. as aedilis designatus. 
18. expediat, subj. of charact. (§ 320; G. 633 ; H. 503. i.). 

20. Juniano consilio, the jury of Junius. This was a case four 



Impeachment of Verves. 47 

years before, in which wholesale and unblushing bribery had been 
proved ; so that the presiding praetor, Junius, as well as the entire 
consilium (body of jurors), had been stamped with infamy. Caeso- 
nius, a member of the jury, had been proof against corruption. 

22. ex Kal. Jan., after the New Year; for at that time he would 
be transferred to another office. 

Sect. 30. Non. Dec. (Dec. 5) : on this day the new quaestors 
entered on their office. 

28. L. Cassius : the family characteristic here stated was pro- 
verbial (Cassiani judices). 

31. tribuni militares, at this time legion-commanders. 

The legion — consisting, when full, of 6,000 men — was commanded by 
six tribuni, two at a time commanding fur a term of two months. 
(Mommsen, R. S. i. p. 79.) The 24 tribunes of the four regular legions 
were elected in the comitia tributa; the others were deputed by the com- 
manders. After the time of Gesar, a legatus was appointed over the six 
tribunes, as chief officer of the legion. 

32. non judicabunt, will not serve as jurors. — subsortiemur, 

i.e. we shall draw another to fill his place. This is the regular use 
of sub in similar compounds : as suffectus, subrogatus, etc. 

35. prope toto : the jury, therefore, apparently consisted of no 
more than twelve or fifteen. 

35. Sect. 31. Nonae, etc. : it was, therefore, about 3 p.m. 
of the 5th of August (see Gr. § 376). 

5. votivos, in fulfilment of a vow. These games were in cele- 
bration of Pompey's victory over Sertorius. 

7. continuo, directly after. 

8. turn denique, not till then. 

The votive games would occupy from Aug. 16 to Sept. 1 (August had at 
this time only 29 clays) ; Sept. 4 began the Ludi Romani, continuing till 
the 19th. The intervening days (Sept. 2, 3) were of no account for the 
trial, so that it could not be resumed before Sept. 20, a suspension of 34 
days (J>rope quadragiiita). The Ludi Victoriae (Oct. 27 to Nov. 1) 
were established by Sulla in honor of his victory. The Ludi Plebeii 
(Nov. 4 to 17) were established in the time of the dissensions of the 
orders early in the Republic, in imitation of the Ludi Magui or Ro7)iani, 
and were presided over by the plebeian oediles. 



4& Notes : Cicero. 

12. perpauci : the month of December was full of festivals. 

13. rem integram, i.e. from the beginning. The points of the 
prosecution would have been forgotten, the public interest would 
have cooled down, and the jury would be almost wholly new. The 
case must therefore be taken up de novo. 

Sect. 32. nunc, opposed to si diffisus essem, above. 

18. jurato (abl. abs.), on oath. The judices were on oath; the 
praetor, not. Metellus might therefore be trusted to vote honestly 
as juror, but not to preside impartially. 

23. legitime* tempore : he had a right to use twenty days for 
developing the points of the prosecution. 

Sect. 33. perpetua oratione, a continuous argument^ before 
bringing up the witnesses. This is what we possess in the five 
speeches of the Accusatio, which, in the usual order of proceeding, 
would have been delivered before bringing up the witnesses, but 
which were in fact never delivered at all. 

31. percipi, reaped: the regular term for gathering crops. — 
potuit, might have been. 

32. publicis, official, i.e. of cities. — tabulis, records ; auctorita- 
tibus, documents. 

33. res omnis. Here, before stating his plan, Cicero goes off 
on another digression against Hortensius, which shows clearly one 
of his principal motives in undertaking the prosecution. 

35. diluendis, refuting (dissolving, washing away). 

3Gi explicandis, unfolding. 

2. nunc, as it is. 

3. extua natura : Hortensius, like M. Metellus, was personally 
an amiable and honorable man, though pledged to a bad cause. — 
malitiose, in bad faith. 

4. rationi, scheme, course, looking to the means ; consilio, plan, 
action, looking to the end. Cicero contrasts them more than once. 

Sect. 34. binos ludos, i.e. Pompey's games and the Roman. 
7. comperendinem, adjourn over (perendie), i.e. close my case. 

After opening the case (as in the present speech), the usual course was 
for the prosecutor to present his proofs and arguments in a connected 
speech, en' series of speeches {perpetua oratio), to which the counsel for 
the defence could answer, and then the witnesses would be brought for- 



Impeachment of Verves. 49 

ward. The case was now really complete; but it was required at this point 
compere ndinare, i.e. adjourn over the second day, in order, by a new trial, 
to make sure that justice was done. For this actio secunda, as it was 
properly called, a very short time only was necessary. The comperendi- 
natio was therefore a sign that the trial was near its close. Cicero's 
determination to bring this about before Tompey's games — i.e. within ten 
days — settled the case in his favor; for, as has been shown, the only hope 
of the defence lay in putting off the trial. 

8. necessarium, unavoidable: id refers to eos velle, etc. 

1 1 . amplum et praeclarum, an honor and distinction (translat- 
ing as nouns). 

13. periculum, trial (from the same stem found in experior). — 
innocentiae, purity of administration in Sicily : an almost techni- 
cal word for using with moderation the immense power in the hands 
of a Roman official in the provinces. 

Sect. 35. potentia, domineering. 

23. regnum judiciorum, lording it over the courts. — nunc, 
opposed to the time of videbatur. — homines, the corrupt Sena- 
torial jurors. 

27. inruere, etc., bent on making themselves hateful and offensive. 
— hoc, i.e. to break down Hortensius's control, and the corruption 
of a few senators. 

29. nervos aetatis, the sinews of my youth. Cicero was now 36. 

Sect. 36. ordo, the Senate. 

34. odiosum, filled with hate, unrelenting. 

35. magistratu, the nedileship of the coming year. 

36. loco : the Rostra, the elevated place in the Forum adorned 
with beaks of ships, from which the magistrates addressed the 
people. 

37. secum agere. the technical expression for transacting 
business in the comitia is agere cum populo [or picbe]. The refer- 
ence here is to the office of curule aedile, which he would hold after 
the first of January. One of the most important functions of this 
magistrate was the administration of criminal justice (de hominibus 
improbis). which was conducted before the public assembly upon an 
appeal taken from a formal judgment. (Mommsen, R. S. i. 464.) 



50 Notes: Cicero. 

2. murms aedilitatis meae, service of my ccdileship. 

Munus is, properly, any duty or service imposed upon a citizen as his 
share of the public burdens (cf. moenia, murus, in the Vocabulary) . The 
word is, however, as well as honor, often used of offices, in regard to which 
honor refers to the dignity conferred, munus to the duties incumbent upon 
the official. It is especially used of public games, and there is a suggestion 
of that meaning here. 

The yEdiles (from acdes, a temple) were four magistrates, who had the 
general superintendence of the police of the city, criminal jurisdiction with 
the power of imposing fines, the care of the games, public buildings, etc. 
They did not form a Board {Collegium}, but were of two grades, two 
being necessarily plebeians ; while the other two, the curule cediles, ranked 
with the higher magistrates, and might be patricians. The asdileship 
was not a necessary step in a political career, but it was eagerly sought, 
between the quaestorship and the praetorship, by ambitious men, for the 
reason that the superintendence of the public games gave great opportu- 
nity for gaining popular favor. A certain sum was appropriated from the 
public treasury for these games; but an sedile who wished to rise to 
higher positions, and not to be thought mean, took care to add a good 
sum from his own pocket. 

4. deponere, deposit with the sequestres (see note § 22) ; by in- 
terpretes (go-betweens) is probably meant the divisores. 

5. accipere, take the money ; recipere, undertake to do anything 
(upon request or the like). — polliceri, offer. 

8. abstineant, hold off. 

Sect. 37. erit, will be (it is true) : notice the emphatic posi- 
tion, opposing it to the clause with tamen. 

11. imperio et potestate, military and civil power. All magis- 
trates possessed potestas, — power in general, but not including 
military power ; only the consul and praetor (of the regular magis- 
trates) the imperium — military or sovereign power, as of a general 
in the field, but limited in the city by special privileges of Roman 
citizens. 

16. commemorabuntur, will be talked over; agentur, made 
ground of action . 

17. certis rebus, well ascertained facts. — agentur, will be dis- 
cussed. — inter decern annos, i.e. since Sulla's Lex Judiciaria. 



Impeachment of Verres. 5 1 

Sect. 38. quinquaginta, i.e. from the law of Caius Gracchus, 
B.C. 123, to that of Sulla, B.C. 80. 

23. ne termissima quidem suspitio : one of the exaggerations 
of the advocate. 

The condition of the courts at the time spoken of (about B.C. 93) is 
thus described by Mommsen: "The commission regarding exactions 
[Court of Repetundae\ was converted from a shield of the provincials into 
their worst scourge : the most notorious robber escaped with impunity, if 
he only indulged his fellow-robbers and did not refuse to allow part of the 
sums exacted to reach the jury; but any attempt to respond to the equita- 
ble demands of the provincials for right and justice sufficed for condemna- 
tion." If the courts were really worse in B.C. 70 than they had been in 
90, it was simply because the times were worse. 

26. sublata, taken away. — populi Romani, etc., i.e. the power 
of the people to control the senatorial order. This refers to the 
suspension of the tribunician power by Sulla (see note § 44). 

27. Q. Calidius, praetor, B.C. 79; condemned for extortion in 
Spain. 

It seems that Calidius, being condemned de repetundis, with bitter 
irony assailed the bribed jurors on account of the smallness of the bribe 
for which he was condemned, saying that it was not respectable (Jionestuni) 
to condemn an ex-praetor for so small a sum. The allusion shows that the 
corruption was notorious and universal. 

28. H. S. triciens (see § 379), 3,000,000 sestertii, = $150,000 
(nearly). — praetorium : an ex-magistrate always preserved the 
dignity of the office he had held, — as consularis, praetor his, aedi- 
licius. — hoiieste, in an honorable manner. 

29. P. Septimio (Scaevola), condemned B.C. 72; the damages 
were placed higher than they would have been, because of his con- 
nection with the odious consilium Junianu?n (see § 29). The 
amount extorted was estimated in a separate process {litis aesti- 
matid) ; and the money taken in bribery was included in the reck- 
oning. 

Sect. 39. peculatus, embezzlement ', and majestas (sc. minuta), 
treason (anything affecting the dignity or the power of the state), 
were under the jurisdiction of two of the Qiiaestiones perpetuae of 
Sulla. 



52 Notes: Cicero. 

The fact of bribery came out on these trials for extortion, peculation, 
and treason, and made the punishment heavier. Evidence under Roman 
law was not confined to the immediate issue, but might bear on other 
crimes of the accused, as now in France. All the offenders here men- 
tioned were apparently connected with the infamous judicium Jimianum. 
(See Or. pro Cluentio, ch. xxx., seq.) 

38. sortiente, drawing the jury. — exirent, etc., were drawn 
for [the case of] a defendant , to condemn him without a hearing. 

Sect. 40. jam vero, and finally (introducing the climax of 
all). — iilam, i.e. the one next described: hoc factum esse, etc. — 
discoloribus signis, see note on color, § 17. 

io. acturum esse, will attend to. 

12. si quid . . . violatum, etc., if I shall know of any like viola- 
tion, etc. 

16. liominem, i.e. Hortensius ; cujus, obj. gen. 

19. secum . . . agi, he was doing very well. 

21. in rem suam, into his own pocket. — patronis, see note, Rose. 
Am. § 4. 

Sect. 41. apud Glabrionem, i.e. in the preliminary proceedings. 
— reiciundis judicibus (locat. abl.), at the time of challenging 
(making up the jury). 

29. tolleretur, shoidd be abolished. 

36. victoriae, i.e. in the courts. They can satiate the avarice of 
any man, but cannot give enough to clear him when guilty. 

39. Sect. 42. comparata sunt, were established. 
Sect. 43. loco, point, in the argument. 

Sect. 44. tribuniciam potestatem : the overgrown power of 
the tribunes of the people had been greatly abridged by Sulla, but 
restored by a law of Pompey early in this year, B.C. 70. 

The Tribuni Plebis (or Plebi), ten in number, were the magistrates of 
that portion of the people (a state within the state) known as the Plcbs. 
The Plebeians at this epoch, however, composed the whole people, with the 
exception of the few families of the patrician aristocracy (such gentes as 
the Cornelian, Julian, ^Emilian, Claudian). Not being magistrates of the 
city or the whole people, but only of a single class, the Tribunes did not 
possess the impcrium, had no real executive power, and were not magis- 



Impeachment of Verres. 53 

trates in the strict sense of the term. On the other hand, their persons 
were held sacred, and they had two very important and wide reaching 
powers: I. That of interfering, jus intercedendi ("veto"), to arrest 
almost any act of another magistrate; it thus practically extended to legis- 
lation, elections, and ordinances of the Senate, these being all under the 
direction of magistrates. 2. To hold the assembly of the plebs, organized 
by tribes. In this assembly, known as comitia tributa, the plebeian magis- 
trates (tribunes and plebeian sediles) were chosen, and laws were passed, 
plebi scita, which of course were originally binding only upon the plebs, 
but which, by the Hortensian Law, B.C. 287, received the force of leges 
(see note, § 18). Fines were likewise imposed by this assembly. Out of 
these original powers had been developed a very extensive criminal juris- 
diction, which made the tribunes and gediles the chief prosecuting officers 
of the republic, the tribunes acting in cases of a political character. 
This order of things continued until the time of Sulla, when the adminis- 
tration of criminal justice was entrusted to the standing courts, quaestiones 
perpetnae, established by him. This criminal jurisdiction appears to be 
the power referred to in this passage. Sulla took away from the tribunes 
much of their power, making also the legislative action of the plebeian 
assembly depend upon the initiation of the Senate. But these provisions 
were abolished by Pompey, the people fancying that the corruptions of 
the courts could be remedied by restoring this power to the tribunes. The 
tribunes also had authority to convene the Senate and preside over it. 

20. verbo, in name ; re vera, in fact ; illam, the tribunician 
power. — Catulum : O. Lutatius Catulus was the best and most 
eminent man of the aristocracy. 

22. fugit, has escaped. 

23. referente, bringing forward, the technical expression for 
bringing a matter before the Senate for action. 

In case of proposing a law, it was necessary, first of all, ferre ad 
popuhcm, then, referre ad Senahim, for ratification, which ratification 
could be refused only on religious or constitutional grounds; but, in order 
to guard against any unfair use of this power, it was established that the 
ratification should come before the action of the comitia. The order of 
proceedings was, then, first to lay the matter (referre) before the Senate, 
then bring it (ferre) before the people. — Moram. Rom. Forsch. i. p. 245. 

24. rogatus : each Senator in turn was asked his opinion, sen- 
tentia, by the consul, or other presiding officer. 



54 Notes: Cicero. 

25. patres [ef] conscriptos (the conjunction is often omitted 
in such combinations) : patres were the patrician members of the 
Senate ; conscripti, the plebeians enrolled in that originally patri- 
cian body. 

28. fuisse desideraturos, would have missed (§ -$yj. n. ; G. 

659; H - 537)- 

Sect. 45. contionem habuit, made a speech : contio means, 
strictly, an assembly, for the purpose of listening to discussion 
merely. — ad urbem, i.e. in the Campus Martius. Pompey was 
elected in his absence, and while still clothed with the military im- 
Periitm : he could not therefore enter the city to meet the citizens, 
but called them to him outside the walls. 

31. ubi, in which. 

33. in eo, at that point. 

40. strepitu, confused noise. — .clamore, shouts. — =- volunta- 
tem, i.e. what they felt. 

Sect. 46. in speculis, on the watch. 

5. religione, regard for oath. 

6. tribunicium, i.e. reinstating the tribunes. — unum senato- 
rem : there does not seem to be any reproach in this, as if it were 
only one: rather, one, it is true ; but, under the circumstances, that 
means nothing. 

7. vel tenuissimum, a man of no means. 

Sect. 47. hoc est judicium, i.e. this will be a test. — nihil 
sit, i.e. there is no disturbing influence. 

Cicero was mistaken in the hope here expressed, that an honest verdict 
in this case might yet prevent a reorganization of the courts. The 
Aurelian law, passed shortly after this time, provided that the judiccs 
should be taken, one-third from the Senators, the rest from the equestrian 
order; one-half of the equestrians (one-third of the whole) being required 
to have held the office of Tribunus sErarius, that is, President of one of 
the 35 local tribes. The title ararius was due to the fact that the duties 
of these officers were largely financial. This regulation remained in force 
until the dictatorship of Caesar, B.C. 45, when this third decuria, of Tribuni 
vErarii, was abolished. 

Sect. 48. again, conduct. 

22. res, facts. — manifestas, a technical word, denoting direct 
proof, not circumstantial evidence. 



Impeachment of Verves. 55 

23. a vobis contendere, urge upon you. 

26. consequi, get hold of. 

27. eorum, i.e. the defence. 

Sect. 49. vos, opposed to former juries, which have occasioned 
the scandal. 

31. post haec, etc., since the reorganization of the courts by 
Sulla. 

32. utimur, have the benefit of. — splendore, personal distinction, 
from wealth and exploits ; dignitate, dignity, from rank and office. 

33. consilium, body of jurors ("panel"). — offensum, slip (a 
mild word). 

4 1 „ Sect. 50. opto, pray. Observe the adroit union of com- 
pliment and threat in this passage, which at the same time forms 
the transition to the appeal to the praetor presiding. 

Sect. 51. is, referring to the Senate. 

17. qui sis, what sort of a man you are. 

18. reddere, pay back: he owes his life and position to his 
ancestors. 

29. legis Aciliae : this (probably B.C. 101) provided that there 
should be neither ampliatio (further hearing) nor comperendinatio 
(see note § 34) in cases of repetitndae. All earlier laws were super- 
seded by the Cornelian law of Sulla. 

Sect. 52. summae auctoritates, strongest influences, espe- 
cially family traditions, etc. 1 

32. nocenti reo, etc., for the criminal, his great wealth is of 
more weight for a suspicion of guilt, than for any way of safety. 

Sect. 53. mihi certum est, for my part (emph.) / am re- 
solved. — ■ non committere. not to allow, in the sense of bringing 
it to pass by mistake or fault. — ut mutetur, to be changed (§ 332. e). 
— nobis (eth. dat.), our. 

1 The elder Glabrio married Mucia, daughter of P. Mucius Scsevola, "the founder of 
scientific jurisprudence in Rome," who was consul B.C. 133, the year of the legislation 
and death of Tiberius Gracchus, and showed himself not disinclined to a moderate 
reform, and at any rate opposed to the violent course of the aristocracy on that occasion. 
He was grandfather of the younger Glabrio. The father-in-law was M. iEmilius Scau- 
rus, for many years princeps senatus, a man distinguished for dignity and moderation, 
but not characterized by any very great qualities, and not free from the corruption of the 
times. 



56 Notes: Cicero. 

42. novo exemplo, an unheard-of manner. 

3. lictores : each consul was attended by twelve lictors, who had 
the power of arresting and coercing. The consul elect, of course, 
had no such attendants, but could only send messages by his slaves. 

6. eorum : this word connects the Metelli, etc., with Verres in the 
original conspiracy. — jus suum, their [lost] rights. 

7. potestatem : a hint that not only their liberties, but their 
lives, were in peril. 

Sect. 54. comitiorum, etc. The trial came just between the 
election and the games of Pompey. At the same time censors, 
for the first time since Sulla's domination, were in office, and were 
making a registry of property and voters, to which citizens from all 
parts of Italy were obliged to report. 

14. censendi, of being registered: not strictly passive, but used 
loosely of the act of taking the census, to which they contributed by 
being there. — vestrum, nostram, and omnium are predicate 
after esse. 

16. quid agatur depends on the verbal noun scientiam, as the 
next clause on memoriam. 

18. omnium, i.e. not the inhabitants of Rome alone. 

Sect. 55. principes : these were the two distinguished brothers, 
L. and M. Lucullus. — testibus : the case was usually argued first. 

22. ita testes constituam, etc. : this is the criminum ratio 
(§ 19). — crimen totum, the impeacJi77ie7it as a whole; crimen 
(below), the special charge of extortion, stated formally in the next 
section. 

27. dantur, are offered (see note § 34). — in singulas res, to 
each point. — illis, the counsel for the defence. 

30. altera actione, i.e. after the comperendinatio : in this sense 
the speeches of the Accnsatio are correctly called Actio Secunda. 

33. haec, etc., this is all the Acciisatio there will be in the first 
Action. 

Sect. 56. quadringentiens sestertium (§ 379), 40,000,000 
sestertii, = $2,000,000 (nearly). 

43. fnisse (for fuerat, § 308. b\ G. 599. R.' 2 ; H. 476 12 ), there 
woidd have been. — Dixi, I have done : a formal ending, particularly 
appropriate to so unexpectedly brief a speech. 



The Plunder of Syracuse. 57 



THE PLUNDER OF SYRACUSE. 

The passage which follows is from the fourth oration of the Accusatio, 
the most famous of all, known as the De Signis, for the reason that it 
treats chiefly of the works of art stolen by Verres. Cicero has been 
describing the plundering of many temples and public buildings; and in 
this passage he recounts in detail the case of one chief city, Syracuse, as a 
climax. Syracuse was far the largest and richest of all the Greek cities of 
Italy and Sicily. It was a colony of Corinth, founded B.C. 734, and in 
course of time obtained the rule over the whole eastern part of Sicily. 
Syracuse remained independent, with a considerable territory, after the 
western part of the island (far the largest part) passed under the power 
of Rome in the First Punic War; but in the Second Punic War 
(B.C. 212) it was captured by Marcellus, and ever after was subject to 
Rome. It was at this time the capital of the province. 

Sect. i. unius etiam, still one more, connects the incident here 
related with the one described just before. 

9. in medium proferam, publish. — aliquando, at last (imply- 
ing impatience). 

13. annalibus, chronicles: there were as yet no regular histories. 
— hanc, illo, indicate nearness and remoteness of time (§ 102. a, b). 

15. imperatoris : this title, which properly belonged to every 
possessor of the military imperium, was by usage assumed by the 
commander only after his first considerable victory. — cohortem, 
train of courtiers, etc. : the provincial magistrates, representing the 
Roman imperium, had many of the insignia of royalty. 

This is a brilliant antithesis : nevertheless, the orator exaggerates, as on 
so many occasions. " Xot only did Marcellus stain his military honor by 
permitting a general pillage of the wealthy mercantile city, in the course 
of which Archimedes and many other citizens were put to death; but the 
Roman Senate lent a deaf ear to the complaints which the Syracusans 
afterwards presented regarding that celebrated general, and neither re- 
turned to individuals their property nor restored to the city its freedom. 1 ' 
(Mommsen.) 

Sect. 2. locis, i.e. in the other speeches of the Accusatio. — 
forum : every ancient town had its central market place {forum. 
or ayopd), an open space, used for trading, public assemblies, and 



58 



Notes : Cicero. 



the administration of justice. The same feature exists in European 
towns at the present day. 

24. clausus fuisset : Marcellus hacf been obliged to starve out 
the city. 

25. Cilicum: Cilicia was the chief seat of the organized bands 
of pirates who ruled the Mediterranean at this time (see oration for 
Manilian Law). 

36. illis rebus, i.e. the plunder of temples, etc. 



44. Sect. 3. maximam : 
the circuit of its walls was 
about 180 stadia = more than 
25 miles. 

3. ex omni aditu limits 
praeclaro ad aspectum, glo- 
rious to the sight. (For descrip- 
tions of Syracuse, see Cic. de 
Rep. iii. 31 ; Livy, xxv. 24.) 

5. in aedificatione, etc., i.e. 
enclosed by the buildings of the 
city. Ancient harbors (as at 
Athens) were often at a con- 
siderable distance. 

7. conjunguntur : Ortygia 
(the site of the original town) 
had an independent harbor on 
each side connected by a nar- 
row channel. 

8. insula, i.e. Ortygia. 

9. continetur, is ?nade continuous. 

Sect. 4. quattuor : the heights of Epipolae, west of the town, 
were sometimes reckoned as a fifth city. — Hiero II., King of Syra- 
cuse (b.c. 270 to about 216), was during most of his reign a stead- 
fast ally of Rome. 

16. Dianae : the Quail, oprvj;, was sacred to Diana (Artemis) ; 
hence the name Ortygia. 

18. istius, i.e. of Diana. 

19. Arethusa : fabled to have fled beneath the sea from the 




The Plunder of Syracuse. 59 

pursuit of the river-god Alpheus (see Ovid, Met. v. 573-641). 
Another fresh-water fountain rises in the harbor, about eighty feet 
from the shore. 

20. munitione, construction : used of any embankment (compare 
mini ire viam, etc,). 

Sect. 5. Achradina, the plain and table-land just north of Orty- 
gia : the name is supposed to have been derived from the wild pear- 
trees, dxpaSes, which still abound there. 

23. porticus, arcades. 

24. prytaneum, the building in which the city was conceived to 
have its home. Here was the hearth, sacred to Vesta, whence 
colonists carried the sacred lire to kindle a new hearth in the 
prytaneum of their new home. It was also used for courts of jus- 
tice, public banquets, etc. — curia, senate house, the building where 
the administration of public affairs was conducted. 

25. urbis, i.e. Achradina. 

26. perpetua, running its whole length. 

27. continentur, are lined in continuous row. 

28. Tycha, Latin-Doric form of Tvxv, Fortuna. 

29. gymnasium, the place for exercise and baths, with porticos, 
groves, and halls, somewhat like the thermal of Rome under the 
Empire, only that the Greeks gave more attention to physical and 
intellectual exercises, and less to the luxuries of bathing. 

32. coaedificata, built up. — Neapolis, " the new city. 11 — quam 
ad summam, at the highest point of which. 

45. Sect. 6. Marcellum : Marcus Claudius Marcellus, of a 
noble plebeian family (all other families of the Claudian gens were 
patrician), was the ablest general the Romans had in the early years 
of the Second Punic War, but illiterate and cruel ; called " the 
Sword of Rome. 11 He was killed in battle, B.C. 208. 

9. ornatu, adornments. — habuit rationem, had regard for (com- 
pare Livy, xxv. 31). 

10. victoriae, the right of victory-, humanitatis, the part of 
humanity. 

1 1. deportare : the Romans, like Napoleon, were in the habit of 
carrying off with them whatever works of art and other treasures 
might redound to the reputation of their city. 



Go Notes : Cicero. 

Sect. 7. Honoris, Virtutis : it was a characteristic of the Ro- 
man religion to worship and build temples to abstractions. The 
temple of Virtus was built, and that of Honor restored, by Marcellus. 
The two were worshipped in a single shrine. 

17. in aedibus, etc., i.e. his own house, garden, and suburban 
estate. 

20. ornamento, i.e. as being free from stolen treasures. 

21. deum nullum: translate, to render the position, of the gods 
not one (i.e. not a single statue) . 

25. juris dictionem, the special function of the praetor. 

26. comitatum, train. 

Sect. 8. religionum, things sacred', consuetudinis, i.e. things 
hallowed by use. 

33. Agathocli, tyrant of Syracuse, B.C. 317-289. 

4-G- profana fecissent : the Romans had a formula by which 
they called away (evocare) and gained over to their side the tutelary 
deities of any cities that they were besieging. Of course, the 
temples of these gods then lost all their sanctity, and became pro- 
fane buildings. The true name of Rome and that of its tutelar 
divinity were said to be kept as a mystery, lest they should become 
known to an enemy, who might thus disarm the city of its protector. 
The formula is given as follows by Macrobius, Saturn, iii. 9 : — 

Si deus, si dea est, cui popidus civitasque \_Cai'thaginiensis~\ est in tu- 
tela, teque maxime ille qtri urbis hnjus popidiqtie tutelam recepisti, precor 
venerorque venianique a vobis peto, ut vos popidum civitatemque \_Cartha- 
giniensem~] deseratis, loca te?npta sacra tirbemque eorum relinquatis, absque 
his abeatis, eique populo [_civitati~\ metum formidinem oblivionem inicia- 
tis, proditique Rom am ad me meosque veniatis, nostraque vobis loca tcmpla 
sac7-a tirbs acceptior probatiorque sit, mihique popidoque Romano militi- 
busqtce meis praepositi sitis, ut sciamzis intellegamusque. Si ita feceritis, 
voveo vobis templa ludosqtie facturum. 

Sect. 9. in quibus erant, upon which were represented. — ima- 
gines, portraits. 

16. Siciliae regum, i.e. those rulers of Syracuse and other cities 
who had exercised dominion beyond their own cities. 

19. cognitione formarum, acquaintance with their feat 1/ res. 



The Plunder of Syracuse. 61 

Sect. 10. valvis, folding doors, as found especially in temples. 

27. tarn . . . cupidum, that I am so eager (in appos. with quod). 
35. illi, i.e. the Greeks, as too fond of art. 

47. argumenta, subjects or stories (in relief). 
Sect. 11. Gorgonis, the head of Medusa, a favorite subject of 
ancient art. 

13. gramineas hastas, bamboo stalks. 

14. in hoc nomine, at this item (i.e. wondering why they were 
mentioned). — commoveri, startled. 

15. satis esset (§§ 286, 287. d\ G. 511. R. 1 ; H. 495. r.) : i.e. 
they were only curiosities. 

19. id merely repeats hastas. 

Sect. 12. nam explains (ironically) why he asks the last ques- 
tion. Those bamboos, etc., have no excuse ; but the Sappho was 
so fine, etc. 

22. Silanionis : an artist of the time of Alexander the Great. 

24. potius, etc. , rather than this most tastefid and cidtivated man, 
Verres. 

26. nimirum, of course. — nostrum, of us (emph.), opp. to Verres. 

28. delicati, pampered. 

29. eat, must go (§ 266; G. 256 s ; H. 484). — ad aedem Felici- 
tatis : the temple of Felicitas was adorned with the spoils of con- 
quered Corinth. Catulus had adorned his temple of Fortuna, and 
Metellus his portico, with splendid works of art. 

31. istorum, Verres and his friends. — Tusculanum, villa at 
Tusculum (about 15 miles south-east of Rome), where the wealthy 
Romans, Hortensius among the rest, had splendid country-houses. 

32. forum ornatum, i.e. on festal days (see Livy, ix. 40). 

33. commodarit, lent: such works of art were often placed 
temporarily on the forum. 

35. operarii, mere day-laborer : in allusion, perhaps, to the works 
of art that Verres had had manufactured under his own eye. - 
studia, fine tastes ; delicias, luxurious pleasures. 

48. a ^ ferenda, etc., to carry (as a porter) than to cai'ry off 
(as a connoisseur) : a sarcasm on Verres 1 coarse and sturdy build. 
Sect. 13. pernobile, very famous. 



62 Notes: Cicero. 

6. Graeculus, in contemptuous allusion to his pretence of taste. 

7. subtiliter judicat, is a fine connoisseur. 

8. nunc, now (as it is), opposed to si . . . tulisset. 
Sect. 14. Paeanis, Apollo, as god of healing. 

15. Aristaei, son of Apollo, discoverer of the olive, and of 
various improvements in husbandry. The gloss Liberi filius (line 
22) is incorrect : patre does not mean his father, but is a common 
attribute of Liber, as well as of Mars and other gods. 

18. parinum (corrupt and meaningless) : the common reading is 
parvum : perhaps the old conjecture Farium, of Parian marble, is 
best. 

Sect. 15. Jovem : the statue was of Zei)s olfpios, god of favora- 
ble weather, identified from some fancied resemblance with Jupiter 
imperator. 

26. suo : the emphatic position continues the emphasis on 
Jovem. 

29. Flamininus : T. Quinctius Flamininus, who defeated Philip 
of Macedon at Cynoscephalae, B.C. 197.* 

32. in Ponti ore : the Thracian Bosporus, the strait extending 
from Constantinople to the Black Sea, about 17 miles. 

33. Capitolio : the Capitol, or Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, 
had three cellae, or chapels, sacred to the Capitolian triad, — Jupiter, 
Juno, and Minerva. This was now the most illustrious temple, 
"the earthly abode," of Jupiter. 

4 9 , armatus, i.e. when such robbery might be deemed excusable. 

6. incolae, residents: i.e. persons of foreign birth, who made 
Syracuse their home, without having obtained citizenship ; advenae, 
visitors. 

Sect. 16. adventu, by his coining. In fact, however, the chief 
plunder was two or three years after his arrival. 

11. desideratos, missing. 

Sect. 17. mensas Delphicas, tables with three legs, like the 
Delphic tripod; vasa Corinthia were made of a kind of bronze, of 
peculiar beauty and very costly. 

* There may be some confusion here with T. Quinctius Cincinnatus, who brought a 
bust of Jupiter Imperator from Praeneste to Rome, and placed it in the Capitoline temple. 
At any rate, it was destroyed in the burning of the Capitol, B.C. 83. (Comp. Liv. vi. 20.) 



The Plunder of Syracuse. 63 

Sect. 18. fanorum, shrines : this word is of the same root (fa) 
asfatum, nefas, etc., and indicates whatever is consecrated by signs 
(the expressions of Divine will) to religious purposes. (Hartung, 
Rel. der Rom. i. p. 137.) It is, therefore, the consecrated spot, 
rather than the temple or altar erected upon it. 

50. Sect. 19. desierunt, ceased, i.e. by the transference of 
the courts to the Senators. 

14. Crasso : Lucius Crassus, the famous orator, and Ouintus 
Scaevola, ftontifex maximus, the famous jurist and statesman, were 
close friends, and colleagues in nearly every office. They were curule 
aediles, B.C. 103, and gave the first exhibition of lion-fights. The 
splendor of their aedileship was the work of Crassus, a man of ele- 
gant and luxurious tastes, while Scaevola was moderate and simple 
in his habits. — Claudio. This was (according to Drumann) a 
brother of Claudia, the wife of Tiberius Gracchus. In his aedileship, 
B.C. 99, he exhibited fights of elephants. 

15. commercium : Crassus and Claudius would have bought 
these objects if anybody could have done it. (Supply commercium 
with fuisse.) 

Sect. 20. referri, be entered, has for subject pretio . . . abali- 
enasse. 

26. rebus istis, things of that sort. 

27. apud illos, i.e. the Greeks generally. 

28. socios (see note on provincia, Verr. i. § 11). 

Sect. 21. Reginos : Rhegium, Reggio, was a very ancient Greek 
city, at the point of Italy nearest Sicily. It was a colony of Chalcis, 
probably founded in the eighth century B.C., and became a Roman 
municiftium after the Social War, B.C. 90-91. 

35. merere velle, would take. — ilia, that famous (§ 102. b). 

36. Tarentinos : Tarentum was the largest Greek city in Italy, 
a colony of Sparta, founded in the eighth century B.C., subjugated 
by Rome just after the invasion of Pyrrhus, B.C. 272. 

51. Satyrum. The satyrs were divinities of nature, inhabiting 
the woods, represented with pointed and hairy ears, knobs upon 
the forehead, etc. 

8. buculam, the celebrated bronze cow of Myron. 



64 Notes : Cicero. 

The towns here mentioned as centres of Greek art are the following : — 
ThespicE, a city of Boeotia, always allied with Athens : the statue of Eros 
(Cupid) was one of the most famous works of Praxiteles; Cnidus, a 
Dorian town in Asia Minor : the statue of Venus there was accounted one 
of the finest of all the works of Praxiteles; Cos, an island on the coast of 
Asia Minor: here was the picture of Venus by Apelles; Ephesus, one of 
the chief Ionian towns of Asia Minor : it was now at the height of its 
splendor and commercial greatness; Cyzicus, a Greek city, on a penin- 
sula, on the southern coast of the Propontis (sea of Marmora) ; Rhodes, 
then the chief commercial city of the East, and a powerful independent 
state: Ialysus was a native here; Athens: the works of art here men- 
tioned at Athens were by the most famous artists, — Scopas, Protogenes, 
and Myron. 

longum est, it would be tedious (§311.^; G. 246. r. 1 ; H. 511). 



CRUCIFIXION OF A ROMAN CITIZEN. 

The fifth speech of the Acaisatio is entitled De Suppiiciis, be- 
cause it details the cruelties of Verres. The passage here given is 
one of the most graphic and celebrated. 

Sect. 1. nunc, opposed to the time of the actio prima, which 
he has just referred to. — uno genere, this one class, i.e. bloody 
executions, as contrasted with the variety of charges, below. — tot 
horas dicam, § 276. a ; G. 221 ; H. 467. iii.' 2 . 

18. tenerem, § 287. a\ G. 511. R. 2 ; H. 495. i. 

19. opinor, Pve an idea, — expressing the same shade of mean- 
ing as I guess, I fancy. 

20. rem, the facts (emphatic, as appears from its position). — in 
medio, before you. 

Sect. 2. Consanus, of Consa (Compsa), a town in Samnium. 
— in illo numero : Cicero has been describing the treatment of a 
number of fugitives from the insurrectionary army of Sertorius in 
Spain, who had made their way to Sicily after the death of Sertorius, 
B.C. 72, and the overthrow of his faction by Pompey. 

26. nescio qua, § 334. £ ; G. 469. r. 2 ; H. 455 s . — lautumiis, 
the stone-pits (ancient quarries) at Syracuse, used as a prison. 



Crucifixion of a Roman Citizen, 65 

27. Messanam, the present Messina, the point of Sicily nearest 
Italy. 

Messana was at first called Zankle {sickle), from the shape of the 
tongue of land which forms the harbor. It was one of the group of 
Grecian colonies founded in the eighth century B.C. The name^'as 
changed three centuries later, in honor of the Greek Messene. It was one 
of the very few privileged towns, civitates foederafae, of Sicily (see note on 
aratorum, Verr. i. § 13). It was specially favored by Verres, and, as is 
represented by Cicero, was an accomplice of his iniquities. 

28. Reginorum : Rhegium is almost in sight of Messana. 
30. odore, breatfy. 

52. recta, sc. via. 

2. sibi, etc., note the emphasis : " that he was going straight to 
Rome, and when Verres came would be ready for him. 11 

Sect. 3. in praetorio, the house (or palace) of the proztor, as an 
imperial magistrate. 

6. ante, Lib. iv. chap. n. 

7. adjutriceni, accomplice. 

8. consciam, confidant . 

9. Mamertiimm. The city of Messana had been treacherously 
taken possession of by a body of mercenaries, who called them- 
selves Mamertini (children of Mars), about B.C. 282. Although 
the name of the city was not changed, yet its citizens were from 
this time called Mamertini. — defertur, is reported (officially) . 

14. ipse, Verres. 

Sect. 4. exspectabant, were 071 the watch to see. 

20. quo tandem, how far : tandem (as also nam) gives a sense 
of wonder to the question, which cannot be preserved in English 
in an indirect question. 

22. expediri, to be got ready, by untying the fasces (rods and 
axe), which were the badge of the praetor's imperium. 

24. meruisse, (sc. stipendia), served -as a soldier. 

25. Panhormi (all harbor), the present Paler 7110 : in spite of its 
Greek name, this was originally a Phoenician settlement. — nego- 
tiaretur, was in business, i.e. as head or agent of some house en- 
gaged in speculation (cf. Verr. i. § 20). This kind of business was 
generally carried on by Roman equites, and on a large scale. 



66 Notes: Cicero. 

27. fugitivorum, escaped slaves, whose insurrection had made 
the frightful servile war of Spartacus, B.C. 73-71. 
Sect. 5. civitatis, citizenship. 

34. dolorem, cries of pain. 
36. commemoratione, claim. 

53. crux, the special punishment of slaves. 
2. perfecit, gained (by his prayers). 

4. infelici, ill-omened. 

5 . pestem, cursed instrument. — aerumnoso, overwhelmed with 
calamity. 

Sect. 6. lex Porcia, which forbade the scourging of citizens 
(see Liv. x. 9). — leges Semproniae (of Caius Gracchus), which 
gave the right of appeal in capital cases, even against the military 
imperium. In civil life it had existed ever since the foundation of 
the republic. (Mommsen, Hist, of Rome, iii. p. 140. See Catil. iv. 
5 ; Rabir. 4). 

10. tribunicia potestas, see note Verr. i. § 44. — hucine, § 101. 
a, N. ; G. 102. r. 1 ; H. 186 1 . 

12. beneficio, favor, in conferring authority upon him. 

15. admevebantur, were applied. 

Sect. 7. agere, treat ; statui modum, I set a limit. 

25. Glabrionem, subj. of facere. — consilium, jury : he feared 
that mob rule would get the start of a legal verdict. 

29. repetisse, inflicted: lit. exacted; punishment being regarded 
as a forfeit. — veritus esset has for its subject populus Romanus. 

Sect. 8. quid . . . sit, what will happe?i to you. — istum, i.e. 
whom you misrepresent. 

^. repentinum, of a sudden, having never been such a thing 
before. — speculatorem, spy. 

35. neque, etc., and this I will show, etc. Notice in Latin the 
close affinity of the negative with the connective. 

54 1 ad arbitrium tuum, at your discretion. 

5. municipes, fellow-townsmen. — necessarios, see note on 
necessitudinem, Verr. i. § 11. — sero, too late (for you, but not too 
late for the court). 

6. judices, obj. of doceant. 



Crucifixion of a Roman Citizen. 6y 

Sect. 9. patronis, see note, R. A. § 4. — istuc ipsum, that 
single fact. 

12. nuper tu ipse, here Cicero draws on his fancy for his facts. 
14. ideo, for this reason, i.e. quod, etc. 

16. jam, i.e. after you have said that. 

18. Tauromenitano : Tauromenium was an allied city of Sicily, 
between Messana and Syracuse. 

19. argentariam [rem], banking business. 

20. ex eo genere, i.e. non qui, etc. 

Sect. 10. induatur, etc. (§ in. n. 1 ; G. 348; H. 377), tie him- 
self up and strangle himself (as in a noose). 

5 5 . usurpatione, claim. 
Sect. 11. quo = ad quos. 
1 1 . cognitoribus, vouchers. 

13. legum existimationis, obj. gen. with periculo ; continen- 
tur, restrained. 

14. sermonis . . . societate, by fellowship in language, rights, 
and interests. 

Sect. 12. tolle, a sort of protasis (§ 310. b ; G. 600; H. 487 3 ), 
of which the apod, is jam . . . praecluseris, below. 

20. quod velit, any he pleases (§ 320). — quod . . . ignoret, 
because one may not know him. 

23. liberas civitates, the allied states in the provinces, which 
were not strictly under the jurisdiction of the praetors. 

27. magnum fuit, woidd it have been, etc. (§ 311. c\ G. 246. R. 1 ). 

28. adservasses, you should have kept. — dum veniret, till he 
should come. 

31. cognosceret, should he know (equivalent to a condition with 
si ; compare Greenough's " Analysis of the Latin Subjunctive," pp. 
10, 11, note). 

34. locupletem : this word refers more commonly, though not 
originally, to landed property, and very likely has this meaning 
here. 

56 1 Sect. 13. fretum, the strait of Messina, which separates 
Sicily from Italy. 

15. alumnum, foster-child ; i.e. adopted citizen. 



68 Notes : Cicero. 

Sect. 14. parricidium : for the peculiar horror with which this 
crime was regarded by the Romans, see note, R. A. § 19. 

28. in comitio : the comitium was an open space north of the 
Forum, on higher ground (see Plan of Forum) ; it was used for the 
most ancient comitia, the curiata (in which the people were assem- 
bled by the thirty hereditary curiae), for hearing lawsuits, and for 
contiones. The Curia, or Senate-house, was situated upon the 
Comitium. — defigere, plant. — quod, i.e. that point which. 

29. celebritate, as a crowded thoroughfare. 

30. potuit, sc. fieri. 

32. praetervectione, etc., on the track of all who sail to and fro 
by the Straits of Messina, the necessary route to Greece. 



THE MANILIAN LAW. 
Argument. 

Chap. i. Exordium : Why this is Cicero's first appearance before a 
political assembly. — A r arratio. 2. Statement of the case: Mithridates and 
Tigranes have made war on the Roman domain. The war is demanded 
by the dignity and safety of the State. — Confirmatio. I. 3, 4. Conduct of 
Mithridates: his preparations for war; massacre of Roman citizens; suc- 
cess of former commanders. — 5. Present tameness of the Roman people 
contrasted with their ancient pride. The allies, whose safety is at stake, 
demand Pompey as commander. — 6. The chief revenues are at stake, 
endangered by mere suspicion of calamity. — 7. The general financial 
ruin resulting from disaster to the publicani. — II. 8. Magnitude of the 
war : objection that, though important, it is not formidable : successful 
campaign of Lucullus. — 9. But Mithridates has gained new strength; 
fresh nations are roused, and the Roman army is disheartened; possible 
disaster. — III. 10. Who then should be appointed? Military experience 
of Pompey. — 1 1, 12. His successes, especially in the Piratic war. State 
of things in that war, even in the neighborhood of Rome. — 13, 14. His 
moral qualities : blamelessness, humanity, self-restraint, easy manners. — 
15. His prestige and influence, especially as derived from the Piratic war. 
— 16. His reputation in the East, largely resulting from his brilliant 
fortune. — 17. Moreover, he is on the spot. — Confutatio. Objection of 
Hortensius, that all power ought not to be given to one man. — 18. Re- 
futed by the precedent of the Gabinian Law. — 19. (Incidentally, Gabinius 



The Manilian Law. 69 

should be assigned to Pompey as legatus.) — 20. Objection of Catulus, 
that the proposition is against precedent. — 21. Evaded by referring to 
other violations of precedent in Pompey's case. — 22. Appeal to the 
people against these objections. Peculiar qualities are needed, which 
exist in him. — 23. His especial virtue of moderation and self-restraint. — ■ 
Peroratio. 24. Cicero advocates his cause purely from devotion to the 
commonwealth. 

The speech on the Manilian Law is pronounced by Halm to give a 
better example of the systematic plan of a deliberative oration than any 
other of antiquity. It was delivered in a contio, or public meeting of 
Roman citizens, held for debate or address merely. The contio could be 
called by any magistrate who had any matter to lay before the people, and 
was held regularly in the Comitium or the Forum. (See note on Verr. v. 
§ 14.) After a rogatio (proposition of a law) had been offered, the contio 
was called, in order that the voters might hear the arguments on both 
sides; and only such persons might speak as were allowed by the presid- 
ing magistrate. After the rogatio had been thus discussed, the comitia 
(see note on Verr. i. § 18) voted upon it, Yes or No. 

PAGE 

58. Sect. 1. frequens conspectus vester, the sight of 
you in full assembly. — hie locus, the Rostra. 

3. agendum, taking public action (see note, R. A. § 55). — am- 
plissimus, dignified (of the magistrates' power) ; ornatissimus, 
honorable (of private glory as an orator). 

4. Quixites, fellow-citizens : the name by which the Romans were 
addressed when acting in a civil capacity. — hoc aditu, this avenue : 
i.e. addressing them on political questions. 

5. optimo cuique (§ 93. c), i.e. such as the magistrate would 
permit. 

6. rationes, plan : the plural indicating the details which would 
enter into it. 

In the structure of this opening sentence, notice the antithetic bal- 
ancing of one word or clause against another, which marks the Latin 
periodic style (see § 346). It consists of two parts, — the first Concessive, 
introduced by qnamqiiam ; the second Adversative, introduced by tamen. 
So, in the first, conspectus balances locus, which is brought into relief by 
autem (" and again ") ; while ad agendum amplissimus and ad dicendum 



yo Notes: Cicero. 

ornatissimus are balanced in like manner against each other. In the 
second, the relative clause qui . . . patuit (virtually concessive) is, as 
usual, embodied in the main clause, bringing the relative as near as possi- 
ble to its antecedent aditu; voluntas and rationes are set in antithesis by 
sed; while the main verb, prokibuerunt, as usual, comes last. The logical 
form of the whole is, "Though political speaking has advantages, yet I 
have been prevented," etc. 

By stating first the leading thought (Jioc aditu, etc.), and putting the 
verb at the end, Latin is able to make the main clause active, thus partly 
disguising the antithesis. But here, as elsewhere, it is of great help in 
reading to observe these two rules: (i) that Latin puts first the main 
idea, the key to the whole; and (2) that it constantly deals in antitheses, 
often forcing them when they do not naturally occur (as in amplissimus 
and ornatissimus), each thought or expression having its pendant, like 
ornaments which go in pairs. (See note on the opening sentence of the 
oration on Roscius, p. 1.) 

7. cum, while. — antea, i.e. until he was old enough, or skilful 
enough, to take a part in politics. 

8. auctoritatem : the position itself of the speaker carried weight, 

— i.e. as being a public adviser of the people. 

9. statuerem, made it a principle. — perfectum ingenio, i.e. 
the fruit of fully developed mental power. — elaboratum, laboriously 
wrought, needing more practice than youth could give. 

1 1 . temporibus, occasions or exigencies (a common word to de- 
note the condition of an accused person). A Roman lawyer was 
not regarded as doing a service for hire, but was expected to defend 
his friends gratuitously. He was, indeed, prohibited from receiving 
pay. No bargain was made, but it was understood that the obliged 
party gave a liberal present, in some form or other, to his patronus. 

Sect. 2. ita, accordingly, referring to the idea contained in 
transmittendum. 

12. neque . . . et : here the first clause is really concessive; it 
may be rendered while . . . yet. 

14. caste, with clean hands ; integre, in good faith to the client. 

— judicio, i.e. their action in electing him. The term judicium is 
applied to any act that amounts to a formal expression of judgment, 
even though not a technical decision. 

15. fruc^um, reward, i.e, the several grades of office he had 



The Manilian Law. 71 

already filled : he was now praetor. — amplissimum (emphatic by 
position), the richest. 

16. dilationem, adjournment: there were many things which 
could break up an assembly and put off the business, especially 
unfavorable auguries, the announcement of which was a favorite 
device of politicians. — praetor primus : the eight praetors were 
regarded as colleagues, and determined their several functions — as 
urbanus, peregrinus, or president of qnaestiones perpetuae — by lot. 
Praetor primus means, therefore, only that Cicero was the first of 
the eight who got a majority. If any failed of the requisite number 
of votes, he must be voted for again ; and if the proceedings were 
broken off (as, for example, by unfavorable auspices), the whole 
election began anew, including those already chosen. Hence Cicero 
was thrice declared elected (ter renuntiatus sum). 

18. quid aliis, etc., i.e. to win like distinction. 

59. 2. nunc, opposed to the time referred to in § 1. — honori- 
bus, see note, Verr. i. § 36. 

3. ad agendum (loosely) , for speaking. — vigilanti, wide-awake. 

4. forensi usu, the practice of the forum (where the courts were 
held). 

8. quoque, i.e. as well as to military or public acts. 
Sect. 3. atque, and further (emphatic). — laetandum (§ 135. 
d), a thing to be glad of. 

10. mini following insolita (§ 232. a\ G. 352; H. 388 1 ). 

11. ratione, style, i.e. as affected by his new position on the ros- 
tra. — oratio, language ; orationis, argument (abstracts from oro, 
in its original sense of to speak). 

13. singulari, unparalleled (as compared with the excellence of 
others) ; eximia, exalted (as compared with absolute perfection). — 
virtute, good qualities, generally. 

15. copia, ample material. 

Sect. 4. atque (the strongest of the copulas), and now, to come 
to the point. 

19. vectigalibus ac sociis, tributaries and allies (of which latter 
some were tributary and others not). 

20. infertur, used of offensive war. — Tigrane : he was king of 
Armenia, and son-in-law of Mithridates. 



72 Notes: Cicero. 

Armenia, the mountain region east of Asia Minor, was never thoroughly 
incorporated in the empire of Alexander, and after his death became an 
independent kingdom. Tigranes, by help of Mithridates, enlarged his 
dominions by conquest, and built a new and splendid capital, Tigrano- 
certa. The two allied kings seemed about to get the mastery of the whole 
East; but the defeat of Tigranes by Lucullus (b.c. 69), with the capture 
and destruction of his capital, reduced his short-lived empire to less than 
its former dimensions. 

21. relictus, i.e. before the contest was fully decided. Tigranes, 
on the other hand, had been only harassed (lacessitus), not seri- 
ously attacked. 

22. Asiam : i.e. the province of this name, occupying the western 
half of Asia Minor, and bordering on the dominions of Mithridates. 
— equitibus, etc., keep the emphasis by changing the construction: 
Roman equites are daily receiving, etc. 

24. quorum . . . occupatae, whose large properties, invested in 
?nanaging your revenues, are endangered. The revenues were 
farmed out to societates (companies) of publicani, who were mem- 
bers of the equestrian order (see § 14). ., 

26. necessitudine, close relation : Cicero was of an equestrian 
family. 

Sect. 5. Bithyniae : this territory had been bequeathed to the 
Roman republic by Nicomedes III. (b.c. 74). 

29. exustos, burnt to ashes. — Ariobarzanis, king of Cappa- 
docia, which had been overrun by Mithridates. 

31. Lucullum (see Introd.) : Lucullus was related to both branches 
of the family of Metellus, and married Clodia, sister of the notorious 
Publius Clodius. It was chiefly this mischievous demagogue, who 
was serving with his brother-in-law, that stirred Aip the dissensions 
and mutinies which robbed Lucullus of the fruits of his victories. 

32. discedere, is on the point of withdrawing. — huic qui suc- 
cesserit, his successor, Glabrio. — 11011 satis paratum, not ade- 
quately furnished. 

34. sociis, i.e. of Asia; civibus, Romans engaged in business 
there. — imperatorem, in pred. appos. with mium. 

6O1 Sect. 6. agitur, is at stake. 

11. certissima, because the province of Asia was the richest and 



TJie Manilian Law. 73 

most fruitful of all, and so sure to bring a large price from the 
publicani. 

12. omamenta, requisites (from orno, equip). 

Sect. 7. civis Romanos, etc. This massacre (b.c. 88), in 
which 80,000 persons perished, was intended by Mithridates as a 
step to the entire expulsion of the Roman power from Asia. — sig- 
nificatione litterarum, signal by letter. 

27. luce, contrasted with latebris. — versari, to move freely. 

Sect. 8. etenim, for (you will notice). 

29. triumphavit de, not triumphed over , but had a triumph for 
a victory over. The word is repeated in emphatic antithesis to the 
clause sed . . . regnaret : a triumph was (to be sure) enjoyed by, 
etc. 

The triumphus was the solemn procession in which the imperator 
entered the city at the head of his victorious army, ascended the Capito- 
line, and performed sacrifice to Jupiter Capitolinus. The victory must 
have been a considerable one (5,000 of the enemy must have fallen), won 
by the commander himself in a war waged against foreign enemies. 
Triumphs were therefore never celebrated for victories in a civil war. 

32. regnaret, i.e. they left him his kingdom. — verum tamen, 
but still. 

22- quod egexunt, for what they have done: quod implies the 
antecedent propter id, or a similar phrase. 

35. res publica, the public interest. Sulla hastened to make an 
unsatisfactory peace, that he might return and restore order in Italy. 

6h Sect. 9. autem, now (opposing Mithridates to the Roman 
generals). — reliquum, that followed. 
5. Bosporanis, people of Bosporus. 

The kingdom of Bosporus (so named from the Cimmerian Bosporus, the 
entrance to the Sea of Azof) was a flourishing Grecian state, embracing 
the Crimea and adjoining lands: capital, Panticaptvum (Kertsch). This 
region was then, as now, a chief source of the supply of wheat for Europe. 
It was seized by Mithridates, who placed his son Machares as ruler there. 

7. ad eos duces, i.e. Sertorius and his comrades. — de imperio, 
for supremacy. 



74 Notes: Cicero. 

Sertorius was the ablest general of the Marian faction in the civil wars. 
After the victory of Sulla, and the complete overthrow of his own party 
elsewhere, he continued to hold Spain, where he attempted a new republic, 
entering into alliance with Mithridates and other enemies of Rome. 

Sect. 10. alterius corresponds to altera, below. 

13. firmamenti, outward support ; rob oris, intrinsic strength. 

14. Cn. Pompei : in fact, neither Pompey (" the boy ") nor Me- 
tellus Pius (" the old woman") was able to subdue Sertorius, who 
was treacherously assassinated (B.C. 72). 

17. rerum gestarum, deeds. 

18. haec extrema, these late disasters. 

19. tribuenda, attributable. 

Sect. 11. animum, feeling. — putetis, i.e. from your point of 
view. 

30. superbius, too haughtily. 

In B.C. 148, the Roman ambassadors required the Achaean League to 
give up all its recent acquisitions ; at which the incensed populace insulted 
the ambassadors and drove them away. In the war that followed, Corinth 
was captured by Mummius and destroyed, while Greece was made into a 
province by the name of Achaia. 

32. legatum consularem, Manius Aquilius, colleague of Marius 
in the consulship (B.C. 101). 

Aquilius — a man of some distinction, who had earned a triumph in his 
consulship by suppressing the second slave revolt in Italy, B.C. 100 — 
was chief of a board of commissioners sent to Asia for the purpose of 
restoring to their thrones the kings of Bithynia and Cappadocia, who had 
been driven from their kingdoms by Mithridates. In this capacity he 
violated the obligations of his ambassadorial office by commanding the 
army against Mithridates in conjunction with Lucius Cassius, governor of 
the province ; but was taken prisoner (B.C. %?>), and put to death by 
molten gold poured down his throat. He was not, of course, protected 
by the jus legationis, which he had violated ; and Cicero here merely 
undertakes to work upon the passions of his hearers. 

62. Sect. 12. videte, see to it = see whether it be not. — 
ut, as, correl. with sic. — illis, i.e. your ancestors. 
5. non posse, subj. of sit. 



The Maiiilian Law. 75 

6. quid ? a regular formula of transition : again. — periculum ac 
discrimen, a danger oils crisis : the former word signifying the trial] 
the latter, the decision. The Latin language, or any other in the 
hands of a skilful master, is fond of presenting the same idea from 
several points of view ; and our impression of the tautology comes 
from lack of knowledge of the meaning of the words. 

12. exspectare, look to. 

13. certum, a particular. 

15. sine summo periculo, i.e. by offending Lucullus and Glabrio. 

Sect. 13. propter, at hand. — quo, abl. of difference with 
aegrius. — adventu ipso, by his mere coming. 

19. maritimum : the war against the pirates had just been finished 
by Pompey with great glory. 

22. ceterarum provinciarum : the Gabinian law gave Pompey 
power over the entire Mediterranean, and the coasts fifty miles in- 
land. The province of Bithynia, and most of Asia, were therefore 
excluded (not Greece, however; but Graecia in § 12 may mean the 
Greek cities in Asia). The Manilian law extended this power over 
the entire East. 

23. quorum . . . commendetis, worthy for you to, etc. 

25. ejus modi homines, men of that sta7np : the expression is 
none too strong for the average type of provincial governors. 
Sect. 14. The events here alluded to are the following : — 

Antiochus the Great, king of Syria, was defeated by Scipio Asiaticus 
at Magnesia, B.C. 190. Philip V., king of Macedonia, was defeated by 
Flamininus, at Cynoscephabe, B.C. 197. The iEtolians had helped Rome 
against Philip, and then joined Antiochus against her. They were obliged 
to submit after the battle of Magnesia. Carthage had been forced into a 
third war in B.C. 149, and was taken and destroyed by Scipio yEmilianus 
in B.C^ 146. Notice, however, that it is the motive of these wars {propter 
socios), not the events themselves, that make the argument here. 

63. agitur, etc., it is a question of your richest revenues. 

The province of Asia, like Sicily (see note on aratorum, Verr. i. § 13), 
paid the tenth of all products, deciunae. The collection of this was farmed 
out by the censors to companies of publicani. This method was instituted 
by Caius Gracchus, in order to gain over to his side the equestrian order, 



7 T 6 Notes : Cicero. 

to which the publicans belonged. All other provinces regularly paid a 
stipendium, or fixed tax, which they raised themselves. (See, on the 
whole subject, " Roman Provincial Administration," by W. T. Arnold.) 

The description given below of Asia Minor is no longer true, since bad 
government and bad cultivation (particularly the destruction of its forests) 
have exhausted its remarkable natural wealth. 

2. tanta, so great [only]. 

3. vix contenti, i.e. they will hardly pay the costs of their own 
defence. 

5. agrorum, whence the tithes of grain, etc. 

6. pastionis, pasture land, let to publicans, who paid a tax called 
scriptura (so called from the register that was made of the number 
of the cattle grazing on the pastures). — exportantur : the portoria 
were tolls and customs 1 duties paid upon goods both exported and 
imported : the rate was i\, or (in Sicily) 5 per cent ad valorein. 

Sect. 15. inruptio, inroad. 

15. pecuaria, etc.: parallel with the classification of vectigalia, 
given before : portu, etc., repeat them inversely. 

Sect. 16. exercent, manage, refers to the societates publicano- 
rum, who took contracts for collecting the revenues ; exigunt, col- 
lect, to the agents and slaves who attended to the details of the 
collection. 

23. excursio, cavalry-raid. 

25. familias, see note, R. A. § 35. It must be remembered that 
the Roman slaves were not merely rude Gauls and Thracians, but 
educated Greeks and Asiatics. They served in noble families as 
secretaries, stewards, and tutors ; and would naturally be employed 
by the great tax-collecting corporations as agents and servants. — 
saltibus, mountain pastures. Here again we have allusion to three 
classes of revenue: scriptura (in saltibus), decumae (in agris), 
portoria (in portubus). 

26. custodiis, coast-guards, stationed to prevent smuggling, at 
the custom-houses and toll-houses. 

28. posse, will be able, in connection with conservaritis (fut. 
perf.). 

Sect. 17. ne . . . quidem, not . . . eitJicr. 

33. quod pertinet, which bears upon, etc. The antecedent is 
genere. 



The Manilian Law. JJ 

35. nam et corresponds to deinde (§ 18). 

36. honestissimi, respectable ; ornatissimi, well-provided, i.e. 
with the requisites for their enterprise, being men of wealth. 

64. rationes, business enterprises-, copias, fortunes. — in 
illam provinciarn, i.e. the farming of revenues. 

2. ipsorum, etc., for their own sake. 

5. ceterorum ordinum, i.e. the senators and commonalty. 

Sect. 18. ex ceteris ordinibus appears here to refer to humbler 
men, who carried on business in the provinces, as well as, perhaps, 
to senators who had money loaned there. 

8. eorum (redundant) limits partim. 

9. conlocatas, invested. 

13. primuni answers to deinde, § 19. — illud parvi refert, etc., 
it is of slight consequence that we can afterwards win back by vic- 
tory : publica either agrees with vectigalia, or may be taken abso- 
lutely, omitting the doubtful word vectigalia ; his, i.e. the publicani. 

15. redimendi, leasing the revenues : the word regularly used for 
taking a contract by bid. 

Sect. 19. memoria, loc. abl. (§ 254. a ; G. 387 ; H. 425 l ). 

19. cum amiserant (statement of fact in absolute time, § 325. a ; 
G. 582 ; H. 521. ii. 1 ), when (as you remember), etc. 

20. solutione . . . concidisse (description of a financial panic), 
when payjnents were suspended, credit fell. Similar panics in 
recent times may help us conceive the political importance of com- 
merce in antiquity. 

22. ut non trahant, without dragging. 

24. prohibete : this verb is used, like defendere, in the sense 
either of ward off, or of defend. 

25. ratio pecuniarum, system of money transactions. 

26. in foro, see Verr. vi. § 4. — versatur, centres. 

27. pecuniis, finances. — ruere, be ruined. — ilia, haec, used of 
distance in place. 

29. num . . . sit, whether you ought to hesitate: dubitandum, 
impersonal, and followed (as usual in this sense) by the infinitive. 

Sect. 20. potest (emphatic position), etc., it may be said 
(in answer to my argument). — belli genus, i.e. the war, in its 
character. 



78 Notes: Cicero. 

05. elaborandum est, i.e. I must, etc. 

6. ornatas, equipped ; instruct as, organized. 

8. obsessam, invested] oppugnatam, attacked by the active 
operations of siege. This was B.C. 74. 

Sect. 21. ad Italiam : the fleet which Mithridates was despatch- 
ing to Italy, with a contingent furnished by Sertorius, was defeated 
by Lucullus near the island Lemnos. — studio, zeal for one party ; 
odio, hate for the other. 

16. Pontum, i.e. the Euxine Sea. 

17. ex omni aditu, at every approach. 

18. Sinopen, Amisura, towns on the north coast of Asia Minor. 
In fact, they both made a very stubborn resistance. — uno aditu, etc., 
may be meant only to apply to the " numerous other cities." 

20. aditu, approach; adventu, arrival. (See note, § 12.) 

22. alios reges : his son Machares, king of Bosporus, and his 
son-in-law Tigranes, king of Armenia. ("All Cicero's talk about 
the campaign of Lucullus is so vague that it is impossible to extract 
a fact out of it." — Long.) 

28. sal vis, i.e. without harming the allies : integris, without im- 
pairing the revenues. 

Sect. 22. requiretur, the question will be asked (emph.). 

31. primum: the corresponding particles are omitted; the next 
point begins at § 23. 

33. Ponto : on whose eastern shore was Colchis, the scene of the 
adventures of the Argonauts and the golden fleece. 

34. quam praedicant, who, as they tell. (The usual sign of 
indir. disc, that, cannot be used with a relative in English.) 

35. persequeretur, was likely to follow. The same form would 
be used without praedicat, as informal indir. disc. (§ 340). 

36. conlectio dispersa, the scattered gathering, giving vividly 
the idea of his wandering about to pick them up. 

00. vim auri, etc., the immense treasures which Mithridates 
had accumulated in his several fortresses came into the hands of 
Lucullus : not money simply, but works of art, etc. 

3. quas et . . . et = quas partim . . . partim. 

6. dum with pres. (§ 276. e; G. 572 ; H. 467*). 

7. ilium, hos, denote distance and nearness of time. Render, to 
keep the emphasis, he was detained by, etc. 



The Maiiiliau Law. 79 

Sect. 23. Tigranes : he did not, however, welcome his father- 
in-law, but for some time treated him coldly and suspiciously. 

10. confirmavit, 7'eassured. — eis nationibus, near Armenia. 

14. quas numquam : the Romans had no designs upon these 
nations, which therefore had no cause to revolt. 

16. opinio, notion. — f ani : "The temple of the Persian Nanaea, 
or Anaitis, in Elymais or the modern Luristan [that part of Susiana 
nearest to the Euphrates], the most celebrated and the richest 
shrine in the whole region of the Euphrates. 1 ' (Mommsen.) Such 
a rumor would at once fire the population of the whole East. 

21. urbem : Tigranocerta, the new capital of Tigranes, situated 
in the south-west part of his kingdom, near the river Tigris. The 
city was destroyed by Lucullus. 

24. commovebatur, was affected. After all his successes, Lu- 
cullus had made somewhat the same mistake as Napoleon in his 
Russian expedition, and had found himself in an awkward situation, far 
from his base of operations, and in the midst of infuriated enemies. 

Sect. 24. hie, on this point. — extremum, the last thing to be 
expected. 

32. opes . . . misericordiam, a short expression for "win over 
to pity and draw out their resources. 1 ' 

34. ut . . . videatur, a result-clause following qui . . . regno, 
which implies the motive. 

67. Sect. 25. ut . . . attingeret, in appos. with eo follow- 
ing contentus. (It should regularly be quod with the indie, but 
the form appears to be determined by acciderat.) 

5. poetae : Naevius, who wrote a Belliwi Punicum, and Ennius, 
author of Annates, recounting events of Roman history. Both 
lived in the third century B.C. 

7. calamitatem : defeat of Triarius (b.c. 67), who was leading 
reinforcements to Lucullus. Only a severe wound of Mithridates 
saved the Roman army from utter destruction. 

9. sermone, co?nmon talk. 

Sect. 26. offensione, disaster (a mild word). — tamen, i.e. 
though it was so disastrous. 

12. vestro jussu, i.e. the Gabinian law (see Introd.). — imperii: 
the military intperium was held by the highest grades of magis- 



8o Notes: Cicero. 

trates, and could be extended after the term of office by the Senate. 
The holder of a command thus extended (prorogation) was called 
proconsul or propraetor. — diuturnitati : Lucullus had now held 
command seven years, from B.C. 74. 

13. vetere exemplo, by old precedent. 

14. stipendiis, properly, pay ; here, campaigns. 

18. agitatae : i.e. by apprehensions as well for their independence 
as for their religion. — integrae gentes, the other Asiatic nations 
that would be drawn into the war. 

Sect. 27. satis . . . videor, I have shown, as /think, at sufficient 
length. (Latin prefers the single personal clause to our impersonal 
parenthetical form, " I, as it seems. 11 ) 

21. esset, is (imperfect by sequence of tenses). 

25. utinam haberetis, I wish yon had (§ 267 ; G. 254 ; H. 483). 

28. nunc vero, but now (opposed to the hopeless wish, utinam). 

— cum sit, where there is (subj. of charact, as, in general, when- 
ever cum is followed by the subjunctive). 

29. unus, but one. — Pompeius, etc. This wonderful exaggera- 
tion, which puts the exploits of Pompey above those of Alexander, 
Hannibal, Scipio, and other generals of antiquity, probably suited 
well enough the temper of the assembly. 

31. virtute, excellence (not valor only). 

34. scientiam, etc. : see the illustration of these qualities in 
the following sections, down to § 48. 

63. Sect. 28. bello, etc., abl. of circumstance. 

2. ad patris exercitum : Pompey, then seventeen years old, 
served with his father, Cn. Pompeius Strabo, consul, B.C. 89. the last 
year of the Social War. — summi imperatoris : his father, who 
commanded on the side of the Senate against China, B.C. 87. 

5. imperator : in B.C. 8^ the young Pompey raised an army — 
largely from his father's immense estates in Picenum — and joined 
Sulla, who complimented him as imperator, although he had not 
yet held even the quaestorship. 

6. quisquam : for the use of this word after comparative as well 
as negative constructions, compare the French ne after que (than). 

— inimico, a private adversary (e.g. before a court). 

10. imperiis. The first civil office held by Pompey was the con- 



The Manilian Lazu. 81 

sulship (b.c. 70) : all his former offices . he exercised as a simple 
eques equo publico (see note, Verr. i. § 1). When the censors, in 
his consulship, held the transvectio equitum, or formal inspection of 
the equites equis publicis, and asked him the usual question whether 
he had served all his campaigns, "All," he answered, ' ; and all 
under my own impcrium." 

13. civile, the war of Cinna and Sulla. — Africanum, the war 
with Hiarbas of Numidia ; Transalpinum, certain hostilities in Gaul, 
on his way to Spain ; Hispaniense, the war of Sertorius ; servile : 
Pompey, on his return from Spain (b.c. 71), fell in with and cut to 
pieces the remnants of the troops of Spartacus ; navale, the war 
with the pirates, in which Pompey was at present engaged. 

Sect. 30. Sicilia. After Sulla's final victory in Italy, in which 
he was materially aided by the young Pompey, he intrusted to him 
the subjugation of Sicily and Africa, where Carbo, with the remnants 
of his power, had taken refuge. 

6Q, iteruni : in extirpating the last remains of the insurrection 
of Spartacus ; saepius must include his earlier campaigns in Italy, 
in Sulla's time. The whole passage is a rhetorical exaggeration. 

Sect. 31. omnes orae, etc. There was no extravagance in this : 
the suppression of piracy w r as the most glorious part of Pompey's 
career. 

15. tarn vetus : the piratical forces were made up of the wreck 
of those numberless armies beaten and broken up in the wars of the 
past half-century or more. When the lesser states lost their inde- 
pendence, their bravest men would often prefer the outlaw freedom 
of piracy to personal slavery, or even to political subjugation. In 
fact, the pirate state in Cilicia made a sort of independent republic, 
unrecognized and defiant. 

Sect. 32. 26. propugnaculis, outworks. 

29. Brundisio : i.e. the short passage to Greece. — legati : the 
case is not known ; probably not an ambassador, but a military aid. 
The plural is perhaps used rhetorically for the singular. 

33. duodecim secures, twelve lictors, who carried axes in bun- 
dles of rods (fasces), the symbol of the military imperium. The 
praetors in Rome were attended by two lictors ; as governors of 
provinces, they had six: here, two prcetors. 



82 Notes: Cicero. 

Sect. 33. Cnidum, etc. : all of these were important cities, 
although none of them were of the first rank. 

36. vestros portus : i.e. those of Cajeta, Misenum, and Ostia, 
mentioned below. 

70i vitam ac spiritum, i.e. ports of entry are the breath of 
life to a state like Rome, which must import its daily supplies of 
food. 

2. potestatem : ace, because it is implied that they fell into their 
power. — Cajetae, now Gaeta, a port on the southern coast of 
Latium : who was the praetor here referred to is not known. 

4. Miseno, the northern promontory of the Bay of Naples : it 
had a fine harbor, which, under the empire, became the principal 
naval station of the Tuscan Sea. 

5. liberos, a rhetorical use of the plural for the singular, also 
illustrating the masculine form for either sex : it was a daughter of 
the distinguished orator Marcus Antonius, who had celebrated a 
triumph for a victory over the pirates, B.C. 102. 

7. Ostiense : Ostia, at the mouth of the Tiber, was the seaport 
of Rome : the harbor, however, was choked up with sand, and early 
in the empire it was necessary to construct another artificial harbor 
in its place. It is not known who was the consul here referred to. 

9. consul : the dignity of the commander showing the importance 
of the fleet. 

10. esset, subj. of charact. 

11. tantam . . . lucem : the position of these words emphasizes 
those enclosed by them. 

15. Oceani ostium, the Strait of Gibraltar. 

Sect. 34. sunt, agreeing directly with haec, instead of est with 
the indir. question as subject (compare ace. of anticip. § 334. c ; G. 
470; H. 529. ii. 2 ). 

21. tanti belli, etc.', the sweep of so great a war sped over the sea. 

Sect. 35. The geographical allusions may be explained as 
follows : — 

Hispaniis : Spain was occupied by Rome, in the time of the Second 
Punic War, and made into two Provinces : H. Citerior, extending to the 
Iberus (afterwards enlarged so as to comprise half the peninsula) ; IT. 
Ulterior, the territory beyond. — Gallia : Gallia Transalpina (or Narbo- 



The Manilian Law. 83 

nensis), the whole southern coast of Gaul, was made into a province, 
B.C. 120. — Illyrici Maris : Illyria was always a chief seat of piracy: it 
had been dependent upon Rome since B.C. 178. — Achaiam : this term 
\\as usually applied to the Peloponnesus, so that by Groecia is here intended 
Hellas proper. The independence of Greece ceased with the capture of 
Corinth by Mummius, B.C. 146, when the province of Macedonia was 
organized, comprising the entire peninsula; still the chief part of Greece 
remained nominally free, and no regular province was organized until the 
time of Augustus, when it was made into the province of Achaia. — Duo 
maria, the Adriatic Sea (Mare Superuni), and the Tyrrhenian (Mare 
Inferuni) . — Ciliciam : Cilicia aspera. the western part, had been, since 
B.C. 103, the regular post of a praetor or propraetor (see Verr. i. § 11). 
Pompey completed the conquest of the whole country, and organized it 
as a province, B.C. 64. — Cretensibus : Quintus Metellus, the proconsul 
(the friend of Verres), had reduced Crete nearly to submission, deriving 
from this his cognomen Creticus. The Cretans, alienated by his harshness, 
sent to Pompey, that he, rather than Metellus, might receive their surren- 
der, which Pompey was very willing to do. Civil war nearly broke out 
between the two commanders in consequence. Pompey, however, who 
had his hands full in Asia, withdrew from the field and left the honors to 
his rival. 

71. Q. uo • • • premebantur, of which war . . .felt the weight. 
Sect. 36. quid ceterae? how with the others? 

12. administrae, handmaids . 

13. innocentia : the word especially used to denote cleanness of 
hands in the governor of a province (see Verr. i. § 34). 

15. quae, subj. of sint (neuter, as referring to different genders) ; 
translate these. 

Sect. 37. putare (in its earlier meaning of reckon), etc., count 
as such. — centuriatus : the office of centurion. Two centurions 
commanded each manipulus of 120 men. The Legion was divided 
into thirty maniples ; and after the time of Marius, also into ten 
cohorts of three maniples each : under the empire the maniple was 
divided into two centuriae, each commanded by a centurion. The 
centurions were advanced from the ranks by appointment of the 
commander : hence venire. 

23. aerario : the treasury was in the Temple of Saturn, under 
the superintendence of the two city quaestors. The actual manage- 



84 Notes: Cicero. 

ment of the funds was in the hands of a large body of clerks, scribae, 
who formed a permanent collegium. 

24. provinciae, sc. retinendae : for which he desired the influ- 
ence of the magistrates. Nothing is known as to the circumstances 
here hinted at. 

26. in quaestu, on speculation. — facit ut, etc., shows that you 
know (compare note, § 24). 

Sect. 38. recordamini, protasis (§ 310. b\ G. 600; H. 487 3 ). 

35. quid existimetis, in dir. disc, it would be the same form, as 
dubitative subj. (§ 268 ; G. 251 ; H. 486. ii.). 

72. urbis, ace. — hibernis : notice the strong antithesis; so- 
ciorum limits civitates. 

2. neque enim, etc., for I am sure it is impossible that, etc. 

4. judicando : a great part of the imperator's business would be 
deciding cases of extortion by the publicani, who were of the same 
class (equites) that held the judicial power in Rome. By favoring 
them, he might purchase immunity for himself, if brought to trial on 
a similar charge. 

Sect. 39. manus, vestigium : i.e. not only was there no inten- 
tional violence, but no unintended evils followed in its train. 

9. jam, here simply a particle of transition, made emphatic by 
vero : that which follows refers to the winter quarters. 

10. sermones, reports, by way of common talk. — ut . . . faciat, 
to incur expense in entertaining officers and soldiers. 

12. enim : the connection is, "and in this he follows old custom, 11 
for, etc. — hiemis,y>w;z wi?iter (obj. gen.) ; avaritiae, for avarice 
(subj. gen.). 

Sect. 40. celeritatem, speed; cursum, extent of travel. 

17. non . . . quaedam . . . aliqui, it was not that some, etc. 

18. remigum : galleys, worked by oars and independent of the 
wind, were generally used as war vessels. In the Mediterranean 
(particularly in the Barbary states) their use was continued till a 
very late day ; and for some purposes they are still employed^ 
Their trained crews of rowers gave them a speed hardly less than 
that of steam- vessels. 

23. amoenitas, used of objects of sight, beauty of scenery, etc. 

24. labor, toil, always with the sense of effort and fatigue. 



The Manilian Law. 85 

25. signa, statues ; tabulas, pictures (on wood). 
Sect. 41. hac continentia, i.e. such as his. 

32. jam videbatur, was now getting to seem. 

33. nunc : notice the emphatic repetition («' anaphora"). 

36. servire quam imperare, a rhetorical exaggeration for pre- 
ferring the condition of subject allies to nominal independence. 
The language may also refer to such cases as that of Attains, king 
of Pergamus, who left his kingdom by bequest to Rome, B.C. 133. 

73. Sect. 42. consilio, etc., compare § 36. 

6. ipso, of itself 

7. hoc loco, the Rostra. 

8. fidem vero, etc. : render, and as to his good faith , etc., chang- 
ing the construction so as to keep the emphasis. So quam, etc., 
when the enemy esteemed it, etc. (contrasting hostes with socios) . 

12. pugnantes, in battle; victi, in defeat. 

Sect. 43. auctoritas = reputation. 

18. imperio militari, distinguished from the imperium domi, or 
the authority of the consul and praetor within the city, which was 
subject to intervention and appeal. 

23. ut . . . anient, clause of result, following commoveri. 

28. judicia, i.e. by conferring offices and commands. 

Sect. 44. illius diei, i.e. of the proposal of the Lex Gabinia, 
which conferred upon Pompey the command against the pirates. 

33. commune, i.e. against pirates, enemies of all mankind. 

35. aliorum exemplis, i.e. it is not necessary to cite the examples 
of others ; his own history furnishes enough. 

74. Sect. 45. proelio, the defeat of Triarius (see § 25). 

6. potuisset : the condition is concealed in in sum-ma ubertate, 
etc. 

10. provincia, i.e. Asia. 

11. discrimen, the turning point. 

v 12. ad eas regiones, i.e. only into the neighborhood, as Pompey's 
authority .did not reach the seat of war. This force is given by the 
preposition ad : in would mean into. 

Sect. 46. ilia res, in appos. with quod . . . dediderunt. 

23. Cretensium. The towns of the same region or race were 



86 Notes : Cicero. 

often united in leagues or confederacies, chiefly for religious pur- 
poses. After the Roman conquest, such communia were sometimes 
left in existence, and even new ones were organized, and these were 
invested with some subordinate political function. The existence 
of a coimmme Cretensium is known from inscriptions. (For the 
incident here referred to, see § 35.) 

27. ad eundem, i.e. rather than Ouintus Metellus Pius (referred 
to by ei quibus), who also had a command in Spain. Nothing is 
known of any such embassy, but from the apologetic tone of what 
follows, it may be inferred that there was no great honor in the 
affair. 

29. eum quern, one who. — ei quibus, while they, etc., i.e. those 
jealous of Pompey's reputation. 

75. Sect. 47. felicitate: in this quality is implied a special 
favor of the gods, which it would be presumptuous to arrogate to 
one's self, although Sulla had done so by assuming the cognomen 
Felix (see R. A. § 12). 

5. Maximo: Quintus Fabius Maximus, ''the shield of Rome"; 
Marcello : Marcus Claudius Marcellus, "the sword of Rome," 
both in the Second Punic War. — Scipioni : either Africanus the 
elder, or ^Emilianus : from § 60 it might appear to be the latter. — 
Mario : Caius Marius, who vanquished Jugurtha, subdued the 
Cimbri and Teutones, and afterwards (b.c. 88) engaged in civil 
war with Sulla. 

7. saepius, repeatedly : Marius was consul seven times. 

8. fuit (emphatic), there really has been-, fortuna is also em- 
phatic. 

15. invisa, i.e. presumptuous. 

Sect. 48. non sum praedicaturus : this affectation of silence 
is called praeteritio. 

24. proprium ac perpetuum, secured to him for ever. 

25. cum (the general) . . . turn (the particular), not less . . . than 
for the man himself. 

Sect. 49. cum, etc., a recapitulation. 

33. quin conferatis, § 319. d\ G. 550; H. 501. ii. 2 . 

76. Sect. 50. erat deligendus, § 308. b\ G. 246. r. 1 ; H.511. 



The Manilian Law. $J 

2. nunc, as it is. 

4. eis qui habent, i.e. Lucullus, Glabrio, and Marcius Rex. 

Sect. 51. at enim (objection), but, you will say. — adfectus, 
= enjoying. 

19. Catulus : Ouintus Lutatius Catulus, at this time the leader of 
the senatorial party ; an estimable man and an experienced states- 
man, but no soldier. The beneficia amplissinia are the successive 
offices that had been conferred upon him. 

12. Hortensius, the leading lawyer of the time (see oration 
against Verres). 

16. virorum, etc., see § 68. 

Sect. 52. obsolevit, etc., is out of date. 

28. Gabinium, see Introd. ; and compare the oration Post Redi- 
tum, chap. v. 

29. promulgasset, had given notice of. 

30. ex hoc ipso loco, i.e. in the public discussion of the law, 
before the vote, in the contio (see § 1). Laws did not require any 
ratification by the Senate. The expression of opinion by Hortensius 
must therefore have been in an informal discussion, after the pro- 
mulgation of the law. 

Sect. 53. hanc, i.e. which we have now. 

35. an implies a strong negative (§ 21 1 . £ ; G. 459 ; H. 353. N. 4 ). 

36. legati, etc. (see §§ 32, 33). 

77. commeatu, etc., i.e. by the embargo on their trade. — 
neque jam, no lo?iger. 

Sect. 54. Atheniensium : the Athenian empire of the sea, in 
the fifth century B.C., resulted from the great victories in the Per- 
sian War. 

7. Karthaginiensium : the maritime power of Carthage was at 
its height in the third century B.C. 

8. Rhodiorum : the city of Rhodes was the chief naval power 
of the Mediterranean during the last three centuries before Christ : 
its power was broken B.C. 42, at its capture by Cassius. 

Sect. 55. Antiochum : Antiochus the Great, king of Syria, 
defeated at Magnesia, B.C. 190. 

19. Persen : Perseus, the last king of Macedonia, defeated at 
Pydna, B.C. 168. 



88, Notes: Cicero. 

20. Karthaginiensis : Carthage was mistress of the sea at the 
time when the wars with Rome began ; but in the First Punic War 
she was beaten at her own weapons. 

22. ei repeats 110s : we, i.e. that nation. — praestare, warrant. 

25. Delos, a very small island in the ALgean Sea, sacred as the 
birthplace of Apollo and Artemis. It has an excellent harbor, and 
this, added to its peculiar sanctity, gave it high importance. It was 
the nominal seat of the confederacy of which Athens was the head, 
after the Persian Wars, and had at all times a flourishing commerce. 
In the time of Cicero it was the great slave market of the world, 
10,000 slaves being sometimes sold here in a single day. 

30. Appia Via, the principal highway of Italy, running from 
Rome to the next town in importance, Capua, and afterwards 
extended to Brundisiurri. It was begun by Appius Claudius Cascus, 
in his censorship, B.C. 312. — jam, at length. 

31. pudebat: notice the tense. No special case is referred to, 
but it is implied that any magistrate ought to have felt shame, see- 
ing that the beaks of ships, rostra, were the trophy over a naval 
power. 

78. Sect. 57. ne legaretur : see § 317; G. 545 3 ; H. 497. 

A legatus, in the military sense, was a person delegated by the Senate 
to accompany a commanding officer, or the governor of a province. The 
appointment was generally made on the nomination, or with the concur- 
rence, of the commander. The legatus performed independent duties, 
such as are now performed by officers detailed from the regular line, and 
was only like a staff-officer in his close and confidential connection with 
the chief. He might be assigned to military or other duties by the com- 
mander, and Caesar introduced the practice of appointing one as special 
commander of each legion. The regular number of legati was two or 
three, but Pompey received 15 by the Gabinian law, to whom 10 more 
were afterwards added. Sometimes the legatus was a man of higher rank 
and greater experience than the commander himself, as notably in the case 
of P. Scipio Africanus, who thus attended his brother Lucius in Asia. 

10. expetenti, earnestly requesting; postulanti, demanding (as 
a right). 

Sect. 58. C. Falcidius, etc. : it is usually said that there was a 



The Mauilian Lazu. 8g 

law prohibiting any person from receiving an appointment under a 
law proposed by himself. Mommsen, however {Ram. St. ii. 545, 
n. 5), holds that this was not the obstacle; but that, being tribune 
when the law was passed, he could not qualify for the place, and, 
when he ceased to hold this office, the fifteen places were already 
filled. 

20. honoris causa, see note on Rose. Am. § 5. — plebi, old gen. 

22. diligentes, scrupulous. 

26. me . . . relaturum, / pledge myself to bring it before the 
Senate. 

To bring business before the Senate (j-eferre ad Senatuvi) was in 
Cicero's power as praetor. There would be no legal hindrance to Gabin- 
ius being legatas under the KTanilian law, although there had been under 
the law proposed by himself (lex Gabinia). The praetor could, however, 
be forbidden by the edict of the consul (who possessed major potestas) 
from bringing forward any business which was not on the order of the 
day. If, in spite of the edict, he should persist, as he threatens, the act 
would nevertheless be valid. The intercession of a tribune, however, he 
would be obliged to respect. 

28. edictum : the official proclamation or announcement of a 
magistrate ; not, however, of a tribune, whose act was intercessio, 
which could stop any political action. 

3 1 . considerabunt, i.e. hesitate before they set themselves against 
the will of the people. 

33. socius : not as legatus (if it referred to an official position, 
adscribetur would be used, as referring to the future), but simply 
as partner in his former honor and credit, — the whole being an 
argument for giving him the office now. 

79. Sect. 59. cum quaereret : compare cum dixistis, just 
below (§ 325 : G. 582, 586 ; H. 471 5 ). 

3. si . . . esset, if anything should happen to hi/u, — a common 
euphemism, then as now. 

10. quo minus . . . hoc magis, § 250. r. ; G. 400; H. 423. 

Sect. 60. at enim, see § 51. 

14. exempla, precedents ; instituta, established customs. 

16. paruisse, adcommodasse : i.e. they disregarded precedents 



90 Notes : Cicero. 

in great emergencies, — a course which thus became itself a con- 
trolling and ruinous precedent. 

17. temporum, depends on casus, consiliorum on rationes 
(chiastic order). 

18. non dicam (praeteritio), I will not speak of. 

19. ab uno imperatore : Scipio Africanus the younger (^Emili- 
anus), who captured Carthage (b.c. 146) and Numantia (b.c. 133). 
At this time it was a law that no person should be consul twice. 

23. C. Mario : Marius was chosen consul five years in succes- 
sion, to carry on the wars here referred to. 

Sect. 61. quam . . . nova: here certainly the orator makes a 
point. For the several circumstances, see notes on §§ 28-30. 

29. privatum, i.e. not a magistrate. 

30. conficere, make up, the technical expression for recruiting an 
army. 

34. a senatorio gradu : the Senate could not be entered until 
after holding the qusestorship, the legal age for which was thirty at 
least, and regularly thirty-six, while Pompey was at this time (b.c. 
82) only twenty-three. 

36. in ea provincia, i.e. Africa (Momm. Rom. St. i. p. 470). — 
fuit, etc., to render the force of the passage, say, he was in com- 
mand, and showed the qualities described. 

80. exercitum deportavit : this was one of the essential con- 
ditions of the triumph. 

3. equitem, i.e. having never held a magistracy, and so not being 
a member of the Senate. 

4. triumphare : the honor of a triumph was properly accorded 
only to commanders who possessed the imperiwn in virtue of hold- 
ing a regular magistracy (Momm. Rom. St. i. p. 109). Pompey's 
imperium was held irregularly, by special appointment of the Sen- 
ate : both his triumphs, therefore, in B.C. 80 and 71, were irregular, 
which accounts for the vehement opposition they met. 

Sect. 62. duo consules: i.e. Mamercus Lepidus and Decimus 
Brutus, B.C. yy. Instead of either of these being sent to Spain as 
proconsul the next year, against Sertorius, Pompey, a simple eques, 
was designated for that service. 

10. quidem, by the way. — non nemo, a man 07' two. 



The Maui Han Law. 91 

12. Philippus, a prominent member of the aristocracy (consul, 
B.C. 91), distinguished for his wit; a man of liberal temper, but a 
vehement partisan. (For an entertaining anecdote of him, see 
Horace, Ep. i. 7.) 

13. pro consulibus, in place of both consuls. 

When it was desired to retain the services of a magistrate after his 
term of office had expired, his imperium was extended (prorogatum) by 
the Senate, and was held by him pro consule or pro praetore, that is, as 
having the power of the magistracy, while no longer actually a magistrate. 
It was only the military imperium that was prorogued : its authority did 
not extend within the walls of Rome, and of course the proconsul possessed 
none of the civil powers of the consul within the city, — as, for instance, 
the right of calling together the Senate or an assembly of the people 
(Momm. Rom. St. i. pp. 143 and 155). Sometimes a private citizen, like 
Pompey, was invested with the imperium, and called proconsul; but this 
irregular proconsulship did not rank with the prorogued imperium of a 
regular magistrate, and did not entitle to the honors of a triumph. 

14. mittere, for mitto of dir. disc. The simple present, along 
with sententia, seems a regular form of giving one's opinion in the 
Senate. 

15. duorum, another exaggeration: only one of these would at 
any rate have gone as proconsul. — ex senatus consulto : another 
irregularity, for the comitia were the law-making power, and of 
course had the sole power of exempting from the laws. 

17. legibus solutus, exeinpted from the operation of the laws, 
i.e. those limiting the age of magistrates {leges annates). 

18. magistratum : the legal age of a consul was forty-three, and 
that of a praetor forty. Pompey was consul B.C. 70, at the age of 
thirty-six, which was the regular age for the quaestorship. 

19. iterum : Pompey celebrated his second triumph Dec. 31, B.C. 
71, and the next day entered upon the consulship. 

Sect. 63. auctoritate, i.e. since they were then prominent 
members of the Senate. 

29. comprobatam : i.e. the people, in electing Pompey consul, 
had only followed the example of the Senate in conferring these 
repeated honors. 

30. judicium, formal decision, i.e. in the Gabinian law. 



Q2 Notes : Cicero. 

35. delegistis : this is not literally correct. The Gabinian law 
merely prescribed that an ex-consul should receive this command : 
the Senate selected the man. In fact, however, it was a law made 
for a particular man, and the Senate would not have ventured to 
appoint any other. 

81. Sect. 64. parum (same root as parvus), too little, or 
III. — sin : the protasis extends to attulistis. 

6. auctoritati, § 230; G. 208; H. 385. i. 

7. Asiatico et regio : the two adjectives enhance the impres- 
sion of the difficulty of the war, by emphasizing its distance and 
the dignity of the enemy. 

13. pudore, respect for others ; temperantia, self-restrai?it. 

Sect. 65. jam : i.e. it has now gone so far that, etc. 

22. requiruntur, are in demand: pretexts of war are sought for, 
with cities that are hardly known of; inferatur, may be fastened. 

Sect. 66. libenter, etc., I should be glad to argite this face to 
face, etc. 

27. hostium simulatione, under the guise of enemies : i.e. as if 
they were. 

30. animos ac spiritus, pride and insolence. 

31. conlatis signis, i.e. in actual warfare. 
33. nisi erit idem, unless he shall also be one. 

36. aiiimum, desires. — idoneus qui mittatur, (§ 320. f\ G. 
556; H. 503), fit to be sent. 

82. Sect. 67. pacatam : that is, hostilities have not ceased 
so long as there has been any money to be extorted. 

6. praetores, i.e. proproztors : for, after the time of Sulla, the 
praetors regularly remained at Rome during their term of office. 
The most notorious case of such dishonesty was M. Antonius Cre- 
ticus, son of the orator, and father of the triumvir. 

7. publica, assigned to them for the support of their fleets and 
armies. 

11. jacturis, expenses, in buying their places. — condicionibus, 
bargains, with creditors, etc. 

13. quasi non videamus (§ 312. R. ; G. 604; H. 513. ii.), as if 
we did not see. 



The Manilian Law. 93 

Sect. 68. dubitare quin, hesitate. The usual construction in 
this sense would be with the infin, The exception is allowed, 
because the subj. with dubitare quin makes a kind of indir. disc. 
(Their thought, in direct disc, would be credamus, shall we trust? 
which remains unchanged except in person.) 

19. auctoritatibus, i.e. the opinion of influential men. 

20. est vobis BMOtox, you have as authority . 

Servilius Vatia Isauricus, one of the most reputable men of the time, 
cos. B.C. 79 : he held the proconsulship of Cilicia, B.C. 78-75, in which 
time he gained great successes over the pirates, and obtained his agnomen, 
Isauricus, from the capture of Isaura, the mountain fortress of the Isau- 
rians. It was probably his intimate knowledge of the region and the kind 
of warfare, that led him to support this vigorous measure. 

24. Curio, see Verr. i. § 18. 

26. Lentulus : Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus, cos. B.C. 72 ; 
not to be confounded with Lentulus Sura, cos. B.C. 71, the accom- 
plice of Catiline. 

28. Cassius : for the character of this family, see note on Verr. 
i- § 30- 

83. Sect. 69. de re . . . facultate : the cause itself, or the 
power of ca?'rying it through. 

7. potestate praetoria, official influence as prcetor ; more official 
than auctoritas. 

10. defero, put at your service. 

Sect. 70. templo : i.e. the rostra. The term templum was 
applied to any place consecrated by regular auspices {augur -ato). 
As the public assembly was held augurato, the place of holding it 
must be consecrated. 

12. ad remp. adeunt, are engaged in public affairs (see § 153). 

14. neque quo, nor because (§ 341. d, r. ; G. 541. r. 1 : H. 516 2 ). 

16. honoribus, i.e. public office, which he proposes to earn, not 
by the arts of a demagogue, but by fidelity as an advocate. 

17. pericula relates to the simultates in the next section. It was 
not possible for him to espouse this democratic measure so earnestly, 
without incurring coolness at least on the part of the aristocracy. — 
ut, so far as. 



94 Notes : Cicero. 

Sect. 71. ego : expressed not as itself emphatic, but to give 
emphasis to the whole expression : I give you my word, etc. 

23. tantum . . . abest ut videar, / am so far from seeming 
(§ 332. d\ G. 556. R. 1 ; H. 502 8 ). — hoc honore, the praetorship. 

3 1 . oportere, / am bound (me is obj . of oportere, of which the 
subj. is praeferre, etc.). 



CATILINE I. 

Argument. 

Chap. i. Propositio. Catiline's audacity in appearing in the Senate 
when his guilt is known. — 2. Weakness of the consuls in allowing him 
to Jive. — 3, 4. Contrast, in the cases of Gracchus, Mselius, and Saturninus. 

— 4. The Senatorial decree is suspended in Catiline's case, till all shall be 
satisfied of his guilt. His plans enumerated. — Hortatio. 5. He is 
exhorted to go out and join his confederates. The plots against Cicero 
have been thwarted; but now they aim at the State. — 6,7. Catiline has 
no inducement to remain where all good men hate and shrink from him. 

— 8. He has offered to go into custody : let him depart : the Senate shows 
by silence its approval of Cicero's words. — 9, 10. Though he insolently 
refuses to depart, yet his defeat as candidate for the consulship has made 
him from a conspirator into a public enemy. — Peroratio. 11. The State 
remonstrates against the consul's lenity. — 12. But it is a gain to force him 
into exile, and thus draw the conspiracy to a head. — 13. For his death 
would only palliate the evil. So let him go, taking with him the ruin of 
his plot, the hate of men, and the wrath of the gods. 

PAGE. 

85. Sect. 1. etiam (et jam), still. — eludet, mock. 

3. quern ad finem, almost equivalent to quamdiu, but implying 
some shock or crisis which must follow. — sese jactabit, insolently 
display itself. 

4. nihil (adv. ace.) not at all. — Palatii, one of the strongest 
positions in the city, commanding the Forum, and so most likely 
to be seized by the conspirators. 

The Palatium, an isolated hill, of a rudely quadrangular shape, was 
the original seat of the city of Rome, Roma Quadrata, from which the city 
spread gradually over the other hills. In the last years of the republic, 



Catiline I. 95 

the Palatine became the fashionable place for residences. Here was 
Cicero's house as well as Catiline's. On the brow of the hill towards the 
Sacred Way stood the temple of Jupiter Stator, in which the Senate was 
now assembled. The ruins of this temple have lately been discovered. 
It was because of its nearness to his house, as well as because of the 
strength of its position, that the consul selected this temple for the meet- 
ing of the Senate on this occasion. Under the Empire the Palatine became 
the seat of the imperial residence, and its name, palace, has passed in 
this sense into most modern languages. 

5. bonorum, see § 21. 

6. locus : the regular place of meeting for the Senate was the 
Curia Hostilia; on special occasions it met in other places, but 
always in a consecrated place (templum; see Manil. Law, § 70). 

7. horum (with a gesture), the senators present. — or a., fea- 
tures ; voltus, expression (a sort of hendiadys = expression of their 
features). % 

8. non : observe the abruptness or force given by omitting the 
interrog. particle ne. — constrictam teneri, is held fast bound. 

10. proxinia, superior e : for what was done on the night of 
Nov. 6, see § 4 ; as to proxima, last night, we do not meet with 
anything but general assertions. 

Sect. 2. O tempora, etc., what a time I what a state of things I 
(mores = customs of the time.) 

14. immo, 7iay more: immo here negatives only the form of the 
preceding, as not strong enough. v 

18. videmur, etc. = think we satisfy. — vitemus, subj. of indir. 
disc. — ad mortem : the consuls originally possessed full powers of 
judgment in criminal cases, including punishment by death. These 
highest powers of the imperium were suspended within the city 
by laws which gave the right of appeal to the people (see note on § 
28), but the Senate could revive it in cases of danger by the formula 
Videant consules ne quid respublica detrimenti capiat, — a proceed- 
ing analogous to the proclamation of martial law. This action the 
Senate had taken Oct. 21. nearly three weeks before. 

20. oportebat. implied cond. (§311.^; G. 246. r. 1 ; H. 511. x. 3 ) : 
the imperf. is used with jam pridem, where in English we might 
expect the pluperf. (§ 277. b\ G. 221 : H. 469 2 ). 

Sect. 3. an vero properly belongs both to interfecit and per- 



g6 Notes: Cicero. 

feremus, but in sense only to the latter, the other clause coming in 
almost as dependent : while [we see that] Scipio, etc. . . . shall we 
endure, etc. — vir amplissimus, pontifex maximus : observe how 
these words strengthen the force of the example. 

P. Scipio Nasica Serapio was leader of the " mob of gentlemen " that 
murdered Tiberius Gracchus, B.C. 133. He held the office of Pontifex 
Maximus, president of the board {collegium) of pontif.ee s, which had 
the general superintendence of the State religion. Since in all ancient 
states the political constitution was based on the State religion, the ponti- 
fiees exercised great political power. They were the earliest jurists; and 
the office of their head, the pontifex maximus, was, in Rome, on the 
whole, the first position in dignity and influence. He was appointed by 
the Board from their own number. But, in the last two centuries of the 
republic, it was established that the person to be so appointed should be 
designated by popular election. This election was confined to the minority 
(seventeen) of the thirty-five tribes, designated by lot; an absolute choice 
by the people being regarded as inadmissible in religious offices. 

Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, a young man of high rank and great 
personal purity of character, attempted to carry through some important 
reforms, particularly touching the tenure of the public lands, B.C. 133. 
Requiring more time to make his legislation effective, he attempted 
illegally to secure his own re-election as tribune; when he was attacked 
and killed by a mob of senators headed by Scipio Nasica. 

23. privatus : Nasica was at this time only a private citizen of 
consular rank. He afterwards went into exile, and was made Ponti- 
fex Maximus in his absence.. The word privatus is opposed to 
nos consules, and the contrast is rhetorically exaggerated. 

25. ilia, that case, plural for singular, as frequently in Greek. 

26. Ahala, the magister equitum of the famous Cincinnatus : he 
killed without law the eques Maelius, on suspicion of his aiming at a 
dangerous power by his lavish gifts of corn (b.c. 439)- 

86. novis rebus (the classic expression for a violent change 
of government), revolution: dat. after studentem. — fuit, there 
was, etc., implying that it is so no longer. 

4. habenrus (emph.) = it is not that we lack, etc. — senatus 
consultum : i.e. ut videant consules, etc. The consultum of the 
Senate was its ordinance, regularly passed and promulgated, and 



Catiline I. 97 

recognized as valid. If it was invalid by reason of informality or 
intercession of a tribune, it was called senatus auctoritas, and might 
still be drawn up in form (as a "resolution"), and would still have 
a certain modified authority. 

5. vehernens, severe, as regards Catiline ; grave, carrying weight, 
as regards the consuls. 

6. rei publicae (dat. with deest) : we know well enough what 
to do — we have authority enough : it is the execution in which we 
are remiss. 

Sect. 4. decrevit (emphatic), there was once a decree, etc. 
This word is used (as well as censeo, placet) to express the intent 
of the Senate ; the consultum, ordinance, or any separate article 
of it, might, as regarded its purport, be called decretum. 

Lucius Opimius was consul B.C. 121, when Caius Gracchus, the younger 
brother of Tiberius, was attempting to carry through a series of measures 
far more revolutionary than those of his brother. The Senate, the cham- 
pion of the existing order of things, took alarm, and intrusted the consul 
with absolute power. In the tumult that ensued, some 3,000 were said to 
have lost their lives, including Gracchus and his leading associate Fulvius. 

The father of the Gracchi was Tiberius Gracchus, one of the most 
eminent statesmen of his day, distinguished for integrity and humanity, as 
well as ability and culture. Their mother was Cornelia, daughter of Scipio 
Africanus, the conqueror of Hannibal. Ancestors on both sides were dis- 
tinguished in the Second Punic War, and the brothers were likewise con- 
nected by kinship and marriage with many of the noblest families of 
Rome. 

The case of Marius was in B.C. 100, the year of his sixth consulship. 
He was secretly in league with the revolutionists, — Saturninus and Servilius 
Glaucia, corrupt demagogues, unworthy imitators of the noble Gracchi. 
When it came to the point, however, the courage of Marius failed him : he 
deserted his accomplices,, and joined the Senate in crushing the revolt. 

10. interfectus est (emph.), i.e. death was promptly inflicted. 
13. Mario, dat. after permissa. 

16. rei publicae, poss. gen., the punishment being looked on as 
something belonging to the party avenged, and taken from the 
other party. 

17. remorata est, governing Saturninum, etc.. i.e. did Saturni- 



98 Notes : Cicero. 

nus and Servilius have to wait one day, etc. : but here the punish- 
ment is oddly regarded as waiting for them. — vicesimum : strictly 
speaking, it was now (Nov. 6) the 19th day by Roman reckoning 
from Oct. 21. — horum, the senators. 

19. hujusce modi, i.e. like those others. 

20. tabulis, brazen tablets, on which the laws, etc., were in- 
scribed. The edict is said to be shut up in them (until put in 
force) , like a sword hid in its scabbard. 

21. interfectum esse (§ 288. d\ G. 275; H. 537 2 ). But, after 
all, it would have been hardly possible, even with the extraordinary 
power granted to the consuls, to put the conspirator to death with- 
out some overt act of treason. 

23. cupio, / am anxious (emphatic) : a concession, opposed by 
sed, below. 

25. dissolutum, hasty, as having one's actions out of the control 
of law, reason, etc. — ipse : Latin in such cases emphasizes the 
subject ; English, the object. 

Sect. 5. faucibus, narrow pass, leading north from Etruria, 
through the Apennines. — conlocata, § 291. r. ; G. 242 ; H.471.N. 1 . 

28. in dies singulos, day by day. 

32. jam, at once. 

33. erit verendum, etc. This difficult sentence is best rendered 
by connecting non and potius with verendum; not (/ suppose) 
that I shall have 7)iore reason to fear, but, etc. ; remembering that 
credo is, in this parenthetical use, ironical. The sense is, of course 
I shall be accused of cruelty rather than slackness. — boni (sc. 
dicant) : here, as usual, the well-intentioned, i.e. those who held 
the speaker's views. — ego, opposed to omnes boni. 

87 1 denique, i.e. then, and not before. — jam, at length. 
Sect. 6. ita ut vivis, just as you are [now] living. 

7. etiam, besides the forces on guard. 

8. speculabuntur, referring to the spies in the interest of the 
government, who were in the very heart of the conspiracy. Of 
these the chief was Fulvia, mistress of one of the conspirators. 

9. quid, etc., what is there for you to wait for more ? 

10. nox, privata domus : the time and place of meeting. 

12. inlustrantur refers to tenebris ; erumpunt to parietibus. 



Catiline I. 99 

16. recognoscas, review (with licet: § 331./", r.; G. 609; H. 
515. in.)- 

Sect. 7. dicere, § 288. £ ; G. 277. r. ; H. 537 L — fore (subj.C. 
Manlium) : the rising in arms is put first, as being the main thing; 
the person is less important. — num, etc., was I mistaken in, etc., 
lit. did the fact escape me f 

23. idem (nom.) has the force of also. — optimatium, i.e. of 
the senatorial party. 

24. in ante diem, § 259. e\ G. app. ; H. 642 4 . 

25. sui conservandi (§ 298. a\ G. 429; H. 542. N. 1 ) : this pas- 
sage is neatly turned, to save their self-respect by attributing their 
flight to that discretion which is the better part of valor. 

29. cum dicebas, equivalent to saying (compare § 290. c ; G. 582). 

30. tamen, opposed to discessu : though the rest were gone. 
Sect. 8. Praeneste (Palestrina) , an important town of Latium, 

about twenty miles from Rome, in a very commanding situation. 
Its possession would have given Catiline an important military post. 
It was a chief stronghold of the Marian party in the Civil War. 

33. sensistine, did yoit not find? The negative meaning occa- 
sionally found in this enclitic is probably its original one. — colo- 
niam : Praeneste proudly declined the Roman franchise, and retained 
its nominal independence until the time of the Social War. Sulla 
established a military colony there by way of punishment. 

Colonies sent out by Rome were of three classes: — 1. Roman colonies, 
in which a small garrison of soldiers (usually 300 in number) was estab- 
lished as a governing aristocracy. The native population was held by 
them in a harsh subjection. — 2. Latin colonies, in which the colonists, 
whether native Romans or not, formed a quasi-independent community. 
They were usually quite numerous, went with their families, and did not 
possess Roman citizenship; but, on the other hand, the right of coining 
money and other rights of sovereignty. These Latin colonies, together 
with the original Latins, formed the nomen Latinum, and stood towards 
Rome in the relation of civitates foederatae. Therefore Roman citizens 
who went into exile could sojourn in these towns as if they formed no part 
of Italy. This was called jus exsilii. — 3. Military colonies, founded first 
by Sulla, as a means of rewarding his veterans. They differed from the two 
earlier classes in being established not by a board of commissioners, but 
by a single military chief. 



100 Notes: Cicero. 

34. praesidiis, the garrison manning the walls ; custodiis, senti- 
nels at the gates ; vigiliis, night-guard. 

35. agis, etc. : notice the climax. 

33. noctem superiorem, night before last, i.e. Nov. 6 : priore 
(below) refers to the same. 

3. quam te, § 336. b. R. ; G. 638 ; H. 524 1 . 

4. inter falcarios, i.e. the street of the scythemakers. 
Sect. 9. gentium, § 216. a^\ G. 371. r. 4 ; H. 397 4 . 

10. quam rem publicam, what sort of a state ? 

11. hie, hie, here, right here. 

12. sanctissimo, venerable. 

13. qui: the antecedent is the understood subject of sunt. 

14. atque adeo, and in fact. 

16. oportebat, see § 2 and note. 

17. igitur (resumptive), as I said. 

18. quemque, each of the conspirators. 

19. placeret (sc. te), for indie; relinqueres, subj. of purpose. 
23. equites : these were C. Cornelius and L. Vargunteius. 
Sect. 10. salutatum, supine. 

30. id temporis (§ 216. a 8 ; G. 371 ; H. 397 3 ), at that very time. 
35. desiderant, have been wanting (§ 276. a ; G. 221 ; H. 467 s ). 
— si minus (sc. omnes) , if not. 

39. Sect. 11. atque, and particularly. — huic, i.e. in whose 
temple we are met. — Stator (sto), the one who causes to stand 
firm. The temple to Jupiter Stator was vowed by Romulus when 
his troops were giving way, and built upon the spot where their 
flight was stayed. The remains of this temple have been recently 
discovered on the Palatine, near the Arch of Titus. (See note, § 1). 

7. in uno, etc., risked upon one man (i.e. Catiline). 

4. proximis : the consular election was usually held in July ; but 
this year, on account of the disturbed condition of things, did not 
take place until Oct. 28, when Manlius was in fact already in arms. 
Catiline's successful competitors were D. Silanus and L. Murena. 

14. nullo . . . concitato, without exciting (the most common 
way of expressing this idiom in Latin). 

16. videbam, / saw all along (§ 277 ; G. 222 ; H. 469 2 ). 



Catiline I. ici 

Sect. 12, nunc jain, now- at length. 

21. hujus imperii, i.e. which /possess ; that conferred upon the 
consuls by the special act of the Senate. Without this, they pos- 
sessed an imperium, it is true, but restricted by laws. 

26. tu, opposed to comitum. 

28. rei publicae limits sentina somewhat in the sense of an 
adjective, — political rabble. Or, keeping the original figure, we 
might say, bilge-water of the ship of state. 

Sect. 13. f aciebas, were on the point of doing. . 

31. hostem, a public enemy, over whom the consul would have 
that right. 

32. me consulis, ask my advice. 

33. jam, longer. — domesticae, of the household. 

90. privatarum rerum, in private life, i.e. intercourse with 
others out of the family. 

4. quem . . . inretisses, i.e. after entangling, etc. 

5. ferrum . . . facem : i.e. arm him for acts of violence, or in- 
flame him to deeds of lust. 

Sect. 14. quid vero, and say. 

.7. no vis nuptiis, etc. : this crime is mentioned by no other 
writer, and is perhaps one of the orator's exaggerations. — alio . . . 
scelere : Sallust mentions, as a common matter of belief, that Cati- 
line killed his own son, in order to gratify his new wife, Aurelia 
Orestilla, "a woman praised for nothing but beauty/'' 

12. ruinas : this charge was undoubtedly correct. The con- 
spiracy was mainly composed of men of ruined fortunes, who hoped 
to better themselves in the general scramble of a revolution. 

13. Idibus : the Kalends and Ides — the beginning and middle 
of the month — were the usual terms for the payment of debts. 
Catiline's failure in his consular canvass had probably stirred up his 
creditors to push him for payment. 

Sect. 15. cum, causal, though to be rendered when. 

20. prid. Kal. On the 1st of January, B.C. 65, the consuls Cotta 
and Torquatus entered upon their office. It was the intention of 
Catiline to take advantage of their inauguration to murder the new 
consuls and seize the government. The plot got whispered about, 
and its execution was put off to Feb. 5, when it failed again through 



102 Notes: Cicero. 

Catiline's over-haste. The act of Dec. 31 seems to have been in 
preparation for the rising. 

21. cum telo (a technical expression), weapon in hand. — manura, 
a band (of assassins). 

23. mentem aliquam, change of mind. 

25. aut . . . aut, etc., either obscure or few. — non multa, etc.: 
i.e. they were too well known to need recapitulation, and too 
numerous to admit of it. 

26. commissa, which yon have perpetrated. 

27. interficere : " Cicero charges the man with frequent attempts 
to murder him since he has been elected consul, but he does it in 
such a way as not to convince us that he is speaking the truth " 
(Long). 

27. petitiones, thrusts, the word regularly used for the attack of 
a gladiator. 

28. ita conjectas, etc., so aimed that they seemed impassible to be 
shunned. 

29. corpore (a proverbial expression), i.e. dodging with the 
body. 

Sect. 16. tibi (dative of reference), etc. = wrested from your 
hands. 

34. quae quidem, etc., T know not by what rites it has been con- 
secrated and set apart, that you think, etc. 

Q|. vita, i.e. that you should desire to prolong it (see § 15). 

3. quae nulla (§ 216. e\ G. 368. r. 2 ), nothing of which. 

5. necessariis : this word is used of any special relation, as that 
of kinsman, client, guest, comrade, member of the same order, etc. 
(see note on necessitudinem, Verr. i. § 11). 

8. quid quod, what of this — that, etc. 

9. consulares : these voted as a class, and probably sat together. 
Catiline, as a praetorius, no doubt sat in their neighborhood. 

12. ferendum is the pred. of the clause quod . . . reliquenmt. 
- . Sect. 17. servi, emphatic, displacing si. 

16. injuria, unjustly, wrongfully. 

17. carere aspectu, be deprived of seeing. 

24. aliquo concederes, woidd retire somewhere. — nunc, op- 
posed to si, etc. 



Catiline I. 103 

26. te nihil cogitare, that you think of nothing (depending on 
judicat). 

Sect. 18. quae (i.e. patria) . . . agit, she pleads with you. 

31. tibi uni, on your account alone: all this is rhetorical ex- 
aggeration. 

32. sociorum, i.e. the allied cities of the province of Africa, 
which Catiline governed as propraetor, B.C. 67. 

34. leges et quaestiones, probably both as praetor in Rome and 
as propraetor in Africa. — neglegendas implies only evasion ; ever- 
tendas, violence. 

35. superiora ilia, those former crimes of yours. 

92. me . . . abhorreat, subj. of est ferendum. — quicquid 
increpuerit, at the least iioise. 

3. abhorreat, is inconsistent with. 

4. hunc . . . eripe, rescue me from, etc., lit., snatch it from ?ne 
(§ 229; G. 346: H. 386" 2 ). 

6. aliquando, some time or other (implying impatience). 

Sect. 19. in custodian! dedisti, i.e. in free custody, on parole. 
This appears to have been late in October, when Catiline was prose- 
cuted on the Lex Plautia de vi. 

10. M.' Lepidum, the consul of B.C. 66. 

11. ad me: "a proposal,' 1 says Long, "which might be viewed 
either as evidence of his innocence or his impudence. " 

14. parietibus, loc. abl. ; moenibus, abl. of means. Observe 
the emphasis of the contrast. — qui . . . essem, subj. as implying 
the reason (§ 320). 

16. Metellum : O. Metellus Celer, consul B.C. 60; he did good 
service in the campaign against Catiline. He was nephew of 
Caecilia, the friend of Roscius (see note R. A. § 50). 

17. virum optimum, that excellent man (ironical). 

19. sagacissimum, keen-scented; fortissimum, energetic and 
fearless. 

. 21. videtur debere, does it seem that he ought ("does he seem 
to owe it")? 

Sect. 20. refer : Halm conjectures that the members of the 
Senate were secretly trying to persuade Catiline to go into volun- 
tary exile, when all prosecutions would be dropped. 



1 04 A T o tes : Cicero , 

28. placere has for subj., te . . . exsilium. 

29. abhorret, is contra?y to : because the Senate had no power 
to pronounce such a judgment. 

33. ecquid (adverbial), at all. 

36. tacitorum, i.e. their silence gives consent to my words. 

93. Sect. 21. Sestio : whom Cicero afterwards defended in 
one of his greatest orations (see p. 148). 

2. M. Marcello : a prominent member of the aristocracy, con- 
sul, B.C. 51 ; not to be confounded with the person of the same 
name mentioned § 19. He took a leading part in the civil war 
against Caesar, and was afterwards defended by Cicero (see p. 210). 
— consuli, though consul. 

3. in templo, i.e. notwithstanding the sacredness of the place. — 
jure optimo, with perfect right. — vim et maims, violent hands. 

4. cum quiescunt, while they keep silence ; i.e. by their silence 
(§290..; G. 583; H. 517 2 ). 

6. videlicet cara, alluding to his demand to have the matter sub- 
mitted to the Senate. 

10. voces, cries of the crowd outside. 

12. haec (with a gesture), all that is round us, the city, etc. 

14. prosequantur, escort. It was the custom for those who were 
going into voluntary exile to be thus accompanied to the gate by 
their friends. If Catiline would depart, the whole Senate would 
be so glad to be rid of him as to forget his crimes and pay him this 
honor (ironical). 

Sect. 22. te frangat, i.e. break down your stubbornness (purpose 
clause after loquor ; though it may be an exclam. with ut). 

18. duint, § 128. e 2 ; G. 191 3 ; H. 240 3 . 

22. est tanti, it is worth the cost (§ 252. a ; G. 379 ; H. 405). — 
sit, § 314; G. 575; H. 513. i. 

Sect. 23. inimico, a private enemy, thus attributing to Cicero 
personal and private motives of opposition. 

29. si vis, if you desire. — recta (sc. via), straightway. 

36. latrocinio, partisan warfare, as opposed to regular war 
(Justum belliwi). 

94 . Sect. 24. quamquam, and yet (cf. tametsi, § 22). 



Catiline I. 105 

4. Forum Aurelium, a small place on the Via Aurelia, about 
fifty miles from Rome. The Via Aurelia was the road which led 
along the sea-coast of Etruria, by which Catiline left the city the 
following night. The word Forum, market-place, was used for a 
class of towns without municipal organization, within the ager 
Romanus (or territory of the city of Rome), usually built along a 
public highway, and bearing the name of their founder — as Forum 
Appii on the Appian Way. — Beloch, Der Ftalische Blind, p. 108. 

6. aquilam : the silver eagle had been adopted by Marius as the 
standard of the legion, and the eagle in question was said to have 
been actually used in the army of Marius. The place in the camp 
where the eagle was kept was consecrated : hence the word 
sacrarium. 

9. ut possis, exclam. clause with ut (§ 332. c\ G. 560). 

Sect. 25. haec res, i.e. leaving the city and taking arms. 

17. non rnodo, to say nothing of . 

19. atque connects perditis and derelictis ; ab connects for- 
tuna and spe to derelictis. — conflatam, run together (like molten 
metal). 

Sect. 26. hie, i.e. in this band. — bacchabere, will revel. 

25. meditati sunt, have practised] feruntur, are talked about. 

27. facinus, deed of , violence, contrasted with stuprum, de- 
bauchery ; just as bonis otiosorum, property of peaceful citizens, 
is with somno maritorum, the repose of husbands. 

29. ubi ostentes, opportunity to display (a place where, etc.). 

Sect. 27. reppuli: the consul who presided over the election 
had it in his power to exercise great influence. That of Cicero on 
this occasion was perfectly legitimate, in maintaining order and 
checking Catiline's adherents. — exsul, consul: observe the play 
upon words. 

34. latrocinium : rebellion is regularly described by words which 
ally it with disorder or highway robbery ; as, tumultus, etc. 

95. querimoniam, i.e. for not having suppressed the con- 
spiracy more vigorously. — detester ac deprecer (construed with 
a me, above), remove by protest and plea. 

5. M. Tulli (voc.) : the regular way of formal address; the use 
of the family name {Cicero) is more familiar. 



106 Notes: Cicero. 

9. evocatorem servorum, a summoner of slaves, i.e. to enlist 
under him. 

13. mactari, § 331. a' 2 ', G. 546. R.' 2 ; H. 535. ii. 

Sect. 28. 17. rogatae sunt: the magistrate who proposed a 
law formally asked the people whether they would accept it ; hence 
rogo was the word regularly used for this act, and the proposition 
itself was called rogatio. The leges in question, Valeria, Porcia, 
and Sempronia (of Caius Gracchus), protecting the life and liberty 
of citizens, had been not merely asked (rogatae), but passed 
(jussae) ; not merely proposed (latae), but carried (perlatae). The 
word rogatae appears to be used here to emphasize the part which 
the people had in their establishment. 

19. praeclaram . . . gratiam, you show a noble gratitude (cf. 
habere gratiam and agere gr alias). 

21. tarn mature: Cicero says of himself that he was the only 
novus homo \_mdla comjnendatione ma,joru?}{\ on record, who both 
sought and gained the consulship the first year the law permitted 
it. He had been equally fortunate in the quaestorship and praetorship. 

Sect. 29. inertiae, sc. invidia, the reproach. 

25. num. est, pray is (implying strong negation). 

26. an belongs with non existimas. 

28. conflagraturum, will be consumed^ suggested by ardebunt. 
3 1 . idem sentiunt, have the same views. — mentibus, thoughts. 
36. superiorum, before them. 

96). maxime, ever so much. 

5. partam (from pario), acquired (a very common meaning). — 
ut . . . putarem, result-clause explaining hoc. 

Sect. 30. videant, subj. of charact. (not coord, with dicerent). 
9. aluerunt, indie, of fact. 

13. regie, despotically : the Roman idea of king and kingly gov- 
ernment was associated with Tarquinius Superbus. Here the word 
also implies the assumption of unlawful power {— tyrannic e) , as 
well as its abuse. 

14. quo (§ 201. h) : the antecedent is in castra. 

20. eodem, to the same place. 

21. adulta, full-grown, as opposed to stirps, the stock, and 
semen, the seed. 



Catiline II. 107 

Sect. 31. jam diu : the conspiracy was ready to break out B.C. 65 
(see note on § 15). 

25. versamur, have lived. — nescio quo pacto, somehow or othe?' 
(§334. e; G. 469. R. 2 ; H. 45s 2 ). 

31. visceribus, vitals (properly the great interior organs, as the 
heart lungs, etc.). 

36. reliquis vivis, abl. absolute. 

97. niuro, implying that they have left the city. 

4. circumstare, hang around, for the purpose of intimidation : 
the praetor urbanns had his tribunal on the Forum. 

12. patef acta, laid bare ; inlustrata, set in full light ; oppressa, 
crushed; vindicata, punished. 

Sect. 33. o minibus, prospects. 

18. Juppiter : addressing the image in the temple of Jupiter 
Stator, where the Senate were now assembled. 

22. arcebis, a mild imperative (§ 269./; G. i6^' 2 \ H. 487 4 ). 



CATILINE II. 

Argument. 

Chai\ 1. Pars I. Catiline is gone: the city breathes again; there is now 
open war, and no longer a concealed intestine conflict. — 2. Excuse for let- 
ting him go : all were not convinced. Now, his guilt is manifest. — 3. His 
force is not formidable: what remains is closely watched. — 4. All have 
been forced to declare themselves. Joy at his departure : he has been a 
leader in every vice and crime. — 5. Pars II. His associates are desperate 
but contemptible: character of this domestic war. — 6. Odium of his ban- 
ishment deprecated : in fact, he went to his own. — 7. He will not go into 
exile, but to the camp of Manlius, and will seek to cast odium on the 
consul. — 8-10. Pa?-s III. The real fear is from those who remain, viz.: 
(<?) Rich but embarrassed profligates; (b) poor debtors: these two classes 
have nothing to gain from violence; (c) Sulla's veterans, who will not be 
allowed to repeat those times; (d) ruined men, hoping for any change; 
(e) criminals, who might better be fought in the field; (_/") profligates and 
debauchees, men of Catiline's own stamp. — 11. Superiority of the patriot 



io8 Notes: Cicero. 

forces arrayed against them. — Peroratio. 12. Review of the situation: 
warning to the ill-disposed. — 13. The work shall be done without shock 
to the public order; the gods will lend their help. 

PAGE 

98. Sect. 1. ejecimus, expelled (with violence) ; emisimus, 
let [him] go. The words vel . . . vel (or, if you like) imply that the 
same act may be called by either name. 

5. ipsum, of his own accord. — verbis prosecuti may apply as 
well to kind words of dismissal as to invective. 

6. abiit, simply, is go?ie ; excessit, has retreated before the 
storm ; evasit, has escaped by stealth ; erupit, has broken forth 
with violence, — a climax of expression, but nearly identical in sense. 

8. moenibus (dat. following comparibitur), against, etc. — atque 
(adding with emphasis), and so. — hunc quidem, him at any rate. 

9. sine controversia, without dispute = miqziestionably . 
1 o. versabitur, will be busy. 

11. campo, foro, curia, parietes, observe the narrowing climax. 

12. loco motus est, a military expression (hence the simple 
abl., § 243. c) : he has lost his vantage-ground. 

14. nulla, etc., i.e. his defenders till now could screen him by 
forms of law. — jus turn, regular, in due form. 
Sect. 2. cruentum (pred.), reeking with blood. 

18. vivis nobis (abl. abs.), leaving us alive. 

19. civis, ace. plur. 

21. jacet, etc., lies prostrate. 

23. retorquet oculos begins the figure of a wild beast, which is 
continued in f aucibus. — prof ecto, no dozebt. 

25. quae quidem, which really. 

Sect. 3. qualis omnis, ace. plur. — oportebat, § 311. c\ G. 
246. R. 1 ; H. 511. n. 3 

28. qui . . . accuset, as to accuse (§ 320; G. 633 ; H. 503. ii.). — 
hujus imperii, see note on Cat. i. § 12. . 

31. interfectum esse : notice the emphasis. 

34. res publica, the public interest. 

99. Sect. 4. cum viderem, seeing: its obj. is fore ut . . . 
possem (§ 288./ ; G. 240. r. 1 ; H, 537 3 ), which is apod, of si mul- 
tassem. 



Catiline II. 109 

6. ne . . . probata : nearly equivalent to aim ne vos quidem . . . 
probaretis ; implying that if they do not sustain the act, much less 
will the people at large. 

8. fore ut, the result would be that, etc. 

9. ut . . . possetis explains hue. 

10. videretis, § 342; G. 666; H. 529. ii. — quern quidem, 
whom, by the way. 

12. quod . . . exierit, § 333; G. 525; H. 516, but subjunctive 

on account of the implied indirect discourse. 

14. mini, eth. dat. (§ 236; G. 351 ; H. 389) : as if, " I notice/' 
1 5 in praetexta : the toga praetexta, with a broad purple border, 

was worn by boys as well as magistrates : this means, therefore, 

that Tongilius was still a boy. 

16. aes alienum, etc., i.e. petty debts run up in cook-shops and 
the like ; not like the heavy mortgages spoken of afterwards. 

17. reliquit : notice the emphasis. — quos viros : for a charac- 
terization of these, see the next division of this oration. 

Sect. 5. prae, in comparison with. — Gallicanis, i.e. those sta- 
tioned in Gaul, — Cisalpine Gaul, the northern part of Italy. The 
ager Gallicus below was that strip of sea-coast, north of Picenum, 
formerly occupied by the Senones, but at this time reckoned a part 
of Umbria. 

21. Q. Metellus (Celer) : see note on Cat. i. § 19. 

23. luxuria = high-livers. U^~V-«^ -**** 

24. vadimonia (meton.) deserere, desert their bondsmen : i.e. 
leave them in the lurch in their creditors' suits. 

25. edictum praetoris, in effect like a sheriff ''s warrant. Any 
official order of a magistrate was an edictiun. 

27. hos, as opposed to those he did take out. 

28. stare ad curiam is said of equites ; in senatum venire, of 
senators. 

29. purpura : the Roman toga was of unbleached wool : it was a 
mark of effeminacy and foppishness for any men but magistrates to 
wear colors in public. 

30. eduxisset, § 331. /, R. ; G. 546. R. 3 ; H. 499 2 . — si . . . per- 
manent, a future condition. 

32. pertimescendos, i.e. he will keep an eye on them. 
35. video, i.e. I know perfectly well. 



1 1 o Notes : Cicero. 

100. Sect. 6. superioris noctis, two nights before the last. 
4. ne, surely : an affirmative particle sometimes wrongly spelt nae. 

9. nisi vero, ironical (as usual), introducing a redicctio ad abs?ir- 
dum. (The si only doubles that in nisi.) 

10. non . . . jam, no longer. 

14. Amelia, via, see Cat. i. § 24. 

15. ad vesperam, towards evening. 

Sect. 7. sentinam, refuse (see Cat. i. § 12). — ejecerit, § 307. 
c\ G. 598. R. 2 ; H. 509. 

17. exhausto, drained off (as sentind). — recreata, invigorated. 

20. tota Italia, § 258./; G. 386; H. 425 2 . 

2T. subjector, forger; circumscriptor, swindler; perditus, 
scoundrel. 

Sect. 8. alios, etc., some . . . others. 

101. Sect. 9. ut . . . possitis, § 317. c. — diversa studia. 

In another passage (Cael. xiii.) Cicero ascribes to Catiline: " Cum 
tristibus severe, cum remissis jucimde, cum senibus graviter, cztm 
juventute comiter, cum facinorosis audaciter, cum libidinosis luxu- 
riose vivere." — in dissimili ratione, in different directions. — 
ludo, the regular training-school. 

4. scaena, i.e. among the actors of the baser sort. 

6. tamen, i.e. in contrast to the usual effeminacy of these profli- 
gates. — exercitatione, abl.-of means: traiiied by the practice of 
debaucheries and crimes to endure, etc. 

7. frigore . . . perferendis, abl. with adsuef actus. — fortis, an 
able fellow. 

8. istis, his hangers-on. — subsidia, etc., i.e. means which might 
be, etc. 

Sect. 10. audaciae, acts of audacity. 

17. obligaverunt, encumbered. — res, property ; fides, credit. 
20. quidem (concessive), no doubt. 
24. mini (eth. dat.) —forsooth. 
Sect. 11. instare plane, is close at ha?id. 

35. unius : Pompey, of course, now returning from his triumphs 
in the East. 

102 1 quacumque ratione, so., fieri potest. 



Catiline II. 1 1 1 

6. resecanda erunt, shall need priming. 

Sect. 12. etiam, still (after all that has been done). 

i r. quod, obj. of adsequi, if I could effect it (pointing to ipsos, 
etc.), i.e. their expulsion. 

13. enim, i.e. the idea is absurd, as implied in the irony following. 

15. quid, tell vie: that is, it was really the act of the Senate 
that drove him out. — hesterno die qualifies convocavi. 

Sect. 13. in proximam : Cicero certainly said nothing definite 
as to the night of Nov. 7, although he wishes to make it appear 
that he had. — ei, dat. of agent (§ 232. a ; G. 206 ; H. 388). 

30. teneretur, was caught. 

32. pararet, for plup. (see Cat. i. § 2, end). — securis, fascis : 
the use of these signified that Catiline intended to assume the 
authority and imperium of consul. 

33. aquilam : see Cat. i. § 24. 

Sect. 14. eiciebam, conative imperf. (§ 277. c ; G. 224 ; H. 469 v ). 

103. suo nomine, i.e. not by Catiline's order: the whole is, of 
course, ironical. 

3. nunc, even now. 

4. Massiliam : Marseilles, an ancient Greek city of Gaul, always 
faithful and friendly to Rome. It was a favorite place of sojourn 
for Romans who went into voluntary exile. 

6. condicionem, terms. 
9. pertimuerit, take alarm. 
Sect. 15. est tanti, it is worth my while. 
22. sane (concessive), for all me. 

28. aliquando, one day. — ilium emiserim . . . ejecerim : let 
him go . . . drove him out. 

31. si interfectus, etc.: adroitly excusing his lenity to those 
who would have washed harsher measures. 

Sect. 16. quamquam (corrective), and yet. 

33. nemo, not a man. 

34. misericors : his going to Manlius was his inevitable ruin, 
and yet, for all their pity, they desired this. 

36. latrocinantem, in partisan warfare. 

104. Sect. 17. sibi, for their own good. 



1 1 2 Notes : Cicero. 

12. placare, gain over. 

14. ex quibus generibus : "a similar picture," says Long, "may 
be drawn of any great city." 

15. comparentur, are made up. 

16. si quain, sc. adferre. 

Sect. 18. est eorum, consists of those (pred. gen.). 

19. dissolvi, sc. a possessionibus : although they might pay their 
debts, they will not make up their minds to do so. 

20. species, look. — honestissima, very respectable. 

22. argento, plate. 

23. sis, § 311. a\ G. 250; H. 485. — fidem, credit. 

26. tabulas novas, new accounts, i.e. a sweeping alteration of 
debts, such as that, B.C. 86, " which reduced every private claim to 
the fourth part of its nominal amount, and cancelled three-fourths 
in favor of the debtors" (Momm.). 

28. auctionariae : a forced sale would give them new accounts 
by reducing their debts ; but the second tabulae (understood) refers 
to placards advertising the sale of their goods. The whole is a 
coarse jest. 

30. quod, obj. of facere, relating to the forced sale. — neque, 
and not, connects facere and certare. 

31. certare cum usuris (§ 248. U), struggle to meet the iiiterest. 
— fructibus is abl. of means. 

23- uteremur, we should find them. 
35. vota facturi, likely to offer prayers. 

105. Sect. 19. quamquam premuntur : a man must be 
rich in Rome to be active in politics. 
5. scilicet, in fact. 

13. praesentis agrees with decs : will be at hand, and, etc. 

14. jam, at once. 

18. non vident, donH they see? (§ 210. b\ G. 455 ; H. 351 3 ). — 
adepti sint, corresponding in time to the fat. perf. indie. — fugi- 
tive, i.e. one of their own slaves ; for, when law is overthrown, 
brute force will control all. 

Sect. 20. ex eis coloniis :' Sulla rewarded his veterans (120,000 
in number) by grants of land, partly in municipia already existing, 
partly by founding new colonies. 



Catiline II. 113 

23. universas, as a wliole ; civium esse, consist of, etc. 
25. ei sunt coloni, these are colo7iists of this sort (as opposed to 
the general character of the colonies). — beati, wealthy. 

27. lectis, choice. 

28. apparatis, splendid. 

30. Sulla, etc., they must raise Sulla from the dead : they can 
have no such hope in Catiline. 

31. agrestis, farmers, not Sulla's colonists. 

36. illorum temporum, i.e. the times of proscription. — inustus, 
branded. 

106- Sect. 21. sane, rather. 

8. vacillant, stagger wider. — vadimoniis, etc., the three steps 
in bankruptcy, — bail, judgment, and sale of property ; proscriptio 
is properly the public notice that property is for sale. 

10. infitiatores, swindlers, i.e. debtors who deny their obligations. 

•11. stare, keeping their feet. 

Sect. 22. career, the Tidliaiuun, a dungeon near the Forum, 
now existing. It was properly a jail, for temporary detention, as 
imprisonment was not recognized in Rome as a form of punishment. 

22. numero, /« order; genere, ra7ik. 

25. imberbis, a mark of effeminacy ; bene barbatos, a practice 
regarded by respectable Romans as affected, and so foppish; talar- 
ibus. down to the heel ; velis, veils, rather than the substantial 
toga, which was of unbleached wool. 

Sect. 23. saltare et cantare : these accomplishments were 
hardly regarded as respectable in the better classes. 

32. spargere, i.e. in food or drink: poisoning has in all ages 
been carried to a high art in Italy. 

107. his ncctibus : although this was spoken Nov. 9, yet 
the Roman year was at this time in such a state of confusion, 
that the true date was probably some time in December, just 
when the winter was setting in. 

Sect. 24. cchortem praetorium, body-guard. 

12. debilitatam, broken down. 

13. urbes coloniarum, etc. : the colonies and municipia included 



1 1 4 Notes : Cicero. 

their walled cities, urbes, in their territory. These well-manned 
walls would be more than a match for Catiline's rude works. 

15. ornamenta, outfit or equipment of all sorts. 

Sect. 25. ex eo ipso, from the very comparison. 

23. jaceant, lie helpless. 

31. bona ratio, good counsel', perdita, desperate. 

108. Sect. 26. custodiis vigiliisque : see note, Cat. i. § 8. 

4. consultum, etc., provident measures have been take?i. 

5. coloni municipesque : see note on ?nunicipes, R. A. § 5. 
A colony differed from a mnnieipiwn in being founded by Roman 
(or Latin) citizens, who retained from the first their citizenship, 
either in whole or in part. At the time of Cicero all practical 
difference between the two classes of towns had been done away ; 
but the colonies always retained a certain precedence in rank. 

15. vocari videtis : the members of the Senate, had their gather- 
ing place {senaculuni) adjoining the curia, and were summoned by 
heralds (praecones) from this'into the building. If any were absent, 
the heralds were sent to their houses. The curia and senaculnm 
could be seen from the place of assembly on the Forum, and the 
heralds were no doubt noticed going their rounds. 

16. atqueadeo, or rather. 

Sect. 27. monitos volo, § 292. d. — etiam atque etiam, again 
and again. 

20. solutior, too remiss. 

21. quod, etc., as for the rest. 

23. horum and his relate to the citizens by whom he is surrounded, 
and imply a gesture. 

Sect. 28. togato : as the toga was the garb of peace, this word 
means in -peace, or as a statesman, instead of a military commander. 

109. manifestae, overt. 

6. illud, in appos. with ut . . . possitis : / will secure that yon 
shall all be safe. 

Sect. 29. quam urbem . . . hanc, this city which (§ 200. b: G. 
618 ; H. 445 9 ) ; or repeat, that city. 



Catiline III. 1 1 5 

CATILINE III. 

Argument. 

Chap. i. Exordium. The citizens are congratulated on their safety. 
— NarratiQ. 2, 3. The conspirators' plans have been watched; the Callic 
embassy seized with letters, which, with the treasonable leaders, are brought 
before the Senate. — 4. Testimony of Volturcius and the Gauls. — 5. Forced 
confession of Cethegus, Lentulus, and Gabinius. — 6. The Senate decrees 
the custody of the traitors and a general thanksgiving. — 7. Now all is 
safe : Catiline alone was to be feared, and only while in the city. — 
8, 9. The Divine aid manifest in sundry omens; chiefly in the madness of 
the traitors in confiding their counsels to the Gauls. — Peroratio. 10. Ex- 
hortation to keep the thanksgiving : this bloodless victory compared with 
others more costly. — II. Cicero claims no reward but a grateful remem- 
brance. — 12. But he is less fortunate than victors in foreign war, since the 
conquered are still citizens. The State shall be his reward and defence. 

Sect. 1. vitam, lives : the plural could not be used in Latin 
(§ 75- 3 i but compare a, b, c). — bona, estates (landed property) ; 
f ortunas, goods (personal property). 

110. Sect. 2. salutis, preservation. 

n. ilium: Romulus, who, after his death, was considered to be 
a god, and identified with the Sabine god of war, Ouirinus. — urbi, 
etc., dat. following subjectos. 

18. eorum, i.e. the swords. 

Sect. 3. vobis, opposed to in Senatu. 

22. exspectatis, are waiting to hear. 

23. ut, since. 

24. cum reliquisset, having left. 

28. cum eiciebani: notice the tense {at the time I was engaged 
in driving out, etc., also volebam, below), as compared with erupit 
{burst forth, once for all). Notice, also, the difference in mood {at 
the time, etc.), compared with cum reliquisset (not referring to 
time at all, but to circumstance : having left behind, etc.). 

29. ilia, sc. iuvidia. 

31. exterminari {terminus), put oid of the boundaries. 

32. restitissent, in dir. disc, restiterint (fut. perf.). 



1 1 6 Notes : Cicero. 

ill. Sect. 4. oratio, argument ; fidem faceret, gain crede7ice. 
— ■ ut . . . coniprehenderem, that I might get hold of the matter. 

6. Allobrogum: the Allobroges were a Gallic nation, between 
the Rhone and the Alps (in the modern Daufthine and Savoy) ; 
subdued B.C. 121, and united with the province Narbonensis. They 
were restless under their new masters (see § 22), and inclined to 
take up with Catiline's movement. Their ambassadors had come 
to complain of certain exactions of their provincial governor. — 
belli, i.e. when out of the range of the Roman jurisdiction ; tumul- 
tus, rebellion, i.e. when nearer home. 

7. Lentulo, see Introd. : he was consul B.C. 71, but was expelled 
from the Senate the next year, with sixty-three others, on account 
of his character, and now held the praetorship with the view of 
beginning the course of honors over again. 

9. litteris, a letter (see § 79. c). 

15. manifesto deprehenderetur, taken in the act: the words 
apply strictly to the criminals themselves. 

Sect. 5. praetores: although the regular duties of the prae- 
tors were judicial, yet they possessed the imperium, and in virtue 
of this could command troops in the absence of the consuls, or 
under their authority. 

19. qui sentirent, as men who, etc. 

22. pontem Mulvium, the bridge over the Tiber, about two 
miles above the city, by which the principal roads (the Flaminian 
and Cassian) led into north Italy. 

23. inter eos, i.e. between the two divisions. 

26. praefectura : the title given to the lowest class of Italian 
towns which had lost their political independence. 

Roman colonies and municipia (see note, R. A. § 5), being integral 
parts of the civitas Romana, had no independent administration of justice, 
but were under the authority of the praetor urbanus, who sent a praefec- 
tus jure dicundo to act in his name. For this purpose it was usual to group 
several towns together, and the groups thus formed were called praefec- 
turae. After the Social War, which resulted in giving full citizenship to 
the inhabitants of all the Italian towns, these proefecturae were dissolved. 
Jurisdiction in crimes and in the most important civil cases came directly to 
the praetor in Rome, while cases of inferior importance were left to the 



Catiline III. 1 1 7 

municipal magistrates, — duumviri in the older colonies, qaattuorviri in 
the municipia and Sulla's colonies. There still remained, however, a num- 
ber of small towns which, while receiving full Roman citizenship, did not 
receive full rights of local self-government, but continued to have justice 
administered by prefects sent from Rome. The Italian towns, therefore, 
in the last century of the republic, fell into three classes, — coloniae, muni- 
cipia and praefecturae. Beloch, Der italische Band, p. 132. 

26. Reatina : Reate was a very ancient town of the Sabines, 
about forty miles north-east of Rome. Cicero was the pair -onus 
(see note R. A. § 4) of Reate ; that is, acted as its attorney and 
legal counsel : which accounts for his having this body-guard of 
young men from that place. Besides, these simple mountaineers 
still retained something of the old Italian virtues, and therefore were 
well fitted for this service. 

Sect. 6. tertia vigilia : the night, from sunset to sunrise, was 
divided into four equal watches ; this time was about 3 a.m. 

32. res, the occasion of the attack. — ignorabatur, etc. Though 
the Allobroges had played the conspirators false, and knew that the 
consul had his plans ready, they did not know what these plans 
were, and therefore were as much taken by surprise as Volturcius 
himself. Even the troops would appear not to have known what 
special enterprise they were engaged in. 

112! ipsi. the men (as opposed to the letters) . 

3. machinatorum : Gabinius had been the go-between in this 
case ; he and Statilius had had it in charge to burn the city (Sail. 
Cat. 43, 44). 

4. dum, as yet. 

6. venit : having been summoned like the others. 

7. praeter, etc., since Lentulus was notoriously lazy. 

Sect. 7. viris, dat. after placeret, which has for subject lit- 
teras . . . deferrem. 

13. esse facturum governs the clause ut . . . deferrem : it may- 
be rendered : I said I would not fail to lay before the public council 
a matter touching the public danger before it had been ta?npered with 
(integram). 

14. et enim si, for if, you see. 



1 1 8 Notes : Cicero. 

Sect. 8. si quid . . . esset, whatever weapons there were. 

23. introduxi, sc. mSenatum. — fidem publicam, assurance of 
safety : he was to be used as State's evidence. 

25. vix = at length with difficulty. 

27. servorum : in the memory of the terrible servile insurrec- 
tions in Sicily,, and especially that of Spartacus in Italy, less than 
ten years before, this would shock and terrify his hearers beyond 
measure. — ut . . . uteretur (§ 331. a ; G. 546; H. 497. ii.), obj. of 
the verb implied in mandata, etc. 

29. id, in a sort of apposition with ut . . . accederet. 

31. erat, § 336. b\ G. 630. r. 1 ; H. 524 2 . 

H3i Sect. 9. equitatum: the Roman cavalry was chiefly 
composed of Gallic and other auxiliaries (see note on the Eques- 
trian Order, Verr. i. § 1). 

2. defuturas depends on the verb implied in praescriptum. 

3. sibi (copias) refers to the conspirators ; sibi (confirmasse) 
to the envoys of the Allobroges. — f atis : the books bought by Tar- 
quinius Superbus of the Cumaean Sibyl. They were kept in charge 
of a board, collegium, the quindecimviri sacris faciundis, and con- 
sulted in cases of great public emergency. They appear to have 
been the source of the introduction of Grecian rites and forms of 
worship in Rome (Marquardt, Rom. Alt. iv. p. 51). — haruspicum : 
the haruspices were Etruscan soothsayers, who interpreted the 
will of the gods, chiefly from the entrails of animals sacrificed. 
They were a private class, of low standing, and are not to be con- 
founded with the augurs, who were a board of Roman noblemen, 
of high rank, who interpreted the auspices according to the native 
Roman rules, chiefly by the flight of birds, by lightning, etc. 

6. Cinnam, etc. : L. Cornelius Cinna was colleague of Marius, 
and ruled Rome after his death, B.C. 86. L. Cornelius Sulla ruled 
Rome B.C. 82-79 ( see § 24 )- 

7. fatalem, destined. 

9. virginum : the Vestal Virgins, six in number, maidens of 
high rank, consecrated to chastity and the service of Vesta. They 
were peculiarly sacred, and were highly privileged. Violation of 
their vow of chastity was incestus, and was regarded as a prodigium 
of very bad omen. Of the incident referred to here nothing fur- 



Catiline III. 1 19 

ther is known. — Capitolii : the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus (see 
note, Verr. iv. § 15) was burned during the rule of the Marian fac- 
tion, B.C. 83. 

Sect. 10. Saturnalibus : a very ancient festival, in honor of 
Saturnus, the god of seed-sowing, celebrated Dec. 19. During this 
festival every serious business was suspended; and it-was so com- 
plete a holiday that slaves feasted at the same tables with their 
masters. No better opportunity could be found for the outbreak of 
an insurrection than this season of unrestrained jollification. 

14. tabellas, tablets of wood: wax was spread on the inside, and 
on this the writing was scratched with a stilus. When used for 
letters, the tablets were tied about with a linen thread, linum, and 
sealed. 

17. ipsius manu : the ambassadors had made sure to get all the 
conspirators committed in writing except Cassius, who alone had 
the sagacity to keep out of it. 

18. senatui : the Gallic tribes were governed by an aristocracy, 
having a council or senate as its mouth-piece. — sese, etc. : in dir. 
disc, faciam quae vestris legatis confirmavi. 

20. sibi recepissent, had taken upon themselves. 

21. tamen : i.e. notwithstanding the staggering evidence against 
him. 

23. semper . . . fuisse, had always been a fancier of good 
cutlery. 

29. est vero, etc., i.e. you may well recognize it : it is, etc. 

30. avi tui : Cornelius Lentulus, cos. B.C. 162. He was princeps 
senatus, that is, designated by the censors as first man of the Sen- 
ate : an honorary office, held ordinarily by patricians (Momm. Rom. 
Forsch. i. p. 92). 

32. debuit (,§ 288. a, R. ; G. 424; H. 537 1 ), ought to have 
recalled. (The joining of such opposites as muta and revocare is 
called oxymoron, or paradox.) 

Sect. 11. eadem ratione = to the same purport. — si . . . vel- 
let, subj. of indir. disc, (direct, si vultis) ; feci potestatem, I gave 
him leave. 

114. per quern, i.e. who had conducted them. 

6. esset, is (imperf. by seq. of tenses, § 287. d: H. 495. v.). 



1 20 Notes : Cicero. 

Sect. 12. quis sim, etc. This letter is given with slight varia- 
tions by Sallust. 

19. jam, still. 

20. infimorum, i.e. slaves ; see note, § 8. 
Sect. 13. ilia, the following (§ 102. b). 
27. furtim, stealthily (" like thieves "). 
29. indicare, inform against. 

32. a principibus, the leading men : the voting was in the order 
of dignity (see note, Cat. iv. § 1). — sententlae : the views of 
individual senators. 

34. perscriptum : the vote in the Senate merely determined the 
substance of the ordinance, which was afterwards written out in 
regular form by the secretaries, under the direction of the presiding 
officer. (See the form as given on p. 249 of the text.) 

Sect. 14. verbis amplissimis, in the most ample terms. — 
gratiae aguntur, thanks are rendered. 

115. conlegae, C. Antonius : see Introd. Cat. i. 

6. rei publicae consiliis, the public counsels: i.e. his own as 
consul. 

8. cum se abdicasset, after abdicating. Lentulus could not 
properly be called to account during his magistracy, and was there- 
fore compelled to abdicate (see below). 

12. L. Cassium, etc. : these last mentioned had not yet been 
arrested, but Ceparius was caught in his flight and brought back. 

14. pastores : Apulia was, as now, used chiefly for pasturage. 
In the summer, when these broad plains were dried up, the flocks 
were driven to the mountain pastures of Samnium and Lucania. 
These pastoral regions have always been the home of a lawless and 
restless population, prone to brigandage. 

Sect. 15. supplicatio, a day of prayer, proclaimed by the 
Senate, either in thanksgiving, gratulatio, as in the present case, or 
in entreating favor of the gods. Another class, obsecratio, was 
directed by the Sibylline books (see note, § 9), in order to ward off 
some impending calamity. — eorum, i.e. the gods. 

26. meo nomine (a mercantile phrase), on my account. 

27. togato, as a civilian: the toga was the regular dress of the 
Roman in time of peace. None other was authorized to wear it. 



Catiline III. 121 

and the Roman was further required always to wear it when acting 
in a civil capacity. 

29. liberassem : in the decree, liber avit. 

30. hoc interest, there is this difference. — bene gesta, as well 
as conservata, agrees with re publica. 

33. jus, rights. — tamen : he was allowed to resign instead of 
being put to death without resigning (as in the case below). 

36. quae . . . f uerat, what had not been a scruple to Mar ins — a 
scruple which had not prevented M. from (quominus, etc.). 

II6« *l uo minus occideret, to prevent his killing, following 
religio (§ 319. d). — C. Glauciam, see note Cat. i. § 4. 

2. norninatim : i.e. the authority was conferred in general terms, 
by the formula Videant, etc. 

3. privato, as a private citizen. 

Sect. 16. pellebam, was attempting, etc. : see Cat. i., passim. 
14. tam diu, so long only. 

17. consilium = ability to plan. 

18. jam habebat, already had in hand : he had reduced con- 
spiracy to a science. 

Sect. 17. hunc ego : two pronouns are often put together thus 
for antithesis. 

24. callidum, experienced. 

28. depulissem, pushed aside : the image is of averting a crush- 
ing weight (molem), just ready to fall. 

29. non ille, etc.: i.e. as Cethegus did. — Saturnalia, i.e. so 
distant a date. 

30. tanto ante : this praise of Catiline's sagacity is hardly con- 
sistent with his successive schemes of conspiracy, repeatedly foiled 
for now three years (see Cat. i. § 15). — rei publicae, dat. after 
denuntiavisset. 

32. testes, in appos. with both signum and litterae. 
35. manifesto, flagrant. 

||7. hostis (pred. appos.), as a7i enemy. 
SECT. 18. quod . . . potuisse (parenthetical), because, etc. 
ro. cum (correl. with turn vero). while we can guess it, yet still 
more we can almost see it with our own eyes. 



122 Notes: Cicero. 

ii. consilii limits gubernatio in the predicate: to belong to 
human wisdom ; turn (below) answers to cum. 

15. faces, etc. : these omens are such as the Romans observed 
and noted carefully. Livy's history is full of them. 

19. praetermittendum, inadvertently; relinquendum, inten- 
tionally. 

Sect. 19. Cotta et Torquato, consuls B.C. 65, the year in 
which Catiline's conspiracy was first intended to break out. — aera : 
the laws were engraved on bronze tables. Some of these are still 
extant. 

25. ilie . . . Romulus : there is a bronze statue of the wolf suck- 
ling the infants in the Capitoline Museum at Rome, which bears 
marks either of lightning seaming one of its hind legs, or of some 
defect in the casting. Mommsen (Vol. i. p. 608) holds it to be the 
same with that here mentioned, and it is certainly not unlikely. 

23- flexissent : in dir. disc, flexerint, following appropinquare, 
which has a future sense. 

Sect. 20. illorum, the haruspices. — idem (plur.), they also. 

1 1 81 contra atque, opposite to what (§ 156. a ; G. 31 1 ° ; H. 459 ' 2 ). 

3. solis . . . conspiceret : it has been much disputed whether 
the Capitolium, or temple of Jupiter Capitolinus , was on the north- 
eastern or south-western summit of the Capitoline Hill. This pas- 
sage affords a conclusive argument in support of the view that it 
was on the south-western point of the hill. A statue here, facing 
east, would also face {conspiceref) the forum and comitium, which 
would not be the case with one upon the north-eastern point. 

7. conlocandum locaverunt : the regular expression for giving 
out a contract (§ 294. d\ G. 431 ; H. 544. n. 2 ). 

8. illi, of year before last. 

9. consulibus and nobis, abl. abs. expressing the date. 
Sect. 21. praeceps, headstrong; mente captus, insane. 
12. haec omnia, i.e. the universe. 

15. ita is in appos. with caedes . . . comparari. 

16. rei publicae (dat.), against the State. 

22. in aedem Concordiae : one of the principal temples at the 
northern end of the Forum, where the Senate had held its session 
on this day. It was built by the consul L. Opimius, B.C. 121, after 



Catiline III. 123 

his bloody victory over C. Gracchus. One would almost think it a 
piece of satire. 

Sect. 22. quo: abl. of cause: wherefore. — si dicam, if I 
should say (§ 307. b: G. 598; H. 509). 

31. 11011 fereudus, intolerable for arrogance. 

36. ilia, etc. : these words in brackets are a manifest gloss. 

I I9i gens relates here to the Gauls as a whole, not to the Allo- 
broges in particular. 

8. ultro, voluntarily. — patriciis : the patricians were the origi- 
nal citizens of Rome ; and the plebeians, the mass, were their 
clients or dependants, foreign residents, and emancipated slaves. 
When the plebeians, after a contest of more than a hundred years, 
obtained an equality of political rights, the original patrician fami- 
lies still continued to be an hereditary aristocracy, with no political 
privileges, but with the exclusive right to certain positions of mere 
honor and dignity, such as the princeps senatus (see note, § 10) 
and certain priestly offices. All patricians were of course members 
of the new nobility. Of the conspirators, Catiline, Lentulus, and 
Cethegus were patricians. (See note on p. 31, above.) 

Sect. 23. pulvinaria, shrines : properly cushions, upon which 
the statues of the gods were laid, when a feast was spread before 
them. This was called lectistemium, and was usually connected 
with the snpplicatio (see note, § 15). Only certain gods, chiefly 
Grecian, had pulvinaria, and the rite was established by direction 
of the Sibylline books (see note, § 9). — celebratote : the future 
imperative is used on account of its reference to a set fane in the 
future. 

20. duce, in actual command ; imperatore, holding the sover- 
eign power, whether actually commanding that particular operation 
or not. — illos dies : the snpplicatio lasted several days. 

Sect. 24. P. Sulpicium [Rufum], a young man of remarkable 
eloquence, a leader in the reforming party among the aristocracy, 
one of the speakers in Cicero's De Oratore. He was tribune B.C. 
88, and his quarrel with C. Caesar was the first act of the Civil War. 
By his proposition, the command in the Mithridatic War was trans- 
ferred from Sulla to Marius ; and when Sulla refused to obey, and 
marched upon the city, Sulpicius was one of the first victims.' 



1 24 Notes : Cicero. 

27. conlegam : Lucius Cornelius Cinna (see note, § 9). They 
were consuls B.C. 87, after the departure of Sulla for the East, and 
in their dissensions the civil war broke out afresh. The victory of 
Cinna recalled Marius from exile. 

30. lumina : among these were Octavius ; C. Caesar (see above), 
and his brother Lucius ; Q. Catulus, father of the opponent of the 
Manilian law (see below) ; M. Antonius, the great orator ; and the 
pontifex maximus , Q. Scaevola (see note, Verr. v. § 19). 

31. ultus est: to preserve the emphasis, render,' M* cruelty, etc., 
was avenged by Sulla (see note, R. A. § 6). 

33. dissensit, there was a quarrel between, etc. — M. Lepidus, 
father of the triumvir, was consul B.C. 78 (after SuhVs death), with 
O. Catulus, son of the one murdered by Cinna. The scheme of 
Lepidus to revive the Marian party resulted in a short civil war, in 
which he was defeated by his colleague and killed. 

35. ipsius : he was the victim of his own violence, and therefore 
less regretted. 

I20i Sect. 25. commutandam rem publicam, a change of 
government. 

5. tamen, i.e. while those were only political disturbances, yet 
cost a great many lives, this attempt to destroy the commonwealth 
has been put down with little loss. 

10. quale bellum, a war such as. 

13. omnes, etc., everybody except the desperate. 

15. tantum, so much only. 

Sect. 26. mutura, dumb: such as a statue, for example. 

31. eandem diem, etc., the sa7ne period of titne — eternal as I 
hope — is extended at once to the safety of the city, etc 

34. duos civis, Pompey and himself. 

1 2 l Sect. 27. nihil noceri potest, no harm can be done. 

Sect. 28. in honore vestro : honor is used here, as usual, to 
denote external honors (offices) conferred by the people. Holding 
the consulship, he had nothing higher to look forward to. 



Catiline IV. 125 

CATILINE IV. 

Argument. 

Chap. i. Exordium. The question of the traitors' doom must be set- 
tled without regard to Cicero's interest or his household ; his act is its own 
reward. — Propositio. 2, 3. Desperate nature of the conspirators' guilt : it 
is manifest already by clear proof, and condemned already by the action 
of the Senate. — 4. The two opinions: that of Silanus, for death; of 
Caesar, for perpetual imprisonment. — 5. The latter will be least invidious 
to Cicero : its extreme severity. — Contenlio. 6. But in either there can be 
no cruelty : severity to them is mercy to the people. What if the con- 
spiracy had succeeded ! The city to be given over to plunder and confla- 
gration. — 7. The general excitement and alarm. The guilty are to be 
regarded no longer as citizens, but as public enemies. — 8. All classes 
of citizens — even freedmen and slaves — desire the safety of the city. — 
9. Responsibility resting on the Senate : the Consul will not fail them. — 
Peroratio. 10. He cares nothing for himself: his fame is sure. The war 
he has taken up is without end; but the harmony of the State shall be 
unbroken. — 11. Let then remember his political sacrifices; but vote only 
for the welfare and safety of the State. 



As this is the first deliberative oration, delivered in the Senate, con- 
tained in this collection, it will be well to describe the course of a sena- 
torial debate. 

The Senate could be called together by any magistrate possessing the 
civil imperium (regularly the Consul), also by the Tribunes of the Peo- 
ple : the magistrate who summoned it also presided, and laid before- it 
(referre) the business for which it was summoned. He might at this 
point give his own judgment. Then he proceeded to ask (rogare) the 
Senators individually their opinions (sentenlia) . The order was to ask in 
turn the consulares, praetorii, and aedilicii ; that is, those who sat in the 
Senate in virtue of having held these offices respectively. It has been 
disputed whether the senatores pedarii — i.e. those who had held no 
curule office — had the jus sententiae, or right to debate. There are, 
however, numerous instances of their having taken part in discussion. If 
the annual election had already taken place, — which was usually in July, 
six months before the new magistrates assumed their offices, — the magis- 
trates elect, designati, were called upon before their several classes. The 



126 Notes: Cicero. 

princeps Senatus (see note, Cat. iii. § 10) was called upon first of all, 
when there were no consules designati. The presiding officer had it, indeed, 
in his power to vary the order, and honor or slight any senator by calling 
upon him extra or din cm. 

The business was as a rule laid before the Senate in general terms, not 
in any special form for action : each Senator could, as he chose, give his 
judgment in full, by argument (sententiam dicer e), or simply express 
his assent to the judgment of another (verbo assentiri). It was also 
possible for a senator, when thus called on, to give his opinion on any 
other subject not included in the questions referred; but no senator had 
a right to introduce any matter formally by motion, as with us. The vote 
was taken by going on one side or other of the house (discessio). When 
a majority had decided in favor of any sententia, it was written out in 
proper form by the secretaries (scribae), under the direction of the presi- 
dent, in the presence of some of its principal supporters (adesse scri- 
bundd), and promulgated. 

In the present case, —what sentence should be passed upon the captured 
conspirators, — the consul elect, D. Junius Silanus, had advised that they 
be put to death : and C. Julius Caesar, as praetor elect, that they be kept in 
custody. At the end of the discussion, Cicero as presiding consul gave his 
views in this speech. (For the speeches of Csesar and Cato, see Sallust, 
Catiline, ch. 51, 52.) 

Sect. 1. ' si haec, i.e. if the consulship has been given me on 
these terms. 

123. Sect. 2. aequitas : the praetor, who administered jus- 
tice between citizens, had his tribunal upoh the Forum. 

2. campus : the comitia centuriata, in which the higher magis- 
trates were elected (see note, Verr. i. § 18), were held in the Cam- 
pus Martins, north of the city, just outside the walls, — the level 
space in which the modern city is chiefly situated. — auspiciis, 
ablative : as it was only through the auspices taken for the comitia 
that the Campus was consecrated. 

The Roman commonwealth was regarded as resting directly upon the 
will of the gods, expressed in signs sent by them, auspicia. The magis- 
trates alone were authorized to consult the auspices (spectio), which was 
done by special formalities; and the auspices, when observed, were inter- 
preted by a special board {collegium*) of priests called Augurs. All 



Catiline IV. 127 

important public acts were clone auspicate, that is, under authority of the 
auspices; the right of interpreting these was therefore a source of great 
political influence to the board of augurs, which was composed of men of 
the highest rank and distinction. Cicero himself became a member of this 
board ten years after his consulship. The rules of interpretation were 
developed into a special science called jus augurium. Most public acts 
of any kind must be performed auspicate, especially the holding of all 
public assemblies in which business was transacted. Thus the Campus 
was "consecrated by auspices" every time that the comitia centuriata 
were held. The enclosure upon the Campus, called saepta or ovile, in 
which the assembly met, was, like the Curia, or Senate-house, and the 
rostra, or speaker's stand, specially set apart and consecrated as a templum 
(see note, Manil. § 70). 

3. auxilium : the Roman Senate, having the management of 
foreign affairs, was at this time a great court of appeal for subject 
or friendly nations. 

5. sella curulis, the seat used by the curule magistrates, — king, 
interrex, dictator, magister equitum, consul, praetor, censor, and 
curule aedile. It w r as like a modern camp-stool without back or 
sides, with crossed legs of ivory, so that it could be folded up and 
carried with the magistrate wherever he went. 

14. foedissima, horrible, with the added idea of polluting things 
sacred. 

17. fatale, see note, Cat. iii. § 9. 

Sect. 3. pro eo ac mereor, in proportion as I deserve. — rela- 
tiiros gratiam, will reward ("return favor" : cf. Jiabere, agere). 

28. immatura : because an ex-consul had reached the highest 
point of Roman ambition. — misera : the philosophy of the ancients 
professed to make them despise death (see Plato, Apologia, and 
Cicero, Tusc. Quaest. L). 

29. ille ferreus qui, so iron-hearted as. — fratris : his brother 
Ouintus, younger than he, and at this time praetor elect. He served 
with credit in Caesar's Gallic campaigns. 

32. neque . . . 11011, nor can it be but that, etc. — uxor, etc.: 
his wife Terentia ; his daughter Tullia (daughters took the gentile 
name of the father, see § 80. c), married to C. Calpurnius Piso ; his 
son Marcus, now two years old. 

34. amplecti, take in its arms. 



128 Notes: Cicero. 

S24. gener : Piso was not yet a member of the Senate, and 
was probably standing in the lobby. — moveor (emphatic), F am 
affected. 

2. uti sint, [to wish] that, etc. (the verb being implied in 
moveor) ; pereamus is in the same construction as sint. 

Sect. 4. incumbite, bend your energies, a figure taken from 
rowing. 

6. circumspicite, watch for. 

j. Gracchus, etc., see notes, Cat. i. §§ 3, 4. 

io. Memmium : C. Memmius, one of the most upright men of 
his time, and a candidate for the consulship against Glaucia, was 
murdered by instigation of Glaucia and Saturninus (b.c. ioo). This 
led to the separation of Marius from these demagogues, and, on 
their forcible resistance, they were put to death. 

ii. tenentur, are in custody. 

14. signa, seals ; manus, handwriting (see Cat. iii.). 

Sect. 5. judiciis : their acts (here recounted) were their ver- 
dict on the conspirators 1 guilt. 

22. gratias egistis ; compare relaturos, § 3. — singularibus 
verbis, in tmprecedented terms. 

Sect. 6. sed : i.e. though you have in fact decided. 

35. tamquam integrum, as if you had not already expressed 
your judgment. — judicetis, censeatis : respecting the facts, they 
acted as a Court ; respecting the punishment, as a State Council. 

36. ilia consulis, I will say in advance what belongs to [me as] 
the consul: i.e. declare the need of instant action ; what action, 
it is for the Senate to determine. 

!25 a J am pridem videbam, had long seen. 
8. adfinis, implicated. 

11. provincias, especially Spain, with which Cn. Piso had had 
relations. It had not yet become fully reconciled since the overthrow 
of Sertorius, only eight years before. 

12. sustentan&o, forbearance ; prolatando, procrastination. 
Sect. 7. haec (with a gesture), all this. i.e. city, citizens, and 

government. 

18. amplectitur, adopts. 

19. versatur in, exhibits. 



Catiline IV. 129 

22. punctum temporis,yi?r a moment. 

26. mortem, etc., the Epicurean doctrine, espoused by Caesar. 

3 1 . mimicipiis dispertiri, sc. eos in custodiam. 

32. iniquitatem, unfairness, as it might expose them to danger, 
and it would be unjust to choose among so many ; difficultatem, 
embarrassment, since they might decline the service. 

Sect. 8. adjungit, he (Caesar) adds to his proposal. 

I 2 61 sancit, ordains under penalties. 

4. per senatum, by an executive decree ; per populum, by law. 

8. uno, sc. dolore. 

10. itaque, etc., an artful way of making the punishment of 
death seem less cruel : since death is a relief, these myths had been 
invented to give it terror. — videlicet, no doubt. 

Sect. 9. mea, § 222. a : G. 381 ; H. 408 2 . 

17. hanc . . . viam, this course in politics (Caesar's well-known 
course). — popularis, not popular, but devoted to the people, demo- 
cratic: Caesar was now the recognized leader of the party. 

18. auctore (abl. abs.), proposer ; cognitore, sponsor (a legal 
term). 

23. majorum : none of Caesar's ancestors were men of any dis- 
tinction, although some distant relations of the same name were 
prominent in public affairs in the time of Sulla (see note, Cat. iii. 
§ 24). It was, however, one of the oldest patrician families. 

24. obsidem : he is pledged at all events to defend the State as 
against the conspirators. 

26. levitatem, want of principle, i.e. of the steady purpose, or 
stability of character, implied in gravitas. — contionatorum, 
demagogues. 

27. saluti, i.e. not voluntati: their interests, not their capricious 
wishes. 

Sect. 10. non neminem, one or another. 

Here Cicero turns from Caesar, a genuine democrat, to some self- 
seeking demagogue, whom he does not name. No doubt all his hearers 
knew whom he meant; and we are told that it was Q. Metellus Nepos, 
brother of Celer (see Cat. i. § 19), a fugleman of Pompey and an enemy 
of Cicero. He was elected tribune the next year — entering upon his 



1 30 Notes : Cicero. 

office upon the Ides, Dec. 13; and when Cicero, on New Year's day, 
on laying down his office, was about to address the people, Metellus 
forbade it, " declaring it unfit that the murderer of Roman citizens should 
address an assembly of free men. Amidst the uproar which this act ex- 
cited, Cicero could only exclaim, with a solemn adjuration, that he had 
served the State, and the general acclamations of the people overwhelmed 
every opposing whisper." (Merivale.) 

29. de capite : this was properly only in the power of the comi- 
tia cent nr iata. 

31. dedit, decrevit, adfecit : i.e. gave his vote for these acts. 

33. qui has for antecedent the subject of judicarit. 

34. re, the matter (in general) ; causa, the issue to be decided. 

35. C. Caesar: the full name gives emphasis; he does not hesi- 
tate to pass a judgment upon them, equally affecting the caput, — 
i.e. not only the life, but the civil existence, — which was protected 
by the Sempronian law. 

36. Semproniam, see note, Verr. vi. 6. 

1 2 7 1 ipsum latorem, C. Gracchus : he was put to death not 
jussu populi, but in virtue of the dictatorial authority intrusted to 
the consuls by the Senate. But a violation of the law in his case 
did not excuse another on the part of Cicero. 

4. largitorem, etc. : i.e. however lavish, — a symptom of court- 
ing the popular favor. 

6. etiam, still. 

10. se jactare, show hi?nself off (as a friend of liberty). 
Sect. 11. obtinebo, make it appear that it (this opinion). 

21. ita . . . liceat ut, so may I enjoy, etc., as I am [in fact] moved 
by 110 malignity. 

Sect. 12. cum vero : here vero introduces (as often) the most 
striking point. The others are bad enough, but when, etc. 

32. purpuratum, a courtier ; huic (dat. of ref.), of his. 
35. Vestalium, see note, Cat. iii. § 7. 

1 28 1 s i quis, in case any. 

11. universum, common, i.e. belonging to all. The city, as the 
seat of empire, is contrasted with each man's private domicile. 



Catiline IV. 131 

13. id egenmt, have aimed at this: the ut-clause is in appos. 
with id. 

Sect. 13. nisi vero, etc., unless, indeed, any one thought (a 
reductio ad absurduw, as usual with this phrase) . 

L. Caesar (consul B.C. 64) was a distant relative of the Dictator, son 
of Lucius Caesar (consul B.C. 90, the year of the Social War), the author 
of the law giving citizenship to the Italian allies (see note, Arch. § 7). 
The sister of Lucius Caesar (the younger) was married to Lentulus, and 
his mother, Fulvia, was daughter of M. Fulvius Flaccus, the leading 
adherent of C. Gracchus. When Gracchus and Flaccus found themselves 
(B.C. 121) drawn into a collision with the Senate, they sent the young 
son of Flaccus with a proposition of compromise. The Senate, however, 
refused to listen to any terms, threw the messenger in prison, — where he 
was afterwards strangled, — and moved upon the insurgents with all the 
power of the State. In the contest that followed, both leaders, and 
several thousands of their partisans, lost their lives. It was to these 
events that L. Caesar appealed, in justifying his vote in condemnation of 
his brother-in-law Lentulus. 

19. nudius tertius, day before yesterday. 

22. ejus refers to avum. 

23. legatum : of course the informal messenger of insurgents 
could have no claim to the title ambassador, or to the privileges 
which attached to the title, in ancient as well as modern times. 

24. quorum limits factum : understand with simile some word 
describing the present conspiracy (what act of theirs is like this ?). 

25. largitionis . . . versata est, a disposition for lavish grants 
then prevailed in the public policy, leading to violent class-jealousy. 

The plans of C. Gracchus embraced not only a lex frumentaria, allow- 
ing every citizen to buy a certain amount of corn from the State at less 
than half its market rate, and a lex agraria, providing for the distribution 
of public land among the poorer citizens; but also the establishment of 
several colonies, both in Italy and the provinces, the object of which was 
at once to provide poor citizens with land, and to relieve the city, by emi- 
gration of a part of its proletariat. Of these colonies the only ones actually 
established were Junonia, on the site of Carthage, and — after the death 
of Gracchus — Xarbo, Narbonne, in Gaul. 



132 Notes: Cicero. 

27. avus (see note, Cat. iii. § 10) : he was an active supporter of 
the Senate on this occasion. 

33. urbem inflammandam : .according to Sallust, ch. 43, this 
work was assigned to Gabinius and Statilius. 

35. vereamini follows censeo (ironical), as if with ut omitted. 

129. Sect. 15. consentiunt, show their agreement. 

26. ita ut = only to ; lit., with this limitation that. — summam 
ordinis consilique, superiority in rank, and precedence in counsel. 

29. hujus ordinis (i.e. the Senate) limits dissensione in the 
sense of cum hoc, etc. The long contest here alluded to (see note, 
Verr. i. § 1) was at last compromised by the Aurelian law (see 
note, id. § 47). 

3 1 . quam si, etc. , and if we keep this union. — confirmo, / assjcre. 

35. tribunos aerarios, deans of the tribes. The Roman people 
were divided into thirty-five tribes, local and territorial, like wards. 
These tribes were made the basis of the comitia centuriata, as well 
as the comitia tributa, and served also for general administrative 
and financial purposes. From the latter the name tribuni aerarii 
was given to their presiding officers. 

36. scribas : the scribae quaestorii (treasury clerks) formed an 
important and powerful corporation. As they were a permanent 
body, while the quaestors (treasurers) were elected annually, they 
had the real responsibility in the management of the treasury (see 
Momm. Rom. St. i. p. 272). — universos, the whole body. 

130. sortis : the quaestors entered upon office on the Nones of 
December (Dec. 5) ; all other patrician magistrates on the first of 
January. The scribae had therefore come together in order to be 
present while the quaestors drew lots for their provinces (note, 
Verr. i. § il). 

Sect. 16. ingenuorum, free-born. Freedmen, libertini, were 
always regarded as inferior in rank, if not in civil and political 
rights. Even these, however, are shown in the next chapter to be 
interested in the safety of the republic. 

8. operae pretium est, it is worth while. 

9. sua virtute : manumission was very commonly bestowed, as 
the reward of some peculiar merit in the slave. 



Catiline IV. 133 

II. hie nati : i.e. opposed to the slaves, who were as a rule — 
at least city slaves — not born in slavery, but brought from foreign 
countries. 

19. quantum . . . voluntatis, docs not contribute whatever good- 
wilt Jic dare and can to the co?nmo)i safety. 

Sect. 17. circum tabernas, i.e. among the handicraftsmen. 
24. quideni (concessive), to be sure. 
32. instrumentum, stock in trade. 
34. quorum relates to eoruni, four lines above. 
y*). incensis, sc. tabernis. — futurum fuit = fuisset (§ 308. d: 
G. 599. R. :J ). 

131. Sect. 18. praesidia, supports. 

6. obsessa, beset. 

9. arcem et Capitolium: the Capitoline was a saddle-shaped 
hill, having the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus on one elevation, the 
old citadel, arx, on the other. Which was which has been a point 
of much dispute, but one of the arguments will be found in note, 
Cat. iii. § 20, for the view which appears best supported — that the 
Capitotium proper, the height which contained the Capitoline 
temple, was the south-westerly one. The difficulty arises in part 
from the fact that the word Capitoluim is used in three different 
senses — for the temple, the whole hill, and that part of the hill 
containing the temple. 

9. aras Penatium : the Penates were gods of the household and 
the larder (peuus), worshipped by every paterfamilias in his own 
atrium. The State, being developed from the family, had likewise 
its Penates, which were fabled to have been brought by JEnea.s from 
Troy, and established at Lavinium, whence they were transferred to 
Alba Longa, and afterwards to Rome. Their temple was on the 
Velia, the low hill connecting the Palatine and Esquiline. 

10. ignem Vestae : the temple of Vesta (aedes, not tempium, 
not having been consecrated by the augurs) was on the Sacra Via, 
towards the Palatine, — a small round building. Adjoining it was 
the regia, the residence of the Pontifex Maximus, afterwards given 
by Augustus to the Vestal Virgins. 

Sect. 19. in civili causa, in a political question. 

20. quantis . . . delerit : this clause will be best turned into 



1 34 Notes : Cicero. 

English by translating the participles, fundatum, etc., as verbs, 
and delerit as a relative clause, — with how great toil this empire 
was established, which one night, etc. 

I32 t Sect. 20. gesta, abl. abs. with re publica. 

Sect. 21. Scipio : the elder Africanus, who brought the Second 
Punic War to a triumphant close by the battle of Zama, B.C. 202. 
By " carrying the war into Africa,' 1 he forced Hannibal to retire 
from Italy. 

8. alter Africanus : the younger, surnamed ^Emilianus. He 
was son of L. ^Emilius Paulus (mentioned below), and adopted by 
the son of the elder Africanus. He captured Carthage B.C. 146, 
and Numantia, in Spain, B.C. 133. 

10. Paulus : father of the younger Africanus, and, like his son, 
the most eminent and upright man of his generation. He brought 
the Third Macedonian War to a close by the battle of Pydna, B.C. 
168, and led King Perseus captive in his triumphal procession. 

11. currum [triumphalem] : the captives did not go with or be- 
hind the triumphal chariot, but preceded it in the procession. 

13. bis liberavit : by the victories over the German invaders, — 
over the Teutones at Aquae Sextiae (B.C. 102), and the Cimbri at 
Campi Raudii (B.C. 101). 

14. Pompeius : it should be remembered that Pompey was now 
in the East, in the midst of his career of conquest, and that his 
return was looked for with expectancy by all parties. Cicero took 
every means to win the confidence of the great general, and gain 
him over to his views in public affairs ; but to no purpose. After 
some wavering, he associated himself with Caesar, thus giving the 
Senate a blow from which it never recovered, and preparing the 
way for his own downfall. 

Sect. 22. quamquam, and yet. — uno loco, in one respect. 
22. oppressi serviunt, are crushed a?id enslaved. 

133. Sect. 23. pro imperio, in place of: i.e. all these would 
be gained by a foreign command. 

2. neglexi, i.e. by turning it over to his colleague Antonius (see 
Introd. Cat- i •')••" — triurrrpho : by thus surrendering his province, 



Oration for Arc Idas. 135 

he renounced all thought of gaining a triumph, the highest honor 
to which a Roman could aspire. 

4. clientelis hospitiisque : the relation of cliens to patronns 
was that of a subordinate to a superior, carrying with it services on 
the one side and protection on the other ; the hospites were, on the 
other hand, equals, and their connection was one of mutual aid 
and friendship. Foreign states and citizens were eager to form 
such ties with influential Romans, and they were equally advanta- 
geous to the Roman. Of course a provincial governor had peculiar 
opportunities for this. 

5. urbanis opibus, the means afforded by a city life. Such ties 
would be more easily formed by a sojourn in the province ; but 
their value to the provincial consisted in the opportunities for 
protection and assistance which a Roman statesman possessed in 
the city, and which, in a political career, would be especially open 
to him. 

7. pro meis studiis, in reward of my efforts. 
14. satis praesidii, in appos. with the clause si . . . memineritis. 
Sect. 24. eum . . . qui, a consul who, etc. (§ 102. d). — per se 
ipsum praestare, warrant [so far as he may] on his own part. 



ORATION FOR ARCHIAS. 

Argument. 

Chap. i. Exordium. Claim of Archias to Cicero's services, both 
from personal reasons and as a man of letters. — 2. Apology for the 
unusual character of his plea. — Narratio. 3. Early career of Archias : he 
is enrolled as a citizen of Heraclia. — Confirmatio. 4. His technical 
claim: his registry, acts of citizenship, domicile. — 5. Argument from the 
public records. — 6. The case is now closed. But there are other reasons 
why, as a man of letters, he should be admitted. The great service of 
these pursuits to the statesman. — 9. Testimony of famous men in the 
past. — 8, 9. All men recognize the poet's claims : examples. — 10. Greek 
is a surer passport to fame than Latin. Men inferior to Archias have 
been thus honored. — II, 12. Fame is the strongest motive to acts of 
public virtue. — Peroratio. 13. Appeal to the court: summary of Archias' 
claim. 



136 Notes: Cicero. 

PAGE 

134 1 Sect. 1. hujuscerei, i.e. dicendi. 

4. ratio, theoretic acquaintance, contrasted with exercitatio, 
practice. 

7. A. Licinius : following the custom of naturalized foreigners, 
as well as freedmen, Archias had taken the gentile name of his 
noble friends and patrons, the Luculli. Cicero's motive in always 
speaking of him by his Roman name-is obvious. 

10. inde usque, from as far back as that. 

11. principem, master. 

14. a quo relates to huic, which is dat. after ferre; quo relates 
to id : surely, to the ?nan himself from who?n we have received that 
whereby, etc. 

15. ceteris, every body else, whom he could assist (cf. opera) ; 
alios, those few others whom he could save (cf. salutem). 

135. Sect. 2. a nobis, that I speak in this way. — neque, 
and not. 

4. ne nos quidem, etc., not even I have devoted myself to 
oratory alone. 

Sect. 3. quaestione legitima, a court established by law (i.e. 
the Lex Papia, see Introd.). 

10. publiqo, as distinguished from private cases. 

12. severissimos : this old Roman severity was not likely to be 
conciliated by Cicero's praises of literature. 

15. forensi sermone is not used here in its restricted meaning, 
suited to the courts, but, as political speeches were delivered, and 
business transacted, on the Forum, it means rather the ordinary 
style of discourse. — abhorreat, differs widely. 

20. hoc praetore : O. Cicero was himself a poet and man of 
critical taste. — loqui and uti have me understood as subj. 

Sect. 4. Antiochiae : Antioch was the largest and most impor- 
tant of the cities of the Roman Empire in Asia. It was founded by 
Seleucus Nicator, first king of Syria, about B.C. 300. 

34. urbe, see § 184. c\ G. 412. R. 2 ; H. 353 2 . 

36. contigit, sc. ei, i.e. Archias. — post, afterwards. 

1 36 1 Sect. 5. tunc, at that time. This was the long period 
of comparative quiet between the Gracchan disturbances (B.C. 133- 



Oration for Arc/iias. 137 

121) and the tribunate of Drusus (r.c. 91, see note, § 9), followed 
by the Social War and the civil wars of Marius and Sulla. 

6. Latio : not the geographical Latium merely, but including all 
towns which at that time possessed Latin citizenship ; that is, the 
Latin colonies, such as Venusia, the birth-place of the poet Horace. 

8. Tarentini et Regini : see note, Verr. vii. § 21. 

9. Neapolitani : Xeapolis. tyaples ; was a Greek city, founded by 
Cumae. but not as an independent civitas, therefore merely called 
the new-town (of Cumas). 

12. abseii tibus : people at a distance. 

13. Mario et Catulo (coss. B.C. 102) : of these, Marius was 
renowned for his exploits, while Catulus was a good officer, and" also 
a man of culture. He was father of the Catulus who opposed the 
passage of the Manilian Law. 

14. eos, i.e. men of that stamp. 

16. Luculli : Lucius, the one who fought against Mithridates, 
and his brother Marcus : both of them belonged to the highest 
ranks of the aristocracy, and were men of distinguished taste and 
culture. 

17. praetextatus : Roman boys wore the toga praetexta, i.e. 
with a broad purple border, which was also worn by magistrates. 
On entering upon manhood, at about the age of sixteen, the prae- 
texta was laid aside, and the toga virilis, a plain robe of unbleached 
wool, was assumed. The shape of the toga seems to have been 
an elongated semicircle, but its dimensions varied much at different 
periods. 

18. sic etiam hoc : the sentence is incomplete. Read, This 
qitality of genius [zuas so marked~\ that, etc. 

Sect. 6. Metello Numidico : the most distinguished member 
of this family (see note, Verr. i. § 21), cousin of Balearicus (see 
R. A. § 50). He was predecessor of Marius in the war against 
Jugurtha, and from this service in Numidia received his agnomen. 

23. Aemilio, sc. Scauro : see note, Verr. i. § 52. — Catulo: 
see note, § 5. 

24. L. Crasso : the most distinguished orator of his time, a man 
of genius and culture (see note, Verr. v. § 19) : he died B.C. 91. 

25. Drusum (M. Livius), tribune, B.C. 91, in which year he 
attempted to carry through a series of moderate reforms, in which 



138 Notes: Cicero. 

he was aided by Crassus and other eminent men. He met with the 
most bitter opposition, especially from L. Philippus (see Manil. § 
62), and was at last assassinated. — Octavios : see Cat. iii. § 23. 
— Catonem : probably father of the famous Cato of Utica. — 
Hortensiorum : the orator Hortensius was distinguished for the 
elegance of his taste and the luxuriousness of his life. 

29. si qui = " those (if there were any) who,'' etc. 

30. cum M. Lucullo : probably on some private business, as 
Lucullus was at this time not much over twenty years old. 

32. Heracliam : an important Greek city, on the southern coast 
of Lucania. In the war with Pyrrhus it fought on the side of the 
Romans, and entered (b.c. 278) into an alliance of the closest and 
most favorable character (aeqiiissimo jure ac foedere). 

137. Sect. 7. Silvani, etc.: the Lex Plautia-Papiria of 
B.C. 89. The law is quoted in indir. disc, but the main clause is 
left out, being embraced in data est, etc. 

The most thoughtful Romans had long been of the conviction that it 
was necessary to extend the citizenship to the Italian allies, and thus in- 
clude these vigorous and sound communities within the Roman system. 
C. Gracchus first proposed reforms in this direction, and they were the 
most important part of the scheme of Drusus (B.C. 91), who for this pur- 
pose entered into close political relations with leading Italians. When his 
death destroyed all hope of peaceful reform, the Italians had recourse to 
arms, in the Social or Italian War (B.C. 90-89); and, although they were 
unsuccessful in the field, the objects they had aimed at were gained. The 
Lex Julia, of L. Caesar (cos. B.C. 90), bestowed the citizenship upon all 
who had remained faithful (including all the Latins, see note, § 5) ; and 
the Lex Plautia-Papiria, of the tribunes M. Plautius Silvanus and C. 
Papirius Carbo (not to be confounded with his infamous cousin Gnaeus, the 
Marian leader after the death of China) , extended it to other Italian com- 
munities. These towns now exchanged their independence for Roman 
citizenship, and became incorporated with the Roman republic; though 
many of them, as Heraclea, hesitated about making the change, and did 
it with great reluctance. They lost all rights of independent government 
(such as that of coining money, the jus exsilii, etc.). Latin became the 
official language; justice was administered by Roman law; and in most 
cases their government was organized on the model of Rome, having duum- 



Oration for Archias. 139 

viri for consuls, and a curia for the Senate. The passage here given 
from the Plautian-Papirian law contains its application to citizens of foreign 
birth, like Archias. 

3. ferebatur, was proposed. It was not left possible for any 
aliens to take advantage of the law by obtaining Italian citizenship 
for this purpose. — domicilium : domicile, or permanent residence. 

4. essent professi, had declared their intention. — Q. Metellum 
[Pium], praetor, B.C. 89: the most eminent living member of this 
family, and one of the leaders of the aristocracy. 

Sect. 8. tabulas, archives. The tabularinm, as at Rome, was 
the building where the archives were kept. 

22. municipii : since the bestowal of the Roman citizenship, the 
Italian civitates had become Roman municipia (see note, R. A. § 5). 

Sect. 9. civitatem datam : i.e. by the law before cited. 

29. conlegio : since the praetors were elected as a body, their 
special functions being determined by lot, they may be regarded as 
a collegium, or " board, " in those few cases in which they are re- 
garded as a whole, and their special and individual powers do not 
come into consideration (Momm. Rom. St. i. p. 63). In this case 
it would seem that the names might be entered with any one of 
the praetors. 

30. Appii (Claudii : the name Appius was confined to the Claud- 
\2i.vi ge?is~) , husband of Caecilia, the friend of Roscius (see note, R.A. 
§ 50), and father of the infamous Clodius. Claudius and Gabinius 
alone are mentioned as colleagues of Metellus, probably because 
the provinces of all the other praetors carried them away from Italy ; 
for, before the time of Sulla, when it was made their duty to remain 
in the city during their term of office, and govern provinces only as 
pro-pr&tors (see note, Yerr. i. § 12), it was the custom for all but 
the praetor urbanus, the praetor per egrinus, and the praetor rep *e- 
tundarum to administer a province during their year of office as 
praetors. 

32. damnationem : he was condemned some years later for ex- 
tortion on complaint of the Achaeans. 

35. L. Lentuium : nothing further is known of him ; he probably 
presided over a court (Judices) to determine cases involving citizen- 
ship under the new law. 



1 40 Notes : Cicero. 

138. Sect. 10. multis and praeditis are dat. after impertie- 
bant ; arte, abl. after praeditis. 

7. Graecia, i.e. Graecia Magna, the Greek cities of Italy. — credo 
(ironical), I suppose. 

8. Locrensis : Locri Epizephyrii, a Greek city near Rhegium. — 
quod relates to id, which is governed by largiri understood ; huic, 
Archias. 

10. ingenii limits gloria, which depends on praedito. 

11. civitatem datam, i.e. by the Lex Plautia-PapiiLa ; legem 
Papiani, see Introduction. 

13. illis, sc. tabulis, i.e. of Tarentum, Rhegium, and Neapolis. 
Sect. 11. census : the list of citizens made out by the censors. 

The censors were two in number, elected from men of consular dignity, 
originally at a minimum interval of four years (Momm. Rom. Chron. p. 
164), afterwards once in five years, — the interval called a lustrum, — and 
holding office for eighteen months. They ranked as magistratus majores, 
but did not possess the imperium, and had no power to convene either 
the Senate or an assembly of the people. Their functions were — 1, to 
inspect the registry of citizens of every class and order (see note, § 28) ; 
2, to punish immorality, by removal from the Senate, the equestrian cen- 
turies, or the Tribe (see note, Verr. i. § 18), — nota censoria, infamia, 
ignominia ; 3. the general superintendence of the finances (giving out 
contracts for collecting the revenues, see note, Verr. i. § 13), and of the 
public works. In the intervals of the censorship, these last were under 
the care of the cediles (see note, Verr. i. § 36). Sulla tacitly abolished the 
office of censor, but it was revived in the consulship of Pompey and Cras- 
sus, B.C. 70 (see note, Verr. i. § 54). The censors between the passage 
of the Lex Plautia-Papiria and the case of Archias were : — 

B.C. 89. Lucius Caesar and Publius Crassus. 

B.C. 86. Q. Marcius Philippus and M. Perperna. 

B.C. 70. Lucius Gellius and Gnseus Lentulus. 

B.C. 65. The elected censors, Catulus and Crassus, could come to no 
agreement, and abdicated. They are therefore not mentioned here. 

15. est obscurum (ironical), it is not generally known. 

16. proximis, the last (Gellius and Lentulus). 

17. apud exercitum, in the war against Mithridates : see oration 
for Manilian Law. 



Oration for Archias. 141 

18. in Asia: this was in the first Mithridatic war, in which 
Lncullus served as quaestor to Sulla. 

20. quoniam, etc. : i.e. even in the census lists there might be 
fraudulent names. 

24. esse versatum (sc. eum), had availed himself of: this 
clause is the obj. of criminaris. — testamentum, etc., acts which 
no foreigner could do. 

26. in beneficiis,etc. : his name was reported for a gratuity, i.e. 
on the ground of some special merit. 

Sect. 12. suppeditat, he supplies. Its obj. is the clause ubi 
. . . conquiescant. 

33. suppetere has for subject the clause quod . . . rerum. 

36. contentionem, strain. 

1 39. a( ^ communem fructum, to the general advantage. 

6. nullius tempore, the needs of no one ; i.e. as a client. 

7. aut otium, either, etc. 

Sect. 13. ceteris follows conceditur ; temporum limits 
quantum, which relates to tantum. — ceteris (dat. after concedi- 
tur), alii : i.e. everybody spends time on his own business or recre- 
ation ; some on dissipation and gaming. 

13. tempestivis conviviis, early dinners, i.e. beginning by 
daylight, or in business hours, — a mark of luxury and idleness. 

18. quae, i.e. the ability to speak. 

20. ilia, i.e. the moral character resulting from the praecepta, 
mentioned below: obj. of hauriam. 

Sect. 14. honestatem, honor. 

26. parvi, of slight account. 

31. accederet, were brought to them, were thrown upon them. 

32. imagines, portraits. 

140. Sect. 16. Africanum, Scipio the younger (TEmilianus) : 
C. Laelius was his most intimate friend, a man of line culture. L. 
Furius Philo was also a great friend of literature. 

18. Catonem : M. Porcius Cato, called the Censor, was one of 
the leading men of Rome in the first half of the second century 
B.C. : a shrewd, hard-headed Roman, full of prejudices, and priding 



142 . Notes: Cicero. 

himself on his blunt manners. He was a distinguished antiquarian, 
and wrote books on antiquities and agriculture. 

18. senem : he gives the name to Cicero's dialogue on Old Age 
(Cato Major). 

24. ceterae, sc. animi adversiones. 
27. adversis [rebus], dat. with praebent. 

Sect. 17. Roscii : Q. Roscius, the most eminent actor of his 
time, defended by Cicero in a speech which is still extant. 

J4I. Sect. 18. novo genere : the praise of letters is an inno- 
vation upon the formal proceedings of the court. 
9. revocatum [hunc], subj. of dicere. 
15. sic accepimus, we have learned this (ceterarum . . . inflari). 

19. Q. Ennius, almost the earliest name in Roman literature. 
He was a native of Rudiae in Magna Grascia, but wrote in Latin 
(born B.C. 239). His principal work was the Annates, an epic poem 
upon Roman history. He also wrote tragedies and other works. 

Sect. 19. Homerum, etc. : Colophon, Chios, and Smyrna were 
Ionian cities of Asia Minor; Salamis an island near Athens. The 
names of the cities thus claiming Homer are given in the following 
hexameter verse : — 

Smyrna, Chios, Colophon, Salamis, Rhodos, Argos, Athenae. 

142. Cimbricas res : the war with the Cimbri and Teutones, 
who invaded Italy and were at length defeated by Marius : the latter, 
B.C. 102; the former, 101. 

2. durior : Marius was a rude and illiterate soldier. 

Sect. 20. Tliemistoclem : the great Athenian statesman and 
general, who won the battle of Salamis, in the second Persian inva- 
sion (b.c. 480), and afterwards, by his skilful policy, raised Athens 
to its greatest height of power. 

9. L. Plotium, a Roman teacher of rhetoric. 

Sect. 21. For. the statements in this section, see oration for 
Manilian Law. 

20. ejusdem, i.e. Lucullus. 

22. nostra, as ours (pred.), agreeing with pugna. 
26. quae, these things (just mentioned) : quorum limits ingeuiis, 
and refers to eis. 



Oration for Arckias. • 143 

Sect. 22. Africano superior! : the conqueror of Hannibal. 

29. in sepulcro Scipionum : this tomb, on the Appian Way, 
has been discovered, and in it a bust of pcperi)io (not marble), 
which has by some been supposed to be that of Ennius, referred to 
here. It now stands upon the sarcophagus of Scipio in the Vatican 
museum. Perhaps, however, in here means on. 

2,2. hujus : M. Porcius Cato, called Uticensis, from his killing 
himself at Utica after Caesar's victory. Cato the Censor was his 
great-grandfather. 

34. Maximi, etc. : O. Fabius Maximus, " the shield of Rome, 11 
in the Second Punic War; M. Marcellus, "the sword of Rome 11 
(see note, Verr. v. § 6) ; O. Fulvius Flaccus, a distinguished officer 
in the same war. — ilium, Ennius. 

143. Heracliensem : Heraclia (see note, § 6) is here scorn- 
fully compared with the insignificant Rudiae. 

Sect. 23. Graeca leguntur, Greek is read. 

9. quo {whither} relates to eodem; cupere governs the clause 
quo . . . penetrare : we ought to desire that wherever, etc. 

1 1. populis, dat. after ampla, a noble thing for them. 

Sect. 24. Sigeuni, a promontory near Troy. 

21. Magnus, i.e. Pompey. 

23. Mitylenaeum : Mitylene was an ^Eolian city in the island 
Lesbos, the home of the famous lyric poets Alcaeus and Sappho. 

Sect. 25. civitate donaretur, § 225.^; G. 348; H. 384. ii. 2 . 

30. donaret, sc. civitate. 

31. quern, subj. of jubere, below. 

32. de populo, of the people, i.e. of low birth. 

^. quod fecisset, which he had made as an epigra?u (poetical 
address) to him. 

34. tantummodo, i.e. this was its only poetical merit. 

35. eis rebus : i.e. confiscated goods. Apparently a commander 
could take out from the booty anything he desired to bestow upon a 
soldier as a reward (hence praemium) ; and here the confiscated 
goods are treated in the same manner. 

144. Sect. 26. Cordubae, at Cordova in Spain: later the 
birth-place of Seneca and Lucan. 



144 Notes: Cicero. 

8. pingue atque peregrinum, clumsy and outlandish. 
n. prae nobis ferendum, to be emphasized. 
12. optimus quisque, § 93. c. 

15. in eo ipso, in the very act. 

16. predicari, nominari, impersonal. 

Sect. 27. Brutus : D. Junius Brutus (cos. B.C. 138) conquered 
the Lusitanians (of Portugal). 

18. Attii: L. Accius (Attius), a tragic poet, distinguished for 
vigor and sublimity, born B.C. 170 : he lived long enough for Cicero 
in his youth to converse with him. 

20. Fulvius : M. Fulvius Nobilior (cos. B.C. 189) subdued /Etolia. 
He was distinguished as a friend of Greek literature, and built, from 
the spoils of war, a temple to Hercules and the Muses. 

22. prope armati, having scarce laid aside their arms. 

24. togati, see note, Cat. iii. § 15. 

Sect. 28. quas res, i.e. the suppression of Catiline's conspiracy. 

33. adornavi, I supplied him with materials (i.e. facts). 

145. Sect. 30. parvi animi (gen. of quantity), mean-spirited. 

17. imagines, busts (see note, Verr. v. § 15). 

24. afutura est (absum), shall be void to my sense. 
Sect. 31. vetustate : i.e. long continued friendship (see § 5). 
— convenit, it is fitting, i.e. id existimari. 



EXILE OF CICERO. 
Argument of the Oration for Sestius. 

[Omitted portions in brackets.] 

Chap, [i, 2. Exordium. Good citizens are exposed to attacks of the 
lawless: Cicero will undertake their defence. — Narratio. I. 3-6. Past 
life and services of Sestius, especially during Catiline's conspiracy.] — 7. 
Clodius goes over to the plebs, to forward his attack on Cicero. — 8-16. The 
consuls, Gabinius and Piso, his tools: their character; they abandon the 
state to Clodius. — n-13- General grief at the attack on Cicero: [Sestius 
is accused as his friend]. — 14-16. Clodius's reign of terror: why Cicero 
yielded to the storm. — 17, 18. The Triumvirate; their studious neutrality. 
— 19-23. Should he have resisted? His enemies were fellow-citizens. 



Exile of Cicero. 145 

He feared not death; but his example was needed to encourage resistance. 

— [II. 24, 25. Acts after his departure: assignment of provinces; censo- 
rial power abolished; club-law. — 26-28. Foreign affairs: confiscation of 
Ptolemy's kingdom ; Cato, Cicero's friend, sent out to consummate the 
villany. — 29. Contrast in former examples. — 30. The consuls are a party 
to the crime and disgrace.] — 411. 31. At length Pompey takes up Cicero's 
cause: decrees of the Senate and public feeling in his favor. — 32. Eight 
tribunes propose his recall; Lentulus espouses his cause. — ^^, 34. The 
new year: the new consuls are his friends; Senators speak in his behalf. 

— 35-37. A law is proposed for his return; riot and violence in the 
Forum; Sestius abstains from force; he is attacked and left for dead. — 
38. Had Sestius been killed, he would have been honored and avenged. 

— 39. The story of violence. — 40, 41. Action of Milo, who is assailed by 
Clodius, and defends himself with armed guards. — [42. Sestius had the 
same right to defend himself. — 43. Wretched state, when such things are 
necessary ! — 44. Milo is prosecuted by Clodius for illegal violence : he is 
not suffered to retaliate. — IV. 45, 46. The two classes {iiaiiones) in the 
State. The optima tes : they are the true national party; their defence is an 
honorable service. — 47. Violence of their opponents : the better sort are 
more lukewarm. — 48,49. Formerly there were genuine party differences 
(the Gracchi) : now only personal struggles, maintained by hired ruffians. 

— 50. The optimates are the true party of the country. — 51. This is shown 
in the comitia. — 52. The populares are really enemies of the people. — 
53, 54. This is shown in the elections and public games. — 55—59. Popu- 
lar feeling testified for Cicero and his friends in the theatres and gladia- 
torial shows.] V. 60. In this state of popular feeling, Cicero cannot refuse 
to return. — 61-63. The Senate and Pompey advocate his recall: also 
other leading men; the Italians; his return is a perpetual triumph; all 
classes join in the enthusiasm. — [63, 64. The optimates are not a class by 
birth, as Vettius claims: he, though a noble, leads in the opposition]. — 
Peroratio. 65, 66. Young men are exhorted to stand by the Senate : those 
who do this are optimates, whatever their birth. — 66-68. This glory costs 
envy and hatred; but patriotism has its reward. — 69. Appeal to the jury 
to save Sestius if they wish Cicero saved, with whose cause his own is 
identified. 

PAGE 

148. fuerat . . . cum, that year had passed in which, etc. : the 
year of Caesar's consulship, and of the plebeian adoption of Clo- 
dius. The words immediately preceding are, Sed necesse est, ante- 



146 Xotes : Cicero. 

quam dc tribunatu P. Sestii dicer c incipiam, me totum superioris 
aniii reipublicae naiifragiiim exponere ; in quo colligendo, ac refici- 
enda sahcte comnuini, omnia reperie7itur P. Sestii dicta, facta, con- 
silia versata. (For the tense, compare § 279. a\ G. 228 x \ H. 476, 
and notice the emphasis in fuerat.) — ignari rerum, inexperienced. 
4. re quidem vera, but in truth. — traductione, transfer. This 
word seems to imply some fling at the irregularity of the proceed- 
ing by which Clodius, a man of forty, was adopted as son by a 
youth of twenty. The correct legal term is transitio. 



A patrician who wished to hold the plebeian office of tribune, which 
was the great engine of political power, might make a formal renunciation 
of the privileges of his rank : in this case, being no longer a patrician, he 
of course belonged to the commonalty, ox plebs. This was called transitio 
ad ptebem (Momm. Rom. Forsch. i. p. 124), and the formal act by which 
it took place was called detestatio sacrorum (renunciation of the sacred 
rites). Clodius attempted this simple process B.C. 60, but was prohibited 
for some reason by the consul, Metellus Celer, and the next year became 
a member of the plebs by adoption into a plebeian family. 

It was a common practice in Rome, if a family was in danger of becom- 
ing extinct, to adopt a young man of some other family, who now stood to 
his adoptive father precisely as his own son; and although it might be 
that he was not cognatus (blood relation), yet he was recognized as agnatus 
(descendant in the male line. See Maine, Ancient Law, p. 125). The 
most familiar example of this is Scipio Africanus the younger, whose agno- 
men, ^Emilianus, indicates that he was by birth a member of the yEmilian 
gens. If the person adopted was sui juris, that is, had been freed from 
the patri a potestas of his father, by his father's death or in any other way, 
the adoption was called adrogatio. It was an act of great formality, and 
the circumstances must first be examined by the pontifices, to make sure 
that the sacra of the person adopted should suffer no loss, and that the 
person adopting had no hope of legitimate heirs. The act must then be 
submitted to the Comitia of the curiae, — an ancient division of the people, 
originally purely patrician, but afterwards embracing plebeians also (Momm. 
Rom. Forsch. i. p. 140). This assembly had been superseded for all prac- 
tical purposes by those of the centuries and tribes (see note, Verr. i. § 18), 
but was still kept up for a few formal acts, as this of adrogatio, and the 
annual law conferring the imperium — lex curiata de imperio. It was so 
far a mere formality that for the latter purpose the thirty Curiae were repre- 



Exile of Cicero. 147 

sented by thirty bailiffs (lictores). When the curiae met merely to witness 
an act, as a will, or detestatio sacrorum, the assembly was held in the Curia 
Calabra on the Capitoline, and was called comilia calala. 

The consul Gesar, being also pontifex maximus, managed the whole 
affair for his tool, Clodius; and the adoption was clearly and ostentatiously 
a farce. A senator of nearly forty was adopted by a young married man 
of twenty named Fonteius — obviously in complete violation of the spirit 
of the institution. Hence, and by reason of some other gross informali- 
ties, Cicero sedulously speaks of it as invalid, from which it would result 
that the tribunate of Clodius was illegal, and all his laws null and void. 

Again, if it had been a genuine adrogatio, Clodius must have taken the 
name of his adoptive father, while in the case of transitio ad plebem the 
patrician name was preserved. The fact that Clodius kept his name, 
proves that the ceremony of adoption was only a subterfuge, resorted to 
on account of some scruple of Metellus. 

6. acrius . . . inimici = a far bitterer ene?ny of peace, etc. (§ 234. 
d\ G. 356. R. 1 ; H. 391- ii- 4 )- 

7. multis repugnantibus, while many opposed. 

8. Pompeius : as one of the coalition, Pompey had presided, as 
augur, at the auspices of the adoption, and so laid Clodius under 
personal obligation. — cautione, etc., security, pledge, and protest 
(under oath). 

10. esse facturum, indir. disc, after the verb implied above. — 
quod . . . foedus . . . nisi, etc., which bargain that villain, born of 
the rottenness of every crime, thought he coidd not violate enough, 
without alarming by his own perils the very 7nan (Pompey) who 
had taken security (cautorem) against another 's danger. 

Sect. 2. fuit (emphatic), there was, surely. — consules, i.e. 
those of the next year : A. Gabinius, proposer of the Gabinian Law 
(see Introd. to Manil. Law), and L. Calpurnius Piso, father-in-law of 
Caesar. 

16. hocine ut, exclam. question (§ 332. c\ G. 560; H. 486. ii.). 

18. ad delendum, etc., only for the sake of, etc. 

21. insignibus, i.e. the sella curulis, toga pr&texta, etc. 

149. Sect. 3. alter, i.e. Gabinius, the same who is praised in 
the speech for the Manilian Law (§ 58). — adfiuens, d7'ippiug. — 
calamistrata, frizzled : the calamistrum is a crimping-iron. 



148 Notes : Cicero. 

2. conscios, etc., translate, the partners of his vices and the old 
corrupters of his youth. 

3. puteali . . . inflatus : A puteal was an enclosure erected upon 
a spot struck by lightning : it received its name (well-curb) from its 
being open at the top like a well. Such a puteal stood near the 
eastern end of the Forum, and near it a tribunal for the adminis- 
tration of justice was erected by L. Scribonius Libo (probably praetor 
peregrimis, B.C. 204), from which it was called Puteal Libonis. A 
circular foundation, probably to be identified with this, has recently 
been uncovered between the temple of Vesta and that of Castor. 
(This puteal is not to be confounded with that under which the 
razor and whetstone of Attius Navius were buried, which was upon 
the Comitium.) This passage may be explained to mean, puffed up 
by his intimacy with the tribunal, and the hosts of usurers ; refer- 
ring to the desperate indebtedness, of which Gabinius (as Cicero 
would insinuate) was rather proud. 

4. Bcyllaeo, the dangerous rock in the Sicilian strait (fretu) : as 
if one should say, foundering in that i?iaelstrom of debt. — aeris 
alieni, lit. other men's money. 

5. colunmam, the columna Maenia at the western end of the 
Forum, near the Mamertine prison. Here the triumviri capitales, 
or police commissioners, exercised judgment, and upon it the names 
of fraudulent debtors were posted. 

Gabinius had escaped the Scylla of the puteal and the Charybdis of the 
Columna, only by running into the harbor of the tribunate (B.C. 67). The 
Gabinian Law of his tribunate served to repair his broken fortunes, and 
start him in his political career. In another passage Cicero declares that 
it was only the success of his law against the pirates that saved Gabinius 
from turning pirate himself. After his consulship, Gabinius went as pro- 
consul to Syria, and on his return, B.C. 54, was accused of majestas, ambi- 
tus, and repetundae. He was condemned on the last count, and went 
into exile. 

6. tribunatus (gen.) : because a magistrate was not liable to 
arrest. 

7. operis, artisans, of the lowest class. 

8. ab eis ereptum ne, etc., rescued by them — i.e. by their votes 



Exile of Cicero. 149 

in the comitia — so as not (§ 319. a ; G. 543. r.' 2 ; H. 498) to stand 
trial for bribery. 

9. invito senatu, in spite of the Senate. 

By a law of C. Gracchus, the Senate determined in advance the prov- 
inces of the two consuls, who then drew lots for them. A law, therefore, 
like the. Gabinian and Manilian, or that which gave Ceesar his proconsul- 
ship of Gaul, infringed on the legitimate authority of the Senate. By the 
law here referred to, Gabinius got the rich province of Syria, in place of 
Cilicia, — a province which would have demanded more work and given 
less opportunity to plunder. 

11. incolumem, safe from bankruptcy. 
Sect. 4. alter, i.e. Piso. 

14. barbatis = old-fashioned. The old Romans wore long 
beards: the custom of shaving came in about B.C. 300. — exem- 
plum, speci?nen. 

15. columen, prop. — diceres, yon would say : properly a future 
apodosis (dicas) thrown back into the past (§ 311. c. r.). 

16. nostra, the dull {fused) native dye in his praetexta and latics 
claims (the broad stripe up and down the front of the tunic), as 
opposed to the imported murex, which was fashionable and costly. 

18. imaginis, etc., a sneer at his ambition for the jus imaginum 
(see Verr. i. 15), which he could earn only in some such subordi- 
nate office. — duumviratum, see note on Or. for Arch. § 7. — 
Seplasiam, a place ( platea) at Capua, where hair-dressers had 
their shops, and cosmetics were sold. So shock-headed a magis- 
trate would certainly, it was feared, abolish the business. 

20. supercilium.yrtfw//, as if a sign of dignity. 

21. pignus : with an eyebrow like that, the republic was surely 
safe ! 

22. oculo : sundry allusions seem to show that Piso had a defect 
in one eye. If so, Cicero was not the man to spare the sneer. 

Sect. 5. tamen, after all. 

25. labi atque caeno, pestilent and dirty fellow. 

26. me dius fidius, sc. juvet. The god of faith was an old 
Latin deity, commonly invoked in oaths. His Sabine name, Semo 
Sancus, has the same meaning. 



150 Notes: Cicero. 

31. adfinem : Piso was a relative of Cicero's son-in-law, C. Piso 
Frugi, a promising young man, who died during Cicero's exile. 

Sect. 6. alter, i.e. Gabinius. — quis arbitraretur, who could 
have supposed that such a 7nan could hold the tiller and manage the 
helm ? 

36. diuturnis tenebris, daylight darkness. 

150. lustrorum ac stuprorum, dens of infamy : lustrum is 
a lair of wild beasts. 

3. alienis, i.e. of the triumvirs. — non modo, etc., not only too 
tipsy to see the coming storm, but even to open his eyes to the un- 
wonted daylight. (In this expression ne negatives both clauses.) 
After carousing all night, he must needs sleep all day. 

Sect. 7. plane, etc., utterly in every way. 

7. blanda consiliatricula, a flattering co?nmendation, in appos. 
with nobilitate, high birth. The Calpurnii were plebeian, but of a 
very ancient and noble house. 

11. etiam mortuorum, even when dead. 

12. tristem, austere ; subhorridum, rather rough. 

14. eo nomine . . . frugalitas : one of the family names of the 
Pisos was Frugi, which means thrifty. 

16. vocabant, encouraged. — materni generis: Piso's mother 
was Calventia, daughter of a Gaul who had come to Rome as a 
trader. 

Sect. 8. ipse . . . sensi, 7, as well as the state, have found (by 
experience). 

20. levem, unprincipled (opp. to gravis : see note on Cat. iv. 
§ 9). — falsa, i.e. his good reputation arose from a false judgment. 

21. sciebam, [though] I knew all along. 

23. obstructio, veil] properly, a wall built to hide (as the " cur- 
tain 11 of a fort). 

24, perspici, seen through. 

Sect. 9. videbamus, i.e. we all saw, contrasted with qui . . . 
intuebantur. — inclusas (i.e. in-doors), secret. 

29. philosophos nescio quos, philosophers, so-called: i.e. Epi- 
cureans, whom Cicero never loses an opportunity to flout. 

32. cujus, i.e. voluptatis. 

33. verbum, the very name of it. 



Exile of Cicero. 1 5 1 

35. sapientis (ace.) . . . facere, that the wise do all things for 
their own advantage-. 

36. bene sanum, a man of sense. The Epicureans held that a 
wise man ought not to engage in public affairs ; while the Stoics 
taught that philosophy should be used in the service of the state. 

151. eos 9. u i dicerent, i.e. the Stoics. 

6. vaticinari atque insanire dicebat, he called [such persons, 
eos] preachers and fools. 

Sect. 10. fumabat . . . redolerent, smoked so [with the kitchen 
fires] that he could smell the odor of his discourse : the philosophy 
of the stews ! 

10. statuebam sic, / came to this conclusion. — boni, mali (the 
antithesis is strengthened by quidem), though nothing good, yet 
nothing bad. 

1 1. ab illis nugis, from those follies of his. 
13. imbecillo, infirni ; debili, feeble. 

15. vel, even. — acie et viribus, edge and temper. 

21. ut . . . acciperent, the regular form for the terms of a bar- 
gain (§ 331. d\ G. 546; H. 497. ii.). In fact, Gabinius obtained 
the province of Syria, and Piso of Macedonia. — quas vellent, 
which they should wish (subj. by attraction from future). 

22. ea lege, si, on this condition, that. 

24. tradidissent, for fut. perf. of dir. disc. — foedus . . . ici : 
when a treaty was made, it was ratified by slaying an animal as sac- 
rifice. The technical expression was ferire or icere (hence foedus 
ictum). 

27. rogationes, bills, proposed for the acceptance of the people. 

28. tribuno, Clodius. — de mea pernicie, etc. : the word nomi- 
natim applies only to the consular provinces. The rogatio which 
was aimed at Cicero did not mention him by name, but in general 
terms imposed the punishment aquae et ignis interdictio (cutting off 
from the necessaries of life) upon any magistrate who had inflicted 
or should inflict the punishment of death upon any Roman citizen 
unless convicted by due process of law, which could only be in the 
comitia centuriata. (The omitted passage contains some incidents 
of the act of Cicero's banishment, especially the insolent conduct 
of Gabinius.) 



1 5 2 Notes : Cicero. 

Sect. 11. squalebat, veste mutata, put on mourning clothes. 
It was the custom of the Romans to express their sympathy for one 
in danger by wearing ragged and mean apparel. 

32. municipium, see R. A. § 5. 

23- societas vectigalium : see note, Manil. § 4. — conlegium : 
this word is often used for those magistrates who stood to each 
other in a collegiate relation, that is, with equal and undivided 
powers; especially the tribunes. In this case, however, are meant 
what we should call incorporated societies, which were persons in 
the eye of the knv : these were essentially religious, — the great 
priestly colleges of augurs, fetiales, etc., and a great number of a 
private nature, principally semi-religious burial societies (cf. § 13). 

34. concilium : this was the technical expression for any assem- 
bly of a portion of the people : thus the plebeian assembly of the 
tribes, usually called comitia tributa, was in strictness of speech 
concilium plebis. — consilium (see note, R. A. § 54), the general 
word including all bodies that take common action ; in particular, a 
body of persons learned in law, who sat with the president of a 
court to advise him upon legal questions. — hoiiorificentissime, in 
terms of highest honor. 

36. cum edicunt, § 325. b\ G. 582. r. 3 ; H. 521. ii. 2. 1 — ut ad 
suuni, etc., i.e. put off mourning. 

I52i ipsius, its own (i.e. of the Senate, to which alone the 
word decretum applies) : suis would have referred to consul. 

3. parumne est quod fefellisti, etc., is it not enough that y oil 
have so deceived men, but you must also defy, etc. 

6. consulare nomen. i.e. in the person of Cicero, a consularis. 

10. sive . . . valebat, whether that change of dress a?nounted to a 
sign of their sorrow, or to entreaty. 

Sect. 12. sua sponte, i.e. from private feeling only. 

16. legatos legasti, appointed as legati (see note, Manil. § 57). 

17. ergo . . . licebit, so then, etc. Supply and or while between 
the two clauses ; the connective being regularly omitted in Latin in 
this form of speech. 

19. fortasse, i.e. in case there should be occasion for it; with a 
hint that there will be. — civis, etc., a citizen (Cicero) most hon- 
ored by the favor of the good. 



Exile of Cicero. 153 

24. ex fastis evellendos, expunged from the fasti. These were 
the official lists of magistrates. — foedere provinciarum, see § 19. 

25. in circo Flaminio : this was just north of the Capitoline 
hill, therefore outside of the walls. Continues (see note, Man. Law, 
Arg.) were usually held in the comitium. This was called by Clo- 
dius outside of the city, in order that Caesar might be present; since, 
as being proconsul and clothed with the military imperium, he 
could not enter the city. 

25. furia, etc., Clodius. — vestro : i.e. of the judices, men of 
senatorial and equestrian rank. 

27. voce ac sententia (hendiadys), their loudly expressed opinion. 

29. auspicia : as in the Roman polity every action depended on 
the auspices, or expressed will of the gods, for its validity, and the 
magistrates alone possessed the right to look for them (spectio), 
any magistrate possessing the auspices could, unless prohibited by 
edict (see below) , stop legislation by announcing to the presiding 
magistrates unfavorable omens in the sky (obnuntiare), or even, as it 
appears, by declaring his intention of watching for them {servare de 
caelo). This means could be used even against the comitia tributa. 

The Senate and higher magistrates sometimes defended the passage of 
their laws from this interference, by prohibiting any magistrate servare de 
caelo on the day of the comitia ; and the whole process was regulated by 
the yElian and Fufian laws (about B.C. 150). The precise purport of these 
laws is not known, but the present passage is one of our principal sources 
of information in regard to them. Obnuntiatio was the sole means by 
which the patrician magistrates could control the legislation of the tribunes. 
This seems to have been distinctly put in their hands by the .-Elian and # 
Fufian laws, and taken away from them by the Clodian law, which also 
appears to have limited in some way the power of the tribunes to prevent 
legislation by "interceding" (see note, Verr. i. § 44). Thus Clodius was 
relieved from the interference of his colleagues, as well as of the patrician 
magistrates (consul, proetor, curule redile, and quaestor — so called, not as 
being held by patricians exclusively, which they were not, but as being of 
patrician origin). 

30. intercederet, the technical word for the interference {veto) 
of the tribunes. — omnibus fastis diebus, on any legal business 
day. 



t 54 Notes: Cicero. 

The dies fasti were the days on which it was lawful {fas) for the praetor 
to hold his court. There were 237 of these in the year (consisting, before 
Caesar's reform, of 355 days). Of these 237 there were 194 on which it 
was allowable to hold public assemblies. These were called dies comiti- 
ales, and the other 43, being dies fasti non comitiales, were known espe- 
cially as dies fasti. All the other days of the year, 118, were nefasti, either 
wholly or in part; that is, no public business could be performed upon 
them, although a few of these had certain hours free for business. The 
dies nefasti included the festival and sacred days, as well as days of ill 
omen. The Clodian law seems to have provided that the dies fasti should 
also be dies comitiales (see note, Verr. i. § 31). 

31. lex Aelia, a law of Q. ^lius (cos. B.C. 148) ; Fufia, of the 
tribune Fufius ; providing for the above legal methods of delaying 
public business. Both these laws were regarded as important safe- 
guards against hasty and partisan legislation. 

Sect. 13. pro tribunali, in front of the tribunal, a raised plat- 
form or judgment-seat. The Aurelian tribunal was near the eastern 
end of the Forum. 

33. deletam : i.e. by the abolition of the constitutional means 
of preventing vindictive or passionate and hasty legislation. 

35. nomine conlegiorum, see note, § 11. 

The associations here spoken of are the collegia compilalicia, organiza- 
tions whose object was to conduct the sacred rites of the coinpita (cross- 
roads). The whole territory was divided into districts, — pagi in the 
country, and vici in the city; and each district had its local sacra, held 
at its central compitum, and addressed to its lares, or local divinities. 
•The collegia which had charge of these, though nominally religious, were 
turned into " street-clubs," under the control of pothouse politicians. 
They were "nothing else than a formal organization — subdivided accord- 
ing to streets, and with almost a military arrangement — of the whole free 
and slave proletariate of the capital" (Momm.). These clubs were sup- 
pressed by the Senate, B.C. 64, and were now revived by Clodius, to aid 
him in his schemes. 

vicatim, by wards {vici, or districts). — decuriarentur, were 
groufed in squads, a word of military origin. The decuria, how- 
ever, was a common name for the divisions of collegia, without 
military or numeral reference. 



Exile of Cicero. t 155 

I53i templum Castoris, on the south side of the Forum, near 
the eastern end, — apparently used as a stronghold by Clodius. 
The three columns now standing there belonged to it. 

3. tollebantur, were just being taken up, to prepare for siege. 

4. forum et contiones : the Forum was the usual place of assem- 
bly for the tribal comitia, the comitium for contiones (see note, § 39). 
— nullus, nihil (pred.), counted for nothing. — possidebat, held 
in keeping. — cum . . . retraxisset, when he had got away both 
consuls fr o?n public duty by the bargain about the provinces . 

Sect. 14. quae cum, etc., and while these things were so. — ac, 
and in fact. 

13. equester ordo, etc., an indictment was brought against the 
whole equestrian order. This refers to a passage (omitted) which 
describes Gabinius as threatening this Order for the support it had 
given Cicero against Catiline. 

14. Italiae, see § 11. 

15. relegarentur, were got out of the way: i.e. Cato, on pretext 
of an honorable mission to Cyprus. 

20. tamen . . . restitissemus, still, with so great zeal on the part 
of good men, T should have resisted; but, etc., — the condition 
being implied in moverunt. 

Sect. 15. rationem, motive. 

25. nee deero, nor will I disappoint. — causa tarn bona, i.e. 
to defeat the illegal violence of Clodius. 

28. parato agrees with consensu. 

31. levitatem audaciamque, reckless audacity. (A few lines, 
here omitted, consider the examples of Metellus and Marius.) 

Sect. 16. autem : i.e. if I yielded only to that fear, I own that 
I was weak ; but there was something further. 

36. C. Marium : this refers to the case of Metellus Numidicus, 
whose exile Cicero compares with his own. He went into exile in 
Marius 1 sixth consulship, B.C. 100, rather than subscribe to an 
unconstitutional law carried by Saturninus with the support of the 
consul. 

154. importuna, inhuman. — quos refers to prodigia by 

synesis (§ 187. d\ G. 202. r. 1 ; H. 445 s ). 

3. levitas, want of principle, the opposite of gravitas. — tri- 



156 ♦ Notes: Cicero. 

buno . . . addixerat, had bound hand and foot in service to the 
tribune. The word addicere means literally to assign as bond- 
slave to a master, — the act of a court of justice, equivalent to 
imprisonment for debt. 

4. si . . . superassem non verebar ne, etc., I did not fear lest, 
in case [should be victorious, etc. The apodosis is really contained 
in reprehenderet ; but the construction is that of the future pro- 
tasis (§ 307./"). As the protasis contrary to fact is a development 
from this, by throwing it back into past time, the two are almost 
equivalent, as here. 

Sect. 17. sed ilia, etc., but this (which follows) is what influ- 
enced me. Here sed is opposed to the sentence above, quos ho- 
mines, etc. 

12. auctore (abl. abs.), with the support of. 

13. quoad licuit, i.e. till the laws against Cicero were passed. 
This passage is interesting, as showing the personal relations 
claimed by Cicero with the members of the coalition. But his 
letters show that in fact a strong and unfriendly jealousy existed 
between him and Crassus, and that for Caesar he felt a political 
antipathy, deepened by fear of his genius and daring. 

18. his auctoribus usurum, these he should follow as advisers, 
and e?nploy as assistants. 

20. ex quibus, etc., one of wJwm [he said] had, etc. In fact 
Caesar was at this time just making his first levies for the campaign 
in Gaul. (In a relative clause like this, the subj. would be more 
usual; but, as an independent proposition, the relative is equivalent 
to a demonstrative, with the regular construction of indir. disc). 

22. praesto, within call. 

Sect. 18. legitimam, by process of law. 

25. causae dictionem, putting on trial. 

27. tarn improbe conjecta, so unblushi)igly foisted upon the 
political leaders. 

29. eorum taciturnitas : the unfriendly silence of Cicero's 
political rivals, who now " left him naked to his enemies, 11 was the 
sharpest mortification he endured in his public career. 

30. conferebatur has a similar meaning with conjecta, above. 
32. non infitiando confiteri, by not denying, to confess them- 
selves partisans of Clodius. — illi, the chiefs of the coalition. 



Exile of Cicero. 157 

33. acta ilia, etc., the acts of Caesar as consul, which were said 
to be illegal because of religious informality, and were in danger 
of being set aside by the judicial officers (praetors) and the Senate. 

34. labefactari, infirmari (conative present), were sought to be 
undermined and held void. 

36. popularera, a party term. 

155. propiora esse, touched them more nearly. 
Sect. 19. a consulibus, to avoid ambiguity; with the dative 
it might be construed, said to the consuls. 

3. fidem = protection. — neque se . . . dicebat, and said that 
he would not. 

4. publice, by official act. 

8. vitae (dat. of indir. obj. following the act implied in insidias), 
plots against his life. 

10. coram, in person. 

11. ab illis, meo nomine, i.e. he really feared that some designs 
against him might be attempted by Cicero's enemies, who would 
hope to cast the charge on him. 

15. cum imperio, the technical term for being in military 
command. 

17. fratrem : Caius Clodius, an elder brother of Publius. This 
would be claimed as an evidence of Caesar's personal support. 

Sect. 20. non nemo, one and another. 

19. fortis, etc., of firm, energetic, and lofty temper. — restitis- 
ses, you should have made a stand (hortat. subj. § 266. e\ G. 266. 
R. 3 ; H. 483 2 ). The dramatic form is here used, following dixerit, 
in preference to the simpler ut resisterem, in appos. with illud, 
and depending on restabat. 

24. dimicationem caedemque = a bloody conflict.— fugisse, 
shunned. 

26. hoc, in appos. with ut . . . dedidissent. 

28. vectores, the crew. 

29. negarent, mallent : the imperf. here denotes continued 
action as opposed to the momentary action in accidisset. If Cicero 
were telling an actual fact, he would say, Accidit 7it, etc.; vectores 
negabant, malebant; and this difference in tense is preserved in the 
contrary-to-fact construction. 



158 Notes: Cicero. 

32. non modo, etc., i.e. not merely if certain death, but even 
if great peril, etc. : see the application of the figure, at the end 
of § 21. 

Sect. 21. fluitantem, drifting. 

36. incursurae, § 293. b\ G. 279; H. 549 3 . 

156. depugnarem, should I have resisted (§ 268); depug- 
nem would be, shall I (ought I to) witendl Transferred to the 
past, it becomes as above. 

8. summo exitio, I will not say absolute ruin, bid at least, etc. 
Sect. 22. victi essent, what the supposed vir fortis would say. 

— at cives, i.e. the conquered would still be my fellow-citizens 
(compare Cat. iii. § 27 ; iv. § 22). — ab eo, etc., i.e. he who before, 
when in office, had crushed the conspiracy without fighting, would 
have now been in arms as a private citizen. 

14. qui superessent, who would [now] survive ? 

15. venturam fuisse, for venisset of dir. disc. 

17. turn, at the time of his exile : was it death I fled fro?n then ? 

19. illas res, the acts of his consulship : cum in this passage is 
displaced by the emphatic words. 

21. non haec . . . canebantur, was not this predicted by me at 
the very moment of my action ? (Cat. iv. chap, x.) 

Sect. 23. rudis, ignorant; ignarus rerum, inexperienced. — 
tarn, i.e. as to fear death. 

3 1 . donata, a free gift. 

23- alii . . . alii, two common opinions among ancient thinkers: 
compare Cat. iv. § 7, and Plato's Apology of Socrates. 

35. mentis (ace), subj. of sentire. 

36. excessissent, for perf. def. of direct discourse. 

157. Sect. 24. exemplum, i.e. an example of one who had 

preserved the state, so that there would be nothing in future to 
encourage a statesman of public spirit. 

9. quis . . . auderet: the protasis is contained in me . . . non 
restitute (§ 310. a\ G. 594 s ; H. 549 2 )- 

12. cum sua minima invidia, at the risk of ever so little odium 
against him (§ 190. b\ G. 363. R. ; H. 395. iii. n.' 2 ). 

13. servavi : notice the emphatic position. 



Exile of Cicero. 159 

Sect. 25. hoc honoris gradu, i.e. his rank as consula7'is. 

22. cum reliquissem, subj. on account of the implied supposi- 
tion : in case I had left. 

23. hoc, in appos. with quod . . . malui. 

25. hunc [dolorem], etc., this grief I chose to endure, etc. 

Sect. 26. isdem radicibus = a fruit of the same tree: i.e. 
from the same birthplace (Arpinum). 

32. Minturnis, at Minturna ', a town at the mouth of the Liris 
(a gloss, explanatory of the preceding). 

When Sulla returned to the city, B.C. 88, and put Sulpicius to death, 
Marius escaped and concealed himself in the marshes of Minturnse, — a 
seaboard town on the borders of Latium and Campania. Here he was 
captured and thrown into prison, where a Cimbrian slave was directed to 
kill him; "but the German trembled before the flashing eyes of the old 
conqueror, and the axe fell from his hands when the general with his 
haughty voice demanded whether he dared to kill Caius Marius " (Momra.). 
The magistrates of Minturnse, struck with shame, set him free, and enabled 
him to escape to Africa, whence he was recalled in triumph by Cinna the 
next year, to riot in the blood of his fellow-citizens. 

Sect. 27. atque ilia . . . ego, and [while] he, etc. 

158. periculo rei publicae (like the English), at the peril of 
the state, i.e. as its only defence from peril. 

3. consularibus litteris, since men of that rank had given him 
these letters missive. 

7. fidei publicae, official fidelity . — quod si, etc., if this contin- 
ues to be an example. 

Sect. 28. regum, with kings : the externa bella are regarded 
as warlike efforts of kings and peoples now quite crushed (exstincta). 

13. invidia: as if that were the only thing to deter an honora- 
ble ambition. (Here Cicero mentally compares his own case with 
Caesars). 

14. praeclare, etc., we treat them handsomely in suffering them 
to become our subjects. 

15. periculorurn, obj. gen. after medicina. 

20. rem publicam spectatis, look forward to public life. — 
segniores, any less active. 



1 60 Notes : Cicero. 

Sect. 29. si eis . . . persolutum, if the due penalty is visited on 
them. 

26. numquam jam, never again. 

31. suum terrorem, the dread of him. 
35. relegentur, banished (see § 14). 

I59i Sect. 30. esse confectam, was ruined. (The form of 
indir. disc, is used after oratione, instead of quod with the indie, 
denoting the fact.) Compare note, § 20. 

12. caritatem, affection for . 

14. tecta ac templa : i.e. the usual crowds did not appear. 

18. mihi . . . rogata est, ruin to me and the state, and a province 
to the coiisuls, was enacted. 

Sect. 31. monstra scelera, prodigies of cri7ne. 

24. eo ipso crimine, on this very ground (that he had defended 
the state). 

25. servitio concitato, by stirring up the slaves (see note, Cat. 
iii. § 8). 

26. lex : the law which banished Cicero. — vasto . . . tradito : 
i.e. the Forum, where the co?nitia tributa met, was forsaken by good 
citizens, and the assembly was overawed by armed men. 

Sect. 32. interesse, intervene. 

32. spolia: see next sentence. 

33. partitionem aerarii : the proconsuls regularly received their 
outfit by vote of the Senate ; but on this occasion the Clodian 
law appropriated large sums for them. 

34. beneficia : not those referred to in Arch. § 11, but offices 
and appointments. 

35. vexabatur : Terentia, Cicero's wife, was driven from her 
home, and his house on the Palatine, as well as some of his villas, 
destroyed. This appears to have been an act of pure mob-law, not 
the legitimate exercise of any tribunician power. — liberi : his only 
children were his daughter Tullia (now twenty-one years old) and 
his son Marcus, a child of seven. 

36. Piso gener : and he a Piso. 

1^0. deferebantur : both consuls took possession of works of 
art and other articles of value in Cicero's houses. 



Exile of Cicero. 161 

5. comraoverentur, they should have been moved (hort. subj. 
§ 266. e\ G. 266. R. 8 ; H. 483 2 ). An omitted passage speaks of 
Cato's mission, or honorable banishment, to Cyprus. 

Sect. 33. vellet, could have wished: i.e. if it had been possible 
to do anything. 

7. invitissimis eis, much against the will of those who, etc. 

12. qui . . . defmisset : Pompey is here described by allusions 
to his exploits (see Or. on Manilian Law). 

18. quam servasset (as above) : but the whole situation is charac- 
terized, rather than the state itself— when he had preserved it . 

Sect. 34. accessit, he joined. 

20. reliquis, what remained to be done (opp. to praeteritis). — 
inclinatio, tendency. 

24. L. Ninnio, a tribune of the people : the tribunes also had 
the jus vocandi Senatus and referendi. The Senate was favorable 
to the proposed act, but it was prevented by the intercession of 
^lius Ligus : this tribune sided with Clodius, leaving eight who 
were favorable to Cicero's recall. The promulgation, spoken of 
below, did not take place until Oct. 29, and then after all it never 
came to a vote. 

25. contremuit, was shaken. 

26. promulgaverunt, proposed a law: the promidgatio took 
place the 24th day, in triuum nundiuum, before the Comitia were 
held (Mom. Rom. Chron. p. 243). 

27. decrevisse, had fallen off (decresco). — in ea fortuna, in 
that kind of fortune (misfortune). — fortuna, sc. mea. 

28. quos esse, sc. amicos. 

31. tamen, as it was. — habueram, i.e. at the time of his fall. — 
defluxit,/"^// away. 

32. Aeliorum : Ligus appears not to have belonged rightfully to 
this gens, in which Ligus was a common family name : the Liguri- 
ans, from whom his cognomen was taken, had the reputation of 
being rude and perfidious. 

Sect. 35. Kal. Jan., B.C. 57: P. Lentulus Spinther and Q. 
Metellus Nepos, consuls. Lentulus was favorable to Cicero, and 
Nepos — an old enemy of his — was a mere hanger-on of Pompey, 
who had now broken off with Clodius. Lentulus brought the case 
before the Senate on New Year's day. 



1 62 Notes : Cicero. 

35. equidem (here, as often, equivalent to ego quidem), but /. 

161. Sect. 36. Cotta: L. Aurelius Cotta (cos. b.c. 65). He, 
in his praetorship, B.C. 70, had proposed the compromise by which 
the courts were reorganized (see note, Verr. i. § 47). For the 
order of business in the Senate, see note, Cat. iv. Int. 

8. more majorum, by precedent. 

9. non posse, it was not possible. 

10. ferri, of a law ; judicari, of a legal procedure. 

11. comitiis centuriatis : the Clodian laws, it will be remem- 
bered, had been passed in the comitia tributa. 

15. reliquae tranquillitatis, of future tranquillity. 

23. vim habere, etc., i.e. the law was void, and therefore need 
not be repealed. 

Sect. 37. nunc, subj. of sentire : that he had very just views 
(answering to the sententia of Cotta, given above). 

29. def lingerer, get clear of. 

30. beneficium : i.e. by a law expressing their good will. Pom- 
pey apparently did not venture to treat the acts as absolutely void, 
but contrived this evasive measure. 

^. discessio, division (see introd. note to Cat. iv.). 

34. Gavianus : a nickname of the tribune Sex. Atilius Serranus, 
in allusion to his low birth. — cum esset emptus, though he had 
been bought : the manner in which Cicero speaks of this shows the 
demoralized state of politics at that time. 

36. socer : his name was Cn. Oppius. 

162. postero die, i.e. the next on which the Senate could sit. 
— moram, hindrance. 

2. discessum est, they adjourned. 

4. pauci omnino, only a few in all. 

6. tamen : though time pressed, yet no other action was taken. 

Sect. 38. ludificatione, quibbling: properly, a feint \ or false 
movement, intended to deceive an enemy (a military term). — 
calumnia, chicanery. 

8. concilio, in counsel, construed with agendi, which limits dies. 
A concilium, it will be remembered, was an assembly of a portion 



Exile of Cicero. 163 

of the people, and was therefore in strictness the correct term for 
the plebeian assembly of the tribes, which is usually called comitia 
tributa. 

9. princeps, the chief supporter. 

10. Q. Fabricius : he, as well as Sestius, was a tribune. — 
templum, consecrated place = Rostra : see note, Manil. § 70. 

12. hie, Sestius. 

13. nihil progreditur, takes no step forward. 

16. multa de nocte, early in the morning (when there was still 
much of the night left). 

18. manus adferunt, come to blows. 

Sect. 39. tamen, opposed to the implied fact that he had not 
exposed himself to violence (telis obtulisset carpus'). 

30. in comitio (see note, Verr. vi. § 14) : the assembly was 
properly held in the comitiiun, or elevated spot set apart for pub- 
lic purposes. As this was found too small for large gatherings, 
the market-place proper, on the other side of the rostra, was used, 
and the speaker, in the last years of the republic, faced away from 
the comitium towards the market-place. 

Sect. 40. compleri, § 288. b\ G. 277. r. ; H. 537 1 . 

35. refarciri, choked. 

36. copiam, etc., this armed array. 

163. patricium et praetorium : of Clodius 1 brother, Appius 
Claudius, the praetor. 

8. Cinnano, etc. : see Cat. iii. § 24. 

10. animorum, passions. — pertinacia, wilful obstinacy; con- 
stantia, judicious firmness. 

11. intercessoris : i.e. a tribune, interceding to prevent the 
passage of a law. 

12. latoris, the proposer of a law. — commodo, advantage in 
the law vetoed. 

13. concertatione, conflict among magistrates of equal power. 
35. discessione, division. 

Sect. 41. multitudine, a throng of followers ; praesidio, an 
armed band. 

26. auspiciis, etc. (see note, § 12) refers to obnuntiasset. 

31. jure laesisset : i.e. both of these procedures, however mis- 



164 Notes: Cicero. 

chievous, would still have been legally and formally correct — like 
filibustering in Congress. 

32. novicios, raw. — aedilitate : Clodius was asdile the next 
year, B.C. 56. 

36. eum, Sestius. 

164. Sect. 42. id egit, aimed at this . 

5. interf ationem, interruption . — legibus : i.e. the original law 
of the tribuneship, and also the Appuleian law, making it a viola- 
tion of majestas to interrupt a tribune in the discharge of his office. 

6. obmmtiavit consuli, i.e. Metellus. The object is not known. 
10. saeptorum, railings, or temporary enclosures for voting. 

13. opinione mortis, the notion that he was dead. 
16. mo do, moderation. 

Sect. 43. Milo : T. Annius, whom Cicero afterwards defended 
for the murder of Clodius (see the next following Oration). 

19. 11011 quo, § 341. d, R. ; G. 541. R. 1 ; H. 516 2 . — impertiam, 
bestow, sc. ei. 

25. sic, with this design. 

27. constans ratio, a rational and consistent measure. — plena 
. . . concordiae, having the full and harmonious consent of all 
parties. 

28. consulis alterius, Lentulus ; alterius, Metellus. 
30. unus, Appius Claudius. 

32. duo soli : Numerius Rufus and Sex. Atilius Serranus, tribunes. 

33. qui si, and if they. 

36. summum ordinem, the Senate. 

165. Sect. 44. ille gladiator, that ruffian (Clodius). — si 
moribus ageret, if he made it a question of character. 

14. dolorem, indignation. 

16. tripudiantem : the tripudiuni was strictly a religious dance. 

Sect. 45. pristini judicii : in the year B.C. 62, Clodius had 
been guilty of a daring act of impiety, in violating the mysteries of 
the worship of the Bona Dea ; but had been acquitted by a venal 
jury (note, Or. for Milo, § 13). 

23. consul, Metellus ; praetor, Appius Claudius ; tribunus, 
Atilius. The effect of this new edict — although general in its 



Exile of Cicero. 165 

nature — was, as was intended, to protect Clodius from prosecution. 

24. ne reus, etc. The edicts were, in fact, that no proceedings 
should be had till after the allotment of places to the prastors. 

26. quid ageret, what was he to do? 

31. adfligeret? should he cast down (i.e. by abandoning it)? 

32. perfecit ut, etc. : i.e. he surrounded himself, as Clodius had 
done, with a band of cut-throats. 

Sect. 46. hoc in genere, in this sort. 

166. cernit toto corpore, i.e. risks at every point. 

Sect. 47. quis ignorat, etc. This passage is interesting, as 
one of the few glimpses we have of ancient opinion respecting the 
foundation of civil society. — ita tulisse, has so decreed. 

9. naturali jure, the law of nature ; civili, that of organized 
society. 

17. res publicas, institutions. 

Sect. 48. nihil tarn interest, nothing mattes so much difference. 

23. horum, etc., whichever we refuse, we must employ the other. 

24. volumus, in effect a condition, though in form a statement. 
28. altero . . . altero, i.e. law and force: an ingenious apology 

for Milo's acts of violence. 

3 1 . ratio, method, or principle. 

After all these efforts had failed, the restoration of Cicero was 
carried quietly, on the 4th of August, by a Lex Cornelia, proposed 
by the consul P. Cornelius Lentulus, in the comitia centuriata. 
For the circumstances alluded to in the following section, see 
Cicero's Letter to Atticus (Att. iv. 1), who was then in Epirus. 

167. Sect. 49. filiae, see § 32. 

5. coloniae : Brundisium, a very ancient Greek port (BpevreVioj/), 
was established as a Roman colony Aug. 5, B.C. 242. 

6. aedis Salutis : this temple, on the Ouirinal hill, was dedi- 
cated on the same day, B.C. 303. 

Sect. 50. P. Lentulum : this was the young son of the consul 
of B.C. 57. He had the year before assumed the toga virilis, and 
also, by election into the college of augurs, the toga praetexta. 
The squalor and sordes here referred to were on account of a prop- 
osition to abrogate the proconsular imperiuni of the elder Lentu- 



1 66 Notes: Cicero. 

lus, who had been commissioned as governor of Cilicia, to restore 
to his throne the exiled King Ptolemy Auletes of Egypt, father of 
the famous Cleopatra. This proposition, which was vehemently 
disputed, never came to a vote ; but a year or two later Ptolemy 
was restored. From the next section it would appear that Cicero 
attributed much of this opposition against Lentulus to his constant 
support of himself. 

34. hac toga, the squalid garment he then had on. 

I63 a Sect. 51. illo die: the arrest of the conspirators, 
on Dec. 3, B.C. 63 (see Cat. iii.). 

Sect. 52. hie puer, the young Lentulus. 
29. meo nomine, on my account. 



DEFENCE OF MILO. 

Argument. 

Chap. I, 2. Exordium. The new form of trial: public sympathy is 
with the defendant — except the Clodian hirelings. Question not of fact, 
but of right. — Confutatio. 3, 4. Homicide is not always a crime; it is espe- 
cially justifiable in defence against violence. — 5, 6. Judgment of the Senate 
and of Cicero himself. — 7, 8. The action of Pompey : his motive in constitut- 
ing the court. — Narratio. 9, 10. The question is, Which laid the plot against 
the other ? History of the controversy. Why Clodius desired Milo's 
death, and how he planned to meet him; the encounter on the Appian Way. 
— Confirmatio. I. 12-14. Which was gainer by the other's death? which 
was likelier to commit the crime? the two men compared. — 15, 16. Milo 
had before spared Clodius: why kill him now? — 17-19. How Clodius 
knew of Milo's journey, and informed himself of his setting out : pretext 
of the death of Cyrus. — 20, 21. Comparison of the conditions: Milo was 
on strange ground, and unprepared. — 22. Why Milo manumits his slaves : 
it was a generous and right act. The testimony of Clodius' slaves goes 
for nothing. — 23-26. Milo's after acts: the false charges against him, 
especially of plotting against Pompey : the pretended hostility of Pompey 
explained away. — -II. 27-30. Yet if he had killed Clodius purposely, all 
would have approved. The crimes of Clodius : would any have him re- 
stored to life? If Milo had slain him, he. might have claimed glory for the 



Defence of Milo. 167 

deed. — 31-33- It was the act of the gods, who first made Clodius mad, 
that he might rush on his destruction. — Peroratio. 34-38. Milo's calm 
resignation; the State's ingratitude. He is upheld by the consciousness 
of right, and the sympathy of the good. His services to Cicero, who ap- 
peals to the jurors in his own name : Milo would hardly permit this appeal 
to their compassion. 

PAGE 

170. Sect. 1. fortissimo: this word implies a steady cour- 
age, rather than the violent temper which distinguished Milo. — 
perturbetur de, alarmed for. 

6. novi judicii : the court was ordained by the comitia tribnta, 
on motion of Pompey, as the first act of his consulship : one of 
the conditions being, that after three days had been allowed for 
the hearing of witnesses, two hours should be reserved for the prose- 
cution, and three for the defence. 

Sect. 2. pro templis, see plan of Forum. — 11011 . . . 11011 
adferunt aliquid, do not fail to bring something (of terror or con- 
straint). 

12. ut . . . possimus, so that we cannot even be relieved of fear 
(11011 timere) without some fear. — foro, judicio : because these 
especially require peace, and are opposed to the very idea of armed 
conflict. 

171. si . . . putarem, Cicero assumes, in spite of the plain fact, 
that the authorities (including Pompey) are on the side of Milo. 

3. me recreat, / am reassured-, reficit, revived (emphatic 
position). 

6. tradidisset, had submitted. 

8. publica, official. 

Sect. 3. ilia arma, etc. On the first day of the trial, when 
M. Marcellus begun to cross-examine one of the witnesses against 
Milo, he was so terrified by the rush of the mob, that he took 
refuge on the praetor's bench. Pompey, alarmed by the same dis- 
turbance, came down next day with an armed guard, and the trial 
was allowed to proceed without disturbance. 

10. praesidium, protection. — quieto, i.e. free from actual fear. 

12. auxilium, help, against actual violence ; silentium, freedom 
from interruption even by words. 



1 68 Notes: Cicero. 

13. quae quidem est civium, so far at least as it consists of 
citizens (alluding to the gladiators in the pay of Clodius) . 

14. neque quisquam, etc., and there is no one of those whom you 
see looking on, who does not at once favor, etc. 

19. decertari, that the co?iflict is. 

22. hesterna contione, y ester -day's harangue. The day before, 
after the court adjourned, one T. Munatius Piancus (see § 12) had 
harangued the crowd, urging them to be on hand next day, and 
not suffer Milo to escape. On this day, the last of the trial, says 
Asconius, shops were closed throughout the city ; Pompey posted 
guards in the Forum and all its approaches ; he himself sat, as on 
the day before, in front of the Treasury, girt with a select body of 
troops. When Cicero began to speak, "he was received by an 
outcry of the party of Clodius, who could not be restrained even by 
terror of the surrounding soldiery." 

21. eorum, namely, of those (gen. of material, § 214. e ; G. 367. r. ; 
H. 401). 

23. praeirent, dictated. — judicaretis, indir. quest. ; but if direct 
would still be in the subj. (quid judicetis? what are you to decide? 
§ 268; G. 251; H. 486. ii.). 

24. quorum si, and if from them. 

25. retineatis : the penalty was banishment, by which he lost 
his rights as citizen. 

26. neglexit, thought as nothing. 

Sect. 4. adeste animis, have presence of mind. 

31. locus, opportunity. — amplissimorum ordinum : the court 
was made up of senators, equites, and tribuni aerarii (see Verr. i. 
§49). — delectis : the whole body of jurors (360) was selected; 
though the particular jury (of 51) was drawn by lot. 

33. re et sententiis, by act and verdict. 

36. dediti, devoted. — omnem, complete. — nos, see below. 

|72. Sect. 5. nobis duobus, than we two, i.e. the orator 
and his client. 

4. exercitum, tormented. 

6. ad rem publicam, into public life. — crudelissimorum : exile 
was the worst, apparently, that Milo had to fear. Here Cicero 
alludes to his own experience of it. 



Defence of Milo. 169 

7. ceteras, i.e. the ordinary turmoils which a politician must 
expect to meet, from which the courts should be a refuge. 

8. dum taxat (usually written together as an adverb), at any rate. 

10. senserat, had taken ground. 

11. ex cunctis ordinibus, see note, Verr. i. § 47. 

15. talis viros, such men (as you). It was admitted, says Asco- 
nius, that no body of jurors had ever been more illustrious or just 
than those who composed this court. 

Sect. 6. quamquam, and yet (corrective). 

16. tribuuatu, see Oration for Sestius, § 43 (87). 

17. ad . . . defeiisicmem, for the rebuttal of this charge. 

18. abutemur, take unfair advantage : these acts of Milo's trib- 
uneship, it will be remembered, were in the personal interest of 
Cicero. — insidias a Clodio : Cicero was the only one of Milo's 
advocates who ventured on this line of defence, which so brings 
out the interest and ability of his speech. It required some assur- 
ance to speak of Milo as acting in self-defence ! 

22. fuerit for fuit, on account of adsignetis. 

24. turn denique, then only. 

25. cetera, all else. 

Sect. 7. ad earn orationem, to that line of argument. 

29. est propria, properly belongs. 

30. in senatu : a shocking detail of Milo's brutalities in connec- 
tion with this murder — including the wanton slaughter of many of 
Clodius' men, and the cutting up a slave by piecemeal under pre- 
tence of extorting testimony — had been made by Q. Metellus 
Scipio in the Senate. 

32. rem, the real case. 

33. negant : of course this supposed denial is a caricature of 
the real argument employed. 

35. tandem = I should like to know. 

36. nempe, why, precisely. — primura, i.e. the first capital trial. 

173. M. Horatii : the famous story of the three Horatii and 
the three Curiatii. When Horatius was condemned to death for 
the murder of his sister, he was acquitted on appeal to the people ; 
and this incident passed as the origin of provocatio, or appeal to 
the people from the decision of a magistrate (see note, Verr. vi. § 6). 



1 70 Notes : Cicero. 

— nondum libera, under the kings: it was in the reign of Tullus 
Hostilius, B.C. 668. 

2. comitiis : sc. curiatis (see note, Sest. § 10). The cojnitia 
centuriata and tributa were not established till long after this time. 

Sect. 8. an. why I 

6. recte, right in conscience ; jure, in law. 

7. P. Africanum, i.e. yEmilianus : he was cousin (by adoption) 
and brother-in-law of Gracchus, and friendly to the spirit of his 
reforms, although not sympathizing with his violent course. 

8. C. Carbone : a bad member of a bad family; father of the 
proposer of the Lex Plautia-Papiria (see note, Arch. § 7), who was 
the most respectable representative of the family : uncle of the 
infamous Cn. Papirius Carbo, the Marian leader. C. Carbo was a 
mere demagogue, a violent supporter of Gracchus, and probably 
the murderer of Scipio .rEmilianus : he afterwards went over to 
the opposite party, and was one of the bitterest antagonists of C. 
Gracchus. Two years after the death of C. Gracchus, he was 
attacked so vehemently by the young orator L. Crassus, that he 
took his own life (it is said, by swallowing cantharides). 

10. aut . . . aut : i.e. these are cases in which homicide is lawful. 

11. Ahala, etc. (see Cat. i. §§ 3, 4) : but trrfese acts were so far 
from being approved at the time, that in every case here mentioned 
the chief actor was forced into exile. 

14. fictis fabulis, properly, mythical dra,7nas : the reference is to 
the Eumenides of ^Eschylus, which treats of the expiation of the 
guilt of Orestes, son of Agamemnon, at the court of Areopagus in 
Athens. Six judges pronouncing for condemnation and six for 
acquittal, Pallas gives her casting-vote for mercy. — doctissimi, the 
greatest poets. 

15. memoriae tradiderunt, have left on record. 
Sect. 9. duodecim tabulae, the Twelve Tables. 



The "Twelve Tables" were the code which formed the basis of Roman 
law, drawn up B.C. 451 by an elected board of ten commissioners, decem- 
viri. The decemvirs superseded for the time the regular magistrates, 
plebeian as well as patrician : and it appears to have been intended that 
this should be a permanent change in the form of government, which 
should place patricians and plebeians on an equality. The experiment 



Defence of Milo. iji 

failed, — through the arrogance of the Board, and especially the infamous 
adjudication of the decemvir Appius Claudius, in the case of the free-born 
maiden Virginia, — and the old institutions were restored in two years. 
The codification of the laws, however, made by the decemvirs, continued 
in force, and was the starting-point of the legal education of every 
Roman, and of all later development of Roman law. (Maine, "Ancient 
Law," p. 32.) 

19. nocturnum, etc., this permission was obsolete in the time of 
Cicero, and the necessity of killing had to be proved, as nowadays. 
— quoquo modo, no matter how. 

21. quis, one. 

23. porrigi, offered. 

24. atqui, and now. 

25. vi vis . . . defenditur, offered violence is repelled by force. 
27. pudicitiam eriperet, tried to rob of his honor. — tribunus : 

C. Lusius, son of Marius 1 sister. This was a stock-instance among 
rhetoricians, in arguing the just limits of self-defence. 

31. scelere solutum, acquitted of guilt. 

Sect. 10. vero, i.e. a still stronger case. 

33. comitatus, body-guard, which would seem to have been a 
common thing among these gentlemen of Rome, as among the 
partisan chieftains of the Middle Age. 

34. volunt, mean. 

35. nullo pacto, under no circumstances. 

|74i adripnimus, caught', hausimus, imbibed ; expressimus, 

wrought out ; imbuti, steeped. 

5. omnis . . . esset, any way should be lionorable. (lex, as a 
word of decreeing, takes lit with subj. : § 331. a ; G. 546; H. 501.) 

Sect. 11. silent: notice the emphatic position. 

7. velit, subj. because of sit. 

8. ante . . . quam, § 262; G. 576: II. 520. — etsi : i.e. there is 
no need to appeal to the law of nature. 

9. ipsa lex: a law of Sulla, forbidding not only murder, but 
going armed with intent to murder. 

10. non liominem occidi : i.e. this is not the point which the 
law (in that clause) forbids. 

14. judicaretur . the subject is antecedent of qui. The argu- 



\J2 Notes: Cicero. 

merit is, that the judicial interpretation excepts the case of self- 
defence ; though the words hominem occidere are expressly used in 
the law. 

17. insidiatorem : here he hints that Clodius will be found to 
have forfeited his life to the law just cited. 

Sect. 12. sequitur illud, the next thing is this. 

20. contra rem publicam factum, a technical phrase, like "a 
breach of the peace." 

21. illam vero, etc., nay, but the Senate approved it (the killing 
of Clodius). 

24. nee tacitis, loudly ; nee occulte, in plain terms. 

27. declarant, i.e. it is shown by. — -hujus ambusti tribuni, this 
fire-scorched tribune, i.e. T. Munatius Plancus (note, § 3). 

28. intermortuae, still-born, or stifled by the smoke of the burn- 
ing Senate-house at the time of Clodius' funeral (see note, § 13). 
This conflagration had caused such a reaction in the public mind, 
that Milo, who had nearly abandoned his case, was encouraged to 
return to Rome to stand trial, and even to renew his canvass for the 
consulship. 

31. potentia, unlawful domination. 

32. aut auctoritas aut gratia, influence from public acts or pri- 
vate favor. 

33. officiosos, serviceable, in the way of forensic advocacy. 
35. sane, if you like ; or, for aught I care. 

\ 75. Sect. 13. vero, in reference to the statement at the be- 
ginning of § 12. — hanc quaestionem, this special court, consti- 
tuted for this case (note, § 1, compare R. A. § 1). 

2. erant, there were already. 

6. de illo incesto stupro, that incestuous outrage, the violation 
of the mysteries of the Bona Dea (b.c. 62). 

An annual service was solemnized (see § 86) to the Bona Dea — the 
Earth-Goddess of fertility — at the house of a consul or prcetor, in which 
the Vestal Virgins took part, together with matrons of the highest rank in 
the city. The ceremonies were so strictly private that no man, not even 
the magistrate at whose house they took place, was suffered to be present. 
On this occasion the mysteries were celebrated at Ccesar's house as praetor. 



Defence of Alilo. 173 

Caesar, being pontifex maximus, resided in the Regia (the official residence 
of that dignitary), the remains of which are thought to have been recently 
discovered near the temple of Vesta. Clodius, who was the accepted lover 
of Pompeia, Caesar's wife, introduced himself in female dress; but was dis- 
covered, and escaped through the help of a housemaid. The scandal was 
frightful. A new ceremony was ordered by the priests. Caesar, whose 
strong partisan Clodius was, affected to believe no harm, but presently 
divorced Pompeia, saying, loftily, that Caesar's wife must be above suspi- 
cion. The Senate — since the existing quaestiones perpetuae had each its 
own rigidly-defined sphere — proposed a special court de pollutis sacris, 
in which the jurors should be designated by the praetor, not determined by 
lot. But the comitia which was to decide the question was broken up by 
a mob; and afterwards the Senate was obliged to accept a compromise, 
which secured a court containing a sufficient number of venal jurors, by 
whom Clodius was acquitted, 31 to 25. This celebrated trial, in which 
Cicero had part, as witness to disprove an alibi (see § 46), was the origin 
of the inexpiable feud between him and Clodius. 

9. incendium curiae. The body of Clodius, left in the high- 
way, had been picked up and sent to Rome, where its wounds were 
exposed to public gaze, till, in the fury of the time, it was dragged 
to the Senate-house. Here a funeral-pile was made of desks, benches, 
and other furniture, and in the conflagration the Senate-house itself, 
with several other buildings, was destroyed. 

10. Lepidi : M. /Emilius Lepidus (afterwards triumvir with Octa- 
vianus and Antony) had been appointed interrex, a formality neces- 
sary to give regularity to the forms of election when there were no 
consuls. 

Whenever there was a suspension of legal authority, by vacancy of the 
chief magistracy, it was understood that the auspicia — which were regu- 
larly in possession of the magistrates — were lodged with the patrician 
members of the Senate, until new magistrates should be inaugurated. 
The renewal of the regular order of things was begun by the patrician 
senators coming together and appointing one of their own number as in- 
terrex. He held office for five days, as chief magistrate of the Common- 
wealth and possessor of the auspicia; then created a successor, who might 
hold the comitia for the election of consuls. In the present case, the 
tribunes had prevented the appointment of an interrex for several weeks. 
After the death of Clodius, Lepidus was appointed, and the mob demanded 



1 74 Notes : Cice7'o. 

that he should hold the comitia at once for the election of consuls. This 
he refused, on the ground that the first inter rex had no such power; when 
his house was besieged during the five days of his interregnum, and at 
last stormed and plundered. The mob battered in his door, destroyed the 
household furniture, including his wife's marriage-bed (the lectus genialis, 
which stood in the hall), the family images, and the tapestries of the hall; 
and were only stayed at last by the armed force of Milo. 

Sect. 14. e re publica, in the interest of the commonwealth. 

18. decrevi, notavi, / voted, I marked, i.e. as deserving punish- 
ment, leaving the person of the criminal to the decision of the 
court (§ 31). These words refer to Cicero's acts and votes in the 
Senate. 

2i. crimen: the charge against the particular person; rem, the 
act itself. 

23. tribunum, Plancus. — licuisset : the action was stayed by 
the tribune's intercessio. 

24. decernebat, it was on the point of deciding (§ 277. c\ G. 
224; H. 469. ii. 1 ). 

25. extra ordinem, out of turn : i.e. they should have precedence 
of the regular docket. 

26. divisa sententia est, i.e. the points were taken up separately. 

Pompey had proposed his law de vi, establishing a special court. In 
opposition to this, a resolution was offered in the Senate (<?) that the dis- 
turbances were against the good of the republic, and (/>) should be pro- 
ceeded against by the regular courts, only out of turn. The division of 
the question demanded by the tribune Q. Fufius Calenus {nescio quo) 
allowed the first clause to pass, but stopped the second by the tribunician 
veto (empta intercessione). Then, in due time, Pompey's law was passed; 
while an empty resolution of the Senate, disapproving of acts of vio- 
lence, could be used to damage the case of its own champion, as appears 
from § 12. 

27. nescio quo; Calenus is not named, probably as being pres- 
ent (compare note, R. A. § 5). 

Sect. 15. re, the facts of the fray; causa, the case of the ac- 
cused person. 

33. nempe, etc., simply investigation should be made. — quid 
porro, etc., what, then, was to be investigated? 



Defence of Milo. 175 

176. banc salutarem litteram, this saving letter (hanc, be- 
cause in favor of his client). Each juror inscribed on his ballot 
A (absolvo) for acquittal, or K (condemno) for conviction. 

Sect. 16. Publio Clodio : the name is given in full to empha- 
size the person. — tempori, the troubled time, which demanded the 
investigation. 

13. Catonis : M. Porcius Cato (the Younger), a stern champion 
of the Senate, who, when Caesar had destroyed the hopes of his 
party, killed himself at Utica, — hence called Uticensis. 

14. Drusus : M. Livius Drusus (son of Marcus) was murdered 
by some unknown person on returning home from an exciting politi- 
cal debate (B.C. 91). 

17. Africano, i.e. /Emilianus. He was actively opposed to the 
plans of C. Gracchus for the division of the Latian lands ; and, 
while the controversy was at its hottest, was found dead in his bed, 
with marks (it was thought) of strangulation. His wife, sister of 
the tribune, and Gracchus himself, lay under some suspicion of the 
crime, which was probably the act of Carbo (see note to § 8). 

19. quem immortalem, etc. Scipio died at the age of fifty-six. 
— dolore, indignation. 

Sect. 17. quia, etc., i.e. it is question of persons. 

25. sumraorura, infimorum, simply high and low. — quideni, yet. 

29. monumentis, memorial: i.e. the road itself. The Appian 
Way was constructed B.C. 312, by the censor Ap. Claudius Caecus, 
an ancestor of .Clodius. This circumstance is skilfully used to tell 
against Clodius, rather than in his favor. 

31. ille, the famous (§ 102. b). 

Sect. 18. M. Papirium : this was one of Clodius' earliest ex- 
ploits. Papirius, a friend of Pompey, was killed in a brawl about a 
son of Tigranes, held as hostage at Rome, whom Clodius was trying 
to rescue and send back for a great ransom to Asia, having by a 
trick got him out of the hands of his custodian. 

177. templo Castoris, where the Senate was then holding 
session. The circumstance took place in the year of Clodius 1 trib- 
unate (B.C. 58), while Pompey was in the Senate. " He instantly 
went home and stayed there." 

10. caruit, stayed away from. 



1 76 Notes : Cicero. 

Sect. 19. certe haec, surely all these (res, vir, tempus). 

14. summa, in the highest degree. 

17. eo tempore, i.e. during the violences which followed the 
exile of Cicero (see oration for Sestius). 

21. proinde quasi, just as if, etc. That is, the overt act must 
be judged by its obvious intent : of course no tribunal (except an 
inquisition) would attempt to try men for their intentions (consilia), 
but an attempt to kill would be punishable. 

Sect. 20. adflictantur : cf. "stricken down 1 ' by grief. This 
whole exaggerated description is probably in lively contrast with 
the fact. 

Sect. 21. non fuit, etc., there was no such cause. 

36. ferendam, to be proposed to the people. 

I 7S. reconciliatae : Pompey had lately renewed friendly rela- 
tions with Clodius. 

7. fortiter, firmly. — delegit : the choice of the judices was left 
to Pompey, just as the Senate had ordered it to be left to the praetor 
in the trial of Clodius (see note, § 13). 

9. secrevit, set aside. 

12. continetur, is limited. 

13. consuetu dines victus, the associations of daily life. 

15. res publica, public business. 

Sect. 22. quod, in that (§ 333. a ; G. 538 ; H. 576). 

19. Domiti : L. Domitius Aenobarbus (consul, B.C. 54), a leader 
against Caesar in the civil war : a haughty and cruel noble, which 
was the character of this house down to its extinction, in the em- 
peror Nero. 

21. consularem, i.e. the presiding officer. 

25. ab adulescentia : Sallust calls Caesar adulescentulus, "quite 
young," at the age of thirty-seven ; but the word here is of course 
an exaggeration. 

26. documenta maxima: in his praetorship (B.C. 58), Domitius 
had roughly cut his way through a crowd of the followers of Clodius, 
killing many of them. The crowd had gathered, under the tribune 
Cn. Manlius, to uphold a law giving the suffrage to freedmen.' 

Sect. 23. quam ob rem 
ductory argument. 



Defence of Milo. 177 

28. si neque, etc. : a recapitulation. 
30. vellemus, § 267. c\ G. 254. r.' 2 ; H. 484. 

35. uter utri, which against the other (colloq. which against 
which). 

J 79. Sect. 24. in praetura : Cloclius was candidate for this 
office, as Milo for the consulship. 

4. tracta, delayed. 

5. 11011 multos me 11s is : really, less than six. 

Originally the term of office was a full year; and if the magistrates 
entered, upon their office at an irregular time, whether by reason of an 
interregnum (see note, § 13) or from any other cause, they still held for 
a full year, and thus this irregular commencement of the official year became 
for. a time its regular commencement. Afterwards the date of the official 
year was fixed, and any interregnum was deducted from the time of the 
actual magistrates. Thus, B.C. 53, the magistrates were not elected until 
July, and could therefore hold office only until January, less than six 
months. 

6. qui non spectaret, seeing that he did not look, etc. (§ 320. e\ 
G. 637 ; H. 503). 

10. annum suum, his regular year. By the lex Villia annalis 
an interval of two years must pass between the several patrician 
magistracies. As Clodius had been curule asdile in B.C. ^d, he 
might have been praetor in the broken year 53. 

1 1 . religione aliqua, from some religions scruple, as it is generally 
(ut fit). 

Sect. 25. mancam, lame-handed, crippled. 

16. fieri, was getting to be, or snre to be. — contulit se, went over. 

17. petitionem, canvass. 

19. convocabat (imperf.), not officially, but in the course of his 
canvass. — se interponebat, played the go-between among the sev- 
eral tribes. 

20. Collinam novam, a new Colline tribe. Of the thirty-five 
tribes, the four city tribes ranked lowest, because the freedmen 
and poor citizens were placed in them ; and of these the Collina was 
least reputable of all. It was through the collegia compitalicia, or 
local clubs, that Clodius worked upon the city tribes ; and, by the 



1/8 Notes: Cicero. 

exaggerated expression that he registered an entirely new Collina, 
it appears to be meant that the new and perhaps fraudulent names 
that he got upon the list outnumbered the genuine voters. — ille, 
Clodius ; hie, Milo (as generally in this speech). 

23. paratissimus, perfectly ready (as he was). 

25. suffragiis : there were several attempts to elect magistrates, 
which failed through the obstructive tricks familiar to Roman poli- 
ticians. 

Sect. 26. silvas publicas : probably some depredations of 
Clodius in Etruria, where he had extensive estates. Perhaps it had 
something to do with renting the public pastures (Manil. § 14). 

32. significavit, hinted at. 

180. Sect. 27. sollemne, a?imtal, or at regular seasons. — 
legitimum, established by law. 

Lanuvium was an old town of Latium, about twenty miles south-east of 
Rome. It contained a temple of Juno Sospita, a local divinity, so famous 
that, when Lanuvium became a mimicipiitm of Rome, this sanctuary was, 
by special arrangement, received into the Roman religious system. The 
Jlamen, or special priest, of Juno Sospita must be inaugurated by the chief 
magistrate (dictator*) of the mimicipiitm. Milo, of Lanuvian origin, a 
municeps of the town, now held this office. (It will be noticed that the 
title dictator, which at Rome meant an extraordinary magistrate with 
kingly power, was given in several Latin towns to their regular republican 
chief magistrate.) 

Sect. 28. quoad, etc., the Senate adjourned on this day about 
the fourth hour (between ten and eleven a.m.). 

12. calceos : the senator wore shoes adorned with a crescent- 
shaped ornament {lunula) ; his tunic was also distinguished by the 
broad purple stripe in front (latus davits). When travelling, a 
Roman put off his toga and badges of office, and put on a heavy 
travelling cloak (paemda) and other easy garments. 

16. obviam fit : this was just beyond Bovillae (Alba no), a village 
about nine miles from Rome. 

17. raeda, a four-wheeled family carriage. 

18. Graecis comitibus, singers, dancers, etc. (see § 55). 
uxore : the wife of Clodius was afterwards married to Mark Anton}' ; 
that of Milo was Fausta, daughter of Sulla. 



Defence of Milo. 179 

21. paenulatus : the paenula went on over the head, like a 
Mexican poncho, and so confined the arms. 

22. comitatu : this troop of singing boys and maidens was, no 
doubt, to glorify the village procession next day at Lanuvium. 

Sect. 29. hora undecima : this would be about half-past four 
p.m. In reality, as we learn from other sources, it was nearly two 
hours earlier ; and Milo had stopped at an inn in Bovillas, in order 
(as was charged) to make sure of not missing his enemy. 

25. adversi occidunt, they attack and kill. 

31. animo fideli, faithful; praesenti, ready (presence of mind). 

35. re vera, really. — fecerunt quod quisque . . . voluisset : 
this sentence is greatly admired as "a way of putting things.' 1 

36. derivandi, etc., to divert the charge, from Milo to the slaves. 

(8 !• Sect. 30. prosit, hortative subjunctive, used as often in 
a concession. 

9. quin servaret, without saving; cf. quin judicetis, without 
judging (below). 

Sect. 31. optabilius fuit, it would have been preferable (§ 31 1. 
c\ G. 246. r. 1 ; H. 511. n. 3 ). 

20. semel, once only. 

25. id, i.e. the plot laid. 

27. latum est ut, etc., i.e. this is the intent of Pompey's law 
(see note, § 14). 

31. ut ne sit, subj. of purpose (purpose of the investigation). 

34. in ilia, in the case of the, etc. 

182. Sect. 32. illud Cassianum, that noted saying of Cas- 
sius. L. Cassius Longinus Ravilla (cos. B.C. 127) was one of the 
most upright men of his time, distinguished as a quaesitor (pre- 
siding officer) of special trials. — cui bono, for whose advantage 
(§ 233 ; G. 350 ; H. 390. i.) ; not for what advantage, as it is often 
wrongly given in English. 

2. personis, parties : the persona is properly the ?nask, which 
indicates by its features the character in a play. 

3. atqui, etc., now, by the killing of Milo, etc. 

4. adsequebatur, was going to gain . 

5. non eo consule, without one as consul. 



i8o Notes: Cicero. 

7. quibus . . . coniventibus : these competitors of Milo were 
P. Plautius Hypsaeus and O. Metellus Scipio, — the latter an 
adopted son of Metellus Pius, but unworthy either of the family 
(Scipio) in which he was born, or of that into which he entered. 
He took a leading part on Pompey's side in the civil war, and was 
defeated by Caesar at Thapsus, B.C. 46. 

8 . eludere, give the slip. 

10. tantum beneficium : they would owe their election to him 
(see § 25). 

Sect. 33. hospites, strangers (see note, R. A. § 5). 

15. peregrinantur, etc., are your ears gone abroad? 

18. fuerit impositurus, ind. quest, for-turus fuit = imposuisset. 

20. Clodi : Sex. Clodius, client and confidential agent of the 
demagogue. 

21. eripuisse e domo, i.e. from P. Clodius' house, in the riots 
after his death. No attack, however, was made upon his house. 

22. Palladium : the image of Pallas, kept in the citadel of Troy, 
and taken thence by a nocturnal enterprise of Ulysses and Diorried. 
The sanctity and adventures of this portfolio suggest the comparison. 

25. per: the words of adjuration are omitted. — hujus legis : a 
proposed lav/ of Clodius, by which the freedmen were to be dis- 
tributed among all the thirty-five tribes (see note, § 25). Sex. 
Clodius, the son of a freedman, is shrewdly hinted at as author 
of the law. 

28. de nostrum omnium — this break is called aposiopesis. 
Cicero would have said caede, but affects to be alarmed at the threat- 
ening look with which Sex. Clodius hears his allusion (aspexit me 
it/is ocidis). 

32. lumen curiae, in allusion to the burning of the Senate- 
house (see note, § 12). He dare not say more ! 

34. poenitus [= punitus] es (often deponent in Cicero) : noth- 
ing was more horrible to the ancients than the loss of due funeral 
rites. The burning of Clodius 1 body by the mob deprived him of all 
the honors to which he was entitled. 

133. imaginibus (see note, Verr. i. § 15): a Claudius should 
have a long line of most distinguished images. — pompa, procession : 
lauda.tio ,f7tnerat oration, by a near kinsman. These were among 



Defence of Mile. 181 

the essential rites of burial. — infelicissimis, ill-omened, as the 
conflagration of a riot (compare infelix arbor, the gibbet). 

Sect. 34. obstabat, the supposed remark of an opponent. 

ii. repugnante eo, in spite of him. — fiebat, was coining to be 
(see note on fieri, § 25). — immo vero, nay, rattier. 

1 2 . utebatur, found. 

13. valebat (emphatic), what had weight with you was. 

22. quis dubitaret? who could [then] hesitate? (§ 268; G. 251 ; 

H.485). 

24. usitatis jam rebus, by the customajy means. 

28. ne quern, i.e. a result aimed at, though not strictly a purpose. 

Sect. 35. at, etc., but (you say) his hate prevailed ; he did it in 
rage, as a personal foe, etc. ' 

35. poenitor = punitor. 

184. nulla, none at all. 

2. quid odisset? why should Milo have hated? 

3. civile, political (such as a good citizen must feel). 

4. ille erat ut odisset, in his case there was ground for hate. 

7. reus Milonis : prosecutions could be entered in the standing 
courts by private persons (see note, R. A. § 7). — lege Plotia (or 
Plautia) : probably by M. Silvanus, tribune, B.C. 89 (see note, 
Arch. § 7). This law appears to have been the basis of all later 
legislation de vi. 

Sect. 36. cum . . . cessi : Cicero gives his own case as an 
example of Clodius' way of acting. 

17. diem dixerat = reum fecerat. 

Diem dicere was the term used of a magistrate who brought a criminal 
charge before the public assembly. Such a charge could not be sprung 
upon the accused person without notice ; but a day must be set {diei dictid) 
for the trial. The tribal assembly could only impose fines (hence midtam 
inrogarat) : so with the quaestioncs perpetuae, which, with the single ex- 
ception of parricide (see R. A. § 28), punished only with fines or banish- 
ment (see Pauly, Realen. vol. vi. p. 35 1 ) . Capital charges against Roman 
citizens, such as perdtiellio (treason), must regularly be brought before the 
centuriate assembly. Only a magistrate could summon {diem dicere) 
before cither comitia, or propose a fine (multam inrogare), while private 
persons could prosecute (reum facer e) in a quaestio perpetua. 



1 82 Notes: Cicero, 

1 8. multam inrogarat, had claimed a fine. — perduellionis, 
treason. 

19. videlicet, ironical. 

21. servorum . . . nolui, compare Sest. § 20. 

Sect. 37. vidi enim, / saw with my own eyes. Cicero here 
artfully recounts other violent acts of Clodius, in the form of reasons 
which moved him, — killing two birds with one stone. — Horten- 
sium, Cicero's early rival, and opponent in the case of Verres. 

26. Vibiemis : probably a lapse of Cicero's memory. He was 
killed in the riots after the death of Clodius. 

29. haec, huic, haec : notice the emphatic repetition {anaphora). 

34. ad regiam : the old palace of Numa, on the Sacra Via, at 
the point where it reached the Forum. It adjoined the temple of 
Vesta, and was occupied by the pontifex maximus (at this time 
Caesar: see note on § 13). When Augustus was made Pont. Max. 
he gave the Regia to the Vestal Virgins. The occasion here re- 
ferred to was probably an election riot in the preceding year. 

Sect. 38. quid, etc., what like deed of Milo's ? 

36. detrahi non posset, on account of the disturbances and 
lawlessness of the time. 

185. potuitne, couldnH he ? 

4. deos penatis, see note, Cat. iii. § 18. — illo oppugnante : 
this was an attack not by a mob, but by an armed band, made 
upon Milo's house, built on a spur of the Palatine, Nov. 12, B.C. 
57, the year of Cicero's return. 

6. Fabricio : see Sest. §§ 38-41. 

8. Caecilii, praetor, B.C. 57. He was attacked while presiding 
over the games of Apollo, in July. 

10. lata lex, i.e. the law proposed for his recall (Sest. § 49). 

11. facti, i.e. Cicero's recall. 

Sect. 39. consensus, universal feeling. 

18. praetores, all except Appius Claudius, brother of Clodius; 
tribuni, see note, Sest. § 43. 

19. auctor, the responsible originator (Sest. § 33) ; dux, cham- 
pion, who led it to a successful issue. 

23. decretum : this word is sometimes used for the proclama- 
tion of a magistrate, which was properly edict um. The decretum 



Defence of Milo. 183 

was the ordinance of a collegium or council, especially of the Senate 
(see note, Cat. i. § 4), but also of any municipal body. The decree 
here referred to was passed by the municipal Senate {curia) of 
Capua, upon Pompey's proposition. 

24. signum. dedit ut, gave the signal for, etc. (equivalent to a 
verb of command). 

27. qui . . . ejus, of any one mho, equivalent to a conditional 
construction (see § 316; G. 594 1 ; H. 507. iii.' 2 ). The imperfect 
cogitaretur is used instead of the pluperf., on account of the 
indefinite qui. (In present time it would be, Si quis interemerit, 
cogitetur. In past time, when it becomes contrary to fact, the same 
relation between the tenses is retained.) 

Sect. 40. bis : once for the attack on his house {ante, § 38) ; the 
other occasion is unknown. 

30. et reo : Clodius, as aedile (b.c. 56), had laid a charge against 
Milo {dixit diem 3/iloni) for employing gladiators to bring about 
by intimidation the law for Cicero's recall. 

35. gravissimam . . . partem, a most important part in political 
affairs. 

136. in scalarum tenebris, the stairway of a bookseller's 
shop, as Cicero says (Phil. ii. 9) in his reply to the charge of Antony 
that he had caused the death of Clodius. The affair took place 
B.C. 53, when Antony, at this time a friend of Cicero, was candi- 
date for the quasstorship. 

5. nulla sua invidia, with no odium to himself 

Sect. 41. saepta, railings (voting-enclosures). 

8. curavisset, had caused (§ 294. d\ G. 431; H. 544. n.-). A 
fragment of a lost oration says that the two consuls were knocked 
down by stones. 

10. liberet, might please. 

12. loco, with the advantage of ground (note, Cat. ii. § 1). 

Sect. 42. contentio, striving after. — subesset, was close at 
hand. 

18. ambitio, the canvass (" going about 11 for votes ; hence, more 
remotely, bribery}. 

20. obscure qualifies cogitari, but is displaced to oppose palam. 

21. fabulam fictam, a got-up story (an election lie). 



1 84 Notes ; Cicero. 

23. molle, sensitive, fragile, unstable] fiexibile, changeable. 

Sect. 43. augusta . . . auspicia, rhetorical for comitia centuri- 
ata quae auspicate- fount. All the higher magistrates must be 
elected at these comitia. 

3 1 . idem — on the other hand. 

32. regnaturum, would be an autocrat. 

34. inlecebram peccandi, lure to wickedness. 

187. Sect. 44. Petili, Cato : Petilius and Cato are addressed 
personally, as prominent men sitting as judices. Such appeals would 
not now be tolerated, but were consistent with ancient procedure. 

7. Favonio : Favonius (see § 26) was a friend and great admirer 
of Cato, and one of the conspirators against Caesar. He had taken 
part with Cato in some proceedings against Clodius. 

Sect. 45. fefellit, i.e. in making this threat. 

13. stata, on a fixed day. 

17. mercenario tribuno : speeches were made this day by C. 
Sallustius (the historian) and Q. Pompeius. Probably the latter is 
here meant. 

19. approperaret, were making haste (imperf. of continued 
action). 

Sect. 46,. qui . . . potuerit, how could he have known ? 

26. ut . . . rogasset, even though he had asked (§ 313 ; G. 606; 

H. 5i5 2 > 

32. quaesierit sane, suppose {if you will) that he did ask.— 
quid largiar, how much I grant — how liberal I am. 

188. eadem hora : in the famous trial of the violation of the 
mysteries (§ 13) Clodius had tried to prove an alibi, by showing, 
from Causinius' testimony, that he had spent that night at his 
house at Interamna (Terni, on the river Nar in Umbria, ninety 
miles away) ; but was confuted by the evidence of Cicero, who testi- 
fied that he had called upon him the same day, — a circumstance 
that Clodius never forgot or forgave. 

Sect. 47. profectus esse, infin. depending on liberatur, is 
proved (and so cleared), as implying a verb of saying (§ 330. e\ 
G. 651; H. 522). 

9. quippe, of course. — futurus, expecting to be. 



Defence of Milo. 185 

ro. meum, etc., make a point for myself. 

13. majoris, more important : this charge was afterwards brought 
up against Cicero by Antony. 

14. abjecti homines, C. Sallustius and 0. Pompeius. 

1 5 . jacent, fall to the ground. 
Sect. 48. occurrit, meets me. 

20. ne . . . quidem, not Clodins either. 

21. si quidem, yes, if. 

24. quid nuntiaret ? why should he bring word? 

26. obsignavi, indorsed. The names of witnesses were written 
on the back of wills, etc., after they were closed and sealed. 

27. palam, i.e. by naming the legatees in the presence of the 
witness. Clodius need not hasten back to learn what he knew 
already. 

Sect. 49. age, well then ; sit, etc., suppose it were so (that the 
messenger informed him about Cyrus). 

34. properato, § 243. e\ G. 390; H. 414. n. 3 . 

35. tandem, at any rate. 

1 89 1 exspectandum, i.e. near the city, so as to catch him by 
night. 

Sect. 50. sustinuisset, would have borne. 

7. latronum : highway robbery, with violence, was pretty com- 
mon in the near neighborhood of Rome. 

10. bonis, [landed] estates. — multi, etc.: here it is hinted that 
the crimes of Clodius (who had estates in Etruria) had made him 
many enemies (see note § 26). 

Sect. 51. devertit, turned aside to stop. — quod ut, noiv 
though. 

17. ante, somewhere beyond the villa. 

19. adhuc, thus far. 

Sect. 52. nihil umquam, etc. On the contrary, Cicero says 
elsewhere (Att. iv. 3), speaking of the disorder that followed his 
return from exile, "If he [Clodius] comes in his way, I foresee 
that he will be killed by Milo. He does not hesitate to do it; he 
openly professes it (prae sefert).' 1 '' Perhaps Cicero had forgotten it! 

29. dissimulasse, concealed the fact. 

31. causam finxisse, inve7ited an excuse. 



1 86 Notes: Cicero. 

190. Sect. 53. etiam, any lo?ige?\ 

3. substructions (see § 85), buildings, but with the idea of 
walls, grading, and the like, made necessary by the great size of 
the buildings fashionable among the Roman nobles (see Horace, 
Od. III. 1). 

4. versabantur, used to be employed. — adversarii, of Clodius. 
8. res, cir aim stances. 

Sect. 54. quid minus, sc. quam Milo. 
16. ilium, the other. 

18. tarde, etc., compare § 49. — qui convenit, how does that suit 
his character ? 

20. Alsiensi : his villa at Alsium, a town on the coast of Etrufia. 
Sect. 55. Graeculi, dimin. of contempt : " Greeklings." 

28. in castra Etrusca, i.e. to Catiline's camp, for which, says 
Asconius, he had once really set out. — nugarum nihil, no nonsense, 
such as buffoons and the like. 

29. pueros symphoniacos, singing boys (see § 28). 

30. uxoris ancillarum, his wife's waiting-maids. 

32. virum a viro lectum, in allusion to a custom in the Roman 
army of selecting men for dangerous service one at a time, each 
new one being designated by the last. 

36. mulier, scornfully said of Clodius (compare note, R. A. § 50). 

191. Sect. 56. odio, § 233; G. 350; H. 390. i. 

5. propositam, put up for sale; addictam, knocked down (terms 
of the auction room). 

8. Mart em communem, the impartiality of Mars. 

10. pransi : the prandium was the noon-day meal, generally quite 
simple, of fruit and bread, but made by high-livers a full meal (or 
European breakfast). 

14. haesit, was caught. 

15. expetiverunt : this illustrates the ancient mode of regard- 
ing punishment, as a compensation exacted from the wrong-doer by 
the person injured. (See Maine, " Ancient Law," p. 358.) 

Sect. 57. manu misit : only slaves could be forced to give 
testimony by torture (R. A. § 35). As Milo had freed his, it was 
claimed that he wished to destroy evidence. Manumission under 
such circumstances was forbidden by later law. 



Defence of Milo. i 87 

22. in causa, on the legal question. 

23. indagamus hie : i.e. the legal aspect is to be considered 
here. 

25. nescis, you know not how. 

1 92 1 Sect. 59. quaestiones, examination (by torture) of 
Clodius 1 slaves. 

6. in atrio Libertatis. It was in this hall (probably near the 
present Column of Trajan) that questions touching the liberation of 
slaves were considered, and that torture was inflicted, — not merely 
in mockery of the name, but to excite in the slave some hope of 
freedom. 

8. Appius : son of C. Claudius, an elder brother of Clodius. 

9. de servis : the passage in brackets seems necessary to the 
sense. The exception de incestu — not the only exception, by the 
way — is mentioned to bring the jest upon Clodius (compare note, 
Cat. iii. § 9). 

11. proxime, very neari i.e. by having his murder treated as 
sacrilege, in respect to the question of slaves. (The whole passage 
is an argument a fortiori. If the Romans excluded enforced testi- 
mony of a master's slaves when the truth could be arrived at, how 
much more should it be excluded here, where the truth was impos- 
sible on account of the temptation.) 

12. ad ipsos, in the mysteries of the Bona Dea (see § 13). In 
the very effective sarcasm of this passage, there is a pardonable 
confusion between the quaestio in dominitm (for incest by Clodius), 
and the caerimonia violata (which is represented as sacrilege against 
Clodius). 

15. non quin, not but (§ 341. R; G. 541. R. 1 ; H. 516 2 ). 
Sect. 60. verbi causa, for example. 

23. areas, cells, anciently (apparently) literal " chests" of timber, 
robustae. 

26. integrius, sounder, more honest and impartial (of course 
ironical). 

Sect. 61. ardente, still on fire. 

35. populo, senatui, i.e. by appearing in his place among them. 

193. praesidiis, i.e. the special power with which Pompey 



1 88 Notes: Cicero. 

was clothed as sole consul, which is further dwelt on in the follow- 
ing (see § 65). 

Sect. 62. imperitorum, strangers to his character (though well- 
intentioned). 

Sect. 63. illud, in appos. with tit . . . trucidaret. 

27. portenta, monsters (his accomplices). 

28. loquebantur, talked about, comparing Milo with Catiline, 
and saying he would do likewise. 

29. miseros, etc., wretched the lot, etc. 

30. in quibus, in whose case. 
Sect. 64. ilia, these surmises. 

36. conscientia, an implied supposition contrary to fact (i.e. if 
he had had such consciousness). 

194. maximo animo (protasis), one of the highest courage. 

6. indicabatur, use the impers. form in English: it was shown 
that, etc. — vicum, narrow street (properly a district or quarter}. 

7. dicebant, they would say (repeated charges). 

8. Ocriculanam, on the Tiber, in a corner of Umbria. — devecta 
Tiberi, carried down the Tiber. 

9. clivo Capitolino, the street which ran from the upper end of 
the Forum .to the Capitolium. 

11. delata : deferre ad Senatum is to lay a piece of information 
before the Senate ; referre, to bring a piece of business before it for 
action. 

Sect. 65. popa, an inferior priest who slew the sacrifices — 
hardly more than a butcher — who also kept zpoftina, or restaurant 
and grog-shop : hence, apud se ebrios. (According to Asconius, 
this Licinius was a sacrificulus , a higher order of attendant, whose 
business it was to perform certain purifying rites.) 

17. Circo Maximo: this was the place for the great games, in 
the valley between the Palatine and Aventine hills. The circus gave 
its name to the district. 

21. in hortos, see note, R. A. § 10. Here Pompey, it was said, 
kept himself, out of fear of Milo. 

•Sect. 66. tarn celebri loco, in so thronged a locality. Caesar, 
as Pontifex Maximus, inhabited the Regia (see note, § 37) on the 
Sacra Via, in the busiest part of Rome. 



Defence of Milo. i 8q 

36. senator inventus est. " Pompey was afraid of Milo, or 
pretended to be ; and he stayed mostly, not at home, but in his 
gardens — even the upper ones, where a great guard of soldiers 
camped around. Pompey, besides, had once adjourned the Senate 
suddenly, saying that he feared Milo's coming. Then at the next 
session, P. Cornificius had said that Milo had a sword under his 
tunic, fastened to his thigh, and demanded that he should bare his 
thigh, which Milo did at once, lifting his tunic. Then Cicero called 
out, that all the other charges against Milo were just like that" 
(Asconius). 

195. Sect. 67. exaudire : Pompey was sitting not in the 
court, but at the Treasury, a considerable distance off. 

Sect. 68. sed quis, but [this cannot be : for] who, etc. 

22. si locus : on account of his suspicions, says Asconius, Pom- 
pey had refused to admit Milo — and no one else — when he came 
to visit him. — te tuo, sc. in se; me suo, sc. in me. 

27. tribunatum suum, see Or. for Sestius, § 43. 

35. ne, assuredly. 

36. ita natus, born for that very thing, to sacrifice everything for 
his country. — Magne : it is uncertain when the title Mag7ius was 
bestowed on Pompey ; Plutarch says by Sulla. Through his friends' 
flattery, it was adopted as a family name. — te antestaretur, would 
appeal to your testi?no7iy. 

196. Sect. 69. infidelitates, [acts of] ill-faith. This and the 
following plural abstracts are often best translated by the singular 
in English, though Latin prefers the more concrete form of the 
plural (§ j$. c\ G. 195. R. 5 ; H. 130 2 ). — motu aliquo : an antici- 
pation of the approaching civil war. 

Sect. 70. juris publici, etc., law, customs, politics. 
14. ne quid, etc., see note, Cat. i. § 2. 

16. nunc simply repeats Pompeium, after the long parenthesis : 
ejus qui, of one who (by that supposition), i.e. Milo. (The whole 
passage is an apodosis, depending on the supposition that Pompey 
thought him guilty.) 

17. dilectu : Pompey held the consulship in B.C. 55, but after its 
expiration did not go into his province of Spain, but despatched 



190 Notes: Cicero, 

thither his army under the command of legati, while he himself re- 
mained in Italy with proconsular power, — a very irregular pro- 
ceeding. Immediately after the death of Clodius, the Senate gave 
the i7iterrex (see note, § 13), the tribunes, and the proconsul 
(Pompey) the extraordinary power ne quid, etc. (see note, Cat. i. 
§ 2), and empowered Pompey to hold a levy of troops. — exspec- 
taturum fuisse, would have, etc. (§ 337 ; G. 662 ; H. 527. iii.). 

20. legem, the law for the investigation. 

21. oporteret, liceret : ought, as I think; may well (legally ) , as 
all allow. 

Sect. 71. animadvertere in, proceed against, i.e. punish. 
The whole turning of Pompey's unfriendly action in Milo's favor by 
Cicero is a stroke of art. 

27. hesternam contionem, compare § 3. 

Sect. 72. Clodiamim crimen, this charge of Clodius' murder. 

34. palam clamare : this was the line of defence taken by Cato 
and other friends of Milo ; in opposition to whom Cicero preferred 
to disprove the charge {diluere crimen). 

35. Sp. Maelium, see note, Cat. i. § 3. 

36. jacturds, lavish expenditure. 

197 1 conlegae, i.e. Octavius. 

Ti. Gracchus was firmly resisted by his colleague Octavius, who used all 
the obstructive power of the tribunate to thwart his plans. Gracchus, 
then, finding himself completely brought to a stand, proposed to the people 
to deprive Octavius of his office. This, although a violent course of action, 
and contrary to the spirit of the constitution, — which combined almost 
unlimited power of the magistrate with complete responsibility at the end 
of the term of office, — was still strictly legal (see Mommsen Rom. St. i. 
P- 513). 

5. auderet, i.e. in the case supposed. — cum . . . liberasset, 
implying a supposition contrary to fact ; not merely the ordinary 
subjunctive of relative time. 

Sect. 73. saepe censuit, see § 13. 

10. sorore, his third sister, wife of L. Lucullus, and so, legally, 
one of his family. 

11. quaestionibus habitir. : this relates to the consilium of rela- 



Defence of Milo. 191 

tives, held by the paterfamilias, or head of the family, in regard to 
Clodia, to pass judgment upon crimes in the family. 
12. civem quern . . . judicarant, i.e. Cicero himself. 

15. regna dedit : the Galatian Brogitarus, son-in-law of King 
Deiotarus, was complimented with the title of king by a law of 
Clodius. — ademit, referring- to the case of King Ptolemy of Cyprus, 
spoken of in the oration for Sestius. 

16. partitus est: see Or. for Sest. § 10. 

17. civem: this is usually referred to Pompey. But, though 
Pompey was attacked by Clodius (see § 18), there was no blood- 
shed : further, singulari virtute et gloria is a mild expression for 
Cicero to use of Pompey on this occasion ; and, though it is rather 
exaggerated for the tribune Fabricius (see § 38), yet the circum- 
stances precisely correspond. 

19. aedem Nympharum, containing the censorial registers. It 
appears to have been burnt in the disorders which preceded Cicero's 
exile. 

Sect. 74. 11011 calumnia litium : fraudulent and malicious law- 
suits were too mild and dilatory a method of plunder. A powerful 
noble, with his slaves and clients, had almost an army at his dis- 
posal, and in the disorders of the present time this actually amounted 
to private warfare, like that of the feudal nobles. The following 
incidents illustrate this further. % 

24. sacramentis : a form of procedure in which a penalty or 
forfeit (sacramentum) was deposited by each party, to abide the 
result of the suit. 

26. Etruscos ; see note, § 26. 

31. Janiculo et Alpibus : i.e. all Italy north of the Tiber. 

32. splendido, the regular complimentary epithet of a Roman 
eques. 

34. Prilio : lago di Castiglione. a small sheet of water in Etruria. 
— luntribus = lintribus. 

35. materiem, timber] caementa, building-stone '■; arma, tools. 

198. Sect. 75. mortuum, a corpse. — qua invidia, etc., 
by the odium of which (the presence of the dead body) a flame 
[of calumny] would be kindled. Odium is often spoken of as a 
flame ("inflamed with hate"). 



192 Notes: Cicero. 

8. Appium: the oration for Sestius shows that App. Claudius 
was not always on the best terms with the aristocracy ; in fact, the 
Clauclii were as a family characterized by original and radical opin- 
ions (see Momm. Rom. Forsch. i. p. 285). 

9. fratrem : Ap. Claudius Pulcher, an elder brother of Clodius, 
Cicero's predecessor in the province of Cilicia. 

10. dejecit, ousted. 

11. vestibulum, courtyard, or open space in front of the house. 
— sororis, probably his second sister, wife of O. Metellus Celer, who 
lived next her brother on the Palatine. 

Sect. 76. videbantur, were beginning to seem. — tolerabilia, 
inevitable, and therefore bearable. — quidem, concessive. 
15. aequabiliter, without distinction. 

17. nescio quo modo, somehow or other. 

18. vero, opposed to quidem. 

20. potuissetis, i.e. if they had been realized. — imperium : all 
this mischief he had perpetrated in virtue of holding the offices 
of tribune and asdile. What would he do if he got the imperium, 
by holding the praetorship, for which he was candidate ? 

21. tetrarchas, a title of certain petty kings, especially in Galatia 
(see § 73 : originally, but not always, kings of a fourth part of a 
country). 

23. possessiones, i.e. by his judicial authority as praetor. 
27. tenentur, are proved. 

Sect. 77. per me unum : ut is displaced by the emphasis 
thrown upon me. 

35. aequitas, equity, i.e. the administration of justice, disregard- 
ing the strict letter of law. This was within the province of the 
praetor urbanus (Maine, " Ancient Law," p. 55). 

36. esset, ironical. 

199. nunc, as it is. 

7. multas, aetas, both emphatic by the inversion. — imperato- 
rura : now including Caesar, who at this time seemed to have com- 
pletely subdued Gaul, and had just invaded Britain and Germany. 

Sect. 78. in eis singulis [bonis] , i7i the case of each one. 

12. visuros fuisse, for vidissetis of dir. disc. (§ 3^7 ; G. 662; 
H. 527. iii.). 



Defence of Milo. 193 

17. judiciis : Pompey, in this year of his sole consulship, carried 
several laws intended to secure the better administration of justice, 
among other things limiting the time allowed to the lawyers 1 argu- 
ments. 

22. odio inimicitiarum, the bitterness of private resentment. 

23. libentius quam verius (§ 192 : G. 314 ; H. 444-), with more 
alacrity than truth. 

24. et enim si, etc., for even if it (my animosity) had good rea- 
son to be extreme. 

26. aequaliter versaretur —found its equal. 
Sect. 79. quin, nay, adds strength to the imperative. "Come 
now, attend while I present the case in this light.' 1 

29. nempe haec, this, you know. 

3 1 . sic intuentur, view as plainly. 

32. cernimus, discern (distinguish by eyesight) ; videmus, sec 
(the general word). 

33. meae, that I suggest. — imaginem, etc. = quae sit condicio 
(apod, of si possim). 

34. ita si, on condition that. 

35. quid voltu extimuistis? why this look of terror ? 

36. vivus, if alive. — quos = ivhen . . .you. 

200i vellet, instead of plup. to denote continued action : " had 
had the disposition. 1 ' 

8. si putetis, a conceivable supposition ; si posset, a condition 
contrary to fact. 

Sect. 80. cantus, instrumental music ; carmina, songs : for 
example, the famous one on Harmodius and Aristogeiton. 

16. prope ad religionem, almost to the sanctity. 

Sect. 81. si non negat, a general protasis to the whole that 
follows. 

25. dubitaret, sc. if he had done it. ' 

26. nisi vero, ironical. 

30. probaretur, approve itself. — poterat, § 311. c\ G. 599. n. 3 ; 
H. 511. x. 3 . 

31. minus grata, not so agreeable. 

34. propter queni, through whose means. 

35. laetarentur, subj. as belonging to the supposed case. 



1 94 Notes : Cicero. 

201. Sect. 82. ut putaremus, as to think. 

12. paeniteat, regret. 

Sect. S3, uteretur, i.e. si fecisset. Notice the art with which 
this (probably the true state of the case) is put in the form of a false 
supposition, in order to give Milo the benefit of both views of the 
case. 

1 8. hujus beneficii,_/w' this favor. — fortuna, destiny. 

19. vestra, i.e. of the optimates. — deberi putant, claim as cine. 
— f elicitas, good hick. 

21. divinum belongs with vim as well as numen. 

22. ille, yonder. 

24. maximum, greater than all. 

25. majorum, the ancients, who were regarded as being nearer 
the gods, their divine origin, and so better acquainted with the 
secrets of the universe. 

26. sanctissime coluerunt, piously practised. 
Sect. 84. imhecillitaXe, frail nature. 

29. quod vigeat, etc., that has life and sensation. — et non 
inest, while it does not exist. 

33. haec ipsa, i.e. this very speech. 
36. perniciem, pest. 

202 1 mentem injecit : "Whom the gods wish to destroy 
they first make mad," — a very old idea. 
3. habiturus esset, was destined to have. 
Sect. 85. mediocri, ordinary. 

7. religiones, sanctuaries. 

8. commosse (commovisse) se, bestirred themselves. 

9. retinuisse, reasserted. — Albani : Clodius' Alban villa (see 
§§ 46, 51) must have been in the territory of Alba Longa, the 
ancient capital of Latium, whose temples were spared and their 
worship adopted by Rome (as that of the Lanuvian Juno had 
been, see note, § 27), when the city was destroyed by Rome. From 
what follows it would appear that some of these sanctuaries had 
been demolished by Clodius in his building schemes (see § 53). — 
tumuli, mounds, used for altars. 

15. viguerunt, revived. 

16. Latiaris : the temple of Jupiter, on the Alban Mount, was 



Defence of Milo. 195 

the religious centre of the Latin confederacy (which in this was like 
the Greek Amphictyony). It was a movable festival, feriac con- 
ceptivae, celebrated by the consul, usually in April or May. 

17. lacus : there are several little lakes about the Alban Mount, 
chief of which are those at Alba and Aricia, in the craters of extinct 
volcanoes. — nemora : nemus (same root as v4[xco) is originally an 
open grove where cattle can graze : it is applied, as well as Incus, to 
a consecrated grove. Of these the most famous in Italy was the 
sanctuary of Diana on the Lacus N~e7norensis (Z.. Ne?ni) near Aricia. 

Sect. 86. nisi forte, compare nisi vero, above. 

22. Bonae Deae, an Italian goddess whose very name is a mys- 
tery. She probably represented the fruitful power of the earth, so 
that her mysteries, celebrated on December 3 and 4 (see note, § 13) 
corresponded to those of Demeter {Mother Earth) at Eleusis. 

26. taeterrimam, i.e. the death of a highwayman. 

28. nee vero 11011, nor can it be but. 

30. imaginibus, waxen masks of ancestors, worn by persons in 
the funeral procession, to represent the departed worthies ; cantu, 
music ; ludis, games ; exsequiis, procession ; funere, burial rites. 

2,2. celebritate, throng (see § 33, and note, R. A. § 13). 

36. mortem ejus lacerari, that his dead body should be mangled. 

203 1 Sect. 87. redemerat, had bought off. 
8. domum .. . incenderat : B.C. 57. The other outrages here 
enumerated have been already described, Sest. § 32 (54). 

13. capere, contain. 

14. incidebantur : he felt so sure of his power, that he was hav- 
ing the laws engraved even before their passage. 

15. nos . . . addicerent : which should bind us over to our own 
slaves (i.e. freedmen). The suffrage of the freedmen was a stand- 
ing subject of controversy in Roman politics. They voted in the 
four city tribes (see note, § 25) , but many efforts were made to get 
them into the rustic tribes ; and Clodius had promised, as praetor, 
to bring forward a law with this object. 

16. adamasset, had taken a fancy to. 

Sect. 88. cogitationibus, plans. — ilium ipsum : i.e. Pompey, 
whose return to Rome was just before the Clodian disturbances 
began. 



ig/5 Notes: Cicero. 

23. hie, at this point. 

27. circumscripsisset, kept him within the legitimate bounds of 
his office (as praetor). 

28. id, i.e. cirewnscribe. — in privato, i.e. when he held no 
magistracy. 

Sect. 89. consularem, of an ex-consul (i.e. Cicero). 
33. possideret, would [now] occupy, etc. 

35. libertos suos : if he freed the slaves of others, they would 
be his freedmen, and bound to him as clients (see note, R. A. § 12). 

204 . Sect. 90. templum, etc., the sancttiary of public purity, 
grandeur, wisdom, and counsel. 

10. aram, as the sacred place where treaties were made. — por- 
tum, haven of refuge. 

12. funestari, defiled by the presence of a corpse. 

13. esset, wotdd have been (§ 308. a\ G. 252; H. 480). 
Sect. 91. ab eo,from (i.e. against) him. 

19. potuisse, for potuit (of dir. disc), might have been. 

20. excitate, summon. 

23. falcibus, hooks (like firemen's hooks) to tear up the steps, 
and turn the building into a fortress. 

24. ad Castoris, see note, § 18. 

25. disturbari, broken up. 

26. M. Caelius, a young man esteemed by Cicero as of great 
promise, and defended by him in a cause of some scandal, but who 
afterwards turned out to be a wild and desperate demagogue (see 
Brut. § 273). In the year B.C. 44, after Caesar's victory at Pharsalia, 
both Caelius and Milo, in concert with each other, headed revolts 
against Caesar, and lost their lives ignominiously in Southern Italy. 
(By silentio is meant that the contio was orderly and well disposed 
before this attack of the Clodians.) 

205. Sect. 92. haud scio an, § 210./ r. ; G. 459 ; H. 529. 
6. ut liceat depends on obsecrantis (ace). 

8. cupimus : in gladiatorial contests, if one combatant had the 
other at his mercy, he waited the will of the people, who expressed 
their wish to have his life spared by turning down their thumbs. If 
most thumbs were turned up, he was put to death. 

/ 



Defence of Milo. 197 

10. efflagitant, clamor for . 

Sect. 93. exanimant, etc, these words of Milo dishearte7i and 
depress me. 

13. audio, hear of-, intersum, bear witness to (literally, am in the 
midst of). 

18. propter me, through my means. 

21. bene moratam, of good manners and morals. 

Sect. 94. mihi (§ 232. a. ; G. 352 ; H. 388 *) : for this passage, 
see Quint. VI. i. 27. 

23. tribunus, see Sest. § 43. — dedissem, had devoted. 
25. acceperam, had found. 

27. Clodianis armis, i.e. on account of Clodius' violence. 

28. putarem, shoidd I have thought ? (§ 268. R. ; G. 252 ; H. 
485. x.\). 

206i Sect. 95. quo videtis, sc. eum esse. 

5. plebem : this word, in the later republic, had lost its meaning 
of a class contrasted with the hereditary aristocracy of the patricians, 
and was applied to the lower classes in general. 

8. tribus patrimoniis : Milo was by birth a member of the 
Papian gens, but was adopted (see note, Sest. § 1) by his maternal 
grandfather, C. Annius. This accounts for two patrimonies; the 
third, Asconius thinks, was probably his mother's. The orator 
here makes a civic virtue out of Milo's lavish bribery. 

10. conciliarit, has won. 

14. ablaturum, will bear away, i.e. the memory of them. 

Sect. 96. vocem praeconis, etc. : i.e. the election was practi- 
cally decided, when the comitia were broken up by a mob. The 
election could not therefore be formally and legally complete, and 
no announcement could be made by the herald. 

16. desiderarit, cared for. 

19. facinoris suspitionem, etc. : the suspicion of a great crime, 
not the indictment for this act. That is, as the last chapters have 
shown, it was, in Cicero's view, not Clodius 1 death, but suspicion 
of designs against Pompey and the state, that decided the case 
against Milo. 

22. recte facta, § 207. c ; G. 438. R. 1 ; H. 359. r. 4 . 

Sect. 97. si . . . ratio, if regard is to be had. (The proper 



198 Notes: Cicero. 

apodosis, we should say, etc., is supplanted by the thing that would 
be said ; and by this protasis and apodosis the tense of the rest of 
the paragraph is changed.) 

207. Sect. 98. Etruriae festos : holidays appointed by the 
people of Etruria, the neighbors whom Clodius had cheated and 
robbed, at the good news of his death. 

3. et actos et institutos, in app. with festos: the celebrations 
that have already taken place, and the anniversaries that have been 
established. — centesima et altera, i.e. just one hundred days. 

The length of interval was caused by the insertion this year of an inter- 
calary month between February and March. This was in theory done 
every other year, but was practically left to the caprice of the pontifices, 
from which it resulted that the calendar had fallen into extreme confusion. 
The calendar year was 67 days behind the true time; and the discrepancy 
remained until the reform by Julius Caesar, B.C. 45. The Roman year at 
this time consisted of only 355 days, and the inserted month was alternately 
of 20 and 22 days (see § 376). These were inserted, not at the end of 
February, but alternately after the 24th and 23d of the month, so that the 
intercalary month {Mercedonius) always contained 27 days (Momm. A'<j«. 
Chr. p. 21). According to Asconius, the trial was April 8 (vi. Id.), and 
the murder was Jan. 18 (xiii. Kal. Feb.), although both these dates were 
disputed. Counting for January 11 days, the Mensis Intercalaris 27, 
March 31, and April 8 days, we have 23 days left for February, which 
would indicate the shorter intercalation, of 22 days. 

5. qua . . . ea, wherever . . . there (abl. of way by which). 

7. non laboro, I have no concern. 

8. versatur, abides. 

Sect. 99. his, sc. judicibus. 

12. cum . . . es, § 326. a ; G. 567 ; H. 517 2 . 

13. quo . . . eo, § 250, and r. ; G. 400 ; H. 423. 

21. quae oblivio -=forgetfulness of which (as regularly with adj. 
pronouns, cf. ed gratia). 

Sect. 100. pietatis, gratitude. 

28. inimicitias, etc. "Such, 11 says Asconius, "were the con- 
stancy and good faith of Cicero, that neither the popular enmity, 
nor the suspicions of Pompey, nor the fear of coming danger if he 



Defence of Milo. 199 

should be put on trial before the people, nor the arms openly taken 
up against Milo, could deter him from his defence, when he might 
have shunned all danger and popular wrath, and even won back the 
good will of Pompey, by relaxing a little the zeal of his advocacy/* 

208. Sect. 102. mene noij potuisse, sc. respondebo. 

25. gentibus : a line must have dropped out, part of which be- 
longs with gentibus. Before noil, the word must be quibus. 

Sect. 103. concepi, incurred. 

28. ilia indicia, i.e. Catiline's conspiracy. 

34. fuerit, § 332. b\ G. 647. R. 4 ; H. 502 2 . — possum, virtually 
future, and so used as apod, to a future protasis. 

209. dictator : in times of great public emergency, the Senate 
could call upon the consuls to create a Dictator, who should possess 
the undivided power of the old kings, but only for the period of six 
months. The laws of appeal, and other safeguards of individual 
liberty, had at first no force against this magistrate. In later times 
dictators were no longer appointed, but the consuls were invested 
with dictatorial power by the formula, ne videant, etc. (Cat. i. § 2). 
Sulla, and afterwards Caesar, revived the name and authority of this 
magistracy ; but, by holding it for life ( perpetuo\ completely changed 
its character, making it equivalent to absolute sovereignty. 

The Magister Equitum, appointed by the Dictator, stood next in 
command to him. 

Sect. 104. in Italia : since the Social War, the towns of Italy, 
having received Roman citizenship, had lost the jus exsilii (see note, 
Arch. § 5) . 

Sect. 105. lacrimis defendi : this was a peculiarly Roman cus- 
tom. Many a desperate case was gained in the Roman courts by 
putting on mourning, and bringing out the wife and children of the 
accused, in deep mourning and bathed in tears. 



Not long after this trial, which ended in Milo's conviction, he 
was further tried in his absence for bribery {ambitus} and illegal 
combinations (de sodaliciis), and on a second charge of assault 
( de vf), and was condemned on each count. Cicero sent him a 
copy of his labored defence, and received a reply dryly thanking him 



200 Notes : Cicero. 

for his effort, but expressing satisfaction that the speech was not 
delivered ; " for then, 1 ' said he, " I should not now be eating the 
excellent mullets of Marseilles. 1 ' 

In the Civil War, Milo perished in South Italy, while leading the 
remnant of his troop of gladiators in resistance to Caesar, — "hit 
with a stone from the wall " in an assault on the town of Cosa, in 
Lucania (see Caesar, B. C. iii. 22). 



ORATION FOR MARCELLUS. 



Chap. i. Caesar's clemency in victory is glorious for himself and honor- 
able for Marcellus. — 2. Warlike glories depend on many outward circum- 
stances : this glory is wholly his own. — 3. Conquest is a natural and 
frequent thing : self-conquest is a divine attribute. Other praises are 
drowned by the noise of war; this wins love and gratitude. — 4. This glory 
none can claim to share. Victory itself is conquered when its rights are 
renounced. — 5, 6. This is an earnest of Caesar's patriotism. Cicero had 
feared the victory of his own side: Caesar's spirit was the nobler. — 7. 
There is nothing to fear from the pardoned : the State itself hangs upon 
Caesar's life. — 8. The wounds of civil wars are to be healed; he must live 
to restore the republic. — 9. This glory still remains: unless the State is 
restored, his other glories will have no abiding-place. — 10. All accept the 
results, and wish his safety. — 11. Cicero is the mouthpiece of all in render- 
ing thanks 

PAGE. 

210. diuturni silentii : it was now more than six years since 
the defence of Milo, which was followed almost immediately by 
Cicero's absence as proconsul in Cilicia, whence he returned only 
on the eve of the Pharsalian campaign. — eram usus, have kept 
(here pluperfect, as preceding attulit) . 

2. timore (abl. of cause), fear of consequences; verecundia, 
i7iodesty, distrust of himself under the circumstances. 

4. velleni : not subj. of indir. question, but conjunct, modestiae 
(§ 311. b\ G. 252; H. 485), thrown into past time by conn, of 
tenses ; initium looks forward to a change of plan : hence the subj., 
meaning what I may wish in the future (compare § 307./"; G. 598). 

5. tantam mansuetudinem, etc. : no doubt these words express 



Oration for Marcellus. 201 

the genuine and grateful surprise felt at Caesar's clemency, so con- 
trasted with the temper and purpose of his opponents. 

7. rerum omnium, in every respect. 

211, Sect. 2. quasi signum sustulisti, you have raised, as 
it were, a signal. 

Sect. 3. in multis, in me ipso, in the case of many, and in 
my own. — paulo ante, just now. 

15. commemoratis, see Introd. 

17. suspitionibus : Caesar is said to have suspected Marcellus 
of some designs of assassination. 

Sect. 5. usurpare, dwell on. 

2.\2., Sect. 6. Fortuna, see Manil. Law, § 47. 

Sect. 7. centurio, the infantry officer (see note, Manil. § 37). 

22. praefectus, the commander of the auxiliary cavalry. So 
cohors and turma correspond to each other, as the infantry and 
cavalry divisions. 

At the present period the regular cavalry of the legion was quite insig- 
nificant, and the horse of the Roman army consisted chiefly of auxiliaries, 
— Gauls, Spaniards, Thracians, etc.; these were organized in alae of 300 
or 400 men each, which were subdivided into turmae of 30. For this 
reason we find here the Roman infantry officer combined with the auxiliary 
cavalry officer, — corresponding to the real composition of the army. 

Sect. 8. immanitate barbaras, barbarous and fierce : his con- 
quests had first subdued the Gauls, Germans, and Britons. 

29. locis infinitas : Caesar moved from Gaul B.C. 49 into Italy, 
and the same year to Spain. In 48 he crossed over to Greece, and 
thence to Egypt. In 47 he carried on war in Asia Minor, and in 
46 gained the crowning victory of Thapsus in Africa. 

2I3i Sect. 9. illae quidem : the pronoun (as often in con- 
cessive sentences), is inserted only to append quidem, adding 
nothing to the sense. 

8. tubarum, of clarions: the tuba was a long, straight horn, 
used in infantry ; the lituus a curved one, used in cavalry. 

Sect. 10. liujus curiae. The old Curia Hostilia, upon the 
north side of the Comitium, was destroyed by fire in the riots after 



202 Notes: Cicero. 

the death of Clodius, B.C. 52 (see Mil. § 33) ; but was rebuilt by 
Faustus Sulla, son of the dictator. 

23. C. Marcelli : cousin of Marcus (cos. B.C. 50). 

25. obfudit, rushed upon. 

Sect. 11. tropaeis et monumentis : the tropaea were memo- 
rials of, victory, consisting of armor of the conquered, arranged in 
human form, and either erected by itself, or attached to some monu- 
ment — as a column or arch. Of monuments, Caesar did not live to 
carry out his plans fully ; he built, however, a new enclosure for 
assemblies, the Saepta Julia, and laid out a new forum for courts 
of justice, the Forum Julium, north of the old Forum. 

214. Sect. 12. florescet, § 205. b\ G. 283. r. 2 ; H. 463. — 
operibus, dat. (§ 229). 

4. victores : i.e. China, Marius, and Sulla. 

6. vereor tit, etc. (§ 331./; G. 552; H. 498), I fear that this 
which I say cannot be understood in the hearing quite as (perinde 
atque) I feel it in the thinking. 

10. occidissemus, might [by right of war] have fallen. 

Sect. 13. quam late pateat, how far it reaches. 

16. ilia, i.e. Pompey's. 

17. tenemur, are convicted. 

21. reddidit, restored, by confidence that no vengeance would 
follow. 

23. hostis, ace. plur. 

Sect. 14. flagitantium : before the outbreak of the civil war, 
Caesar sent C. Curio (son of C. Curio, Verr. i. § 18) to Rome with 
offers of compromise, which were spurned by the Senate. 

32. hominem, the man (Pompey) : emphatic, not his measures. 
— consilio, reasons. 

33. grati animi (see Sest. § 33) : at the time of Cicero's recall, 
Pompey interested himself to go in person to several of the Italian 
towns to encourage the general feeling in his favor ; and so atoned 
in part for the tardiness of his support, and his earlier hesitating, 
cold, and ungracious course. 

215. Sect. 15. integra re, before peace was broken. 



Oration for Marcellus* 203 

2. cum capitis mei periculo, with danger of my life. It is 
said that after Pompey's defeat, the command was urged upon 
Cicero by Cato ; and on his refusal to conduct the war, young 
Pompev would have stabbed him unless Cato had interfered. 

4. existimator rerum,* judge of things. 

6. statim censuerit : Cicero was welcomed and kindly treated 
by Caesar on his return to Italy, B.C. 47. The war was not finished 
till the next year, hence incertus exit us, etc. 

8. victor, when victorious (opposed to incertus, etc.). 

Sect. 16. certorum hominum : such senatorial leaders as 
Metellus, Scipio, and Dolabella. Cicero says, in a letter to M. 
Marius (Fam. vii. 3), " Excepting the chief and a few besides, the 
others — the leaders I mean — were so grasping in the campaign 
and so cruel in their talk, that I shuddered at the [thought of] 
victory. There was nothing good except the cause. 11 And to Atti- 
cus (ix. 7), "It is their plan to stifle (sujfocare) the city and Italy 
by famine, then ravage the fields, set fire, and not spare the money 
of the rich.' 1 Pompey, he says, would often say, Sulla potuit : ego 
non potero? (ib. ix. 10). 

18. inter se, with each other. 

Sect. 18. otiosis, the neutral. 

29. ubi fuisset, which might have been a mere accident. 

23- aliquando, at last. 

34. contulisse ad, laid upon. 

216. Sect. 19. quae, things which (the Stoic doctrine). 

1 1 . commodata, loaned. 

Sect. 20. praesertim belongs with lapsis. 

14. opinione, notion. 

16. si . . . timuerunt, subj. of est (cf. § 333. R. ; G. 469. R. 2 ; 
H. 529. 1 n. 1 ). 

17. senserunt, found by experience. 

Sect. 21. querelam, etc., that the partisans of Pompey wished 
to kill him. 

25. de tuis, i.e. his immediate companions; qui una., those on 
the same side. 

28. qui fuerunt, sc. inimici. 

Sect. 22. sane, by all means. 



204 Notes: Ciceiv. 

217. ignarus, ineocperienced ; rudis, raw; nihil cogitans, in- 
considerate. 

6. equidem, for my part. 

7. dumtaxat, merely (even these). 
Sect. 23. consensio, conspiracy. 

16. constituenda judicia, etc. : the short period of Caesar's 
dictatorship was distinguished by a number of salutary enact- 
ments, which were almost equivalent to a complete revision of the 
constitution. 

17. propaganda suboles : the waste of population by incessant 
wars had already begun to alarm the best minds of Rome. It was, 
in fact, the chief direct cause of the ruin of the Empire. 

18. diffluxerunt, have run wild (like vines). 

Sect. 24. sananda, to be healed (the result) ; mederi, to remedy 
(the treatment). 
Sect. 25. doctorum, philosophers. 

218. cunctam, entire. 

2. perfectione, completion. 

Sect. 28. immo, corrects the general expression parum magna. 

12. futurus fuit, was to be. 

Sect. 27. hie actus, as in a play. 

20. tu perfruare, enjoy it yourself . 

23. dicito, fut. as referring to the time designated by turn. 

27. angustiis, narrow bounds. 

Sect. 28. [ut] inservias, § 331./, r. ; G. 546. r. 3 ; H. 502. 

34. quae quidem, i.e. aeternitas. 

36. certe, dotibtless. 

219. Sect. 28. munera, ^///.f to the people, as monuments 
and spectacles. 

Sect. 29. sedem, abiding-place ; domicilium, home. 

8. requirent, will miss. 

10. illud, the war; hoc, the public safety. 

1 1 . servi eis judicibus, pay regard to those judges. 
Sect. 30. 11011 pertinebit, will have no concern for. 
Sect. 31. perfuncta est, has got through with. 



Oration for Ligarius. 205 

28. arma, etc., arms have been laid down by some and wrested 
from others. 

Sect. 32. sanitatis, ordinary intelligence. 

220. Sect. 33. unde, with which (in Latin the beginning- 
is regarded as the source from which). 

1 1 . agimus, express ; habemus, feel. 

Sect. 34. cum id praestiterim, while I have fulfilled it. — me 
conservato, while I have been preserved. 

29. quod . . . 11011 arbitrabar, which I thought no longer possible. 



ORATION FOR LIGARIUS. 

Argument. 

Chap. i. The charge and the circumstances. — 2. No crime, or sign of 
ill-will to Caesar. — 3. Cicero himself was more culpable, yet is pardoned. 
— 4. So Tubero, who is indebted to Caesar for his life, yet seeks that of 
Ligarius. — 5. The clemency of Caesar is the refuge of all: he stays the 
violence of his partisans. — 6. The political difference was not crime, but 
error: so regarded by Caesar himself. — 7. Circumstances of. the command 
in Africa; Ligarius was not responsible. — 8, 9. If Tubero had been 
admitted, he would have acted against Caesar; when refused, he went to 
Pompey. — 10, n. Cicero does not defend the cause, but pleads for mercy; 
Caesar regards the case itself, not the man who pleads it. His friends 
desire mercy for Ligarius. — 12. Final appeal : the divine quality of mercy. 

1'AGE 

221. propinquus, kinsman. It is not known what was the 
relationship of Tubero to Cicero. He was a member of the Lilian 
gens, — a family distinguished for its legal attainments; and Tubero 
himself ranks high among the Roman jurists. The prosecutor, O. 
Tubero, was son of L. Tubero, whom Ligarius had prevented from 
landing in Africa ; a chief grievance was that the younger Tubero 
was at the time sick on board. 

The Roman state was developed out of the patriarchal state of society, 
of which it retained many characteristic institutions, such as the patria 
potestas, the enormous power, even of life and death, possessed by the 



206 Notes : Cicero. 

head of a family (paterfamilias') over those under his legal control, — 
that is, all sons and descendants in the male line, and all unmarried daugh- 
ters. Daughters, upon their marriage, passed from the potestas of the 
father to the manus of the husband. 

The gens was an enlarged family, which had outgrown the centralized 
power of a paterfamilias, and the feeling of near relationship, but which 
still held in theory to the belief in a common descent, and which main- 
tained a gentile organization, possessed certain property in common, and 
kept up the observance of certain sacra. The chief object of adoption 
(note, Sest. § i) was the maintenance of these sacra. If a person died 
intestate without heirs, his property went to his gens. The fundamental 
importance of the gens in the Roman patriarchal institutions appears in the 
fact that the gentile name, always ending in ius (except in a few Etruscan 
names in na, as Perpenna) was the nomen proper, while the family name 
was only cognomen. Some persons, as C. Marius, had no family name; 
but most gentes fell into a number of families, and sometimes even these 
families were divided into branches, with distinctive names. Thus the 
Cornelian gens contained the families of Scipio, Sulla, Cinna, Lentulus, 
Dolabella, etc.; while a branch of the Scipios retained for many genera- 
tions the agnomen Nasica. Strictly speaking, there were no fully organ- 
ized gentes except those of the patricians, as the Cornelii, Julii, Fabii, 
Claudii; but the plebeian nobility (see note, Verr. i. § 15) developed 
gentes of its own, which were quite, analogous to those of the patricians. 
Such were the Csecilii, Sempronii, Licinii, Livii. 

5. quo me vertam, which way to turn. In later use the word 
(verto) is found in a reflexive sense, as the corresponding word 
with us. — necessarius : Cicero's necessitudo to Pansa appears to 
have consisted in their working together in behalf of Ligarius. 

n. Pansa (C. Vibius ; cos. B.C. 43 ; see Phil, xiv.) : at this time 
a leading supporter of Caesar. This introduction is in a high degree 
ironical. — ut . . . esset (obj. of fecerit), that it is no longer a new 
case. 

222. Sect. 2. Considio : C. Considius Longus, propraetor 
of Africa, B.C. 50, the year before the civil war. 

10. satis facere, etc. : the governor of a province, on leaving 
his province before the expiration of his term, could appoint any 
officer he chose to govern pro praetore in his place : such a lieuten- 



Oration for Ligarius. 207 

ant exercised the imperium of his superior. It was usual, although 
not required, in this case, to appoint the highest subordinate officer, 
the quaestor; hence this apologetic expression of the orator (see 
Momm. Rom. St. i. p. 178). Ligarius, it seems, was so highly 
esteemed by the provincials that the governor could do no less 
than appoint him. 

14. sociis, see note, Verr. i. § 13. 

Sect. 3. cupiditate inconsiderata, headlong partisanship. 

18. salutis and studii limit ducem ; the provincials, at first by 
a sort of necessity for their own security, then with a growing zeal 
espousing Pompey's cause, craved a military leader. 

19. cum = at which time (§ 325. b\ G. 582 ; H. 471 5 ). 

22. praetor = propraetor. — obtinuerat : had held, in some 
former year. Of course, therefore, he had no legitimate authority 
in Africa at the present time, for the imperium must be conferred 
by a special and very definite act : hence the expression si illud, etc. 

Sect. 4. qui cuperet, being one who wished. 

32. in provincia pacatissima : Africa was one of the earliest 
and most thoroughly conquered of the provinces : as is shown by 
the fact that in the division of the Empire by Augustus, when he 
took into his own hands the administration of provinces which 
required a military force, Africa was left, with Asia, Achaia, Hither 
Spain, Narbonnese Gaul, etc., under the authority of the Senate. 
Africa, however, alone of the senatorial provinces, had a regular 
military force, consisting of one legion. 

33. pacem esse, subj. of expediret. — profectio, his going there. 

223. Sect. 5. criminosum, liable to accusation. 

7. Uticae, a Phoenician city in Africa, older than Carthage, under 
whose supremacy it was always restive. For this reason it helped 
Rome against Carthage, and was rewarded with the gift of territory. 
After Africa was made a Roman province, Utica was its capital. 

Sect. 6. occurrat, indir. question depending on reformidat : 
a construction very common in the comic poets. 

Sect. 7. imperator. After the news of Pompey's death (b.c. 
48), Caesar was made dictator rei publicae constituendac, at the same 
time receiving certain other special grants of power, and retaining 
the i»iperiit))i, which he had now held uninterruptedly for twelve 



2o8 Notes : Cicero. 

years. Hence the exaggerated expression imperator units ; for in 
the original sense of this title (see note, Verr. v. 1), it could be 
borne by as many officers as was necessary. It was not until the 
spring of B.C. 45, some months after the delivery of this oration, 
that Imperator became the title of a new magistrate, in whom the 
imperium was vested for his life, and to be transmitted to his 
descendants. This was the commencement of the Empire, though 
the office was suspended from the death of Caesar till it was revived 
by Augustus. From this time the old use of this title was rare. 

33. alterum, second. 

34. fascis laureatos : the fasces were wreathed with laurel 
when the commander, after victory, was greeted as z7?iperator. 
Cicero aspired to the honor of a triumph for successes over some 
mountain robbers. 

36. reddere, restore. (This infin. represents a conative present, 
having a future force : hence dedisset for fut. perf. of dir. disc.) 

224, Sect. 8. ut, how. 

6. cognationem, kinship by blood. Probably this is used rhe- 
torically for adfinitatem, connection by marriage. 
Sect. 9. fuisse, subj. of esse. 
10. nempe, etc., why ! one who, etc. 

13. in acie Pharsalica : the decisive victory of Caesar over 
Pompey, at Pharsalus, in Thessaly, was fought Aug. 9, B.C. 48. 

14. petebat, aim at. — qui sensus, i.e. on which side? 
16. optabas, pray for (stronger than cupiebas). 
Sect. 10. equidem, to be sure. 

30. ut tu vis, as you will have it. 
Sect. 11. dicam = dicturus sum. 

35. levium, misteady ; immanium, ferocious. 

220. Sect. 12. euni dictatorem : i.e. Sulla. The dictator, 
as possessor of the full royal imperhun, had judicial powers, although 
their exercise, at this period, had fallen into disuse. 

10. aliquot annis post, some years later. Sulla had provided by 
law for the impunity of those who executed his proscriptions ; but 
Caesar, as judex quaestionis de sicariis, B.C. 64, took pains to secure 
the trial and conviction of more than one of these wretches. 



Oration for Ligarius. 209 

14. studia virtutis, the devotion to virtue, ete., of your race and 
family. 

Sect. 13. in qua, under which. 

19. 11011 videamini esse, are not, as it seems. 

Sect. 14. domi, in private. 

34. tollere, take away. 

Sect. 15. per te : i.e. as contrasted with the bloodthirstiness 
of some of his followers. 

22Gi essent : following nisi, etc. (notice conn, of tenses). 

Sect. 16. alicujus, /"<??- any one. 

14. tunc, in that case (§ 310. a ; G. 594 3 ; H. 507. n. 7 ). 

19. extorquebit, wrest from you. 

Sect. 17. de nullo alio, etc. : i.e. why he selected Ligarius out 
of all Pompey's followers ; how one who had committed precisely 
the same fault could have the audacity to bring the charge — or 
was it perhaps that he had some new crime to accuse him of ? 
(adferret is subj. as being a question; the others are facts). — ilia 
causa, Pompey's. 

27. qui durius, who speak more harshly. 

227. Sect. 18. mortuus, " in his grave." 

4. contumeliam : Caesar's proconsular command in Gaul ended 
March 1, B.C. 49. It was usual in such cases to continue in com- 
mand until the next first of January, on the principle that every 
tenure of office continued until a successor was appointed ; and, in 
consequence of a law of Sulla, the consuls and praetors went to the 
government of provinces immediately on the expiration of their 
term of office in the city. A new law of Pompey's, however, had 
provided that five years should intervene between the magistracy 
and the governorship, so that it would be easy to appoint a succes- 
sor to Caesar at the legal expiration of his office. Further, Caesar 
had been exempted by law from the necessity of presenting himself 
in person as a candidate for the consulship of B.C. 48. His plan 
was to be elected in his absence, to retain his proconsulship until 
the day when he should assume the consulship again, and thus to 
have no gap between the two offices. If there were a gap of a 
single day, his enemies were on the watch to prosecute him, for 



210 Notes: Cicero. 

various acts which were at any rate irregular. Their policy was to 
abrogate his command, if possible, and at any rate to repeal the 
law which allowed him to be a candidate while absent. The year 
50 B.C. was consumed in fruitless negotiations and attempts at com- 
promise ; when Pompey and the Senate at last cut off further de- 
bate, refused all concessions to Csesar, and declared war. It was 
this treatment which Cicero describes as contumelia. 

6. paceni esse cupiebas : it seems certain that Qesar had, in 
his desire for peace, carried his offers of compromise as far as was 
possible for him to do safely in his position. 

7. ut tibi conveniret, that y 'on should come to an understanding 
(in appos. with id). 

Sect. 19. esses, i.e. in that case. 

12. secessionem : Pompey and most of the Senate retired at 
Cassar's approach, and escaped to Greece. 

15. utrisque cupientibus, where both wished. 

18. eorum qui sequebantur : almost the entire body of nobles 
followed Pompey. 

21. cognita . . . tua, now that your clemency is known. 

Sect. 20. poteramusne, sc. non venire. 

28. atque is almost = atqui. 

Sect. 21. Tuberonis sors : in the assignment of the provinces. 

223. excusare, to excuse himself. 

3. contubernales, in Cicero's brief campaign in the Social War. 

6. quidam, some friend : it is uncertain who. 

Sect. 22. occupatam, i.e. by Attius Varus. 

14. voluisse, voluisse, maluisse, all have the clause African! 
. . . obtinere depending on them, but it is expressed only with the 
second. 

15. natam ad bellum : a map of the Mediterranean will show 
the formidable position of the province of Africa as against Italy. 

17. aliquem, some one else. 

Sect. 23. tradiUiri fuistis, were you going to surrender? (half- 
way between the original meaning and that which it afterwards had. 
of the apod, contrary to fact. The student should bear in mind 
these transitions in meaning, as language is constantly changing, 
and can never be strictly reduced to rules : traditurum fuisse (be- 



Oration for Ligarius. 211 

low) is the regular construction of indir. disc. ; while the above 
forms in direct disc, were only used as strict apodosis later). 

27. cujus interfuit, whose interest it was. 

Sect. 24. veniebatis, conative imperf. 

34. maxime infestam : King Juba of Numidia was a zealous 
adherent of Pompey, and Africa was the seat of the last struggle of 
the Senate against Caesar. 

35. huic causae, Caesars. — aliena voluntas, estranged feeling. 
— conventus : an association of the citizens of a province, pos- 
sessing certain corporate powers. 

229, Sect. 25. nempe, naturally enough. 
6. in societatem, to take a share in. 

8. venissetis, you should have come (not apod, but hortatory) ; 
venistis (emphatic) , _y<9?/ did come. 

12. per me, for all me. 

15. qui privaverit, in that he deprived yon (subj. of char.). 

Sect. 26. quamvis probarem, however much I might approve. 
(The tense is attracted by the following apod, contrary to fact.) — 
partibus, pa?'ty. 

26. ad eos ipsos, constr. (by syuisesis) with partibus. 

Sect. 27. nequaquam fuerunt: Varus was of an insignificant 
family, while the Tuberos were members of the nobility. — justo, 
regular, duly conferred. 

34. ad Caesarem, sc. venit. 

36. causam, side. 

230. Sect. 28. ejus, Pompey. 

9. cum videres, second person of indef. subj. in a general con- 
dition (§ 309. a\ G. 597. R. 3 ; H. 484. iv. N. 2 ). 

12. esset, subj. of charact. ; but for that it would be indie, (erat), 
by § 308. b\ G. 599. R. 3 ; H. 511. N. 8 . 

Sect. 29. in ilia causa, in upholding the side of Pompey. 

22. ad unam summam, to one main point. 

Sect. 30. tecum, in company with you. Caesar was hardly less 
distinguished as an orator than as a general and statesman. — equi- 
dem emphasizes multas. — in foro : the Forum was the seat of 
the administration of justice. 



212 Notes; Cicero. 

26. honorum : i.e. the canvassing for office made it necessary 
for him to appear as pair onus . 

27. posthac, sc. fecerit. 

31. ne haec quidem, i.e. the following. 

32. valerent, might prevail (if I used them). 

34. oppressus, forced into. — in eo ipso, i.e. in his conduct in 
the war to which he was forced. 
36. temere, thoughtlessly. 

23 1 1 ignoscatur, impersonal. 

3. idem . . . qui, Just as. 

Sect. 31. mihi, etc., i.e. not only have I been preserved, but, etc. 

6. est posita, depends. 

7. studiis, zealous efforts. 

9. causas, the cases. 

10. voltus : the tears and lamentations by which it was cus- 
tomary to seek acquittal. 

11. quam tuns necessarius, how closely connected to you. 

12. quam illius, opposed to tnus. 

14. fruuntur, concedas : the indie, refers to individual cases; 
the subj. characterizes Caesar himself, but the difference is slight. 
17. justissimum, very natural. 
Sect. 32. tu : only expressed to go with the concessive quidem. 

21. Sabinos : Ligarius was of Sabine origin, and many of his 
Sabine friends were here present. 

22. florem, etc. : the Sabine territory among the mountains was 
still the home of a hardy and virtuous population. 

23. nosti : during the civil war, Caesar had found shelter from 
Sulla among these kindly mountaineers. 

26. squalorem, see note, Sest. § 11. 

Sect. 33. quodvis, any whatever (emphatic). 

34. vox, the expression which follows. 

35. nos, i.e. the party of Pompey. — nisi qui, except those who. 

232 1 tecum fuerunt, on your side. i.e. as holding aloof from 
the other side. As neutrals, they were threatened by the Pompeians. 

6. non nulli, some of us. 

7. tuis suos, to your friends their friends. 



Oration for Ligarius. 213 

Sect. 34. fuerit futunis, see note, § 23. 

15. conspirantem, harmonious (breathing together) ; conflatam, 
identical (fused together). 

17. ut . . . sequerentur, subst. clause (§ 332. £ ; G.313 ; H. 502 -). 

19. tempestate, by stress of weather. 

21. tamen, notwithstanding. 

Sect. 35. ierit, etc. (concessive subj.), suppose he did go. 

23. hi . . . tui (emphatic) = these beseech you, and they are your 
friends. — equidem sets off the implied subj. ego against tu, 
below. — cum interessem, having been concerned in. 

25. quaestor urbanus, city treasurer (see note, Verr. i. § 11). 
in which capacity he appears to have clone a service to Caesar, who 
was then in Gaul. 

Sect. 36. nihil egit aliud, had no other object. 

31. haec, the present condition of 'things. m 

34. officio, brotherly kindness. 

36. tot talibus, many and excellent as they are. 

yj . condonaveris : condonare is to grant something for the 
sake of some one else. 

2 33 1 Sect. 37. de homine nobilissimo, i.e. Marcellus. 

2. in curia, before the Senate (see Introd. to Or. for Marcellus). 
— foro : Ligarius had been accused; hence the form of trial in the 
Forum. 

9. populare, popidar, but in a strictly political sense. — nulla, 
etc.. not one of your many virtues is more, etc., than mercy. 

Sect. 38. ut possis : a subst. clause of result (§ 332. a; G. 
558 ; H. 501 !), because an effect is implied in habet. 

15. postulet, § 311. a\ G. 459. r. ; H. 485. 



2 14 Notes : Cicero. 

THE LAST PHILIPPIC. 

Argument. 

Chap. 1,2. Rejoicing is premature, while Brutus is not safe; his rescue 
has been the object from the beginning. — 3-5. Antony and his troops 
should be held as public enemies : their cruelties at Parma, etc. : the city 
itself has been allotted among them. Cicero would extend the time of 
rejoicing, and salute the commanders as imperatores, to which their deeds 
entitle them. — 6, 7. Absurd charge against Cicero, of aiming at power. 
The career of honors is open, and the people rate men according to their 
deserts. — 8. His former counsel, that Antony be declared a public enemy. 
This is implied in the proposed supplicatio. — 9, 10. Exploits and eulogy 
of Pansa and Hirtius. — 11, 12. A supplicatio recommended of fifty days 
for the three commanders. Eulogy of the soldiers, the living and the 
dead. Let a monument be erected to the dead, especially of the legion 
of Mars. — 13. Let us console their relatives, and pay the promised reward 
to the families of the dead, as well as to the survivors. — 14. Resolution 
of thanks and honor. 



237i- Sect. 1. Si cognovissem (see note, R. A. § 1) : the 

construction of this involved sentence is, If I knew that Brutus 
was already gone from Mutina {which we all greatly wish, a?id 
think to be effected by the victory already gained}, as I do know, 
from the documents just read, that the army of our worst ene7ny is 
cut to pieces and put to flight, I would vote without hesitation, etc. 
D. Brutus, one of Caesar's murderers, had been assigned by him to 
the government of Cisalpine Gaul, and took possession of the 
province after Caesar's death. In the summer, Antony procured 
the passage of a law transferring this province to himself. Brutus, 
supported by the Senate, refused to give it up, and upon this issue 
hostilities broke out. Brutus was at this time besieged in Mutina 
(Modena), and the consuls, Hirtius and Pansa, had moved to raise 
the siege. — ex litteris, the army-bulletins. 

6. ad saga, etc., as we should say figuratively " to arms," the 
sagum being the type of anxiety and alarm, as the toga was ot 
security and peace. 



The Last Philippic. 215 

As the toga was the garb of peace, so the sagwri was that of war. It 
was a simple woollen cloak, fastened over one shoulder with a clasp or 
buckle, fibula, while the toga had no fastening, but was wound in elaborate 
folds about the body. The sagum was worn in the army, and also in the 
city when, as now, there was civil war, or war near home. Ire ad saga 
was a mark of a state of war; redire ad vestitum would come with peace. 

9. ea res : the raising of the siege. 

Sect. 2. sententia, proposition. 

13. in hodiernum diem : i.e. for the day's rejoicings. 

16. id agamus ut, let us do so with the intention to retain it. 

17. turpe est : it were a mockery to show rejoicing and triumph, 
when the gods had as yet granted only half their prayers. 

Sect. 3. redierimus, sc. ad vestitum. 

24. ne . . . prodatur : i.e. by changing the dress for the one day, it 
will appear that it was not on account of Brutus that the change was 
made ; for he was not yet safe. 

27. tollite hanc, set aside this motive (a kind of protasis, § 310. b ; 
G. 594 4 ; H. 487 3). 

28. pravae, perverse. 

29. conservate, etc., maintain your dignity (by sustaining 
Brutus). 

Sect. 4. legati : this was in January. At the head of the 
embassy was the distinguished jurist, Ser. Sulpicius Galba, who died 
on the journey. The Ninth Philippic was spoken in commemora- 
tion of him. 

34. denuntiarent, order (with threats). — hosti, Antony. 

233. Hirtius, the consul (see Introd.). — imbecillitatem, 

infirm condition. Cicero had said of him before, " How feeble and 
worn he was ! But the infirmity of his body did not check the 
vigor of his soul. 11 

2. per se, through his own exertions. 

3. liberasset : Octavianus had taken an active part in the autumn 
in thwarting Antony's plans. 

5. dolorem aliquem domesticum, some private grief, for the 
death of his adoptive father. Cicero would imply that he was too 
true a patriot to feel a real affection for the dictator. 



216 Notes: Cicero. 

Sect. 5. quid . . . egit, what object had Pansa ? He had set out 
for Mutina some weeks after his colleague. 
8. faciendis, procuring. 

13. necessitate victus, implying that the war brought distress 
in the provision-market. — quod, i.e. the liberation of Brutus from 
siege. 

14. inibi esse, on the very point of being achieved. 

16. et connects rei and evento. 

17. praeripuisse, seized prematurely, if the news proved true ; 
contempsisse, scorned, if it proved false. 

Sect. 6. significatio vestra, the indication you have given. 

21. propraetore : i.e. Caesar Octavianus, upon whom the Senate 
had specially conferred this rank early in January. He was left in 
sole command after the deaths of Hirtius and Pansa. — si . . . ante, 
as soon as. 

22. pertineant, § 341. b\ G. 509"; H. 503. — imbuti, stained; 
madefacti, bathed. 

23. exercituumque : this term is added, because the legions 
contained only Romans, while the consular armies had also aux- 
iliaries. 

24. duobus . . . proelio : the battle was begun by Pansa, who was 
routed and mortally wounded — although the fatal character of his 
wound was not yet known at Rome ; then the fortune of the day 
was retrieved by reinforcements led by Hirtius. Octavianus took 
no part in this engagement, but repulsed an attack upon the camp. 

25. hostium, civiuni : Cicero's great point in the Philippics is 
to make out that Antony — like Catiline — is no citizen, but a public 
enemy. In the argument that follows, he shows that the proposi- 
tion of a supplicatio (see note, Cat. iii. 15), which had never been 
decreed except for a victory over foreign enemies, indorses this view 
by treating Antony as an enemy. 

26. nefarium scelus : observe the chiasmos. 

28. nisi mucrones, etc., unless you wish their very sword-blades 
to waver in doubt. 

Sect. 7. hostem: the proposition seems to have studiously 
omitted calling Antony's troops enemies: this Cicero objects to. 

31. vero, forsooth, marks the irony. 

1^. improbis, criminal, sc. civibus. 



The Last Philippic. 217 

34. clarissimus vir : P. Servilius Vatia, the proposer of the 
supplicatio, Caesar's colleague in his second consulship, B.C. 48. 

35. urbanarura, civil. — internecivi, to the death. — circum- 
scribunt, swindle. 

23Q ( Sect. 8. infert, of offensive war. — quattuor consuli- 
bus, i.e. besides the two consuls, the two consuls elect, Plancus and 
D. Brutus. 

5. gerit, is actually carrying on. 

6. suis cladibus, the evils tie himself threateiis. 

7. Dolabellae f acinus : Dolabella, Antony's colleague in the 
consulship (b.c. 44), when on his way to the province of Syria, in 
February 43, assaulted Smyrna by treachery, captured the propraetor 
of Asia, C. Trebonius (one of the conspirators against Cassar), and 
put him to death with indignities and torture. 

1 1 . hoc templo : i.e. that of Jupiter Capitolinus, where the Senate 
was now met. 

12. Parmensium : Parma had been captured by Antony, and 
treated in the manner here described. 

15. propudium et portentum, prodigy of wickedness. 

16. L. Antonius, the youngest brother of Mark Antony (cos. 
B.C. 41). 

Sect. 9. oblita, bes?neared. 

25. crudelitatem : the cruelty of the Carthaginians was pro- 
verbial — at least among their enemies the Romans. 

27. capta, taken by assault; surrepta, surprised. 

Sect. 10. hujus urbis : sc. eum esse : urbis limits quid in 
the same sense as coloniarum limits hostis. 

32. explendas, replenisJiing. — latrocinii, gang of robbers. 

33. peritus metator et callidus, that tried and shrewd sur- 
veyor. 

34. Saxa, L. Decidius ; a Celtiberian by birth, originally a land- 
surveyor, a creature of Caesar's and now of Antony's. The reference 
here is to a law of Antonius, passed in the June preceding, for the 
establishment of colonies of veterans. 

36. domesticis, within the walls. 

240i dissipatis, spread abroad. 



2 1 8 Notes : Cicero. 

2. domum, home (actual abode) ; tecta, buildings (in general) ; 
larem, domestic hearth. 

The Lares (regarded, at any rate later, as deified ancestors) are hardly to 
be distinguished, as an object of worship, from the Penates, or household 
gods (see note, Cat. iv. § 17). Each compitum, or cross-road, had its 
lares, who were the object of the sacra of the collegia compitalicia (see 
note, Sest. § 13). The lar familiaris was the protector of the family, 
and especially of the hearth. 

6. si quis attulerit . . . assentiar, if any would propose, I would 
accept. 

Sect. 11. decreverit, has inoved.—- ovcimxio numerum, the 
number in all. 

15. cui, interrogative. — ut 11011, etc., without his being called, 
etc., even though, etc. 

18. decernenda non fuit, ought not to have been voted. 

Sect. 12. an adimemus, shall we then deprive? 

22. quae increbuit : in the later days of the republic, the title 
of iinperator and the honor of triumph were granted upon much 
less cause than in earlier times. 

23. appellaret, would have styled (imperf. because of repeated 
action). 

30. ovantem : the ovatio was an inferior triumph, sometimes 
granted by the Senate, in cases when the proportions or circum- 
stances of the victory, or the rank of the commander, did not war- 
rant the supreme honor of a triumph (see note, Man. § 8). The 
general did not wear the purple embroidered robe, or the laurel 
crown, but the ordinary toga praetexta, and a wreath of myrtle. 
Moreover, he walked, or (in later times) rode on horseback, instead 
of riding in a chariot. 

Sect. 13. is demum, that only. 

35. sive, if either. 

241. gratias agebant, gave a vote of thanks. 

3. tu igitur, sc. gloriaris. — dixerit, hortat. subj. (§ 266). — 
equidem, concessive. 

6. gratiam 11011 referri, that a favor should not be returned. 
Sect. 14. Parilibus : the Parilia or Palilia (April 21) was one 



The Last Philippic. 219 

of the most ancient Roman festivals, in honor of Pales, a goddess 
of flocks. This day was regarded as the anniversary of the found- 
ing of the city. — qui dies, etc., which occur this very day. — cum 
fascibus descensurum, i.e. was coming down with the insignia of 
usurped power, as if to assume the throne. 

11. hoc esse conlatum, this [intention] was attributed. 

13. ne quid, § 319. a ; G. 556. N. 4 ; H. 49S. ii. — ut : if this word 
is retained, the expression is subj. of exclam. (§ 332. c\ G. 560; 
H. 486. ii.) ; if omitted, a rhetor, question (§ 268; G. 251 ; H. 485). 

15. existerem, etc., should turn out of a sudden aiwther Cati- 
line. (Imperf. as referring back to the time when his enemies said 
" descendet." 1 ) 

16. quibus auspiciis, i.e. by what formal authority. — augur, /, 
an augur (emphatic) : i.e. an augur would know his science too 
well for such an attempt. This was the latest of Cicero's official 
honors, received ten years before ; and he fully appreciates the dig- 
nit}' of the priestly craft. 

While an augur had the power of interpreting the auspices, only magis- 
trates had the power of taking them (see note, Cat. iv. 2) ; and augurs 
were not in any sense magistrates. Further, any assumption of power 
would be invalid unless confirmed by auspices. Cicero, though an augur, 
was unable to take the first preliminary step to any usurpation of power. 
A technical obstacle like this would not stand long in the way of a modern 
usurper; but the stress here laid upon it illustrates the degree to which 
the peculiar formalism of the Roman religion had become worked into the 
Roman mind; and further, the power that lay in this adherence to form 
towards protecting the institutions of the State. 

17. traderem : the iuperium, as well as the auspicia, descended 
by regular succession, like ecclesiastical functions in the church.— 
quemquamne fuisse, § 274 : G. 341 ; H. 539. iii. 

20. sermo, mere talk, not even honest suspicion. 

Sect. 15. illani curiam, i.e. the Pompeian : this was to the 
north of the Capitoline, and was the scene of Caesar's death : 
hence the term infelicem. 

23. furiis suis, their own madmen. (The Mss. have viribus or 
juris: Klotz's conjecture partibus is adopted by Halm.) 

26. ad me : as being now the leading man in the State. 



220 Notes: Cicero. 

33. quae is obj. and res subj. of patefecit. 
Sect. 16. jam inde, ever since. 

242. optatissimi nuntii, etc. : i.e. of the victory at Mutina. 
— liberarit, perf. as of an effect still continuing. 

Sect. 17. male mecum ageretur, I should fare hardly. 
14. purgatus, cleared. — jejuno, mean ("meagre"). 

18. magnus . . . campus, a broad field is open in public life. 

19. Crassus: the great orator, who died B.C. 91. — apertus, 
imobstr ucted . 

20. quidem, Pm sure. — principes : such men as Catulus, 
Lucullus, Hortensius, Servilius (Isauricus), and Metellus Celer. 

21. cum . . . cederem, when I myself was ready to yield to them. 
23. quo dolore, interrogative. 

26. sententiam moderari, govern their views. 
Sect. 18. principatus (obj. gen.), stipremacy. 
30. cursus, speed. 
32. optime sentiam, have the noblest views. 

34. nollem = / should be sorry to have you. 

2 4 3 1 et libenter, and should be glad to be. 

Sect. 19. haec . . . ferunt, these things, as some maliciously say, 
the Roman people see, etc. 

4. poteratne fieri, was it possible ? 

6. universo, as a whole. 

13. xiii. Kal. Jan. (Dec. 20), the day when the third and fourth 
Philippics were spoken, — one in the Senate and one in the Forum, 
— declaring Antony a public enemy ; ex Kal. Jan., when, in the 
fifth Philippic, he urged that no negotiations should be had with 
him. The campaign against Antony may be said to have begun 
with the former ; but no active measures could be taken until the 
new consuls entered upon office on the first of January. 

Sect. 20. legatos : it was on the question of sending this 
embassy (see note, § 4) that Cicero delivered the fifth Philippic. 

20. ilium hostem, sc. appellari, (Observe the condensed em- 
phasis, caused by omission of the verbs.) 

Sect. 21. P. Ventidium : an officer of Antony's army. He 



The Last Philippic. 221 

afterwards gained some important successes over the Parthians, 
B.C. 38. 

24. f voluseiium : the Mss. here are hopelessly corrupt. 

25. discessionem : a vote by going to one part of the house 
(pedibus ire in senteutia/u : see Introd. note, Cat. iv.). 

Sect. 22. semel et saepius, once and again. 
33. sustulerunt, i.e. refused to put the question. The presiding 
officer had the right to decide what questions should be put. 



244. imprudens, unawares^ unconsciously. 

Sect. 23. bellum Octavianum : the reaction, B.C. 87, by which 
Sulla's partisan, the consul Octavius, was expelled by his colleague 
Cinna. 

10. Servili, P. Servilius Vatia, colleague of Caesar, B.C. 48. 

13. de Alexandria : for a victory over the Egyptians : de Phar- 
nace, son of Mithridates, King of Pontus (both victories, B.C. 47). 

Sect. 24. Gabinium (see Or. for Sestius) : he had claimed a 
supplicatio, which the Senate steadily refused, for some successes 
against Arab marauders in Syria. 

26. re, in effect ; verbo, in so ma?iy words. 

Sect. 25. habet, has already. — honoris amplissimi : i.e. the 
consulship. 

32. alterum, i.e. consul ; alterum, imperator. 

36. jugulis, i.e. lives simply. 

24 5 1 a membris, etc.: Antony would not only cut their 
throats, but treat their bodies with indignity,- — as was, in fact, 
afterwards done in the case of Cicero : perhaps even torture them, 
like Dolabella. 

Sect. 26. princeps, leader in. 

5. legione Martia : this was one of two legions (the other was 
the Quarto) that had gone over from Antony to the Senate the 
November previous. 

Sect. 27. beneficia : i.e. grants of money and assignments of 
land to Caesar's veterans, as well as new enactments making mili- 
tary service less onerous. 

22. viginti cohortibus, i.e. two legions (see note, Manil. § 37). 



222 Notes: Cicero. 

24. qua . . . accepimus, than which we have heard of no nobler 
example of a commander. 

25 . tribus : in point of fact, Antony had only two legions engaged ; 
but full particulars had not yet reached Rome, and Cicero appears 
to have thought that a third legion, the Alauda, which he had with 
him, was engaged in the fight. 

35. aetas : Octavius was now twenty years old, an age at which 
no person could regularly (by the lex annalis) hold the imperium. 

246. Sect. 28. postulanda, to be expected. 

3. dabamus, conative imperf. 

4. ejus nominis, that title (ijnperator), which is connected with 
i?7iperin?)i. The title was not, however, conferred with the power, 
but followed some important success in the field, being given by 
acclamation of the soldiers. 

7. castra, the camp of Hirtius. 

Sect. 29. decerno : note that this word does not mean decree, 
but, of a single senator, simply vote. — quinquaginta, an unprece- 
dented number. Ten days' supplicatio had been decreed for Pom- 
pey's victories in Africa, and fifteen for Caesar's defeat of the Bel- 
gians. 

20. con.\xmgi, joined with that of the commanders. 

Sect. 30. cumulata, redoubled. 

25. praestabitur, will be redeemed (" fulfilled ' 1 ). 

26. secuti sunt = relied on. 

28. quibus, i.e. the living, whose silent presence is a reminder. 
Sect. 31. occurrunt, suggest themselves . 

24 7 1 Albam, sc. Fucensem, a town among the mountains, in 
the territory of the Marsi, which the Martian legion took and held 
after revolting from Antony. 

5. se abrupit, compare § 26 and note. 

8. desiderat, has lost. 

Sect. 32. idem deus : Mars was the special patron god of 
Rome, — a relation not inconsistent with the recognition of Jupiter 
as the supreme god of all. The establishment of the worship of 
Jupiter Capitolinus, as the central point of Roman religion, belongs 



The Last Philippic. 223 

to that stage in the history of Rome — the period of the Tar- 
quinian dynasty — when, from being a single Latin city, she became 
the head of the Latin name. 

15. pignerari, claim as his own. 

248i Sect. 34. bustis, burial-mounds. The bustum was 
properly the heap of ashes left after the body had been consumed 
with the rogus. The term was also applied to the mound erected 
on the spot where the body was burned. 

24 9 1 Sect, y] . alter ambove : the imperium of the two 
consuls was absolutely equal, and the power of neither was impaired 
by any field of action specially assigned, or any duty specially im- 
posed upon the other. Any such special assignment of functions 
was only made by mutual consent, and either had a legal right 
to interfere in the other's province. Of course, however, any such 
interference was regarded as unwarranted, and, in practice, the two 
colleagues either took turns in the administration, or agreed upon a 
division of functions between them. 



INDEX. 



The figures refer to the pages of the Notes. 



Addicere, 156. 
Adrogatio, 146. 
Advocali, 6, 10. 
JEdilis, 50. 
Adoption, 146. 
Africa, 207. 
Ager Gallic us, 109. 
Ager Publicus, 40. 
Agere cum populo, 49. 
Agnalus, 146. 
Allies (Italian), 138. 
Antioch, 136. 
Antithesis, 8, 70. 
Appia Via, 88. 
Aquilius, 74. 
Aratores, 39, 40. 
Aristocracy (Roman), 31. 
Armenia, 72. 
Asia, 34, 75. 
Assemblies, 42. 
Auctoritas, 39, 97. 
Augur ~ia, 71. 
Augur es, 126, 219. 
Auspicia, 125, 153, 173, 
219. 

Bona Dea, 164, 172, 
187, 195- 



Bosporus, 73. 
Bustum, 223. 

Csecilia, 28. 
Cselius, 196. 
Caesar, 129, 130, 147, 

156, 207; in Gaul, 209, 
Calendar, 113. 
Campus Martins, 42, 

126. 
Capite Censi, 43. 
Capitolium, 62, 122, 133 
Carbo, 170. 
Career, 113. 
Cato, 141, 175. 
Catulus, 87, 137. 
Cavalry, 201. 
Censor es, 56, 140. 
Centuriae, 43. 
Cenfuriae Equitum, ^ 
Centurio, 83. 
Challenge (of jurors), 36 
Cilicia. 58, 83. 
Cinna, 124. 
Citizenship, 40. 
Clic us, 10, 135. 
Clodius, 72, 172, 184. 
Cognatus, 146. 



Collegium, 118, 126, 139, 

152,154, 177. 
Coloniae, 99, 112, 114, 

138. 
Co m ilia, 42, 126, 132, 

146; ciiriata, 146; 

tributa, 43, 53. 
Comitiuiu, 68, 153, 163. 
Commune, 85. 
Comperendinatio, 48. 
Compitum, 154, 177. 
Concilium, 152, 162. 
Consilium, 29, 46, 152. 
Consularis, 51. 
Consultum, 39, 97. 
Contio, 54, 69, 153, 168. 
Crassus, 63, 156. 
Crete, 83, 86. 
Curia, 59, 95, 146, 20 r. 
Curule office, 41. 

Decumae, 40, 75. 
Decretum, 182. 
Detestatio sacrorum, 

146. 
De curia, 154. 
Dccuriones, 16. 
Uelos, 88. 



Index. 



225 



Dictator, 178, 199, 207, 

208. 
Dicere causam, 9. 
Dice re diem, 1 81. 
Dilatio, 71. 
Discessio, 126. 
£>?'/« Fidins, 149. 
Divisores, 45. 
Drusus, 137, 138, 175. 
Duumviri, 138. 

Elections, 100. 
Ennius, 142. 
Equites, 5, 9, 32. 
Evocatio deoru?n, 60. 
Expiatio, 20. 
Exsilium, 138, 140. 

Eaiuilia, 23, 76. 
Fanum, 63. 
Fasces, 81. 
Fasti dies, 1 54. 
Felicitas (temple of), 

61. 
Eiscus, 45. 
Forum, 105, 227. 
Forum Aurelium, 105. 
Freedmen, 15, 132; 

suffrage of, 195. 

Gabinius, 148. 
Galleys, 84. 
Games, 47. 
GV»j, 206. 
Gracchus, 32, 96, 97, 

131, 190. 
Greek towns, 64. 
Gymnasia, 59. 

Haruspices, I iS. 



Hospitium, II, 135. 
Hi spa uia, 82. 

Imagines, 41, 180. 
Imperator, 57, 207. 
Imperium, jj, 42, 50, 

79,91,9s. 12 5> 2 °7> 
223. 
Tnnocentia, 49. 

Intercalatio, 198. 
Inter cessio, 153, 174. 
Inter dictio, 1 5 1 . 
Interregnum, 1 77. 
Inter rex, 173. 

Judex Quaestionis, 5. 
J ud ices, 5, 33. 
Judicium, 34, 38, 43, 

167, 193, 204; Junta- 

num, 46, 52. 
Juris dictio, 39. 
y^/j augurium, 127. 
y«j Caeritum, JO. 
Jus gentium, 27, 39. 
_7?^ Exsilii, 99, 138. 

Lanuvium, 178. 

Lares, 218. 

Laws (title), 24. 

Lectisternium, 123. 

Legatus, 47, 74, 88. 

Leges: A cilia, 55 ; /Elia, 
154; Cornelia, 24, 
165; Fttfia, 154; Ctf- 
binia, 75, 89,92; yz<:- 
diciaria, 32; Porcia, 
66; Plautia-Papiria, 
1 38 ; Semproniae, 66 ; 
Valeria, 24. 

Z*£W, 47, 83. 



Liber tini, 132. 

Liber tus, 15. 

Lie lores, 81. 

ZzVw cestimatio, 5 1 . 

Lucullus, 72, 79, 137. 

Zw<# Romani, etc., 47. 

Majestas, 51. 
Mamerlini, 65. 
yi/tf « z; /// mw, 186. 
Marcellus, 57, 104. 
Marius, S6, 90, 97, 159. 
Mars, 222. 
Memmius, 128. 
Messana, 65. 
Metellus, 28, 44, 46, 103, 

129, 137, 155. 
Milo, fate of, 200. 
Municipium, 10, 1 14, 

116, 139, 178- 
Munus, 50. 

Necessitudo, 37. 
Nobility, 31, 41. 
Nomen, 105, 206. 
Nome it Latinum, 99. 

Obnuntiatio, 153. 

Obsecratio, 120. 

Oppidum, 22. 

Or do, 31 ; cquestris, 33. 

Ortygia, 58. 

Ostia, 82. 

Ovatio, 218. 

Paenula, 178, 1 79. 
Palatium, 94. 
Palladium, 180. 
Par Hi a, 218. 
Parricidium, 18, 20, 



226 



Index. 



Pastor es, 120. 
Paterfamilias, 23, 191, 

206. 
Patria Pot est as, 15, 146, 

205. 
Patricii, 123. 
Pair onus, 10, 135. 
Penates, 133, 182. 
Piratical State, 81. 
Plebiscitum, 43. 
Pompey, 80, 134, 147, 

168, 174, 189. 
Potestas, 50. 
Pontifex, 96, 173. 
Praefectura, 1 1 6. 
Praemitim, 143. 
Praeneste, 99. 
Praerogativa, 46. 
Praetexta (toga), 109, 

137, 149, 218. 
Praetor es, 28, 38, 71, 89, 

92, 116. 
Princeps Senatus, 123, 

126. 
Proconsul, 91, 209. 
Propraetor, 37, 92, 1 39, 

208. 
Prorogatio, 37, 80, 91. 
Proscriptio, 12, 209. 
Provincia, 37, 75. 
Provocatio, 169. 
Prytanettm, 59. 
Publicani, 40, 75, 76. 
Pidvinaria, 123. 

/W^YZ/, I48. 

Quaestio (torture), 23. 



Quaestiones Perpeluae, 

5, 38,43, 71, 173. 
Quaestor es, 36, 132. 
Quirites, 69. 

Reate, 117. 

Refer re {legem), 53, 79, 

89, 125. 
Regia, 182. 
Rejectio judicum, 36. 
Repetundae, 5, 33, 51. 
Rhegium, 63. 
Rhodes, 87. 
Rogatio, 69, 106. 
Rogus, 223. 

Sacra?nenlum, 191. 
Sagum, 215. 
Saturnalia, 1 1 9. 
Sccevola, 55, 63. 
Scipio, 23, 86, 96, 134, 

141, 175. 
Scribae, 126, 132. 
Scriptura, 76. 
Sector es, 23. 
6>//tf Curulis, 127. 
Senaculum, 1 14. 
Senatus, 31, 39, 125. 
Senatus consulta, 39, 96. 
Sentcntia, 125. 
Sertorius, 74. 
Servare de caelo, 153. 
Servilius, 93. 
Sibylline Books, 118. 
Slaves, 76, 118, 187. 
Socii, 40, 103. 
Speclio, 126, 153. 



Stat or, 100. 

Stipendium, 76. 

Sulla, 8, 15, 24, 26, 37, 

159, 208. 
Sulpicius, 123. 
Supplicatio, 120, 123, 

216. 
Syracuse, 57, 58. 

Tabellae, 119. 

Tabulae Novae, 112. 

Tabular ium, 139. 

Templum, 93. 

Tempora, 70. 

70£V2, 109, 120, 137, 165. 
Torture, 23,40, 187. 

Trattsitio ad plebem, 
146. 

Transvectio Equitum, 
81. 

Tribunus Aerarius, 54, 
132. 

Tribunus Militaris, 47. 

Tribun us Pie bis, 5 2, 1 6 1 . 

Tribus, 132. 

Triump/ius, 73, 90. 

Tropaea, 202. 
Tusculanum, 61. 
Twelve Tables, 170. 

Utica, 207. 

Vectigalia, 40, 76. 
Vesta, 133. 
Vestal Virgins, 118. 
Vestis mutatio, 152. 
Volaterrae, 13. 



VOCABULARY. 



A., Aulus (wh. see). 

a. d., ante diem (wh. see). 

a, see ab. 

ab (a, abs), [reduced case of 
unc. stem, akin to Gr. a-rro, Eng. off, 
of~\, adv. (only in comp.),and prep, 
with abl., away from, from (cf. ex, 
out of, and de, down from, off from). 

— Of place, with idea of motion, 
from : rediens a cena. — With ex- 
pressions of measure, off, away, at a 
distance of: procul a nobis; a sena- 
torio gradu longe abesse. — Of 
time, from, since : a kal. Jan. — Fig., 
from (with more or less idea of mo- 
tion) : ab hoste defendere ; abauro 
manus cohibere; urbs ab armis 
conquiescere ; ab eo metuere (as 
in Eng.) ; secerne te a bonis; a re- 
publica deficere. — When the idea 
is slightly different in Eng. : vacuus 
ab {destitute of) : quaero a vobis 
(/ ask you) ; a scelere abhorrere 
{be inconsistent with) ; postulare 
ab {ask of) ; a vobis contendere 
{urge upon) ; ab isto poenas repe- 
tere (see poena). — Esp. with pas- 
sives and words of similar import, by 
(cf. accidere a Caesare, at the 
hands of, showing the origin of this 
meaning). — Esp. also (prob. as the 
place whence the impression comes), 
on the side of, on, at, on the part of: 
a tergo interclusus (in the rear). 

— In comp., away, off, apart. — Also 
with negative force, not, un-. 



abalieno, -avi, -atus, -are, [ab- 
alieno], I. v. a., {put away to an- 
other), alienate. 

abdico, -avi, -atus, -are, [ab-dico], 
I. v. a., {assign away). — With reflex-, 
abdicate: se praetura {resign the 
proctorship) . 

abdo, -didi, -ditus, -dere, [ab-do 
{put)~\, 3. v. a., put away, remove, 
hide. — With reflex., conceal one's self, 
hide, bury one's self (se litteris) ; 
sol {hide its face at sunset) . — With 
in and ace. or abl., hide in, withdraw 
to {take refuge among), withdraw 
and hide away. — abditus, -a, -um, 
p.p., hidden, remote, secluded. 

abduco, -duxi, -ductus, -ducere, 
[ab-duco], 3. v. a., lead away, draw 
away, take away, lead off, carry 
away (of persons or things which 
move of themselves). 

abeo, -ii, -iturus, -ire, [ab-eo], irr. 
v. n., go away, go off, retire, go (out 
of sight or away) : abiit {he is gone, 
without regard to cause or manner). 
— Fig., pass, go by : abiit ille an- 
nus {passed away). 

aberro, -avi, -atvirus, -are, [ab- 
erro], 1. v. n., {wander away or off), 
go astray, wander away. — Fig., go 
astray, deviate from : studia aber- 
rantia a communi utilitate {at va- 
riance zoith, not in harmony with). 

abhorreo, -ui, no p.p., -ere, [ab- 
horreo], 2. v. n., shrink from. — Less 
exactly and fig., be at variance with, 



Vocabulary. 



be inconsistent with, be averse from, 
be indisposed to ' a tuo sceiere; a 
meismoribus; amusarumhonore; 
animi a causa {be estranged from). 
abicio, -jeci, -jectus, -icere, [ab- 
jacio]^ 3. v. a., throzv away, throw 
down, throw (away from one's self). 

— Lit., cadaver in publicum {cast 
forth). — Esp. at one's feet as a 
suppliant, prostrate, throw one's self. 

— Fig., cast aside: humanitatem. 

— abjectus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., 
downcast, overwhelmed, abject, bro- 
ken, worthless, fallen. 

abies, -ietis (-jetis), [?], f., fir 
or spruce (tree or wood), (prob. in- 
cluding all short-leaved coniferse). 

abjectus, see abicio. 

abjicio, see better spelling abicio. 

abjudico, -avi, -atus, -are, [ab- 
judico], I. v. a., adjudge away, take 
away (by legal decision). 

abjungo, -junxi, -junctus, -jun- 
gere, [ab-jungo], 3. v. a., disjoin, 
detach. 

abnuo, -nui, -nutus, -nuiturus, 
-nuere, [ab-nuo], 3. v. a. and n., 
{refuse by a nod). — Less exactly, 
refuse, decline. 

abripio, -ripui, -reptus, -ripere, 
[ab-rapio], 3. v. a., carry off (with 
violence) , drag away, drag off. 

abrogo, -avi, -atus, -are, [ ab-rogo, 
in its political sense], 1. v. a.., pass a 
vote to annul, or take away : colle- 
gae magistratum {deprive of). 

abrumpo, -rupi, -ruptus, -rumpere, 
[ab-rumpo], 3. v. a., break off. — 
With reflex., break away, withdraw 
(with violence). 

abs, see ab. 

abscido, -cidi, -cisus, -cidere, [abs- 
caedo], 3. v. a., cut off, lop off, tear 
off, tear away. 

abscondo, -didl, -ditus, -dere, 



[abs-condo], 3. v. a., hide away. — 
absconditus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., 
hidden, obscure, far to seek. 

absens, see absum. 

absimilis, -e, [ab-similis], adj., 
unlike. 

absisto, -stiti, no p.p., -sistere, 
[ab-sisto], 3. v. n., stand away, with- 
draw. — Fig., leave off, keep aloof. 

absolutio, -onis, [ab-solutio, cf. 
absolvo], F., {a setting free), an ac- 
quittal. — Also, a completion. 

absolvo, -vi, -utus, -vere, [ab- 
solvo], 3. v. a., {loosen), acquit. — 
I Also, complete, perfect. 

abstergeo, -tersi, -tersus, -tergere, 
[abs-tergeo], 2. v. a., wipe off, wipe 
away: fletum. 

abstinentia, -ae, [abstinent + 
ia], F., self-restraint (abstaining from 
gratifying one's passions) : innocen- 
tia et abstinentia. 

abstineo, -tinui, -tentus, -tinere, 
[abs-teneo], 2. v. a. and n., hold off: 
manus animosque {keep, withhold). 

abstraho, -traxi, -tractus, -tra- 
here, [abs-traho], 3. v. a., drag off, 
drag away. — Fig., draw away. 

absum, -fui (afui), -futiirus, -esse, 
[ab-sum], irr. v. n., be away, be ab- 
sent, be off (at a distance). — Fig.: 
tan turn abes a perfectione; flagi- 
tium a corpore {not be found on) ; 
haec a meo sensu {be unperceived 
by) . — Esp. impersonally, be so far 
from, etc. : tantum abest ut videar 
{so far am I from seeming). — ab- 
sens, -ntis, p. as adj., in one's absence. 

abundantia, -ae, [abundant + 
ia], F., abundance. 

abundo, -avi, -aturus, -are, [tab- 
undo-], I. v. n., overflow. — Fig., 
abound. — Transf. (of the place, etc., 
containing the thing), be strong in. 
be rich in, abound in. 



J r ocabulary. 



abutor, -Cisus, -uti, [ab-utor], 3 
v. dep., misuse, abuse, take advantage-* 
of(hy misuse). 

ac, shorter form for atque (\vh. 
see). 

accedo, -cessi, -cessurus, -cedere. 
[ad-cedo], 3. v. n., move towards, 
draw near, approach, come up, come 
near, come (to), advance to, advance. 

— Fig., come to : huic causae {take 
tip) ; litterarumlumen(.v/i/«t , e/;/ l 3;/). 

— Esp., be added, where often an ex- 
planatory word' is necessary in Eng. : 
illud nobis (we shall have also this 
advantage'); so with quod, (there is 
also the fact that, there is also the 
reason that, or simply, moreover, then 
again). 

accelero (adc-), -avi, -atus, -are, 
[ad-celero], I. v. a. and n., hasten 
(towards something). 

accessus, -us, [ad-fcessus, cf. 
accedo J, M., an approach. 

accido, -cidi, no p.p., -cidere, 
[ad-cado], 3. v. n.,fall upon, fall : 
tela gravius (strike). — Fig., hap- 
pen, occur, present itself, turn out, 
arise. — Often euphemistically for 
death, defeat, etc. : si quid ipsi (of 
conviction). 

accido, -cidi, -cisus, -cidere, [ad- 
caedo], 3. v. a., cut into, partly cut. 

accipio, -cepi, -ceptus, -cipere, 
[ad-capio], 3. v. a., take, receive: 
bellum (take up). — Less exactly, 
receive, suffer, meet with, experience : 
injurias; dolorem. — Fig., accept, 
learn, hear, get, take. 

Accius (Attius), -i, [?], M., a 
Roman family name. — Esp. L. Ac- 
cius, a tragic poet, born B.C. 170. 

accommodo, -avi, -atus, -are, 
[ac-commodo-, or ad-commodo-]. 
r. v. a., fit on, fit, put on, adjust. — 
Fig., adapt, stiit, conform^ accommo- 



date (testis ad crimen). — accoin- 
modiltus, -a, -urn, ]).\>., fitted, adapt- 
ed, well-suited. 

accubo, -are, [ad-cubo], 1. v. n., 
lie at, lie near. — Esp., recline (at 
table). 

accurate [old abl. of accura- 
tus], adv., with care, carefully. 

accusatio, -onis, [accusa + tio], 
F., an accusation, a prosecution, an 
arraignment (speech of ; prosecu- 
tor). 

accusator, -tdris, [accusa -f tor] , 
M., a prosecutor, an accuser, a con- 
ductor of a prosecution. 

accuso, -avi, -atus, -are, [ad- 
fcauso (cf. causor) ] , 1 . v. a., accuse, 
blame, find fault with. — Esp., con- 
duct a prosecution against, prosecttte, 
accuse, arraign, be prosecutor. 

acer, -cris, -ere, [ ^/ac (cf. acus), 
-j- ris (cf. -rus in purus)], adj., 
sharp. — Fig., keen, active, violent, 
energetic, spirited, severe, harsh : 
homo; duces; familia; senten- 
tiae; supplicia; acri animo (with 
great spirit). 

acerbe [old abl. of acerbus], 
adv., bitterly. — Fig. (of the mind), 
with bitterness, severely : ferre (suf- 
fer severely from , etc.). 

acerbitas, -talis, [acerbo + tas] , 
F., bitterness. — Fig., harshness, sever- 
ity, bitter feeling. — Concrete in plur. 
(with change of point of view in 
Eng.), sufferings. 

acerbus, -a, -urn, [acer (treated 
as stem) + bus (cf. superbus)], adj., 
bitter (to the taste). — Fig. (to the 
mind), bitter, hard to bear, cruel, 
harsh: res; supplicium. — Transf. 
to the feeling subject, bitter, violent: 
adversarius; animus; imploratio. 

aeerrime (acerrume), sirpe.rl. 
of acriter. 



Vocabulary. 



acervus, -I, [acer (as stem)-f vus 
(cf. torvus)], M., (pointed!), a 
heap, a pile. 

Achaicus, -a, -urn, [Gr. 'Ax^t'cos], 
adj., of Achcea, Achaean, — Grecian. 

Achaius (Achajus), -a, -um, 
[Gr. 'Axchos], adj. Achcean. — Fern, 
as subst., Achcea, a province of 
Greece. — Later, Greece, as a Roman 
province. 

Achilles, -is, (-el, -ei, -i), [Gr. 
'AxtA7?s], M., Achilles, the hero of 
the Trojan war. 

Acliradlna, -ae, [Gr. 'AxpaSiva], 
f., a part of the city of Syracuse. 

acies, -ei, [ yAc + ies (cf. series)] , 
F., point, sharp edge, edge, sharpness 
of the edge, keen glance, glare : auc- 
toritatis {edge, fig.). — Esp., line, 
battle line, array, army (as in bat- 
tle array, cf. agmen), rank (of an 
army in several ranks) : in acie ca- 
dere (in battle array) ; Pharsalica 
(battle) . 

Acilius, -i, [unc. stem + ius, prop. 
adj.], M., a Roman gentile name. — 
Esp. M\ Acilius Glabrio, who, as 
tribune of the people, carried a se- 
vere law against official extortion. — 
Hence, as adj., Acilian (lex). 

acquiesco, -evi, no p.p., -escere, 
[ad-quieseo], 3. v. n., acquiesce. 

acquiro, see adqulro. 

acriter, [acro + ter (prob. neut. 
of -terus reduced) ] , adv., sharply. — 
Fig., actively, sharply, violently, with 
spirit. 

acroama, -atis, [Gr. aKpoafxa], N., 
an entertainment (musical or dra- 
matical). 

actio, -onis, [as if ^/ag -f tio, 
prob. facti-|-o], Y., a doing (includ- 
ing all the performances expressed 
by ago). — Esp., political action, 
official conduct : Lentuli consulis. — 



[ Also, a civil action, a prosecution : 
perduellionis. — Also, a pleading 
(of a case), a hearing (changing the 
point of view). 

actor, -toris, [ y'AG + tor] , m., a 
doer (cf. actio). — Esp., a pleader 
(of a case, on the side of the plain- 
tiff), a prosecutor, an advocate (of 
the plaintiff), an attorney : actor hie 
defensorque causae meae. 

actum, -i, [n. p.p. of ago], n., a 
proceeding (official), an act. 

actus, -tus, [y'AG + tus], M., a 
driving, a doing. — Esp., an act (of 
a play). 

acno, -ui, -iitus, -uere, [acu- (stem 
of acvis)], 3. v. a., sharpen. — Fig., 
irritate, excite, spur on. — acutus, 
-a, -um, p.p. as adj., sharpened, sharp, 
acute. 

acus, -us, [ y'AC + us] , f., a needle. 

ad [?], adv. (only in comp.), and 
prep, with ace. With idea of motion, 
to, towards, against. — Where the 
idea of motion is more or less oblit- 
erated, to, towards, for, at, on, against, 
in, in regard to. — Of time, till, at, 
or on : ad vesperam; quam ad diem 
(up to, as a limit). — Esp., of place, 
at (not exactly in nor on), around, 
near : ad Achillis tumulum (by) ; 
ad rhedam (around); ad curiam; 
quam ad summam (at the summit 
of which, city) ; ad inferos (in the 
world belozv); ad urbem (near the 
city, of a commander with the impe- 
rium, who could not enter the walls) ; 
ad populum (before the people, of 
official action) ; ad senatorem il- 
ium (at the house of, etc.) . — Also fig., 
to, towards, for : fatale ad perni- 
ciem (fated for); ad quietem; ad 
judicandum severus (in) ; momen- 
tum ad suspicionem (cause for, 
etc.) ; ad laudem contendere (strive 



Vocabulary. 



5 



/or). — Esp. with gerund to denote 
purpose or tendency, to : audax ad 
conandum (in). — Also, in respect 
to, in accordance with, at: prae- 
clarus ad aspectum (in appear- 
ance) ; ad severitatem lenius {in 
respect to) ; ad libidinem (at) ; ad 
nutum. — In comp. as adv., to, in, 
by, towards. 

a. d., see ante. 

adaequo, -avi, -atus, -are, [ad- 
aequol, I. v. a., make equal to : cum 
virtute fortunam (match). — More 
commonly neuter, become equal to, 
equal. 

adamo, -avl, -atus, -are, [ad-amo], 
I . v. a., fall in love with, take a fancy 
to, covet. 

adaugeo, -auxl, -auctus, -augere, 
[ad-augeo], 2. v. a., add to, in- 
crease. 

adc-, see ace-. 

addico, -dixi, -dictus, -dicere, [ad- 
dico], 3. v. a., adjudge, assign (by 
legal decision) . — addictus, -a, -urn, 
p.p. as adj. and subst., assigned (to 
one in satisfaction of a debt), bound, 
given over to, devoted. 

addictio, -onis, [ad-dictio, cf. ad- 
dico], F., an adjudging, an assign- 
ment (by legal decision). 

addo, -didi, -ditus, -dere, [ad-do, 
put and give'], 3. v. a., give to. — 
Also, put to, add. 

adduco, -duxi, -ductus, -diicere, 
[ad-duco], 3. v. a., lead to, draw to, 
bring in (of persons), bring, draw 
in (towards one), drive, force : in 
eas oras exercituni; in judicium; 
in invidiam (bring, expose) ; in ob- 
livionem (consign) ; in spem (raise); 
pretio adducta civitas ; amore ad- 
ducti (fascinated). — Fig., induce, 
persuade, drive, lead. 

1. adeo, -ii (-M), -iturus, -ire, 



[ad-eu], irr. v. a. and n., go to, visit, 
get at, come to, come tip, go to (a 
place), get in (to a place), advance 
(somewhere), attack, approach (speak 
with) : with or without ad (visit). — 
Fig., encounter, incur, go into, take : 
periculum ; ad rem publicam (take 
part in) ; hereditates (take) . 

2. adeo [ad-eo], adv., to that 
point. — Less exactly, to that degree, 
so much, so : usque adeo (to that de- 
gree). — Weakened, in fact, at all, 
exactly. — Esp. atque adeo, and in 
fact, and eve??, or rather. 

adeps, -ipis, [?], comm., fat. — 
Plur., corpulence (of men). 

adfabre" (aff-), [old abl. of ad- 
faber], adv., skilfully. 

adfecto (aff-), -avi, -atus, -are, 
[ad-ffacto, cf. adficio], 1. v. a., 
(make for yd. proficiscor), aim at, 
pursue: iter (run a course). 

adfero (aff-), -tuli, -latus, -ferre, 
[ad-fero], irr. v. a., bring to, bring. 

— Fig., cause, produce, bring forth, 
bring forward, allege, report, an- 
nounce, bring about : moram; fa- 
cultatis tantum (produce) ; lucem 
(cause to shine, bring) ; vim (apply, 
use); salutem; rei publicae mo- 
turn ; medicinam (apply) ; vim (of- 
fer); manus (lay upon). 

adficio (aff-), -feci, -fectus,-ficere, 
[ad-facio], 3. v. a., do to, affect: 
quonam modo vos (treat). — With 
ace. and abl., affect xuith, inflict ttpon, 
produce in, cause to, visit with, fill 
with : praemiis (confer upon, honor 
with) ; populum laetitia (fill with). 

— In passive, suffer, receive, be in (a 
condition), be afflicted by, suffer from : 
calamitate; honore (receive) ; do- 
lore (suffer) ; beneficiis (receive) ; 
turpitudine (incur) ; supplicio (be 
visited with) ; aetate adfectua 



Vocabulary. 



(worn) ; vitiis adfectus {possessed 
by). 

adfigo, -fixi, -fixus, -figere, [ad- 
figo], 3. v. a., fasten to, crucify. 

adfingo, -finxi, -(ictus, -fmgere, 
[ad-fingo], 3. v. a., make up in ad- 
dition, invent more, counterfeit be- 
sides. 

adfinis, -e, [ad-finis], adj., bor- 
dering on. — Fig., akin to (by mar- 
riage). — Also, implicated (in any- 
thing) : culpae. — As subst., kinsman 
(by marriage). 

adfirmo, -avi, -atus, -are, [ad- 
firmo], I. v. a., confirm, strengthen, 
corroborate. — Hence, declare, as- 
sert. 

adflicto (aff-), -avi, -atus, -are, 
[ad-flicto, cf. adfligo], 1. v. a., dash 
against, dash upon, dash to the 
ground. — Hence, overthrow, over- 
whelm, wreck. — Fig., afflict (with 
disease), prostrate. 

adfligo (aff-), -flixi, -flictus, -fli- 
gere, [ad-fligo], 3. v. a., dash upon.— 
Hence, overthrow, wreck, overturn : 
equestrem ordinem (ruin) ; con- 
sulare nomen; causam susceptam; 
Catilinam. — aclflictus, -a, -urn, as 
adj., cast down, broken, disheartened, 
laid prostrate, ruined (fortunae), 
overwhelmed. 

adflu(5 (afll-), -fluxi, no p.p., -fiu- 
ere, [ad-fiuo], 3. v. \\.,fow to. — 
Hence, with change of relation, flow 
(with anything), abound in. — ad- 
fluens, p. as adj., abounding in, full 
of, replete with : urbs studiis ; un- 
guentis (Gabinius). 

adgrego (agg-), -avi, -atus, -are, 
[ad-fgrego], 1. v. a., unite together, 
assemble, gather together. 

adhaeresco, -ere, [ad-haeresco, 
cf. adhaereo], 3. v. n., adhere to, 
cling to. 



adtubeo, -ui, -itus, -ere, [ad- 
liabeo], 2. v. a., have in. — Hence, 
call in, admit, bring with (one). — 
Fig., employ, use : vim (offer, use, 
employ) ; studium atque aures (af- 
ford, le?zd, furnish) ; orationem. 

adhflc [ad-huc], adv., hitherto 
(of place). — Of time, up to this 
time, till now, to this day, thus far, 
hitherto, so far. 

adimo, -emi, -emptus, -imere, [ad- 
emo, take'], 3. v. a., take away (the 
action regarded as done to some- 
body) , take from, deprive of, rob of, 
remove from (a person). 

adipiscor, -eptus, -ipisci, [ad- 
apiscorj, 3. v. dep., obtain, secure, 
attain: gloriam (win, gain). 

aditus, -us, [ad-itus, cf. adeo 
(1)], M., approach, arrival, coining, 
com ing forward, access. — Concretely, 
an avenue (of approach), access (ex- 
cuse for approaching), means of ap- 
proach, means of access, way of ap- 
proach (in military sense), entrance : 
laudis (road to glory) ; faciles adi- 
tus ad eum privatorum (access) ; 
omnium aditus tenebat. 

adjumentum, -i, [ad-fjumen- 
tum, cf. adjuvo], N., aid, assistance : 
adjumento esse (be of assistance). 
— Concretely, an aid, a means (of 
assistance). 

adjungo, -junxi, -junctus, -jun- 
gere, [ad-jungo], 3. v. a., join to, 
unite to, attach, unite with, add: 
divinitus adjuncta fortuna (with 
the addition of fortune from above). 

adjutor, -tdris, [ad-fjutor, cf. ad- 
juvo], M., helper, assistant, abettor. 

adjOtrix, -icis, [ad-fjutrix, cf. 
adjuvo], F., a helper (female, or 
conceived as such in gender), a 12 as- 
sistant, an abettor. 

adjuvo, -juvi, -jutus, -juvare, [ad- 



Vocabulary, 



juvo], I. v. a., assist, help, help on, 
aid, be of advantage, be an assistance 
to, give assistance: causam {sup- 
port). 

adlego (ail-), -avi, -atus, -are, 
[ad-lego], I. v. a., commission (for 
some purpose), despatch, send (as 
agents). 

adlicio (all-), -lexi, -lectus, -li- 
cere, [ad-lacio], 3. v. a., entice, al- 
lure, draw, persuade : ad miseri- 
cordiam. 

adlino (all-), -levi, -litus, -linere, 
[ad-lino], 3. v. a., besmear, smear 
on. 

adluo (all-), -ui, no p.p., -luere, 
[ad-luo], 3. v. a., wash (as of the 
sea, etc.). 

administer, -tri, [ad-minister], 
M., a servant, an assistant, an abet- 
tor, a tool (of persons) : scelerum. 

administra, -ae, [ad-ministra], 
F., a servant (female), an assistant, 
a handmaid ; virtutis. 

administro, -avi, -atus, -are, [ad- 
ministro-], 1. v. a. and n., serve. — 
Also, manage, administer, carry on, 
conduct: bellum, rem publicam. 

admirabilis, -e, [ad-mirabilis, 
cf. admiror], adj., admirable, mar- 
vellous, astonishing. 

admlratio, -onis, [ad-miratio, 
cf. admiror], F., admiration, won- 
der, surprise, astonishment : ipsius 
adventus admiratioque {his arri- 
val and the marvel at the man him- 
self). 

admiror, -atus, -ari, [ad-miror], 
1. v. dep., be surprised, wonder at, 
admire. — admirandus, -a, -um, as 
adj.. surprising. — admiratus, -a, 
-um, p.p. in pres. sense, being sur- 
prised. , 

admitto, -misi, -missus, -mittere, 
[ad-mitto], 3. v. a., let go to, admit, 



let go : in Tusculanum; ad con- 
silium admittitur casus. — Fig., 
allow (cf. com- and permitto) : in 
se facinus {commit a crime) ; dede- 
cus {permit to be incurred). — Also, 
without in se, commit. 

admodam [ad modum], adv., to 
a degree. — Hence, very, very much, 
greatly, exceedingly, so (very) much. 

admoneo, -ui, -itus, -ere, [ad- 
moneo], 2. v. a., warn, urge, remind. 

admonitus, -tus, [ad-monitus, 
cf. admoneo], M., a reminder, a 
warning, a suggestion. 

admoveo, -movi, -motus, -movere, 
[ad-moveo], 2. v. a., move to, ap- 
proach. — Less exactly, apply : ignes 
ceterosque cruciatus. 

admurmuratio, -onis, [ad-mur- 
muratio], F., a murmur (at some- 
thing), murmurs of intelligence (or 
approval or displeasure). 

adnumero (aim-), -avi, -atus, 
-are, [ad-numero], 1. v. a., count 
out to. 

adnno (ami-), -nui, no perf. p., 
-nuere, [ad-nuo], 3. v. n., nod to, nod 
assent. — Less exactly, assent. 

adolescens, see adulescens. 

adolescentia,see adulesceutia. 

adolesco, -olevi, -ultus, -olescere, 
[ad-olesco], 3. v. n., grow tip (to 
maturity), mature. — adultus, -a, 
-um, p.p. as adj., groian up, mature. 
— Fig., full grown, full developed. — 
See also adulescens. 

adorior, -ortus, -oriri, [ad-orior], 
4. v. dep., {rise up against), attack, 
assail. 

adorno, -avi, -atus, -are, [ad- 
orno], 1. v. a., adorn, furnish, pro- 
vident out : maria classibus; hunc 
ad perficiendum {furnish with ma- 
terial, etc.). 

adparatus (app-), -tus, [ad-pa- 



8 



Vocabulary. 



ratus, cf. adparo],M., preparation. 
— Concretely, preparations, equip- 
ments, furnishings. 

adpareo (app-), -ui, -iturus, -ere, 
[ad-pareo], 2. v. n., appear (see 
pareo) . 

adparo (app-), -avi, -atus, -are, 
[ad-paro], 1. v. a., {get for some pur- 
pose ?) , prepare, arrange, make prep- 
arations for (with a conception of 
the object from Eng.) : bellum; 
iter. — adparatus, -a, -urn, p.p. as 
adj. , prepared (with effort), splendid, 
magnificent, elaborate. 

adpello (app-), -avi, -atus, -are, 
[fadpello- (ad-pello-, akin to pel- 
lo) ] , 1 . v. a., accost, address, call to, 
appeal to, call upon : te nunc ap- 
pello. — Also, call, name : quae ap- 
pellator Insula; sanctos po'etas. 

adpendo (app-), -pendi, -pensus, 
-pendere, [ad-pendo], 3. v. a., weigh 
out to. 

adpeto (app-), -IvI, -itus, -ere, [ad- 
peto], 3. v. a. and n., seek to gain, 
desire, aim at : plus ornatus; reg- 
num; inimicitias {voluntarily in- 
cur) ; vita ferro appetita {attempt- 
ed"). — adpetens, -entis, p. as adj., 
desirous, eager for, covetous : gloriae. 

adpono (app-), -posni, -positus, 
-ponere, [ad-pono], 3. v. a., place 
near, put to, fit. — appositus, -a, 
-urn, p.p. as adj., suited, fitted. 

adporto (app-), -avi, -atus, -are, 
[ad-porto], 1. v. a., bring in, bring 
(to some place). 

adprobo (app-), -avi, -atus, -are, 
[ad-probo], 1. v. a., approve of, 
agree with (an opinion or action). 

adpromitto (app), -misi, -mis- 
sus, -mittere, [ad-promitto], 3. v. a. 
and n., promise in addition, promise 
as surety. 

adpropero (app-), -avi, -atus, 



-are, [ad-propero], 1. v. a. and n., 
haste )i towards, hasten in, hurry up, 
hasten (to something). 

adpropinquo (app-), -avi, no 
p.p., -are, [ad-propinquo], 1. v. n., 
approach, come nearer, come near, 
be at hand. 

adquiro (acq-),-quisivi,-quisitus, 
-quirere, [ad-quaero], 3. v. a. and n., 
{get in addition), acquire, gain: 
adquirere ad fidem(^z'« in credit). 

adripio (arr-), -ripui, -reptus, 
-ripere, [ad-rapio], 3. v. a., snatch 
7ip, seize, catch. 

adroganter (arr-), [adrogant- 
(stem of p. of adrogo) + ter], adv., 
with presumption, presum ingly, with 
insolence. 

adrogo (arr-), -avi, -atus, -are, 
[ad-rogo], 1. v. a., {ask in addition), 
claim, demand. — adrogans, -antis, 
p. as adj., arrogant, presuming. 

adscendo (asc-), -scendi, -scen- 
sus, -scendere, [ad-scando], 3. v. a. 
and n., climb up, climb, ascend, 
mount, rise : ad caelum. 

adscensus (asc-), -us, [ad-fscan- 
sus, cf. asccndoj, m., a climbing 
up, an ascent, a going up. — Con- 
cretely, a way up, a means of ascent. 

adsclsco (asc-), -scivi, -scitus, 
-sciscere, [ad-scisco], 3. v. a., attach 
(by formal decree), adopt. — Less 
exactly, attach to (one's self), unite 
with (one's self). 

adscrlbo (asc-), -scripsi, -scrip- 
tus, -scribere, [ad-scribo], 3. v. a., 
write down (somewhere) enroll, as- 
sign (by enrolment) : civitatibus 
{enroll as citizens of). 

adsensio (ass-), -onis, [ad-sensio, 
cf. adsentior], F., assent. — Con- 
cretely, an expression of assent. 

adsentio, -sensi, -sensus, -sentire, 
also deponent. — adsentior (ass-), 



Vocabulary 



9 



-sensus, -sentiri, [ad-sentio], 4. v. 
dep., assent, give assent : voluntati- 
bus {defer to). 

adsequor (ass-), -secutus, -sequi, 
[ad-sequor], 3. v. dep., follow after, 
overtake. — tig., attain, secure, gain, 
accomplish (as an end). 

adservo (ass-), -avi, -atus, -are, 
[ad-servo], i.v. a., guard, keep, keep 
wider guard: homineni; tabulas. 

adsido (ass-), -sedi, -sessurus, 
-sidere, [ad-sido], 3. v. n. and a., 
sit down (near or by something). 

adsidue (ass-), [old abl. of ad- 
siduus], adv., diligently, constantly. 

adsiduitas (ass-), -tatis, [adsi- 
duo + tas], F., diligence, assiduity, 
constancy, tuir emitting effort: mo- 
lestiarum {constant pressure). 

adsiduus (ass-), -a, -um, [ad- 
fsiduus ( ^/sed + uus, cf. residu- 
us)], adj., (sitting by), constant, con- 
tinued, incessant, untiring, indefati- 
gable : adversarius ; adsiduus in 
praediis (constantly employed). 

adsigno (ass-), -avi, -atus, -are, 
[ad-signo], 1. v. a., assign, attribute. 

adspectus (asp-), -tus, [ad-fspec- 
tus, cf. adspicio], M., a looking at, 
a sight, a view. — Transf., an appear- 
ance, an aspect, a view (objectively). 

adspernor, see better aspcrnor. 

adspicio (asp-), -spexi, -spectus, 
-spicere, [ad-fspecio], 3. v. a. and n., 
look upon, look at, look, see : altius 
(look, aim). 

adsto (ast-), -stiti, no p.p., -stare, 
[ad-sto], 1. v. n., stand by, stand 
near, stand (by or near). 

adsuefacio (ass-), -feci, -factus, 
-facere, [fadsue- (unc. case, akin to 
suesco) -facio], 3. v. a., accustom, 
train. — Pass., be accustomed. 

adsum, -fui, -futiirus, -esse, [ad- 
sum], irr. v. n., be near, be by, be 



j present, be at hand, be there (here), 
appear, attend (at a place) : propter 
(be near by); animis (be attentive). 

— Esp., be by to assist, assist, defend. 

— Also, be close by, impend. 
adtendo, see attendo. 
adtineo, see attineo. 
adtiugo, see attingo. 
adtribuo, see attribuo. 
adulescens, -entis, [p. of ado- 

lesco], adj., young. — As noun, a 
youth, young man. — With proper 
names, the younger (Jr., to distin- 
guish one from his father). 

adulescentia, -ae, [adulescent- 
+ ia], F., youth. 

adulescentulus, -i, [adulescent- 
(as if adulescento-) + lus], m., 
(often as adj.), a mere boy, very 
young. 

adulter, -eri, [ad-fulter, cf. ulte- 
rior, ultra, one who roams abroad?], 
M., an adulterer, a paramour. 

adulterium, -i, [adulter + ium], 
N., adultery. 

advena, -ae, [ad-fvena (-y/VEN 
+ a)], M., a chance comer (as op- 
posed to a native), a stranger, a 
visitor. 

advenio, -veni, -venturus, -venire, 
[ad-venio], 4. v. n., come to, come, 
arrive : Verri advenienti (on his 
arrival) . 

adventicius, -a, -um, [fadven- 
tico (adventu- or 6 + cus) -f ius] , 
adj., coming by chance (cf. advena), 
foreign, external, additional (to 
one's own resources). 

adventus, -us, [ad-fventus (cf. 
advenio and eventus)], M., a com- 
ing, an arrival, an advent. 

adversarius, -a, -um, [adverso- 
(reduced) + arius, cf. onerarius], 
adj., (turned towards), opposed. — 
As noun, an opponent, an adversary. 



IO 



I "ocabulary. 



adversio, -onis, [ad-fversio-, cf. 
adverto], f., a turning: animi 
{occupation, employment). — See ani- 
madversio. 

adversus, prep., see adverto. 

adverto, -verti, -versus, -vertere, 
[ad-verto], 3. v. a., turn towards : 
animum {turn the attention, notice, 
see animadverto), turn against, 
turn (to anything). — adversus, -a, 
-urn, p.p. as adj., in front, opposed, 
opposite, in opposition, adverse : proe- 
lium (unsuccessful) ; res adversae 
(adversity, want of success) . - — ■ ad- 
versi {those in front). — adversus, 
[petrified as adv. and prep., cf. ver- 
sus], against. 

advesperascit, -ere, [ad-vespe- 
rascit], 3. v. impers., grow dark, ap- 
proach evening. 

advoco, -avi, -atus, -are, [ad- 
voco], I. v. a., call (to one), sum- 
mon. — advocatus, -i, p.p. as subst., 
a witness (called in to some transac- 
tion as witness and adviser) , a sup- 
porter, a counsel (assisting one in a 
suit but not a pleader, cf. patronus). 

advolo, -avi, -aturus, -are, [ad- 
volo], 1. v. n., fly to, fly at. — Also, 
[\g.,fly, rush. 

aedes, -is, [^/idh (cf. aestas) 
+ es (cf. honos) and -is (cf. or- 
bis)], F., {a fireplace ?), a temple (a 
regular edifice, cf. templum, a con- 
secrated spot, and fanum, a shrine, 
generally ancient) . — Also (only in 
plur.), a house, a dwelling. 

aedificatio, -onis, [aedifica+tio], 
f., building: portus in aedifica- 
tione aspectuque urbis inclusi {the 
plan, the site). 

aedificium, -i, [faedific- (cf. 
artifex) + ium], n., a building. 

aedifico, -avi, -atus, -are, [ faedinc- 
(cf. artifex)], 1. v. a., build (of 



houses), erect, construct. — Less ex- 
actly, of ships. 

aedllis, -is, [aedi- (as stem of 
aedes) + lis], m., belonging to a 
temple!, an cedile, an officer at Rome. 
There were two classes of these offi- 
cers, — the Curule, who had charge 
of the public games and were impor- 
tant civil magistrates, and the Ple- 
beian, who had only the duties of 
police commissioner's. 

aedilitas, -tatis, [aedile + tas], 
F., cedileship (the office of asdile). 
. Aegaeus, -a, -urn, [Aryouos], adj., 
JEgcvan (of the yEgsean Sea) : mare 
{the Mgaan). 

aeger, -gra, -grum, [unc. root 
(?V /ig j shake) + rus], adj., sick, dis- 
abled. — Also, fig., suffering, afflicted, 
enfeebled. 

aegerrime, superl. of aegre. 

aegre [abl. of aeger], adv., feebly. 

— Hence, with difficulty, hardly, 
scarcely, unwillingly (suffer from 
doing something). 

Aegyptus, -i, [AtyvrrTos'], F., 
Egypt. 

Aelius, -1, [?], M., a Roman gen- 
tile name (strictly an adj.). — Esp., 
Q. /Elius, cons. B.C. 148. — Plur., 
the Allii (members of the gens). 

Aelius, -a, -urn, [properly same 
word as last], adj., JElian (belong- 
ing to the .Elian gens). — Esp., JE- 
lian (belonging to Q. Allius) : lex 
(a law regulating the auspices of the 
comitia). 

Aemilius, -i,[ ?, aemulo- (reduced) 
+ ius], M., a Roman gentile name. 

— Esp., Marcus Almilius Scaurus, 
cons. B.C. 115. 

aemulus, -a, -um, [?, cf. aequus ?], 
adj., envious, rivalling, emulous. — 
Masc. and fern, as subst., a rival. 



Vocabulary 



1 [ 



aequabilirer, [aequabili + ter], 
adv., uniformly, without distinction. 

aequalis, -e, [aequo -f alis], adj., 
equal, uniform. 

aequalitas, -tatis, F., equality. 

aequaliter [aequali + ter (cf. 
acriter)], adv., evenly, uniformly, 
equally, on an equality. 

aeque, [old abl.of aequus],adv., 
equally, evenly, in the same way, as 
much, just (as). 

aequitas, -tatis, [aequo + tas], 
F., evenness. — Hence (cf. aequus), 
fairness, justice. — Esp., aequitas 
animi {evenness of mind, content- 
ment, resignation, equanimity). 

aequus, -a, -urn, [?, perh. akin 
to anus (foenos)], adj., even, level, 
equal. — Hence, fair, just, equitable, 
right : civitas aequissimo jure (on 
a perfect equality as to rights). — 
Esp., aequus animus (equanimity, 
contentment, resignation) ; aequo 
animo (with composure, with verb, 
be resigned to, be satisfied to, be con- 
tent to); aequus animus est (I am 
content, resigned) ; aequo animo 
paratoque (with resignation and 
composure) ; aequo animo esse (be 
undisturbed). 

aerarius, -a, -um, [aer- (as stem 
of aes) + arius (cf. onerarius) ] , 
a'dj., (having to do with copper). — 
tribuni (see that word). — x. as 
subst., the treasury (cf. aes). 

aerumna, -ae, [?], i-\, hardship, 
trouble, toil, suffering. 

aerumnosus, -a, -um, [aerumna 
-fosus], adj., toilsome, painful, fell 
of suffering. 

aes, aeris, [peril, akin to Eng. 
iron], N., copper (for the arts, or as 
money). — Hence, money. — Esp., 
alienum(<7W/, another man's money). 
— Also, bronze (of which copper is 



achiefingredient),^ to/>/^(ofbronze, 
used for perpetuating official docu- 
ments). 

Aesculapius, -I, [ 5 A<r/cA.^7nos], m., 
the god of medicine among the an- 
cients. 

aestas, -tatis, [stem akin to aedes 
-f tas, or perh. aesta- (cf. juventa) 
+ tis (cf. virtus)], f., (heat), sum- 
mer (the season for military opera- 
tions). 

aestimo, -avi, -atus, -are, [aesti- 
mo- (aes-tumus, tu in tueor ? + 
mus, cf. aeditumus)], i. v. a., 
value, estimate, assess (of damages, 
by a process regular in Roman law). 

aestus, -tus, [root of aedes + 
tus], M., heat (plur. in same sense) : 
aestu febrique (by the burning heat 
of fever). — Hence, boiling, tide. 

aetas, -tatis, [aevo- (stem of 
aevum) + tas], f., age (of old or 
young), youth, old age, life : aetate 
adfectus (oppressed with years) ; 
aetas atque robur (youth and 
strength) ; aetatem degere (pass 
one's life) ; nervos aetatis (sinews 
of youth) ; ab ineunte aetate (from 
early manhood); aetatis tempus 
(time of life). — Also, age (time, 
generation). 

aetatula, -ae, [aetat + ula (as 
if aetato + la)], y., youthful age, 
early years (as a period of life). 

aeternitas, -tatis, [aeterno+tas], 
F., eternity, never-ending time, ever- 
lasting ages. 

aeternus, -a, -um, [aevo- (stem 
of aevum) + ternus (cf. liester- 
niifi)], adj., eternal, lasting, never- 
ending, everlasting. 

Aetolia, -ae, [Aetola -f ia, f. of 
-ius], v., a region of Greece north 
of the Gulf of Corinth, conquered by 
M. Fulvius Nobilior in B.C. 189. 



12 



Vocabulary. 



Aetolus, -a, -um, [AitwAos], adj., 
sEtolian (of ^Etolia) . — Plun, the 
/Etolians (the people of the country). 

aff , see adf-. 

Africa nus, -a, -um, [Africa + 
nus], adj., of Africa, African : hel- 
ium (of various wars, esp. one fought 
by Pompey against Domitius, a par- 
tisan of Marius, in B.C. 81). — Esp., 
as surname of various Scipios, Af- 
ricanus. — So, I. C. Scipio Africa- 
nus the elder, procons. B.C. 210, the 
conqueror of Hannibal; and 2. his 
adopted grandson (son of .Emilius 
Paullus) cons. B.C. 147, the destroyer 
of Carthage and Numantia. 

Africus, -a, -um, [Afro- (stem of 
Afer) + cus], adj., of Africa. — 
Africa, F. as subst., the country of 
Africa. — Esp. in a limited sense, the 
Roman province of that name, in- 
cluding the territory of Carthage and 
the regions to the west. 

afuisse, afuturus, see absum. 

Agathocles, -is, [' A7 <xQoK\r\{\, m., 
a tyrant of Syracuse (born B.C. 361) 
who long waged an active warfare 
against Carthage. 

age, see ago. 

ager, agri, [-v/ AG {drivel') + rus, 
cf. Gi\ ay pos, acre, M.], land (culti- 
vated), fields, country (opposed to 
city), territory (country), cultivated 
latzds, fields (as opposed to woods) : 
fusi per agros (of rude men) ; uber- 
tis agrorum {of the land, of the 
soil). — Esp., of the possession of a 
particular city, land, territory, conn- 
try. A state in ancient times con- 
sisted of a fortified city or town (urbs, 
oppidum), the dwelling-place or 
refuge of all the citizens, and the 
lands cultivated by them around. 
Farms in the modern fashion were 
not common. — Cf. per agros atque 



oppida civium Romanorum ; ager 
Tauromenitanus ; ager Picenus et 
Gallicus. 

agito, -avi, -atus, -are, [agito- (as 
if stem of p. p. of ago)], 1. v. a., drive, 
chase. — Hence, rouse, stir up, excite, 
vex, trouble. — Fig., turn over (in 
mind), propose, discuss, purpose. 

agnosco, -novi, -nitus, -noscere, 
[ad(g)nosco], 3. v. a., recognize (in 
some relation to one's self, cf. cog- 
nosco), recognize as one's own, claim, 
acknowledge. 

ago, egi, actus, agere, [• N / AG ]» 
3. v. a. and n., drive (apparently from 
behind, cf. cluco, lead). — With a 
wide range of meaning, do (esp. of 
official business, cf. conduct and carry 
on), act, treat, discuss, plead, manage, 
conduct, carry on, take part (in any 
business), deal zvith, take up, handle, 
take action. — In many phrases : cum 
aliquo bene [male] agere {treat one 
well or ill) ; secum praeclare agi 
{that he is lucky) ; mecum male 
agitur {I fare hardly) ; agam cum 
populo {lay before the people, of mag- 
istrates, who had this right) ; agam 
in magistratu {take tip, deal -with) ; 
non agam obscure (/ will not treat 
the matter, etc.) ; sic tecum agam 
{address, deal with, plead with) ; ita 
quidam agebat {^represent, urge*, 
argue) ; agere causam {plead) ; ad 
agendum, {to plead the case) ; res 
agetur {be treated); locus amplis- 
simus ad agendum {for public busi- 
ness) ; aliquid agere {aim at some- 
thing, work for something) ; id actum 
est {this is what was accomplished, 
this was the end and aim); quid 
agis ? {what are you doing ? what are 
you about ? what are you aiming at ?); 
quid gladius agebat? {what was it 
doing?) : nihil agere {accomplish 



J r ocabulary. 



nothing, also, be idle, do nothing pur- 
posely); magnae res aguntur {great 
interests are at slake) ; quid agitur 
{what is the question ?) ; res agitur 
(the question is, also, the case is tried, 
the cause is heard); de quo nunc 
agimus(?\f now in question); si mo- 
ribus ageret {if he should make it 
a question of morals) ; actum est 
(it is all over with us); de vec- 
tigalibus agitur {the revenues are 
at stake) ; quid potest agi severius ? 
(how can the case he conducted, etc.) ; 
quae turn agerentur (which were 
then under discussion, going on) ; 
negotium meum ago (attend to my 
own interests) ; festos dies (cele- 
brate) ; triumplium {enjoy, celebrate) ; 
fundamenta (lay) ; gratias (render, 
pay, express, cf. liabeo and re- 
fero) : in crucem (drag, nail) ; age, 
age vero (come, come noic, see, well) . 

agraril, -orum, [agro-], m. plur., 
agrarian partisans. 

agrestis, -e, [unc. stem (from 
agro-) -f tis (cf. caelestis)], adj., 
of the fields, rustic. — Plur., rustics, 
farmers. — Hence, barbarous, rude. 

agricola, -ae, [agro -f cola, cf. 
incola], M., a farmer. 

agricultfira (often as separate 
words), -ae, [agro-cultura or agri 
cultura], F., land tillage, farming, 
agriculture. 

Ahala, -ae, [?], M., a Roman 
family name. — Esp. C. Servilius 
>* Ahala, who, in B.C. 439, killed Sp. 
Madias on account of his popularity 
and his good will to the lower classes, 
shown by gifts of grain. 

Ajax, -acis, [Amj], M., Ajax, the 
name of two heroes of the Trojan 
war. — Esp., the more famous one, 
son of Oi'leus, who contended with 
Ulysses for the arms of Achilles, and 



was the subject of many literary and 
artistic works. — Hence, of a statue 
of him, as we say " Powers' Eve." 

ajo, [?], 3. def. v. n., say, assert: 
aiunt (they say, they tell us). 

alacer, -cris, -ere, [?], adj., active, 
eager, energetic, spirited. 

Alba, -ae, [f. of albus, the white 
town], v., the name of several cities 
in Italy. — Esp. : I . Alba Fuccnsis, a 
city of the Marsi; 2. Alba Longa, the 
supposed mother city of Rome. 

Albanus, -a, -urn, [ Alba + nus] , 
adj., of Alba, Alban. — Neut. sing., 
Albaiium, -I, an estate near Alba 
(in which region many Romans had 
country-seats), an Alban villa. 

alea, -ae, [?], F., a die (for play- 
ing).— - Also, dice (as a game). 

aleator, -toris, [alea -f- tor, cf. 
viator], M., a dice?', a gamester. 

Alexander, -dri, ['AAe£az/3pos], 
M., a common Greek name. — Esp., 
Alexander the Great, son of Philip 
of Macedon. 

Alexandria (-ea),-ae, ['AAe£ai/- 
Speia], F., the name of several towns 
named for Alexander the Great. — 
Esp., the famous city built by Alex- 
ander on the coast of Egypt. 

alienigena, -ae, [alieno-fgena 
(gen + a, cf. incola)], M., a for- 
eigner, foreign-bom. 

alieno, -avi, -atus, -are, [alieno-], 
1. v. a., make another's. — Also, make 
strange, estrange, alienate. 

alienus, -a, -um, [unc. stem akin 
to alius (prob. imitated from verb- 
stems of second conjugation) + nus 
(cf. egenus)], adj., another 's, of 
others, others', other people's : pecu- 
niae; misericordia; in alieno (on 
another's land). — ■ Hence, strange, 
foreign, estranged, unjavorable (cf. 
suus), foreign to the ptirpose : tern- 



14 



Vocabulary. 



pus; ejectus ad alienos (strangers); 
iter {out of one's way). — Superl., as 
noun, a perfect stranger. 

aliquando [una form, cf. quan- 
clo and aliquis], adv., at some time. 
— Emphatically, at last (at some 
time, though not before). 

aliquanto, see aliquantus. 

aliquantus, -a, -um, [ali- (re- 
duced stem of alius) -quantus (cf. 
aliquis)], adj., considerable. — Neut., 
as noun, a good deal, a considera- 
ble part. — aliquanto (as abl. of 
measure), by considerable, consider- 
ably. 

aliquis (-qui), -qua, -quid (quod), 
[ali- (reduced stem of alius) -quis], 
pron. (more forcible than quis ; not 
definite, like quidam; not univer- 
sal, like quisquam), some, some or 
other, any. — Emphatic, some (con- 
siderable) , any (important) . — As 
noun, some one, any one, something, 
anything. — Also, rarely, almost if 
not quite equal to quis alius (cf. 
derivation), some other ; abire in ali- 
quas terras, I. Cat. 8, 20. 

aliquo [old dat. of aliquis], adv., 
somewhither ', somewhere (in sense of 
whither). 

aliquot [ali- (reduced stem of 
alius) -quot], pron. indecl., several, 
some (more than one, but not con- 
ceived as many), several persons. 

aliquotiens [ali- (reduced stem 
of alius) -quotiens], adv., several 
times, a number of times. 

aliter [ali- (reduced stem of 
alius) + ter (cf. aeriter)], adv., 
otherwise, differently: longe aliter 
est {the case is far otherwise). 

aliunde [aliunde (cf. aliquis ], 
adv., from another quarter, from 
elsewhere, from some other quarter. 

alius, -a, -ud, [unc. root. (cf. else) 



+ ius (y'YA)], adj. pron., another 
(any one, not all), other, different, 
else, another (of the second of three 
or more). — Repeated (either in sep- 
arate clauses or in same), one . . . 
another, one another, one one (thing) 
. . . another another, some . . . others : 
alius alia causa illata {alleging 
different reasons) ; alius ex alio 
{from different, etc., one from one, 
another from another) ; alius atque 
(see atque). 

allatus, see adfero. 

allego, see adlego. 

allicio, see adlicio. 

allino, see adlino. 

Allobrox, -ogis, [Celtic], m., one 
of the Allobroges. — Plur., the Allo- 
broges (the tribe of Gauls living in 
Dauphiny or Savoy, about the upper 
waters of the Rhone, subdued in 
B.C. 121 by Fabius Maximus). 

alluo, see adluo. 

alo, alui, altus, alere, [v' AL > °f- 
adolesco], 3. v. a., cause to grow, 
feed, nurse, support (supply with 
food), foster, raise (of animals). — 
Fig., foster, foment, feed, increase : 
haec studia adulescentiam {are 
the food of). 

Alpes, -ium, [^alp (Celtic form 
of albh, cf. albus) + is], F. pi., 
the Alps, more or less loosely used 
of the whole mass of mountains be- 
tween Italy (Cisalpine Gaul), Gaul, 
and Germany. 

Alsiensis, -e, [Alsio-fensis], adj., 
of Alsium. — As subst., a villa near 
Alsium (a town on the coast of 
Etruria). 

altaria, -ium, [?, alto-f aris], N. 
pi., the temporary structure on the 
altar for burning the victim(?). — ■ 
Less exactly, an altar. 

alte [old abl. of altus], adv., high. 



Vocabulary. 



15 



deeply, deep: altius aspicere {look 
higher, look farther}. 

alter, -era, -erum, [\/ AL " ( m 
alius) -+- ter (for -terus, compara- 
tive suffix)], pron. adj., the other (of 
two), one (of two) : alter ambove 
{one or both). — In plur., the other 
party. — Repeated (cf. alius), one 
the other, one another (of two), one 
. . . the other. — In plur., one party 
. . . the other. — Also, the second, an- 
other (the second of three) : cente- 
sima et altera {hundred and sec- 
ond). — Also (esp. with negatives), 
another (beside one's self, where all 
are conceived as two parties, one's 
self and all the rest). 

alternus, -a, -um, [alter- (as 
stem) + nus], adj., alternate, recip- 
rocal, mutual, alternating: versus 
{every second) . 

alteruter [alter-uter, cf. ali- 
quis], -tra, -trum, -trlus, pron. adj., 
one of the two, one or the other. 

altus, .-a, -um, [p.p. of alo as 
adj.], high. — From another point of 
view, deep. — Neut. as noun, the sea, 
the deep : in alto {in deep zvater, on 
the sea). 

alumnus, -i, [alo- (stem of alo) 
-f mnus (cf. Gr. -/nei/os?), the fos- 
tered~\,M., a foster child, a nursling. 

alveolus, -i, [alveo + lus], m., a 
little basin. — Esp., a dice box, the 
dice box (as a symbol of gaming). 

amans, see amo. 

amb- [akin to ambo, d/x^l], prep, 
only in comp., about. 

ambitio, -onis, [amb-fitio, cf. 
ambio], F., {a going round). — 
Esp., to canvass for office, a canvass- 
ing. — Hence, ambition. 

ambitus, -tils, [amb-itus, cf. 
ambio], M., {a going round) . — Esp., 
to canvass (cf. ambitio), but only 



of illegal means of canvassing, bri- 
bery (at elections), unlawful can- 
vassing : de ambitu {on a charge 
of this crime) . 

ambo, -ae, -o, (-orum), [akin to 
amb-], num. adj., both (together, cf. 
uterque, both separately). 

amburo, -ussi, -ustus, -urere [amb- 
uro], 3. v. a., burn around, scorch, 
half burn. 

aniens, -entis, [ab-mens], adj., 
{having the mind away) , mad, crazy, 
insane : audacissimus atque amen- 
tissimu.s(tf/ the greatest recklessness 
and madness). 

amentia, -ae, [ament -f- ia], f., 
madness, frenzy, (mad) folly, in- 
sanity. 

Ameria, -ae, [?], f., an old city 
of Umbria, about fifty miles up the 
Tiber from Rome (now Amelia, but 
only a ruin)'. 

Amerlnus, -a, -um, [Ameria (re- 
duced) -f inus], adj., of Ameria. — 
Plur. M., the people of Ameria. 

amicio, -icui (-1x1), -ictus, -icire, 
[amb-jacio], 4. v. a., throw round 
(of clothing), turap about. — Also, 
with object of the person, wrap, 
tlirozv around, clothe (with outside 
garments) : velis amicti non togis 
{clad, wrapped). 

amicitia, -ae, [amico + tia], F., 
friendship, friendly relations, alli- 
ance (opposed to hospitium, wh. 
see), personal friendship. 

amicus, -a, -um, [unc. stem from 
y'AM (in amo) + cus (cf. pudieus, 
posticus)], adj., friendly, well-dis- 
posed. — As noun, M., a friend, an 
ally. 

amissus, p.p. of amitto. 

Amisus, -i, [?], F., an important 
commercial city of Pontus, on the 
Sinus Amisenus, a bay of the Euxine. 



\6 



Vocabulary. 



amitto, -misi, -missus, -mittere, ' 
[ab-mitto], 3. v. a., lei go (away), ' 
let slip, let pass. — Hence, lose (esp. j 
of military losses) : classes amissae 
et perditae {lost, by negligence, and 
ruined, by misdoing). 

anio, -avi, -atus, -are, [?], I. v. a. 
and n., love ; amans {fond). 

amoenitas, -tatis, [amoeno -f 
tas], F., beaitty (as of scenery and 
the like), beautiful scenery, loveliness 
(only of things pleasant to the eye). 

amor, -oris, [^/am (in amo) -f 
or (for -os)], M., love, affection. — 
Also, toward things, fondness for, de- 
light in. 

ample [old abl. of amplus], adv., 
widely, largely. — amplius, compar., 
farther, more, longer : quid vis am- 
plius (in such cases it may be re- 
garded either as adj. or adv., see 
amplus). 

amplector, -plexus, -plecti, [amb- 
plecto], 3. v. dep., (twine around). 
— Hence, embrace, hold in one's 
arms. — Fig., include, contain. ■ — 
Also, favor, court the favor of. 

amplexor, -atus, -an, [amplexo- 
(stem of p.p. of amplector)], 1. v. 
dep., embrace. 

amplifico, -avi, -atus, -are, [am- 
plified-], I. v. a., increase, enlarge, 
extend, heighten, magnify. 

amplitudo,-inis, [amplo+tudo], 
F., size, extent, greatness. — Esp., of 
station or fame, greatness, dignity, 
position, prominence. 

amplus, -a, -urn, [?, perh. amb 
H stem akin to plus, plenus], adj. 
Of size and extent, lit. and lig., large, 
wide, great, grand: curia. — Esp., 
prominent, of consequence, splendid, 
noble, distinguished, glorious : prae- 
mia (lavish, valuable); fortunae: 
patrui amplissimi (most distin- 



guished) ; homo (great) ; amplum 
et praeclarum (a great and glo- 
rious thing) ; munus (noble) ; locus 
ad agendum (honorable) ; fructus 
(splendid, valuable) ; magnum aut 
amplum cogitare (have a great or 
noble thought); beneficia amplissima 
(highest) ; verba amplissima (strong- 
est terms) ; laus amplior (higher) . 

— amplius, neut. comp. as noun or 
adverb (see ample) (cf. plus), more, 
a greater number, further, besides. 

an [?], conj. introducing the sec- 
ond member of a double question, 
or, or rather : ab eone an ab eis 
qui, etc., Gabinio anne Pompeio 
(or). — Often with the first member 
only implied, or, (is it not so?) or, 
(as an impossible alternative) or : 
utrum . . . &n(whether . . . or). — Esp., 
baud scio an, nescio an, / know 
not but, I am inclined to think, it 
may be, probably, perhaps, very likely. 

— an vero, see vero. 

anceps, -cipitis, [amb-caput], 
adj., (having a head on both sides), 
double-headed. — Less exactly, two- 
fold, double : contentio (i.e., with 
two foes) . — Hence, doubtful : for- 
tuna (as looking both ways, and 
hence undecided). 

ancilla, -ae, [anculo-(anco-t-lus) 
+ la], F., a maidservant, a hand- 
maid. 

angiportus, -us (and-i), [fango- 
(^/ang -f us) + portus], M., a lane, 
a narrow alley. 

ango, anxi, no p.p., angere,[ A /AXG, 
cf. anxius, angustus], 3. v. a., throt- 
tle. — Fig., distress, make anxious : 
vehementer angebar (I was much 
distressed) ; tot curis vigiliisquo 
angi (distress one's self). 

unguis, -is, [y'ANG (cf. ango) -f 
is], M. and F., a serpent. 



Vocabulary. 



17 



angulus, -1, [fango- (cf. angi- 
portus) -f lus], M., a corner, an 

angle. 

angustiae,-arum, [angusto+ia] , 
F. plur., narrotos, straits : Ponti (i.e., 
the Dardanelles). — Fig., straits (cf. 
slang expression " in a tight place "), 
narrow bounds. 

angustus, -a, -um, [angor (for 
angos) + tus], adj., narrow, con- 
fined: angustiora castra (less ex- 
tensive); montes (confining, by 
which one is hemmed in). — Fig-, an- 
imus (narrow). 

anhelo, -avi, -atus, -are, [amb?- 
halo], 1. v. a. and n., pant, breathe 
heavily, breathe (with force). 

ariiuia, -ae, [ani- (treated as root, 
fr. V AN ' blow) + ma (f. of mus), cf. 
animus], F., breath. — Hence, soul, 
life: liberorum anima (the lives). 

— Plur., the soul (of man, ab- 
stractly). 

animadversio, -onis, [animo- 
(?) adversio (cf. animadverto)], 
F., a noticing, attention (to a thing). 

— Hence, punishment. 
animadverto, -verti, -versus, ver- 

tere (also animum adverto un- 
contracted), [animum adverto], 
3. v. a., turn the mind to, attend to: 
in aliquem (punish, cf. the domes- 
tic "attend to"). — Less exactly, ob- 
serve, notice, learn. 

animosus, -a, -um, [animo + 
0S0.8], adj., spirited, courageous. 

animus, -i, [ani- (stem as root, 
fr. ■y/AN, blow) -f mus (cf. Gr. &ve- 
Ijlos, wind)'], M., breath, life, soul 
(vital). — Usually (the above mean- 
ings being appropriated to anima, 
\vh. see), soul (as thinking, feeling), 
heart, mind, feelings, feeling, intel- 
lect (but cf. mens), spirit, passion, 
desire : concitatio animorum (feel- 



ings); animi ad causam excitati; 
animum vincere (passions) ; ani- 
morum motus (the activity of the 
intellect) ; magnus animus (a great 
soul, a man of great soul) ; animo 
meliore (better disposed) ; quo ani- 
mum intendit (at -what he is aim- 
ing) ; animis providere (anticipate, 
provide in thought) ; cerno animo 
(in my mind's eye) ; bono animo 
(with good intent) ; virtutes animi 
(moral virtues). — Also (in a good 
sense, often in plur.), spirit, con- 
stancy, courage, resolution : opes an- 
imique (resources and spirit). — 
Also : animus magnus (courage, 
magnanimity, lofty spirit) ; animi 
magnitudo (lofty spirit) . — Esp. (as 
directly opposed to mens, wh. see), 
the moral pozuers, will, desires, affec- 
tions, etc., the heart, the feelings, 
the disposition : animus et mens 
(heart and mind) ; ex animi mei 
sensu (the feelings of my heart) . — 
For animus aequus, see aequus; 
for animum advertere, see ani- 
madverto. 

annalis, -e, [anno + alis], adj., 
yearly. — As noun (sc. libri), an- 
nals (books of history arranged in 
years), history. 

Annius, -i, [?], M., a Roman gen- 
tile name. — Esp.: 1. T. Annius 
Milo, a supporter of Cicero, defended 
by him in the oration pro Milone ; 
2. Q. Annius Chilo, a fellow-con- 
spirator with Catiline. 

anniversarius, -a, -um, [anni- 
verso + arius], adj., yearly, return- 
ing every year. 

annona, -ae, [stem akin to annus 
+ na, cf. colonus, Pomona], 1 ., 
grain crop (of the year). — Hence, 
grain market, price of grain : vili- 
tas annonae (cheapness of grai • • ; 



18 



Vocabulary. 



annonam levare (relieve the mar- 
ket, lozver the price of grain). 

annus, -i, [?], M., a year (as a 
point of time, or as the course of the 
year, or as a period). 

ansa, -ae, [?], P., a handle. — 
Also, fig., sermones ansas dabant 
(handles, to get hold of). 

ante [old antid, abl. of fanti- 
(cf. post and postis)], adv., before 
(of place and time), in front, in ad- 
vance, beforehand, first (before some- 
thing else) : ante quam (earlier 
than, before, until, etc.) ; paulo 
ante (a little while ago); multis 
ante annis (many years ago) ; jam 
ante (already before, already). — 
Prep., before (of place or time), in 
advance of, in front of — In dates : 
ante diem (a. d.) (on such a day 
before) ; ante diem xii Kal. Nov. 
(Oct. 21st). — In comp., before (of 
place, time, and succession). 

antea [ante ea (prob. abl. or 
instr., cf. ea, qua)], adv. (of time), 
before, previously, once, formerly, 
hitherto, once. 

antecello, -ere, no perf., no p.p., 
[ante-cello], 3. v. n., surpass, excel. 

antefero, -tuli, -latus, -ferre, 
[ante-fero], irr. v. a., place in ad- 
vance, prefer. — Pass., be preferred, 
be the first, have the superiority. 

antelucanus, -a, -um, [ante-luc 
+ anus], adj. , before the light : cenae 
(late, prolonged till dawn). 

antepono, -posui, -positus, -po- 
nere, [ante-pono], 3. v. a., place in 
advance (cf. antefero), think of 
more importance, prefer, place be- 
fore, value more highly. 

antequam, see ante. 

antestor, -atus, -ari, [amb(?)- 
testor], 1. v. dep., call to zuitness, ap- 
peal to. 



anteverto, -verti, -versus, -ver- 
tere, [ante-verto], 3. v. a., turn in 
front (cf. antepono), prefer. — 
Also, anticipate, get in advance of. 

Antiochia (-ea), -ae, ['AvTio'xcm], 
F. The name of several ancient 
cities of the East. — Esp., a city of 
Syria founded by the son of Antio- 
chus. 

Antiochus, -I, ['A^tioxos], m. 
The name of several Eastern poten- 
tates. — Esp., Antiochus the Great, 
king of Syria, who had a long con- 
test with the Romans and their al- 
lies for supremacy in the East, but 
was conquered in B.C. 190 by the 
Scipios. 

antlquitas, -tatis, [antiquo+tas] , 
F., antiquity, ancient times. 

antiquus, -a, -um, [fanti- (cf. 
ante) + cus (cf. posticus)], adj., 
old (existing from early times, not so 
much in reference to present age as 
to former origin, cf. vetus), ancient. 
— Less exactly, former : status (of 
a state that had existed only three 
years before, but was of great an- 
tiquity previous to that); ilia anti- 
qua (those ancient examples) ; anti- 
qui (the ancients). — Hence, of the 
old stamp, old-fashioned : homines 
(of men still living). 

Antonius, -I, [?], M., a Roman 
family name. — Esp.: I. Marcus 
(Mark Antony), the famous trium- 
vir; also, 2. his brother, Lucius, 
cons. B.C. 41. 

anulus (ann-), -i, [and + his], 
M., a ring. 

Ap., Appius (\vh. see). 

Apenninus, -i, [Celtic], M., the 
Apennines, the great range of moun- 
tains which forms the backbone of 
Italy. 

aperio, -perui, -pertus, -perire, 



r ocabulary. 



l 9 



[ab-pario (gel off), cf. operio, 
cover~\ y 4. v. a., uncover, open. — 
Fig., disclose, open, lay bare, lay 
open. — apertus, -a, -um, p.p. as 
adj., open, exposed, uncovered, unob- 
structed, unprotected, without con- 
cealment. 

aperte [old abl. of apertus], 
adv., openly, unreservedly^ without 
concealment, plainly, clearly. 

Apinius, -i, [?], M., a Roman 
gentile name. — Esp., P. Apinius, a 
young man robbed by Clodius. 

Apollo, -inis, [?], M., the son of 
Jupiter and Latona, and twin brother 
of Diana, god of the sun, of divina- 
tion, of poetry and music, and presi- 
dent of the Muses. He was also god 
of archery, of pestilence, and, on the 
other hand, of healing. He is iden- 
tified by Caesar with some Celtic di- 
vinity. 

apparatus, see adparatus. 

appareo, see adpareo. 

apparo, see adparo. 

appello, see adpello. 

appendo, see adpendo. 

appeto, see adpeto. 

Appius, -a, -um, [Appius decl. 
as adj.], adj., Appian, of Appius. — 
Esp., referring to Appius Claudius 
Circus: via (the road from Rome 
to Capua made by him) ; Appia 
(without via in same sense). 

Appius, -I, [?, prop, adj.], M., a 
Roman first name. — Esp.: I. Ap- 
pius Claudius, cons. B.C. 54; 2. Ap- 
pius Claudius, nephew of P. Clodius, 
and one of Milo's accusers; 3. A 
brother of Clodius. 

applied", see adplico. 

appono, see adpono. 

apporto, see adporto. 

approbo, see adprobo. 

appromitto, see adpromitto. 



appropero, see adpropero. 
appropinquo, see adpropin- 
quo. 

aptus,-a,-um, [ ^Jkv (in apiseor) 

-f tus],adj., {pitted to), suited, adapt- 
ed, Jit, apt. 

apud [akin to ab and Gr. cwro], 
prep., at, among, -with, before, on 
one 's part, in relation to (a person), 
in one's house {company, possession, 
among): apud Tenedum; adversa- 
ries (i.e., in their ranks) ; inlustre 
apud omnes nomen (with,a?nong) ; 
apud vos in honore (with, among) ; 
populum Romanum et exteras na- 
tiones ; apud Laecam (at the house 
of). 

Apulejus, -1, [Apulo 4- eius?], 
M., a Roman gentile name. — Esp., 
P. Apideius, a tribune of the people 
who supported the cause of the sen- 
ate against Antony. 

Apulia, -ae, [Apulo -f ia, f. of 
adj.], F., that part of Italy east of 
Campania and Samnium and north 
of Lucania, famous chiefly for its 
pastures. 

aqua, -ae, [?], F., water, a zvater- 
course : aqua atque igni interdi- 
cere (a form of banishment among 
the Romans). 

aquila, -ae, [f. of aquilus, dark 
gray, perh. remotely akin to aqua], 
F., an eagle. — Esp., the standard of 
the Roman legion, consisting of an 
eagle on a staff. 

ara, -ae, [?], F., an altar. 

arator, -toris, [ara+ tor], m., a 
ploughman. — Also, a landholder (a 
person who cultivated the public 
lands, paying tithes for the privilege). 

arbiter, -tri, [ad-fbiter (V BI > m 
bito, + trus, cf. -trum)], m., a zvit- 
ness. — Less exactly, a referee, an 
arbitrator. 



20 



Vocabulary. 



arbitratus, -tus, [arbitra-f-tus], 
M., a decision : arbitratu ejus {at 
his bidding). 

arbitrium, -1, [arbitro + ium 
(cf. judicium)], N., judgment, will, 
bidding, pleasure (what one sees fit 
to do or have done). 

arbitror, -atus, -an, [arbitro-], 
I. v. dep., judge, think, szippcse 
(judge). 

arbor, -oris, [?], F., a tree. 

area, -ae, [arc- (in arceo) + a], 
¥., a chest, a box, a cell. 

arcus, -us, [?], M., a bow. 

arceo, arcui, arctus, arcere, [f arco- 
(stem akin to area)], 2. v. a., con- 
jine. — Hence, by a change of the 
point of view, keep off, prevent, drive 
away: a templis homines {defend 
from). 

arcesso, -sivi, -situs, -sere, [akin 
to accedo, but the exact relation un- 
certain], 3. v. a., summon, invite, 
send for (persons), call in. 

Arehias, -ae, \jKpyjias\, M., a poet 
of Greek extraction, whose claim to 
citizenship Cicero defended in a fa- 
mous oration. 

Archimedes, -is, ['Apx'/n^s], 
M 4 , the famous mathematician of 
Syracuse, by whose assistance that 
city was long defended against the 
Romans. 

architectus, -i, [prob. corruption 
of apxi-reKToov'], M., an architect, a 
builder. 

ardeo, arsi, arsus, ardere, [prob. 
arido-, cf. ardifer], 2. v. n., be hot, 
be in a blaze, be on fire. — Fig-, be 
excited, be in a blaze, burn, flash fire 
(of the eyes). — ardens, -ntis, p., 
red hot, blazing, flashing. 

ardor, -oris, [ a /ard (in ardeo) 
-f or], M., a blaze, heat, fire : caeli 
(a blazing sky\ — Fig. , fire, fury : 



animorum et armoruni {fire of 
passion and fury of arms); animi 
{excitement). 

argentarius, -a, -urn, [argento 
+ arius], adj., f. (sc. res), money 
business, banking business. ■ — Masc, 
a banker, a money-changer. 

argenteus, -a, -um, [argento + 
eus], adj. of silver, silver (as adj.). 

argentum, -i, [akin to arguo, 
the shining metaf\, N., silver (the 
metal). — Also, of things made of 
the metal, silverware, silver. 

argumentor, -atus, -arl, [argu- 
mento-], 1. v. dep., argue, reason. 

argumentum, -i, [argu- (as if 
stem of arguo) + mentum], n., an 
argument, a proof (drawn from rea- 
soning, as opposed to witnesses), an 
inference, a subject (in art). 

arguo, argui, argutus, arguere, 
[prob. f argu- (stem akin to Argus 
and argentum) + io (?)], 3. v. a., 
make clear, prove. — Esp., accuse 
(prove guilty), charge. 

Aricia, -ae, [?], F., a town of 
Latium on the Appian Way, at the 
foot of the Alban Mount (now Ric- 
cia). Near by was a famous temple 
of Diana. 

aridus, -a, -um, [faro- (cf. areo) 
+ dus], adj., dry. — Less exactly, 
meagre: victus. 

Ariobarzanes, -is, [Persian], m., 
a name of several Persian monarchs. 
— Esp., a king of Cappadocia, estab- 
lished on his throne by the Romans, 
several times driven out by Mith- 
ridates and Tigranes, and finally re- 
stored by Pompey, B.C. 65. 

Aristaeus, -i, ['ApitrraTos], m., an 
old divinity of Greece, patron of pas- 
turage, bee-keeping, and oil-culture; 
cf. Virg. Georg. IV. 315 et sea. 

arma, -orum, [V AR 0^ c ^- ar " 



Vocabulary. 



21 



mus, the shoulder-joint) + mus], N. 
plur., tools, (esp.) arms, equipment. 

— Fig., arms (as symbol of war), 
war, conflict, forces : isdem in armis 
fui {on the same side, in a civil war) ; 
tua quid arma voluerunt {your 
armed campaign) . 

armatus, -a, -urn, p.p. of anno. 

Aimeuius, -a, -um, ['Ap^evia 
treated as adj.], adj., of Armenia 
(the whole country south of Pontus 
and Colchis, west of the Araxes and 
the Caspian mts., east of Cappadocia, 
north of the Niphates mts.). — Also, 
used of Lesser Armenia, the part 
west of the Euphrates. — Masc. plur., 
the inhabitants of the country. 

anno, -avi, -atus, -are, [armo- 
(stem of arma)], I. v. a., equip, 
arm. — Tass., in middle sense, arm 
(one's self). — armatus, -a, -um, 
p.p. as adj., armed, in arms, equipped. 

arripio, see adripio. 

Arrius, -I, [?], m., a Roman gen- 
tile name. — Esp., Q. Arrius, a friend 
of Cicero. 

arroganter, see adroganter. 

arrogo, see adrogo. 

ars, aitis, [V AR + tis (reduced)], 
F., skill, art. — Also, a quality (espe- 
cially a good one). — Plur., the arts, 
the useful arts, branches of learning, 
branches (of learning, implied). 

artifex, -icis, [arti-ffex (fac as 
stem)], M. and F., an artist. 

artificium, -i, [artific- (stem of 
artifex) + ium], N., workmanship, 
skill (of an artist), a skilful contriv- 
ance, an artifice, a trick. — Also, a 
trade (opposed to ars, a higher art). 

— Concretely, a work of art : opera 
atque artificia. 

arr:. arcis, \ ^/ARC (in arceo, 
area) -|- is (reduced)], F., a strong- 
hold, a fortress, a citadel. 



ascendo, see adseendo. 

aseensus, see adscensus. 

ascribo, see adseribo. 

Asia, -ae, ['Aaia], F., the country 
now called Asia Minor. — Esp., the 
Roman province of Asia, embracing 
Phrygia, Caria, Mysia, and Lydia. 

Asiaticus, -a, -um, [Asia-f-ticus] , 
adj., of Asia, Asiatic : pecuniae {in 
Asia, invested there). 

aspeetus, see adspectus. 

aspere [old abl. of asper], adv., 
roughly. 

aspernor, -atus, -an, [fasperno- 
(stem akin to ab-sperno)], i.v. dep., 
spurn. 

aspicio, see adspieio. 

asporto, -avi, -atus, -are, [abs- 
porto], I. v. a., carry off, carry 
away. 

assidue, see adsidue. 

assiduitas, see adsiduitas. 

assiduus, see adsiduus. 

assuefaeio, see adsuefacio. 

astutus, -a, -um, [astu + tus, cf. 
barbatns], adj., cunning, crafty, 
astute. 

at [prob. form of ad], conj., but, 
at leas:. — See also enim and vero. 

Athenae, -arum, [_' A.Qt}m.i~], f. pi., 
Athens. 

Atheniensis, -e, [Athena -f en- 
sis], adj., of Athens, Athenian. — 
Plur., the Athenians. 

Atilius, -i, [?], M., a Roman gen- 
tile name. — Esp.: I. M. Atilius,^ 
Roman who, as judex, was found 
guilty of receiving bribes; 2. Atilius 
Gavianus, a tribune of the people 
at the time of Cicero's recall. 

atque (ac), [ad-que], conj., and 
(generally introducing some more 
important idea), and even, and espe- 
cially, and further, and moreover, 
and now. — Also, as, than : par atque 



22 



Vocabulary. 



(the same as) ; simul atque (as soon 
as) ; sirailis atque {just like) ; 
aliter ac {otherwise than, different 
from what, etc.); contra atque 
{different from, etc.) ; atque adeo 
{and even, and in fact, or rather); 
pro eo ac {according as) ; perinde 
ac (just as). 

atqui [at-qui (old abl. or instr.)], 
conj., (but somehow ?), but yet, but, 
still, now. 

atrium, -i, [?, atro + ium], N., 
the atrium (the hall of a Roman 
house). — Also, a hall (of a temple, 
prob. made in the fashion of a house). 

atrocitas, -tatis, [atroci- (as if 
stem of atrox) -f tas], F., cruelty : 
animi (savage disposition). — Also, 
of things, atrocity, enormity. 

atrociter [atroci + ter], adv., 
savagely, cruelly : aliquid atrociter 
fieri (some atrocious cruelty) ; nimis 
atrociter minitans (too violently) ; 
atrociter ferre (pass a cruel lazv). 

atrox, -ocis, [stem akin to ater -f 
cus (cf. colonus, aegrotus, and 
verax)],adj., savage, cruel, — Also, 
of things, atrocious, crztel, inhuman, 
monstrous. 

attendo (adt-), -tendi, -tentus, 
-tendere, [ad-tendo], 3. v. a. and n., 
(stretch towards). — Esp., with ani- 
mum, turn the attention to, attend 
to, attend. — Also, without animum, 
attend, notice : ecquid attendis (are 
you paying any attention) ; me tarn, 
diligenter (listen to) ; parum at- 
tenditis (you are too careless). — at- 
tentus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., attentive. 

attenuo (adt-), -avi, -atus, -are, 
[ad-tenuo], 1. v. a., thin out. — Fig., 
lessen, diminish, reduce. 

attineo (adt-), -tinui, -tentus, 
-tinere, [ad-teneo], 2. v. a. and n., 
hold out towards. — Esp., reach, touch, 



have to do with, make a difference, 
be of importance. 

attingo (adt-),-tigi, -tactus, -tin- 
gere, [ad-tango], 3. v. a. and n., 
touch, reach, set foot on, have to do 
with, come in contact with : auctori- 
tatem (aspire to) ; Cimbricas res 
(touch upon in literary composition) . 

Attius, -i, [Atto + ius], m., a 
Roman gentile name. — Esp., P. At- 
tius Varus, praetor in Africa in the 
war between Coesar and Pompey. 

attribuo (adt-),-bui, -butus, -bu- 
ere, [ad-tribuo], 3. v. a., assign, ap- 
propriate. 

attuli, see adfero. 

auctio, -onis, [aug (as root)-f tio], 
F., an increase. — Hence, (a raising 
of bids), an auction. 

auctionarius, -a, -um, [auction 
-f- arius], adj., of an auction, by auc- 
tion: tabulae novae (liquidation 
by forced sale). 

auctor, -oris, [^/aug (in augeo) 
+ tor], M., a voucher (for any act 
or statement), an authority, an ad- 
viser : sceleris (leader); auctor 
esse (approve, advise) ; auctore 
populo (with the approval of, sup- 
ported by); pacis (counsellors). 

auctoritas, -tatis, [auctor- (as if 
i-stem) + tas],F., influence, prestige, 
authority (not political nor military, 
cf. imperium and potestas, but 
proceeding from official character). 
— Concretely, an expression of opin- 
ion (as an authority) : cum publicis 
auctoritatibus (with official expres- 
sions of opinion, on the authority of 
the state or city) ; summa cum auc- 
toritate (with the greatest effect) ; 
circumstant te summae auctorita- 
tes (the strongest influences) ; auc- 
toritates contrarias (weighty opin- 
ions, etc.) ; auctoritas et gratia 



Vocabulary. 



23 



y prestige from official character, and 
influence from private friendship and 
the like). — In technical phrase sen- 
atus {the expressed opinion, having 
no legal binding force, but carrying 
weight from its official character). 

aucupor, -atus, -an, [aucup-], 
I. v. dep., hunt birds. — Fig., search 
out, hunt for, watch for. 

audacia, -ae, [audac + ia], F., 
daring, boldness, effrontery, reckless- 
ness, reckless daring, deeds of daring, 
despera te un derta k i n g. 

audax, -acis. [auda- (as if stem 
of aiuleo) -f cus (reduced)], adj., 
daring (in a bad sense), reckless, 
bold, desperate. 

audeo, ausus, audere, [prob. 
avido- (stem of avidus)], 2. v. a. 
and n., dare, venture, risk, dare to 
try (or do). — ausus, -a, -um, p.p. 
in pres. sense, daring. 

audio, -divi, -ditus, -dire, [prob. 
akin to auris], 4. v. a., hear, hear 
of listen to: audita dico (what I 
have heard); multis audientibus 
(in the hearing of etc.). 

aufero, abstuli, ablatus, auferre, 
[ab-fero], irr. v. a., carry off, carry 
away, re?nove, take away. 

augeo, auxi, auctus, augere, 
[^/AUG (causative or fr. unc. noun- 
stem)], 2. v. a., increase, magnify, 
enhance, add to (something). — Pass., 
be increased, increase. 

augur, -uris, [?, avi+ unc. term.], 
M., an augur (one of the official 
soothsayers of the Roman state. 
They formed a college which decided 
all matters connected with the pub- 
lic auspices, and these auspices were 
very closely connected with the Ro- 
man polity; in fact, no important 
matter was ever begun without first 
consulting them). 



augustus, -a, -um, [?, perh. faug- 
or- (v'aug + or) -f tus, but the 
meaning is somewhat inconsistent 
with this etym.], adj., consecrated 
(either by augury or perhaps with 
the same sense that lies in auctor, 
auctoritas), venerable, august. 

Aulus, -1, [?], M., a Roman prre- 
nomen. 

Aurelius, -I, [for Auselius, akin 
to aurum, Aurora, and uro], m., 
a Roman gentile name. 

Aurelius, -a, -um, [same word as 
preceding, declined as adj.], adj., of 
Aurelius, Aurelian : Forum Aure- 
lium (a market town on the Aure- 
lian Way in Etruria, about 50 miles 
from Rome); via (the old Aurelian 
Way, the great military road leading 
from Rome along the coast of Etru- 
ria) ; tribunal (a raised judgment- 
seat near the east end of the Forum). 

aureus, -a, -um, [auro+eus], 
adj., of gold, golden, gold : nomen 
{gilded, the name Chrysogonus, gold- 
born) . 

auris, -is, [akin to ear, stem f auri- 
(cf. audio)], f., an ear : adhibere 
{listening ears, attentio7i). 

aurum, -i, [akin to uro],N., gold. 

auspicium, -1, [auspic-ium], n., 
an augury (an observation of the 
omens), auspices (in the plural). 

aut [?, but cf. autem], conj., or 
(regularly exclusive, cf. vel). — Re- 
peated, either . . . or. 

autem [?, akin to aut], conj., 
but (the weakest degree of opposi- 
tion, cf. sed), on the other hand, 
however, then again, now (explana- 
tory), again, whereas (in slight op- 
position to something preceding), 
and even (where not only has been 
implied before). 

auxilium, -I, [fauxili- (akin to 



24 



Vocabulary. 



augeo, cf. fusilis) -fium], N., as- 
sistance, aid, remedy, relief, help : 
ferre {to assist, to aid, to render 
assistance) ; adventicia auxilia (re- 
inforcements, etc.) ; omnium aux- 
ilia (the aid of all) ; summum om- 
nium gentium {source of help) ; 
auxilia sociorum (auxiliaries, re- 
inforcements, as opposed to the regu- 
lar troops of the Romans). 

avaritia, -ae, [avaro + tia], f., 
greed, avarice, love of money, greed 
of gain. 

avarus, -a, -urn, [fava- (stem 
akin to aveo) -f rus (cf. gnarus)], 
adj., greedy of gain, miserly, avari- 
cious: homo avarissimus (a man 
of the greatest greed, of the greatest 
avarice). 

aveo, -ere, no perf., no p.p., 
[prob. favo- ( y'AV -j- us)], 2. v. a., 
desire, be eager. 

aversus, -a, -um, see averto. 

averto, -vertl, -versus, -vertere, 
[ab-verto], 3. v. a., turn aside, di- 
vert, turn away, avert: mentem 
alicujus {deter) . — aversus, -a, -urn, 
p.p. as adj., averse to, indisposed to. 

avide [old abl. of avidus], adv., 
greedily, eagerly, with eagerness, with 
avidity. 

avidus, -a, -um, [favo- (cf. aveo 
and avarus) -f- dus], adj., eager, 
desirous. 

avitus, -a, -um, [avo- (as if avi-) 
-f tus],adj., of one's grandfather, of 
one^s ancestors, ancestral. 

avoco, -avi, -atus, -are, [ab-voco], 
I. v. a., call away, call off. 

avunculus, -i, [avo- (as if avon-, 
or perh. through it as intermediate 
stem) + cuius], M., an uncle (on 
the mother's side, cf. patruus). 

avus, -i, [perh. akin to aveo], 
M., a grandfather. 



B. 

bacchor, -atus, -ari, [Baccha-], 
1. v. dep. ,_/<?/« in a bacchanal orgy. 
— Less exactly, rave, run riot, revel. 

Baliaricus (Bale), -a, -um, 
[Baleari + cus], adj., of the Bale- 
aric isles. — Esp., Baliaricus, as a 
Roman surname applied to Caecilius 
Metellus, who conquered these is- 
lands (cf. Africanus). 

balneum, -i, (plur., -ae or -a), 
[corruption of ^a\avuov~\, N. and F. 
a bath. — ¥\ux., public baths. 

barbaria, -ae, [barbard + ia], 
F., savageness. — Also, a barbarous 
nation (cf. heathendom). 

barbarus, -a, -um, [prob. from 
the inarticulate sound of foreign 
speech], adj., strange, foreign, out- 
landish. — Also, savage, uncivilized, 
rude, barbarous, cruel. — Plur., bar- 
barians, barbarous people. 

barbatus, -a, -um, [barba -f tus, 
as if p.p. of denom. verb fbarbo, cf. 
bearded'], adj., bearded. — Esp., as 
an attribute of the old Romans, long- 
bearded ancients, unshaven old wor- 
thies. 

basis, -is, (-eos), [/3a<ns], F., a 
pedestal. 

beatus, -a, -um, [p.p. of beo], 
adj., blessed, happy, fortunate. — Esp. 
(in wealth), rich, zuell-to-do. 

bellicosus, -a, -um, [bellied -f 
osus], adj., warlike. 

bellicus, -a, -um, [bello + cus], 
adj., of war, in war. 

bello, -avi, -atus, -are, [bello-], 
1. v. n., fight, make war: bellandi 
virtus {excellence in war). 

bellum, -i, [old duellum, from 
duo, a strife between t7t>o~\, N., war, 
a war : bellum inferre {make war, 
offensive) ; parare bellum {make 
warlike preparations) . 



r ocabulary 



5 



belua, -ae, [?], F., a wild beast. \ 
— \'"\g., a brute, a monster, a wild 
be (7 st. 

bene [abL of bonus], adv., well: 
bene gerere rem (be successful in, 
etc., see gero) ; ad res bene geren- 
das {for success in great exploits') ; 
bene sanum (thoroughly sound); 
bene sperare {have good hope) . 

benciicium, -I, [benefico- (re- 
duced) + ium (but perh. bene-fnci- 
um, cf. offieium)], N., well- doing, 
a service, a favor, often rendered by 
Eng. plur., services, favors shown, 
services rendered: meo beneficio 
{thanks to vie) ; inbeneficiis {among 
the beneficiaries). — Esp., of the fa- 
vors of the people as shown by elec- 
tion to office: vestrum jus benefi- 
ciumque {your rights and favors 
conferred) ; hoc beneficium populi 
Romani {this favor shown me by the 
Roman people). 

beneficus, -a, -urn, [bene + ficus 
( V /FAC + us)], adj., beneficent. 

bcnevolentia, -ae, [benevolent 
+ ia], F., good-will, kindness. 

benevolus, -a, -um, [bene-fvolus 
(^/vol + us)], adj., well-wishing, 
kindly. 

benignitas, -tatis, [benigno + 
tas], F., kindness, favor. 

bestia, -ae, [?], F., a brute (as 
opposed to man, cf. belua, a mon- 
ster ox ferocious beast), a beast. 

bibo, bibi, bibitus, bibere, [?, A /PA 
reduplicated], 3. v. a. and n., drink. 

biduum, -i, [fdvi-duum (akin 
to dies)], N., two days' time, two 
days. 

bini, -ae, -a, [fdvi + nus], adj. 
plur., two each, tn>o sets of, two (of 
things in pairs or sets). 

bipartite [abl. of bipartitus], 
adv., in two divisions. 



bis [for dvis, unc. case-form of 
duo (cf. cis, uls)], adv., twice. 

Bithynia, -ae, [Bifluvta], v., part 
of Asia Minor on the Propontis. 

blandus, -a, -um, [?], adj., coax- 
ing, persuasive, fascinating. 

bonitas, -tatis, [fbono -f tas], 
F., goodness, kindness : praediorum 
{fertility). 

bonus, -a, -um, [?], adj., good : 
bona ratio cumperdita {sound rea- 
son with desperate counsels) ; bono 
animo esse {to be well disposed) ; 
optimum est {it is best) ; optimum 
judicium facere {express so high an 
opinion) ; Bona Dea (a goddess of 
Rome worshipped by women in se- 
cret). — Neut. as %\xh%\..,good, advan- 
tage : tantum boni {such an advan- 
tage). — Plur., goods, property, estate. 

— Masc. plur., good men (esp. of the 
better class of citizens), honest men, 
good citizens. 

Bosporanus, -a, -um, [Bosporo 
+ anus], adj., of the Bosphorus,— 
Plur., the people living on it. 

brevis, -e, [for fbregus, ^/bragh 
-f us], adj., short (of space or time), 
brief 

brevitas, -tatis, [fbrevi -f tas], 
F., shortness. 

breviter [fbrevi + ter], adv., 
briefly. 

Brocchus, -i, [?], M., a Roman 
name. — Titus Brocchus, an uncle 
of Milo. 

Brundusinus, -a, -um, [Brun- 
dusio + inus], adj., of Brundusium. 

— Plur., the people of Brundusium. 
Brundusium (Brundis), -i, [ ?], 

N., a town of Apulia, the port of de- 
parture for Greece. 

Brutus, -i, [brutus, heavy], m., a 
family name at Rome. — Esp.: 1. 
Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus, a 



26 



Vocabulary. 



legatus of Caesar. He distinguished 
himself in command of Caesar's fleet 
off the coast of Gaul, and afterwards 
in. the civil war on the side of Caesar. 
But he joined the conspiracy against 
Csesar with Marcus Brutus, and was 
one of Caesar's assassins. He was 
afterwards killed in Gaul by order of 
Antony. 2. Decimus Junius Brutus, 
cons. B.C. 138, conqueror of Lusitania. 

bficula, -ae, [bovi + cula], f., a 
heifer. 

bulla, -ae, [?], F., a bubble. — 
Also, a knob, a boss. 

bustum, -i, [?, perh. n. p.p. of 
buro (cf. comburo)], n., a tomb. 



C, numeral for 100. 

C, abbreviation for Gajus, usu- 
ally called in English Caius. 

cadaver, -eris, [ ?, unc. form akin 
to cado], N., a corpse, a body (dead). 

cado, cecidi, casiirus, cadere, 
[y'CAD], 3. -v. n., fall, be killed. — 
Fig., happen, turn out, come to be. 
— Also, fail, cease, come to nought. 

Caecilia, -ae, [f. of following 
word], F.,the name of several women 
of the gens Ccecilia (see following 
word). — Esp. : I. Ccecilia Metella, 
a daughter of Q. Ccecilius Metellus 
Baliaricus, and wife of Appius Clau- 
dius Pulcher. 

Caecilius, -i, [?, caeculo-f ius], 
M., a Roman gentile name. — Esp.: 
1. L. Ccvcilius Rufus, praetor B.C. 57, 
who was instrumental in procuring 
the return of Cicero. 

caecus, -a, -um, [?], adj., blind 
(also fig.). — Also, dark. — Esp., 
Ccectis as a Roman name, see Clau- 
dius. 

caedes, -is, [fcaed (as root of 



caedo) -fis], F., murder, massacre, 
slaughter, assassination, butchery, a 
dea dly affray : maximam facere 
(commit zvholesale mzirder). 

caedo, cecidi, caesus, caedere, 
[prob. causative of cado, cf. fall, 
fell], 3. v. a., strike, strike down, 
beat (as with rods), beat (as of an 
army), fell (of trees), cut dozv?t, slay. 

Caelius, -i, [?], M., a Roman 
gentile name. — Esp. : 1. M. Ccelius, 
a tribune of the people B.C. 52, and 
a protege of Cicero, who exerted 
himself in behalf of Milo; 2. Q. Cce- 
lius Latiniensis, a tribune of the 
people; 3. T. Ccelius, a gentleman 
of Terracina, mysteriously assassi- 
nated. 

caelum, -i, [?], N., the sky, the 
atmosphere, the air, the heavens, 
heaven (as the abode of the gods) : 
in caelum tollere (extol to the skies') . 

caementum, -i, [caed- (as root 
of caedo) + mentum], n., loose 
stones, rubble. 

caenum, -1, [?], n., mud. — Ap- 
plied to persons, man of filth. 

caeriniouia, -ae, [?], F., a cere- 
mojiy, a rite. 

Caesar, -aris, [?], m., a family 
name in the gens Julia. — Esp.: 1. 
C. Jtilius Casar, the conqueror of 
Gaul; 2. L. Jidius Ccesar, a kins- 
man of the former, acting as his 
legatus in Gaul; 3. C. Ccesar, a 
name given to Octavius (Augustus) 
as adopted son of No. 1. 

Caesonius, -i, [?, cf. Caesar], 
M., a gentile name. — Esp., M. Caeso- 
nius, a colleague of Cicero in the 
aedileship, and one of the judices in 
the case of Verres. 

Cajeta, -ae, [?], F., a port on the 
coast of Ttaly (now Gdeta). 

Cajus, see Gajus. 



Vocabulary. 



27 



Cal., see Calendar. 

calamistratus, -a, -um, [cala- 
mistro- (as if verb stem in -a, cf. 
barbatus) + tus], adj., with curled 
hair, crimped. 

calamitas, -tatis, [?],F., disaster 
(orig. to crops?), defeat, misfortune 
(also euphemistically for death), ruin. 

calamitosus, -a, -um, [calamita- 
(ti?) + osus], adj., unfortunate: 
res calamitosa est {a matter of 
misfortune) . 

calceus, -i, [calc -f eus], M., a 
shoe. 

Calendae, see Kalendae. 

Calidius, -i, [?, calidd + ins], 
M., a Roman gentile name. — Esp., 
Q. Calidius, a Roman ex-praetor, 
condemned for extortion. 

callidus, -a, -um, [fcallo- (cf. 
callum) + dus], adj., {tough}), 
shrewd, cunning, skilful. 

calor, -oris, [cal- (as root of caleo) 
+ or], M., heat. 

calnmnia, -ae, [?, fcalumno- 
(cf. alumnus) + ia], F., trickery 
(orig. in an accusation), falsity. 

calx, -cis, [?, cf. calculus], F., 
(m.?), a stone. — Esp., lime. 

campus, -i, [?], M., a plain. — 
Esp., the Campus Martius (the 
meeting-place of the Roman comitia, 
just outside the city proper, in the 
region now occupied by modern 
Rome). — Fig., a field (of activity). 

caudidatus, -a, -um, [candido- 
(as if verb stem in -a) + tus (cf. ( 
barbatus)], adj., clad in white. — | 
Hence, a candidate (because these 
appeared in newly-whitened togas). I 

canis, canis, [?], M. and F., a 
dog, a hound. 

cano, cecini, cantus, canere, 
[^/can], 3. v. a. and n., sing, sound 
^with voice or instrument). — Hence 



(because oracles and prophecies were 
in verse), prophesy, foretell, predict, 
give warning beforehand. 

canto, -avl, -atus, -are, [canto-], 
1. v. a. and n., sing, play (on an 
instrument). 

cantus, -tus, [y'CAN-f tus], M., 
a song, a tune, singing, playing, 
music. 

capesso, -sivi, -situs, -sere, [akin 
to capio with unc. form], 3. v. a., 
seize, take hold of: rem publicam 
{engage in politics). 

capillus, -i, [adj. form akin to 
caput], M., the hair (collective). 

capio, cepi, captus, capere, 
[^/CAP], 3. v. a., take, capture, take 
possession of, get, acquire, seize : 
arma {take up) ; urbes, legatos 
{take captive); consilium {adopt) ; 
magistratum {enter upon) ; vim 
{take up, adopt) ; fructus {reap) ; 
somnum {lake, enjoy) ; mens ali- 
quid {conceive) ; career aliquos 
{hold, contain) ; amentiam civitas 
{endure); vos oblivio {possess); 
captus equester ordo {taken cap- 
tive) ; mente captus {stricken in 
mind, insane). 

capitalis, -e, [capit + alis], adj., 
{relating to the head), chief, prin- 
cipal : hostis {deadly, cf. " arch 
enemy "). 

Capito, -onis, [capit + o], m., a 
Roman name (cf. Naso, Cicero). 
— Esp., T. Roscius Capito, an enemy 
of Sex. Roscius. 

Capitolinus, -a, -um, [Capitolio 
+ inus], adj., of the Capitol: clivus 
{the hill of the Capitol, the road lead- 
ing up from the Forum to the top of 
the Capitoline Hill) : cohortes {the 
guards of the Capitol). 

Capitolium, -i, [capit- (with 
unc. terminations and connection V|, 



28 



Vocabulary. 



N., the Capitoline Hill. — Also, the 
Capitol, the temple of Jupiter on 
this hill. 

Cappadocia, -ae, [Ka-mraSoKia], 
v., one of the districts of Asia Minor, 
south of Pontus, west of the Eu- 
phrates, north of the Taurus range, 
and east of Phrygia. 

Capua, -ae, [?], F., the chief city 
of Campania, famed for its wealth 
and luxury. 

caput, capitis, [?], N., the head. 
— Hence, life, existence (as a citi- 
zen), civil rights : judicium de ca- 
pite (capital trial). — Also, chief 
point, source, highest point, climax : 
caput urbis (centre, the senate- 
house). 

Carbo, -onis, [?], M., (coal). — 
Also, as a Roman family name. — 
Esp. : I. C. Papirius Carbo, cons. 
B.C. 82, the last leader of the Marian 
faction; 2. C. Papirius Carbo, trib- 
une of the people B.C. 89, one of 
the proposers of the Lex Plautia Pa- 
piria in regard to Roman citizen- 
ship; 3. C. Papirius Carbo, tribune, 
B.C. 128, father of 2. and uncle of 1., 
a demagogue attached to the party 
of the Gracchi, but afterwards op- 
posed to them. 

career, -eris, [prob. borr. fr. Gr. 
K.6.picapov~\, M., a prison, a gaol. 

careo, -ui, -iturus, -ere, [?], 2.v.n., 
be without, go without, be deprived 
of lose, deprive one's self of : aegrius 
(suffer from the want of) ; foro 
(stay away from). 

caritas, -tatis, [caro -f tas], F., 
dearness, preciousness, high price. — 
Also, with change of point of view, 
affection, fondness. 

carmen, -inis [?, akin to cano], 
N., a song, a verse (of poetry), 
poetry. 



carus, -a, -um, [?], adj., dear, 
precious, valuable. 

Cassianus, -a, -um, [fCassio- 
(reduced) + anus (cf. Romanus)], 
adj., of Cassius : illud Cassianum 
(that saying of Cassius) . 

Cassius, -i, [?], m., a Roman 
gentile name. — Esp.: 1. L. Cassius 
Longinus Ravilla, consul B.C. 127 
(see Cassianus) ; 2. L. Cassius 
Longinus, one of the jurors in the 
case of Verres; 3. C. Cassius Longi- 
nus, another of the same family, who 
voted in favor of the Manilian law; 
4. L. Cassius, one of the associates 
of Catiline. 

caste [old abl. of castus], adv., 
with purity, purely, virtuously. 

Castor, -oris, [Kdaroop], M., the 
brother of Pollux, son of Jupiter and 
Leda, worshipped by the Greeks and 
Romans, with his brother, as a di- 
vinity. Their temple was in the 
forum : ad Castoris (to the te?nple 
of Castor) . 

castrensis, -e, [castro+ ensis], 
adj., of the camp : latrocinium 
(armed, open, as by a pitched camp 
instead of hidden crime). 

castrum, -i, [y'SKAD? (cover) + 
trum], N., a fortress. — Plur., a camp 
(fortified, as was the manner of the 
Romans) : armis et castris dissi- 
debamus (we were at variance in 
arms and in pitched battle). 

casus, -us, [^/CAD + tus], M., 
(what befalls), an accident, a chance 
(good or bad), a mischance, a mis- 
fortune : casus temporum (the exi- 
gencies of the times) ; casus humani 
(vicissitudes) ; casu (by chance, by ac- 
cident, accidentally, as it happened) . 

Catilina, -ae, [?], M., a Roman 
family name. — Esp., L. Sergius Cati- 
lina, who was charged by Cicero with 



Vocabulary. 



29 



an attempt to burn the city and over- 
throw the government (see Orations 
against Catiline). 

Catilinarius, -a, -urn, [Catilina 
-f arius], adj., of Catiline. 

Cato, -onis, [prob. cato- (stem 
of catas, cf. Catulus) -f o], m., a 
Roman family name. — Esp. : I. M. 
Porcius Cato, called the Censor (also 
Sapiens, Major, and Orator), of 
plebeian origin and a "novus homo," 
but a violent supporter of the old 
Roman aristocracy. He began his 
military service as early as 217 B.C., 
and only ended his political career at 
his death in B.C. 149, having been one 
of the most prominent men in the 
state during the whole of that interval. 
2. M. Porcius Cato, grandson of the 
preceding, a friend of Sulla, and 
father of Cato Uticensis. 3. M. Por- 
cius Cato Uticensis, son of the pre- 
ceding, and nephew of M. Livius 
Drusus, famous for the constancy 
(perhaps obstinacy) of his character 
and for his death at Utica, which he 
sought with his own hands rather 
than submit to Cossar. He was 
one of the judices in the case of 
Milo. 

Catulus, -i, [cato + lus, little 
hound (?), cf. Cato], M., a Roman 
family name. — Esp.: 1. Q. Lutalius 
Catulus, consul B.C. 78, one of the 
best and most eminent men of the 
aristocracy in the times following 
the retirement of Sulla. He was 
one of the opposers of the Manilian 
law. 2. Q. Lutatius Catulus, father 
of the preceding, consul B.C. 102 
with Marius. 

causa, -ae, [prob. akin to caveo], 
F., a case (at law), a cause. — Hence, 
a side (in a dispute), a party, a case, 
a sititation, a claim, a reason, a mo- 



tive, a purpose. — Esp., abl. causa, 
following a nown, for the sake of, for : 
sua causa {for his sake); moim- 
menti causa {for a monument). 

Causiuius, -i, [?], m., a Roman 
name. — Esp., C. Causiuius Schola, 
a man of Interamna, a witness in 
the case of Milo. 

caute [old abl. of cautus], adv., 
cautiously, with caution, carefully. 

cautio, -onis [cavi- (as if stem 
of caveo) + tio], f., taking care, 
caution, a security (a means of tak- 
ing care). 

cautor, -toris, [cavi -f tor], M., 
one who takes care, one who guards 
against, a security (a person acting 
as such). 

caveo, cavi, cautus, cavere, [?], 

2. v. a. and n., take security (perh. 
orig. a legal word), be on one's 
guard, guard against, take care, be- 
ware, look out for (something so as to 
prevent it). — Esp., cave with subj. 
in prohibitions with or without ne, 
do not, take care not to, see that you 
do not. — cautus, -a, -um, p.p. as 
adj., cautious, on one's guard. 

cedo, cessi, qessurus, cedere, [ ?], 

3. v. n., make way (giving place).— 
Esp., give way, retreat, retire : pos- 
sessione {yield the possession). — 
Fig., yield, give way, retire, allozv, 
permit: temporibus rei publicae. 

celeber, -bris, -bre, ■[?], adj., 
crowded, frequent, much frequented : 
locus {public) ; urbs {populous) ; 
gratulatio {very general). — Hence, 
famous. 

celeb ritas, -tatis, [celebri+tas], 
F., nu77ibers, frequency, a crowd, 
populousness, publicity. — Hence (cf. 
celeber), celebrity : famae {widely- 
extended fame) ; supremi diei {pub- 
lic ceremonies, etc.). 



30 



Vocabulary. 



celebrO, -avi, -atus, -are, [cele- 
bri-], I. v. a., crowd, throng, fre- 
quent. — Hence, celebrate, talk of, 
spread abroad, noise abroad, extol, 
praise: festos dies; adventus; 
gloriam. 

celer, -eris, -ere, [ ^cel (in cello) 
-f ris], adj., swift, quick, speedy, fast. 

celeritas, -tatis, [fceleri + tas], 
p., szviftness, activity, speed, prompt- 
ness : quae celeritas reditus {how 
speedy a return"). 

celeriter [celeri + ter], adv., 
quickly, speedily, rapidly, in haste, 
very soon, soon. 

celo, -avi, -atus, -are, [?, akin to 
clam and ealigo], I. v. a., conceal, 
hide. — Pass., pass unnoticed. 

cena (coe-), -ae, [?], f., a din- 
ner (the principal meal of the day, 
eaten at various times in the after- 
noon). 

ceno, -avi, -atus, -are, [cena-], 
I. v. n., dine. — cenatus, -a, -um, 
p.p. in active sense, having dined, 
after dinner. 

censeo, censui, census, censere, 
[?], 2. v. a., (perh. fine), review (of 
the censor), assess, enrol (as a citi- 
zen), reckon, estimate. — Less ex- 
actly, give one's opinion, advise, de- 
cree (of the Senate), determine, 
think : censendi causa {for the cen- 
sus, to be reviewed by the censor). 

censor, -oris, [cen- or cent- (as 
root of censeo) +tor], m., the cen- 
sor (the officer at Rome who en- 
rolled and taxed the citizens) : prox- 
imis censoribus {at the last cen- 
sus) . 

census, -us, [akin to censeo], 
M., a- numbering, a census, an enrol- 
ment (of citizens by the censor). 

eentesimus, -a, -um, [cento + 
esimus], adj., the hundredth. 



centum, [?], indecl. num. adj., 
one hundred. 

centuria, -ae, [cento- (or centu-j 

+ unc. term.], F., a hundred. — Esp., 
a century (a division of the Roman 
people in their elective capacity as 
originally organized in an army, in 
which a century was half of a mani- 
pie). 

centuriatus, -tus, [centuria + 
tus], M., office of centurion, a centu- 
rionship. 

centurio, -avi, -atus, -are, [cen- 
turia-], I. v. a., divide into centuries. 
— centuriatus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., 
divided into centuries. — Esp., of the 
people : comitia centuriata (the 
chief election of the Roman people), 
see comitia. 

centurio, -onis, [centuria- (or 
kindred stem) + o], M., a centurion 
(a commander of one-half a maniple, 
answering nearly to a modern ser- 
geant). 



Ceparius (Cae-" 



[cepa + 



arius, onion-seller^, m., a Roman 
gentile name. — Esp., M. Ceparius, 
one of the Catilinarian conspirators. 

Ceres, -eris, [?, unc. root + es, 
the beneficent!'], F., the goddess of 
grain among the Romans. 

cerno, crevi, cretus, cernere, 
[^/CEr], 3. v. a., separate. — Hence, 
distinguish, see, behold, descry, per- 
ceive, discern. — See also certus. 

certamen, -inis, [fcerta- (in 
certo) + men], n., a struggle, a 
cojttesl, rivalry. 

certatim [certa -f tim (as if ace. 
of fcertatis, cf. partim)], adv., {in 
a rivalry), eagerly. 

certe [old abl. of certus], adv., 
certainly, surely, no doubt, at least 
(surely what is mentioned, if nothing 
more). 



Vocabulary. 



31 



certo [abl. of certus], adv., with 
certainty : certo scio {I am per- 
fectly sure, I am convinced^ I am 
certain, I am well aware). 

certo, -avi, -atus, -are, [certo-], 
I. v. n. (and a.), contend, struggle, 
vie (with one in doing anything). 

certus, -a, -urn, p.p. of cemo as 
adj., determined, fixed, certain (of 
the thing as well as the person), 
sure, established, tried, trustworthy, 
trusty, certain (in its indefinite use 
as a pronoun), some, a particular, a 
special, a certain : ratio {sound) ; 
mihi certum est (dam determined). 

cervix, -icis, [prob. akin to cere- 
brum, cornu, cervus], F., the back 
of the neck, the neck, the shoulders 
(the back just below the neck, esp. 
in plur) : molem a cervicibus de- 
pellere {throw off a iveight from the 
shoulders) : cervices dare {offer one's 
throat to be cut, properly, lean for- 
ward to have one's head struck off, 
esp. in fig. sense); furores a cer- 
vicibus repellere {repel a mad at- 
tack from one's throat). 

(ceterus), -ra, -rum, [V CE ( m 
ecce, hic).+ terus (cf. alter) J, adj., 
the other, the rest of (cf. alius, other, 
not including all). — Plur., the rest, 
the remaining, the others, every one 
else, everything else, others (meaning 
all others) : ad ceteras res {in 
every other respect) ; ceteris {the 
rest) opitulari et alios {others, not 
all) servare; cetera tua {your 
other deeds). 

Cethegus, -I, [?], m., a Roman 
family name. — Esp., C. Celhegus, 
one of the Catilinarian conspirators. 

Chilo, -onis, [?], M., a Roman 
family name. — Esp., Q. Annius 
Chilo, one of the Catilinarian con- 
spirators. 



Chius, -a, -um, [X?os], adj., of Chios 
(an island in the /Egean). — Plur., 
the Chians (the people of the isle). 

Chrysogonus, -i, [Xpvcr6yovos~], 
M., {gold-born), a favorite of Sulla, 
who enriched himself from the prop- 
erty of the proscribed. 

cibus, -i, [?], si., food. 

Cicero, -onis, [cicer -f- o, orig. a 
nickname, possibly from excrescences 
on the nose], M., a name of a Ro- 
man family from Arpinum. — Esp.: 

1. Marcus Tullius, the great orator; 

2. Quinlus {Ttdlius), his brother. 
Cilices, -cum, [KiAi/ces], M. plur., 

the people of Cilicia. 

Cilicia, -ae, [KiAiKta], F., the 
country of Asia Minor south of the 
Taurus, a favorite place of refuge for 
pirates. 

Cimber, -bri, [?], m., used in the 
plural of the Cimbri, a German tribe 
of Jutland, conquered at Vercellai 
by Marius and Catulus. — Also used 
as a Roman name, esp. Gabinius 
Cimber, one of the conspirators with 
Catiline. 

Cimbricus, -a, -um, [Cimbro-f- 
cus], adj., of the Cimbri: res {the 
story of the Cimbri, the history of 
their invasion and defeat). 

cingo, cinxi, cinctus, cingere, [?], 

3. v. a., surround, encircle. 

cinis, cineris, [?], m. and f., 
ashes. 

China, -ae, [?], m., a Roman 
family name. — Esp., L. Cornelius 
Cinna, a colleague of Marius, and 
one of his adherents in the civil war 
with Sulla. 

Cinnamis, -a, -um, [Cinna -f 
anus], adj., of Cinna: dies (the 
day when Cinna slaughtered the ad- 
herents of the consul Octavius and 
re-established the party of Marius). 



32 



Vocabulary. 



circum [ace. of circus, cf. cir- 
ca], adv. and prep., around, about: 
tribus {around, among). 

circumcludo, -clusi, -clusus, 
-cludere, [circum-claudo], 3. v. a., 
enclose around, encircle, place a 
band around, shut in, hem in. 

circumdo, -dedi, -datus, -dare, 
[circum- 2. do], 1. v. a.., put around : 
ignes (set around) ; custodias (set) . 
— By a confusion of ideas, surround, 
encircle. 

circumfundo, -fudi, -fusus, -fun- 
dere, [circum-fundo] , 3. v. a.., pour 
around. — Pass, (as reflexive), pour 
in, rush around, rush in on all 
sides. — Also (cf. circumdo), «/;- 
round : copiis circumfusus. 

circumscrlbo, -scripsi, -scriptus, 
-scribere, [circum-scribo], 3. v. a., 
write around, draw around. — 
Hence, hold in check, limit, confine, 
cheat, defraud. 

circumscriptor, -toris, [circum- 
scriptor], m., a cheat. 

circumsedeo, -sedi, -sessus, -se- 
dere, [circum-sedeo], 2. v. a., sit 
around, surround. — Hence, block- 
ade, besiege. 

circumspicio, -spexi, -spectus, 
-spicere, [circum- specio], 3. v. a., 
look about for. — Fig., think over, 
consider, cast about for, survey. 

circumsto, -steti, no p.p., -stare, 
[circum-sto], 1. v. a., surround. 

circus, -i, [prob. for fcicrus(unc. 
root + rus) cf. kukAos], m., (round!), 
a circus (a building orig. oval, for 
races, etc.) : Flaminius (the Flamin- 
ian circus, one of the most famous 
of these buildings, situated by the 
Campus Martius, near the Capitol ine 
and the river; used for meetings of 
the people) ; maximus (the Circus 
Maximus, the largest and most im- 



portant of these buildings, between 
the Palatine and the river). 

cisium, -i, [?, prob. a foreign 
word], N., a chaise (a light two- 
wheeled vehicle, something like a 
chaise without a top). 

Cispius, -i, [?], M., a Roman gen- 
tile name. — Esp., M. Cispius, a 
tribune of the people at the time of 
Cicero's return from exile. 

cito [abl. of citus, p.p. of cieo], 
adv., quickly. — citius, comp., sooner, 
rather. 

cito,-avi,-atus, -are, [cito-], i.v.a., 
urge on, hurry, set in motion. — 
Also, summon, cite. 

citro [dat. of citer (ci+ter)], 
adv., (to this side) : ultro citro- 
que (this way and that, back and 
forth). 

civilis, -e, [civi + lis], adj., of a 
citizen (or citizens), civil, internal 
(in reference to the state), intestine : 
bellum (civil) ; causa (political) ; 
odium (partisan, political) ; jus 
(civil, as opposed to natural). 

civis, -is, [ ^/ci (in quies) + vis 
(weakening of -vus)], C, a citizen, 
a felloiv-citizen. 

civitas, -tatis, [civi + tas], f., 
the state of being a citizen, citizen- 
ship. — Esp., Roman citizenship, the 
Roman franchise. — Less exactly, a 
body of fellozv-citizens, the citizens (as 
a body) , one's fellow-citizens, a state 
(composed of citizens), a city (ab- 
stractly, cf. urbs, a city, locally), a 
nation, a tribe (politically) : nomen 
civitatis (the name of citizen); for- 
tunam hujus civitatis (of citizen- 
ship in this city). 

clades, -is, [ ?, perh. akin to K\da\ 
F., a damage, a disaster, loss, destruc- 
tion., ruin. — Esp., in war, defeat, 
disaster. 



Vocabulary. 



33 



clam [case of stem akin to cali- j 
go, etc.], adv. and prep., secretly. 

clcimito, -avi, -atus, -are, [freq. of 
clamo, perh. tclamita-(cf. nauta)], 
I. v. a., keep crying out, vociferate, 
cry out. 

clamo, -avi, -atus, -are, [stem akin 
to Ka\4a>, perh. fclama- (cf. fama)], 
I. v. a. and n., cry out, exclaim. 

clamor, -oris, [clam (as if root 
of clamo) -f or], m., a shouting, a 
shout, a cry, an outcry, clamor, 
shouts (as if plur.). 

clarus, -a, -ura, [ y'CLA (in clamo) 
-f rus], adj., loud, distinct, bright, 
clear. — Fig., famous, distinguished, 
eminent, glorious. 

classis, -is, [-y/CLA (in clamo) 
-f tis], F., {a summoning). — Less 
exactly, the army (called out, cf. 
legio, a levy). — Esp., an army 
(called out for duty at sea), a fleet 
(the most common later meaning), 
naval forces. 

Claudius, -i, [claudo+ius (prop, 
adj.)], M., a Roman gentile name. 

— Esp.: i.Appius Claudius Caecus, 
consul in B.C. 54; 2. C. Claudius, 
aedile B.C. 99. 

claudo, clausi, clausus, claudere, 
[of unc. form, akin to clavis], 
3. v. a., close, shut, fasten, shut up 
(of a prisoner), confine. 

clavus, -i. [prob. ^/klu (in clau- 
do, increased) + us], M., a nail. — 
Also (cf. clava), a tiller, a rudder, 
the helm. 

clemens, -entis, [perh. -y/CLA (in 
clarus) + mens (cf. veliemens)], 
adj., (bright!:), gentle (of weather). 

— Fig-, gentle, kind, merciful, hu- 
mane, gracious, kindly, clement. 

clementer [clement-fter], adv., 
mercifully, graciously. 

dementia, -ae, [clement -f- ia], 



F., kindness, gentleness, humanity, 
clemency. 

cliens, -entis, [pres. p. of clueo], 
C, (a hearer), a dependent, a vas- 
sal, a retainer. (It was the custom 
at Rome for persons of humble ori- 
gin to attach themselves to some 
prominent Roman in a kind of vas- 
salage. ) 

clientela, -ae, [client -f ela (imi- 
tating suadela, etc.)], F., vassalage 
(as condition of a cliens). — Also, 
a relation of clientage, a connection 
with a client: pro clientelis (in 
place of clients). 

clivus, -i, [V CLI ( m clino) + 
vus], M., a slope, a declivity, an ac- 
clivity : Capitolinus (the road to the 
Capitol, the street in Rome which 
ascended from the Forum to the 
Capitol). 

cloaca, -ae, [akin to cluo, cleanse\ 
F., a sewer. 

Clodianus, -a, -um, [Clodio -f 
anus], adj., ofClodius: crimen (made 
by him); leges (passed by him). 

Clodius, -i, [the popular form of 
Claudius], M., a Roman gentile 
name, belonging to the plebeian 
branch of the gens Claudia. — Esp., 
1. P. Clodius, a most bitter enemy of 
Cicero. He was killed in a fray by 
T. Annius Milo. 2. C. Clodius, an- 
other of the same family. 

Cn., abbreviation for Gnaeus (cf. 
C. and Cajus). 

Cnaeus, see Gnaeus. 

Cnidius (Gn-), -a,-um, [KviStos], 
adj., of Cnidus. — Masc. plur., the 
people of Cnidus. 

Cnidus (Gni-), -i, [Kvldos], F., a 
city of Caria, famous for a statue of 
Venus. 

coactus, -a, -um, see cogo. 

coaedifico, -avi, -atus, -are, [con- 



34 



Vocabulary. 



aedifico], I. v. a., build together, join 
(in building), build and join. 

coarguo, -ui, -utus, -uere, [con- 
arguo], 3. v. a., prove, prove guilty, 
accuse. 

coemo, -emi, -emptus, -emere, 
[con-emo], 3. v. a., buy up. 

coeo, -Ivi, no p.p., -ire, [con-eo], 
irr. v. n., come together, unite, form 
(by uniting). 

coepl, -isse, [con-fapi (perf. of 
fapo, cf. apiscor)], def. v. a., {have 
taken hold of), began, undertook, 
started : perge quo coepisti {have 
started). — coeptus, -a, -um, p.p., 
used in same sense as active with 
passive infinitives. 

coerced", -ercui, -ercitus, -ercere, 
[con-arceo], 2. v. a., coitfine, keep 
in check, put doivn, crttsh, coerce, re- 
press. 

coetus, -tus, [con-itus], m., a 
meeting, an assembly (not regularly 
convened, cf. contio) , an assemblage, 
a concourse. 

cogitate [old abl. of cogitatus], 
adv., thoughtfully, purposely, design- 
edly. 

cogitatio, -onis, [cogita + tio], 
F., thought, a design, a plan, an ex- 
pectation, imagination, an idea. 

cogito, -avi, -atus, -are, [con- 
agito (in sense of revolve, discuss)^, 
I. v. a., consider, think over, think 
of. — Esp. (as to some plan of ac- 
tion), think about, discuss (what to 
do), have an idea of, intend, consider 
(that something may happen), ex- 
pect (contemplate the possibility) : 
cogitare ne {see that not, think hozv 
not, plan to prevent) ; nihil cogitare 
{have no thought, think of nothing); 
nihil cogit&sse (never had a thought); 
hoc cogitat {has this idea) ; mag- 
num aut amplum cogitare {have 



any great or noble idea) ; nihil cogi- 
tas {meditate nothing) ; cogitare 
de {think of, meditate, plan) ; ut 
exsilium cogites {dream of any 
exile) ; nihil esse a me nisi optime 
cogitatum {that I had had none but 
the best designs) ; cogitati furores 
{meditated, intended); cogitatum 
facinus {premeditated). 

cognatio, -onis, [con-(g)natio], 
F., connection by birth, kinship, kin- 
dred, relationship : non gratia non 
cognatione {not by influence of per- 
sonal friends or powerful relations) . 

cognitio, -onis, [con-(g)notio, cf. 
cognosco], F., learning, study, be- 
coming acquainted with, examina- 
tion, acquaintance. 

cognitor, -toris, [con-f (g)notor, 
cf. cognosco], M., {one who investi- 
gates!), an attorney. — Less exactly, 
a defender, a supporter, an advo- 
cate. — Also, one zuho is acquainted 
with (a person), a voucher. 

cognomen, -minis, [con-(g)no- 
men], N., a name. — Esp., the per- 
sonal or family last name, a sobriquet, 
a nickname. 

cognosco, -gnovi, -gnitus, -gnos- 
cere, [con(g)nosco], 3. v. a., learn, 
find out, find, become azvare, become 
acquainted with, recognize, hear (a 
thing read). — Esp., investigate, in- 
quire into, learn aboict, study, con- 
sider. — In perfect tenses (cf. nos- 
co), know, be aware, be acquainted 
with : cognitum est {was known) ; 
causa cognita {upon a full investi- 
gation, after trial) ; spectatus et 
cognitus {tried and proved); cog- 
noscendi consuetudo {of investiga- 
tion). 

cogo, coegi, coactus, cogere, [con- 
ago], 3. v. a., bring together, collect, 
assemble, get together. — Esp., of 



/ 'ocabulary. 



35 



money, collect, exact. — Hence, force, 
compel, oblige : se'natum {assemble, 
of the consul, who could enforce at- 
tendance). 

coliaereo, -haesl, -haesurus, -hae- 
rere, [con-haereoj, 2. v. n., cling 
together, cohere, be closely connected. 

cohibeo, -hibui, -hibitus, -hibere, 
[con-habeo], 2. v. a., hold together, 
hold in check, restrain, keep (from 
anything), control. 

cohors, -hortis, [con-fhortis (re- 
duced), akin to hortus], F., an en- 
closure. — Hence, a body of troops, a 
cohort (the tenth part of a legion, 
corresponding as a unit of formation 
to the company of modern tactics, 
and containing from 300 to 600 men) . 
— Loosely, soldiers, infantry, armed 
men. — Also, any body of infantry 
or persons conceived as such, a troop, 
a company, a band: praetoria (a 
body-guard, attending the com- 
mander, originally praetor). 

cohortatio, -onis, [con-hortatio 
(cf. coliortor)], F., an exhortation, 
an encouraging, encouragement. — 
Esp. (to soldiers), an address (almost 
invariably a preliminary to an engage- 
ment). 

coliortor, -atus, -ari, [con-hor- 
tor], I. v. dep., encourage, rally, ex- 
hort, address (esp. of a commander). 

collaudo, see conlaudo. 

collectio, see eonlectio. 

collega, see conlega. 

collegium, see conlegium. 

colligo, see conligo. 

colllnus, -a, -um, [colli -j- nus] , 
adj., of the hill. — Esp., of the tribe 
of that name, the Collina (a name 
of great antiquity and unc. meaning). 

colloco, see conloco. 

colloquor, see conloquor. 

colluvio, see conluvio. 



colo, colui, cultus, colere, [y'coL, 
cf. inquilinusj, 3. v. a., till, culti- 
vate : agrum; studia. — Also, wor- 
ship, reverence, court, show respect 
to, observe : delubra {worship at). 

colonia, -ae, [colono -j- ia], f., 
{state of a colonist). — Concretely, 
a colony (both of the establishment 
and the persons sent). The Roman 
colonists were and continued to be 
Roman citizens, and served as armed 
occupants of the soil where they were 
sent in the interests of the mother 
country (cf. municipium, a con- 
quered city, partially incorporated 
into the Roman state). 

colonus, -i, [verb stem akin to 
colo + nus, cf. patronus, aegro- 
tus], M., a farmer. — Esp., a colo- 
nist (a Roman citizen to whom lands 
were granted away from the city), a 
citizen of a colony. 

Colophon, -onis, [KoAoc/>a>i/], m., 
a town of Lydia, one of the seven 
that claimed Homer as their citizen. 

Colophonius, -a, -um, [Colophon 
4ius], adj., of Colophon. — Plur., 
the people of Colophoiz. 

color, -oris, [prob. akin to ca- 
ligo, as opposed to zuhite~\, M., color, 
complexion. 

columen, -inis, [stem akin to co- 
lumna, incolumis (?), cello (?, 
cf. excelsus) + men (cf. crimen)], 
N., a pillar, a prop, a stay : reipub- 
licae (as in English). 

columna, -ae, [stem akin to col- 
umen -}- mna (cf. alumnus)], f., a 
column, a pillar. — Esp., the Col- 
umn (moenia, a pillar in the Forum 
on which notices of insolvency were 
posted). 

coma, -ae, [ko/xt}'], F., hair (on 
the head), locks (hair arranged or* 
ornamented). 



36 



Vocabulary. 



comburo, -ussi, -ustus, -urere, 
[con-fburo(?), relation to uro very 
uncertain, cf. bustum], 3. v. z..,bum 
up, consume. 

comes, -itis, [con-fmitis (y'MA 
(in meo) + tis, cf. semita)], c, a 
companion (esp. an inferior as at- 
tendant or follower), a follower, an 
adherent, an associate, an attendant. 

comissatio, -onis, [comissa + 
tio], F., a revel (in the streets after 
a debauch). 

comitatus, -tus, [comita-f tus], 
M., an accompanying, a company, a 
train, a following, followers, an es- 
cort. 

comitium, -i, [?, perh. comit- 
(see comes) -f ium, the assemblage 
of follozvers (cf. servitium)], N., a 
part of the Forum at Rome. — Plur., 
the assembly (of the people for vot- 
ing), an election. 

comitor, -atus, -ari, [comit-], 
I . v. dep., accompany. — comitatus, 
-a, -urn, p.p. in pres. sense, accom- 
panying. — Also, in pass, sense, ac- 
companied. 

commeatus, -tus, [con-meatus, 
cf. commeo], m., a going to and 
fro, an expedition (back and forth), 
a trip. — Hence, communications 
(of an army). — So also, supplies (of 
an army) , provisions. 

commemorabilis, -e, [con- 
memorabilis (cf. commemoro)], 
adj., noteworthy, notable, praisewor- 
thy, remarkable. 

commemoratio, -onis, [con- 
memoratio (cf. commemoro)], f., 
a calling to mind, mention, com- 
memoration (calling to mind with 
respect), a reminder, remembrance 
(putting in Eng. the result for the 
process). 

commemoro, -avi, -atus, -are, 



[con-memoro], 1. v. a., remind one 

of — Hence, speak of, mention, state 
(in a narrative) : juclicia commemo- 
randa {noteworthy). 

commendatio, -onis, [con-fman- 
datio(cf. commendo)], F., a recom- 
mendation. 

commendo, -avi, -atus, -are, [con- 
mando], i.v. a., intrust, recommend, 
surrender, commend (for help or 
protection). 

commeo, -avi, -aturus, -are, [con- 
meo], 1. v. n., go back and forth. — 
With ad, visit, resort to. ' 

commercium, -i, [fcommerc + 
ium (cf. commercor)], n., com- 
mercial intercourse, trade, comtnerce, 
dealings (in the way of trade). 

commisceo, -scui, -xtus (-stus), 
-scire, [con-misceo], 2. v. a., mingle, 
mix. 

committo, -misi, -missus, -mit- 
tere, [con-mitto], 3. v. a., (let go 
(send) together or altogether). — 
Hence, Join, unite, attach : proelium 
(engage, begin the engagement). — 
Also, entrust, trust: tabulas com- 
mittere (put into the hands of, etc.) ; 
nihil his committere (place no con- 
fidence in, etc.). — Also, admit, al- 
lozv (to happen), commit (suffer to 
be done, cf. admitto) , pe rpetrate, 
do : committere ut posset (leave it 
possible) ; nihil committere (do 
nothing wrong) . 

commodo, -avi, -atus, -are, [con- 
modo-], 1. v. a., adapt. — Also (cf. 
commodus), loan, lend. 

commodum, see commodus. 

commodus, -a, -um, [con-mo- 
dus, see A. & G., i68</], adj., (hav- 
ing the same measure with), fitting, 
suitable, convenient, advantageous : 
commodissimum est (it is the best 
tiling, most advantageous). — Neut. 



/ r ocabulary 



37 



as subst., convenience^ comfort, ad- 
vantage, interest: commodo nostro 
(at onr convenience) ; commoda 
quibus utimur (blessings) . 

commoneo, -monui, -monitus, 
-monere, [con-moneo], 2. v. a., re- 
mind. 

cominoror, -atus, -ari, [con-mo- 
ror], I. v. dep., delay, stay, wait. 

commoveo, -movi, -motus, -mo- 
vere, [con-moveo], 2. v. a., move, 
stir, agitate. — With reflex., or in 
pass., be moved, move (intrans.), stir. 
— Fig., disturb, agitate, affect, alarm, 
influence (with idea of violent feel- 
ing), move, trouble. 

eommunico, -avi, -atus, -are, 
[f eommunico- (communi + cus)], 
I. v. a., (make common), share, com- 
municate, consult (with a person 
about a thing, and so make it com- 
mon), add (a thing to another), put 
in along with (something else) : 
causam (confound with that of an- 
other) ; ratio cum illo communi- 
catur (shared by him). 

communio, -onis, [commuiii-f o 
(cf. legio)], F., participation (in 
common), sharing: sanguinis (the 
ties of blood). 

communis, -e, [con+ munis (cf. 
munia, duties)'], adj., (having shares 
together), common, general, in com- 
mon : ex communi consensu (by 
general agreement); consilium (gen- 
eral plan, concerted action) ; jura 
(universal, natural) ; quid tarn 
commune (universal). — Xeut. as 
subst., a community, an association : 
a Cretensium communi (from the 
Cretans in common). 

communiter [communi + ter], 
adv., in common, in general. 

commutabilis, -e, [cornmuta + 
bilis], adj., changeable. 



commutatio, -onis, [con-muta+ 
tio (cf. commuto)], F., change. 

('Oimnuto,'-avi, -atus, -are, [con- 
muto], I. v. a., change, exchange. 

comparatio, -onis, [con-paratio 
(cf. comparo)], F., a comparison, 
a preparation. 

comparo, -avi, -atus, -are, [con- 
paro], I. v. a., get ready, prepare, 
win, secure, procure, gain, get to- 
gether, prepare for (with a different 
view of the object in English), ar- 
range, establish, ordain (of institu- 
tions) : insidias (lay) ; uxor se (get 
ready). — Also (cf. confero), com- 
pare (possibly a different word). 

compello, -puli, -pulsus, -pellere, 
[con-pello], 3. v. a., drive together 
(or altogether), drive in, force, drive. 

comperendino, -avi, -atus, -are, 
[conperendino-], 1. v. a. and n., 
adjourn (of a court). — Also, of one 
of the parties, close the case (so as to 
be ready for adjournment). 

comperio, -peri, -pertus, -perire, 
[con-pario], 4. v. a., (get together), 
find out (by inquiry), discover. 

competitor, -toi is, [con-petitor] , 
M., a competitor, a rival. 

complector, -plexus, -plecti, [con- 
plector], 3. v. dep., embrace, include, 
enclose. — Less exactly, love, cherish : 
sententia (express concisely). 

eompleo, -plevi, -pletus, -plere, 
[con-pleo], 2. v. a., fill up, fill. — 
With a different conception of the 
action from Eng., cover, man (of 
walls). 

complexus, -us, [con-fplexus 
(cf. complector)], M., an embrace. 

eomplures, -plura (-ia), [con- 
plus], adj. plur., very many, a great 
many, a great number of. 

compono, -posui, -positus, -po- 
nere, [con-pono], 3. v. a., put to- 



38 



I ^ocabulary. 



gether. — Also, settle, make a settle- 
ment. — compositus, -a, -um, p.p. 
as adj., settled, composed. 

comporto, -avi, -atus, -are, [con- 
porto], I. v. a., bring together. 

compos, -otis, [con-potis],adj., in 
possession of: hujus urbis(<^ citizen) . 

comprehendo, -hendi, -hensus, 
-hendere, [con-prehendo], 3. v. a., 
seize, catch, take into custody, arrest, 
capture, grasp (one by the hand or 
clothing). — Fig., take, catch (of 
hre), firmly grasp (of facts). 

comprimo, -pressi, -pressus, -pri- 
mere, [con-premo], 3. v. a., press 
closely, crush, repress, foil, put down. 

comprobo, -avi, -atus, -are, [con- 
proboj, I. v. a., approve, sanction, 
prove. 

conatus, -tus, [cona- (stem of 
conor) +tus], M., an attempt, an 
effort, an undertaking. 

concedo, -cessi, -cessus, -cidere, 
[con-cedo], 3. v. a. and n., retire, 
go out of the way. — Also, give up (a 
thing to one), allow, grant, assign 
(leave, where the rest is taken 
away), permit, yield the palm (to a 
superior), yield, admit, concede. 

concelebro, -avi, -atus, -are, [con- 
celebro], 1. v. a., celebrate, attend in 
throngs. 

concertatio, -onis, [con-certa -f 
tio], F., rivalry, contention. 

concerto, -avi, -aturus, -are, [con- 
certo], 1. v. n., contend. 

concido, -cidi, -casurus, -cidere, 
[con-cado], 3. v. n., fall down, fall. 
— Fig., fail, be impaired, collapse. 

concido, -cidi, -cisus, -cidere, 
[con-caedo], 3. v. a., cut to pieces, 
cut down (kill), cut zip, mangle. 

coneiliatricula, -ae, [concilia- 
trie + ula], F., a little conciliator 
(female or conceived as such), an 



insinuating charmer, a flattering 
commendation. 

concilio, -avi, -atus, -are, [con- 
cilio- (stem of concilium)], i.v. a., 
bring together (cf. concilium). — 
Hence, win over (originally by per- 
suasion in council?), secure (even by 
force), win, gain : feras inter sese 
{attach to each other) . 

concilium, -i, [con-fcilium 
( a /cal+ ium, cf. Calendae)], n., 
a meeting. — Esp., an assembly (of 
war or state), a council, a confer- 
ence, a united body (of merchants, 
farmers, or the like), the people (as- 
sembled in the comitia tributa). — 
Cf. consilium, which is often equiv- 
alent, but refers rather to the action 
or function than the body. 

concipio, -cepi, -ceptus, -cipere, 
[con-capio], 3. v. a., take up, take 
on, take in, get (maculam), incur 
(infamiam). — Of the mind, con- 
ceive, plan, devise. 

concitatio, -onis, [con-citatio 
(cf. concito)], F., excitement. 

concito, -avi, -atus, -are, [con- 
cito], I. v. a., arouse, stir up, call 
out (and so set in motion), excite, 
agitate : mala {set on foot) . 

conclave, -is, [con-clavis] , n., a 
chamber (originally locked). 

concludo, -clusi, -clusus, -cludere, 
[con-claudo], 3. v. a., shut up, en- 
close. — Also, conclude, finish. 

concordia, -ae, [concord + ia] , 
F., harmony, concord, unanimity. — 
Esp., Concord (worshipped as a god- 
dess by the Romans, like many other 
qualities, and having a famous tem- 
ple on the slope of the Capitoline 
looking towards the Forum). 

concors, -ordis, [con-cor], adj., 
harmonious : fratres (mutually af- 
fectionate). 



Vocabula7'y. 



39 



eoncupIsco,-i\i (-ii),-itus,-iscere, j 
[con-fcupisco], 3. v. a., covet, desire 1 
earnestly, long for. 

concarro, -curri (-cucurri), -cur- 
surus, -currere, [con-curro], 3. v. n., 
run together, rush up, rush in, rush 
(advance), flock to, hasten in : con- 1 
cursum est {there was a rush). 

eoncurso, -avi, -aturus, -are, [con- j 
curso], I. v. n., rush to and fro, run 
about. 

concursus, -sus, [con-cursus (cf. 
concurro)], M., a rushing to and 
fro, a dashing together (collision). — 
Esp., a charge, onset, a crowd run- 
ning, a crowd, a crowding together, 
a concourse, an assembling (in a 
tumultuous manner), an assembly. 

condemno, -avi, -atus, -are, [con- 
damno], 1. v. a., condemn, find 
guilty. — Less exactly, condemn (not 
in a court). 

condieiS, -onis, [con-dicio (cf. 
condico)],F., terms, condition, terms 
of agreement, terms (of fighting), 
stale (of slavery), lot, situation, a 
bargain, positioti. 

conditio, see condicio. 

condS,-didi,-ditus,-dere,[con-do], 
3. v. a., put together, found, build. — 
Also, lay up, preserve (cf. condio). 

condonatio, -onis, [con-donatio 
(cf. condono)], F., a giving tip, a 
donation. 

condono, -avi, -atus, -are, [con- 
dono], I. v. z.., give up, pardon for 
the sake of. 

conduco, -duxi, -ductus, -ducere, 
[con-duco], 3. v. a., bring together, 
bring up (soldiers). — Also, hire. 

cSnfeetio, -onis, [con-factio (cf. 
conficio)], F., a finishing. 

cSnferciS. -fersi, -fertus, -fercire, 
[con-farcio], 4. v. a., crowd together. 
— confertus, -a, -urn, p.p. as adj. 



(both of the thing crowded and the 
place), close, crowded, dense, closely 
crowded, in close order, in a solid 
body : confertus cibo (crammed 
with food'). 

confero, -tuli, -latus, -ferre, [con- 
fero], irr. v. a., bring together, get 
together, bring in, gather, collect. — 
With or without culpam, lay the 
blame on, charge, ascribe. — "With re- 
flexive, betake one's self, remove, take 
refuge, devote. — So with other words, 
remove, establish. — Also, postpone, 
delay, devote, confer, contribute, set, 
appoint, compare. — Esp. : signa,(join 
battle in a regular engagement) ; pes- 
tem {bring upon, visit upon) ; spem 
(set tipon something) ; orationem 
(direct towards). 

confertus, -a, -urn, p.p. of con- 
fercio. 

confessiS, -onis, [con-ffassio (cf. 
confiteor)], F., a confession. 

eSnfestim [ace. of fcon-festis 
(cf. festino)], adv., in haste, imme- 
diately, at once. 

cSnficio, -feci, -fectus, -ficere, 
[con-facio], 3. v. a., (do up), ac- 
complish, complete, finish up, carry 
out, finish, perform. — Also, make 
up, write up (of a document), work 
up (of skins tanned). — Also (cf. 
Eng. " done up ") , finish up, exhaust, 
zvear out, kill. 

confictiS, -onis, [con-fictio (cf. 
confingo)], F., a making up, an 
invention. 

cSnfidS, -fisus sum, -fidere, [con- 
fido], 3. v. n., be confident, trust, 
trust to, have confidence in, rely on, 
feel assured. — confisus, -a, -urn, 
p.p. in active sense, trusting in. 

confingo, -finxi, -fictus, -fingeie, 
[con-fingo], 3. v. a., make up, manu- 
facture, invent, imagine. 



4Q 



Vocabulary. 



coniirmo, -avi, -atus, -are, [con- 
firmo], I. v. a., strengthen. — Fig., 
strengthen, establish, encourage, con- 
fir m, re-establish, reassure. — Hence 
(of things and statements), confirm, 
declare, assert, assure (one of a 
thing) , prove, support (a statement) : 
Galliam praesidiis; causam auc- 
toritatibus; audaciam; conjuncti- 
onem ; imbecillitatem ( give strength 
to)._ 

confiteor, -fessus, -fiteri, [con- 
fateor], 2. v. dep., confess, acknowl- 
edge, admit, make confession. 

conflagro, -avi, -atus, -are, [con- 
flagro], 1. v. n., be on fire, bum, be 
burned. — Fig. : invidia (be consitmed 
by a fire of indignation) . 

confligo, -fiixi, -flictus, -fligere, 
[con-fligo], 3. v. a. and n., dash 
against, contend, fight. 

conflo, -avi, -atus, -are, [con-fio] , 
1. v. a., blow up (of a fire). — Fig., 
excite, kindle. — Also, fuse, melt. — 
Hence (fig.), get together, gather, 
fuse: injuria novo scelere con- 
flata {got up, devised). 

confluo, -fluxi, no p.p., -ere, [con- 
fluo], 3. v. n.,flow together. — Less 
exactly (of persons), flock together : 
portus (unite their waters). 

conformatio, -onis, [con-forma- 
tio (cf. conformo) ], f. (concretely) , 
form, conformation, structure, form- 
ing, training. 

conformo, -avi, -atus, -are, [con- 
formo], I. v. a., form, mould, train. 

confringo, -fregi, -fractus, -frin- 
gere [con-frango], 3. v. a., break 
up, shatter. 

confugio, -fiigi, no p.p., -fugere, 
[con-fugio] , 3. v. \\.,fiee, lake refuge. 

coiigero, -gessi, -gestus, -gerere, 
[con-gero], 3. v. a., bring together, 
heap together, mass together, heap upon. 



congredior, -gressus, -gredi, [con- 

gradior], 3. v. dep., come together. 

J — In peace, unite with. — Esp., in 

war, come in contact 7vith, engage, 

fight. 

congrego, -avi, -atus, -are, [con- 
fgrego (cf. aggrego)], 1. v. a., 
bring together, gather togetlier, col- 
lect. — With reflex, or in pass., as- 
semble, gather. 

congruo, -ui, no p.p., -uere, [?, 
congruo-(con-grus, cf. flock together, 
herd together, dog one's footsteps, crane 
the neck)~\, 3. v. n., flock together (cf. 
example below). — Hence, harmo- 
nize, agree : multae causae conve- 
nisse unum in locum atque inter 
se congruere {combine) . 

conicio (-jicio), -jeci, -jectus, 
-icere [con-iacio], 3. v. a., throw 
together, hurl, cast, discharge, ai??i : 
se conciere (rush) ; sortem (cast, 
draw) .—Less exactly, esp . in a military 
sense), throw (into prison), put, place, 
station (cf. military throw troops into, 
etc.), force. — Fig., put together (of 
ideas), conjecture, guess : in noctem 
se conicere (rush out into the dark- 
ness, rush out at night). 

coniveo (conn-), -nivi (-nixi), 
-nivere, no p.p., [con-niveo], 2. v.n., 
wink, (also fig. as in Eng.) shut the 
eyes, connive. 

conjectura, -ae, [con-iactura, 
cf. conicio], F., a guess ("putting 
two and two together"), a conjecture, 
an inference. 

conjicio, see conicio. 
^coiijuiictio, -onis, [con-junctio 
(cf. conjungo)], F., a uniting, a 
union, a connection. 

conjungo, -junxi, -junctus, -jun- 
gere, [con-jungo], 3. v. a., unite, 
connect, fasten together. — In pass., 
or with reflexive, unite (neuter), con- 



Vocabulary. 



4i 



nect one's self, join. — conjunctus, 
-a, -urn, p.p. as adj., united, closely 
connected, in conjunction with : cum 
his (ludis) plebeios esse conjunc- 
tos {follow immediately} ; quod 
(bellum) reges {unite to wage). 

conjunx, -jugis, [con-fjux( y/JUG, 
as stem, with intrusive 11 from jun- 
go)], C, a spouse. — Esp., F., a wife. 

conjuratio, -onis, [con-juratio, 
(cf. conjuro)], F., a conspiracy, a 
confederacy. 

conjuratus, see conjuro. 

conjuro, -avi, -atus, -are, [con- 
iuro], 1. v. n., swear together, take 
an oath (together), swear mutual 
oaths. — Hence, conspire. — conju- 
ratus, p.p. as subst, a conspirator. 

conlatus (coll-), -a, -um, p.p. of 
confero. 

conlaudo (coll-), -avi, -atus, -are, 
[con-laudo], I. v. a.., praise (in set 
terms). 

conlectio (coll-), -onis, [con- 
lectio], F., a collecting, a gathering. 

conlega (coll-), -ae, [con-flega 
(■y/LEG + a)], M., a colleague (one 
of two or more persons holding an 
office with equal powers). 

conlegium (coll), -i, [con-le- 
gium (?), or conlega + ium], n., a 
body of colleagues, a body (composed 
of such persons). — Also, a corpora- 
tion, an organized body, a club, a 
guild. 

conligo (coll-), -legi, -lectus, 
-ligere, [con-lego], 3. v. a., gather, 
collect, acquire (by accumulation). 

— With reflexive, collect one's self, 
recover, gather : naufragi conlecti 
{picked up). 

conloco (coll-), -avi, -atus, -are, 
[con-loco], 1. v. a., place, set, station 
(of troops, etc. ) , set up, lay : insidias. 

— Esp. (with or without nuptum), 



give in marriage, marry (of a father 
or guardian). — Fig., settle, place 
(spem), invest (pecunias), locate 
(sedem). 

conloquor (coll-), -locutus, -lo- 
qui, [con-loquor] , 3. v. dep., confer, 
hold an interview {ox parley), par- 
ley, converse. 

conluvio, -onis, [con-fluvio (akin 
to luo)], F., wash, dregs. 

connlveo, see coniveo. 

conor, -atus, -ari, [?, con- stem 
akin to onus], 1. v. dep., attempt, try, 
endeavor : conatum {an attempt). 

conqueror, -questus, -queri, [con- 
queror], 3. v. dep., complain, make 
complaint. 

conquiesco, -quievi, -quieturus, 
-quiescere, [con-quiesco], 3. v. n., 
rest, repose, find rest, be quiet, be idle. 

conquisltor, -toris, [con-quaesi- 
tor], M., an investigator, a searcher, 
a detective. 

Consanus, (Comps), -a, -um, 
[Consa + anus], adj., of Consa (a 
city of the Hirpini). — Plur., the 
people of Consa. 

consceleratus, -a, -um, [con- 
sceleratus], adj., accused, criminal. 

conscientia, -ae, [con-scientia, 
cf. consciens], F., consciousness, 
privity, conscience, consciousness of 
guilt. 

conscius, -a, -um, [con-fscius, 
V'SCI (in scio) + us], adj., knowing 
(with one's self or another), con- 
scious, privy, a witness, a confidant. 

conscribo, -scripsi, -scriptus, -scri- 
bere, [con-scribo], 3. v. a., write 
down. — Esp., enrol, couscribe, levy. 

— Esp. : Patres conscripti {sena- 
tors, the senate). 

consecro, -avi, -atus, -are, [con- 
sacro], I. v. a., hallow, consecrate. 

— consecratus, -a, -um, p.p. as 



42 



Vocabulary. 



adj., consecrated, sacred, hallowed: 
Aristaeus in templo {worshipped) ; 
viri ad immortalitatis et religio- 
nem et memoriam consecrantur 
{are held in reverence). 

consensio, -onis, [con-fsensio, 
cf. consentio], F., agreement, una- 
nimity. 

consensus, -sus, [con-sensus, cf. 
consentio], M., agreement, consent, 
harmonious (or concerted) actioti, 
unanimous action. 

consentio, -sensi, -sensurus, -sen- 
tire, [con-sentio], 4. v. n., agree, 
conspire, make common cause, act 
with (some one). 

consequor, -secutus, -sequi, [con- 
sequor], 3. v. dep., follozu (and stay 
with), overtake. — Hence, obtain, se- 
cure, attain, succeed in (some pur- 
pose), arrive at. — Also, follow close 
upon, succeed, ensue, result: quaes- 
tum {get) ; fructum {reap) . 

conservatio, -onis, [con-serva- 
tio (cf. conservo)~\,F., preservation. 

conservator, -toris, [con-serva- 
tor (cf. conservo)], M., a preserver, 
a saviour. 

conservo, -avi, -atus, -are, [con- 
servo], 1. v. a., save, preserve, spare, 
keep. — Also, observe (law, right), 
regard. 

eonsessus, -sus, [con-sessus (cf. 
eonsedeo)], M., a sitting together, a 
session, a body (sitting together), a 
bench (of judges). 

considero, -avi, -atus, -are, [?, 
poss. f considero- (from adj. stem of 
which sidus is neut., cf. deside- 
rium)], 1. v. a., dwell upon, con- 
sider, contemplate. 

Considius, -I, [con-fsidius (akin 
to sedeo)], M., a Roman name. — 
Esp., C. Considius Longus in Africa 
as proprietor B.C. 50. 



consido, -sedi, -sessurus, -sidere, 
[con-sido], 3. v. n., sit down (in a 
place). — Less exactly, take a posi- 
tion, halt, encajnp, settle. 

consilium, -i, [con-fsilium (cf. 
consul, akin to salio, in some ear- 
lier unc. meaning)], N., deliberatio7i. 

— Esp., wise counsel, advice, wis- 
dom, prudence, discretion. — Hence, 
a plan, a counsel, design, purpose, 
course (as design carried out), meas- 
ure, conduct, a policy, a stratagem. 

— Esp., a deliberative body (more 
abstract and with more reference to 
the act or function of deliberating 
than concilium, which see), a coun- 
cil, a body of cotinsellors, a bench (of 
judges), a panel (of a jury), a court 
(consisting of a body of. judices) : 
casus ad consilium admittitur 
{chance is not admitted to council); 
privato consilio non publico {as a 
private not a public measure, by pri- 
vate and not by official action) ; par- 
tim consiliis partim studiis {partly 
with policy, partly with political feel- 
ing) ; publico consilio factum {as 
a state measure) ; uno consilio {-with 
one continuous purpose or policy) ; 
consilium publicum {council of 
state, of the senate) ; ad consilium 
publicum rem deferre {the estab- 
lished cozincil of state) ; non deest 
rei publicae consilium {a plan of 
action settled by the council of stale) ; 
erat ei consilium ad facinus ap- 
tum {pozver of planning) ; consilio 
malitiae occurrere {with wise meas- 
ures) ; aliquod commune consilium 
{any consulting body). 

consisto, -stiti, no p.p., -sistere, 
[con-sisto], 3. v. n., take a stand, 
take a position, stand, keep one's posi- 

\ lion, form (of troops). — In perf. 

J tenses, have a position, stand. 



Vocabulary. 



43 



Hence, stand still, slop, halt, make 
a stand, hold one's ground, run 
aground (of ships), remain, stay. — 
With in, occupy, rest on. — Fig., de- 
pend on, rest on. 

consobrinus, -i, [con-sobrinus], 
M., first cousin (on the mother's 
side). — Less exactly, (any) cousin 
genua n. 

consolatio, -onis, [con-solatio 
(cf. consolor)], F., consolation, 
solace. — Also, as in Eng., a means 
of consolation. 

consolor, -atus, -ari, [con-solor], 
i. v. dep., console. — consolatus, 
-a, -urn, p.p. as pres., consoling. 

consors, -sortis, [con-sors], adj., 
associating, sharing, a sharer. 

conspectus, -tus, [con-spectus, 
cf. conspicio], M., sight, a view. 

conspicio,-spexi,-spectus,-spicere, 

[con-fspecio], 3. v. a., look upon, see. 

—J conspiratio, -onis, [con-spiratio 

(cf. conspiro)], F., a conspiracy, a 

combination (not in a bad sense). 

conspiro, -avi, -atus, -are, [con- 
spiro], I. v„ n., sound together. — 
Fig., harmonize. — Also, conspire, 
league together: consensus conspi- 
rans (a blended harmony). 

constans, -ntis, p. of consto, 
which see. 

constanter [constant + ter], 
adv., consistently, tiniformly , stead- 
ily, zvith constancy, firmly. 

constantia, -ae, [constant -f-ia], 
F., firmness, constancy, undaunted 
courage, strength of character. 

constituo, -stitui, -stitutus, -stitu- 
ere, [con-statuo], 3. v. a. and n., 
erect, set up, raise, put together, make 
up. — H e n c e , csta blish , sta Ho n, ar- 
range, form, draw up. — Fig., deter- 
mine, appoint, agree upon, determine 
upon, ordain, fix, decide upon, estab- 



lish a principle that, etc. : Jupiter 
constitutus {consecrated) ; colonias 
{plant); rationem salutis {base, 
found) ; spem {repose) ; suspicio- 
nem {make out); supplicium {de- 
cide upon, inflict) ; imperatorem 
{create, appoint) ; exercitum {set 
on foot) ; consulares ad caedem 
{destine, mark out). 

consto, -stiti, -staturus, -stare, 
[con-sto], 1. v. n., stand together. — 
Fig., agree, be consistent (esp. of ac- 
counts). — Hence, be established, ap- 
pear, be agreed upon, be evident. — 
Also (from accounts), cost. — Also, 
depend upon, consist, be composed. — 
constans, -ntis, p. as adj., cottsistent, 
steady, firm, steadfast. 

constringo, -strinxi, -strictus, 
-stringere, [con-stringo], 3. v. a., 
bind fast, hold fast bound, bind hand 
and foot, hold in check, restrain. — - 
In many fig. uses, the figure is re- 
tained in Latin where it can hardly 
be kept in English. 

consuesco, -suevi, -suetus, -sues- 
cere, [con-suesco], 3. v. n., become 
accustomed. — In perf. tenses, be ac- 
customed, be wont. — consuetus, -a, 
-urn, p.p., accustomed, wont, used. 

consuetudo, -inis, [con-f suetudo 
(prob. fsuetu -f do, as in gravedo, 
libido), cf. consuesco], f., habit, 
custom, habits (collectively), man- 
tiers, customs, precedent, ordinary 
method, habitual intercourse, inter- 
course : victus {customary mode of 
living) ; incommodorum {the habit 
of enduring, etc.). 

consul, -ulis, [con-sul (cf. prae- 
sul, exsul), root of salio in some 
earlier unc. meaning], M., a consul 
(the title of the chief magistrate of 
Rome, cf. consilium). — With proper 
names in abl., the usual way of indi- 



44 



Vocabulary. 



eating dates : M. Messala et M. 
Pisone consulibus (in the consul- 
ship of, etc.); se consule (in his 
consulship, as a date or occasion) ; 
pro consule (see proconsul). 

consularis, -e, [consul + aris], 
adj., of a consul, of the consuls, con- 
sular. — Esp. with homo, etc., or 
as subst., an ex-consul. 

consulatus, -tus, [fconsula- (cf. 
exsulo) + tus], m., consulship (cf. 
consul), the office of consul. 

consulo, -sului, -sultus, -sulere, 
[prob. consul, though, poss. a kin- 
dred or independent verb], 3. v. a. 
and n., deliberate, consztlt, take coun- 
sel, decide. — With ace, consult, take 
one's advice, ask the advice of — 
With dat, take counsel for, consult 
the interests of, consult for the wel- 
fare of, look out for, do a service to. 

— See also consulto and other par- 
ticipial forms. 

consulto [prob. like abl. absolute 
p.p. used impersonally, cf. auspi- 
cato], adv.,' with deliberation, pur- 
posely, designedly. 

consultutn, -i, [n. p.p. of con- 
sulo], N., a decision, an order, a 
decree. — Esp., senatus consultum 
(an order of the senate). 

consumo, -sumpsi, -sumptus, -su- 
mere, [con-sumo], 3. v. a., (take out 
of the general store) . — Hence, zvasle, 
consume, destroy, spend, exhaust, use 
up. 

contamino, -avi, -atus, -are, [con- 
tamin- (stem of con-f tamen, i.e. tag 
-f men)], 1. v. a., bring into contact, 
unite. — Esp. with notion of conta- 
gion (cf. contagio), contaminate. 

— Hence, defile, dishonor, disgrace. 
contego, -texi, -tectus, -tegere, 

[con-tego], 3. v. a., cover up, cover, 
bury. 



contemno, -tempsl, -temptus, 
-temnere, [con-temno], 3. v. a., de- 
spise, disregard, hold in conte?npt. — 
contemptus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., 
despicable, contemptible. 

contendo, -tendi, -tentus, -ten- 
dere, [con-tendo], 3. v. n., strain, 
struggle, strive, try, endeavor, exert 
one's self, attempt, be zealous. — Esp., 
with verbs of motion, press on, has- 
ten. — Also, fight, contend, zvage war. 

— With ad and in like constructions, 
press toivards, hasten, march, start to 

go (in haste) . — With ab, urge upon 
one, persuade, induce. — Also, com- 
pare, contrast. — Absolutely, main- 
tain (that, etc.), contend (in same 
sense). 

contentio, -onis, [con-ftentio, 
cf. contendo], F., a strain, struggle, 
efforts. — Esp., contest, fighting. — 
Also, comparison (cf. contendo). 

contentus, -a, -um, p.p. of con- 
tendo and contineo. 

conticesco, -ticui, no p.p., -tices- 
cere [con-ftacesco], 3. v. n., become 
silent, cease to speak, be hushed . 

continens, -entis, pres. p. of con- 
tineo, which see. 

continenter [continent + ter], 
adv., continually, without stopping, 
continuously. 

eontinentia, -ae, [continent -f 
ia], F., self-restraint. 

contineo, -tinui, -tentus, -tinere, 
[con-teneo], 2. v. a., hold together, 
connect, contain, hold in. — Hence, 
in many fig. meanings, restrain, hold 
in check, keep (within bounds), hem 
in, retain (in something). — Pass, 
or with reflex., keep within, remain, 
be included in, be bounded, consist 
i)i (be contained in), depend tipon. 

— continens, -entis, p. as adj., (hold- 
ing together), continual, contiguous, 



Vocabulary. 



45 



continuous. — As subst., the continu- 
ous land, the continent. — Also, re- 
straining one's self, continent. — 
eontentus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., 
contented, content, satisfied. 

contingo, -tigi, -tactus, -tingere, 
[con-tango], 3. v. a. and n., touch, 
reach, join. — With dat. (expressed 
or implied), happen, have the good 
fortune (of the person). — Rarely 
in a general sense, occtir, be the 
ease. 

continuo [abl. of continuus], 
adv., immediately ', straightway, forth- 
with. 

continuus, -a, -um, [con-f temius 
(^/TEN in teneo+ uus)], adj., con- 
tinuous, successive, in succession. 

contio, -onis, [prob. for conven- 
tio], F., an assembly. — Esp., the 
assembly of the people convened by 
a magistrate for discussing any pub- 
lic matter, but not for voting (cf. 
comitia), or a like assembly of sol- 
diers before their commander. — Less 
exactly, a harangue (on such, an 
occasion), an address: comes ad 
contionem (an associate to address 
the people) ; in contione (in ha- 
rangues). 

contionator, -toris, [contiona-f 
tor], M., a haranguer, a demagogue. 

contionor, -atus, -an, [contion-], 
I. v. dep., harangue, address (an 
assembly or an army). 

contra [unc. case-form (instr.?) 
of fconterus (con + terus), cf. 
super us, supra], adv. and prep., 
opposite, contrary to, against, in op- 
position, on the other hand, on the 
other side, to the contrary : contra 
atque (different from what, etc., 
contrary to what, etc.). 

contractio, -dnis, [con-tractio 
(cf. contraho)], 1., a drawing to- 



gether, a contraction : frontis (a 
frown). 

contraho, -traxi, -tractus, -trahere, 
[con-traho], 3. v. a., draw together, 
draw in, bring together, gather to- 
gether, contract, narrow, make small- 
er, bring into smaller compass : aes 
alienum (contract) ; amplius ne- 
goti (get one's self into). 

contrarius, -a, -um, [fcontero- 
(see contra) + arius], adj., oppo- 
site (lit. and fig.), contrary, contra- 
dictory. 

contremisco, -tremui, no p.p., 
-tremiscere [con-tremisco], 3. v. n., 
begin to tremble : fides virtusque 
(waver) . 

controversia, -ae, [contro-verso 
+ ia], F., a turning against. — 
Hence, a controversy, a dispute: 
sine controversia (without ques- 
tion). 

contrucldo, -avi, -atus, -are, [con- 
trucido], I. v. a., cut to pieces, 
slaughter, massacre. — r Less exactly, 
tear in pieces (rem publicam). 

contubernalis, -is, [con-taberna 
+ alis], M. and F., (prop, adj.), a tent 
companion, a messmate. 

contumelia, -ae, [?, cf. tumeo], 
F., an insult, an affront, an outrage. 

convalesco, -ui, no p.p., -ere, 
[con-valesco], 3. v. n., get better. 

COnveho, -vexi, -vectus, -vehere, 
[con-veho], 3. v. a., bring together. 

convenio, -veni, -ventus, -venire, 
[con-venio], 4. v. a. and n., conn 
together, meet, assemble, come in, ar- 
rive, agree upon, agree. — With ace, 
meet, come to. — Also, of things, be 
agreed tipon, be jilting, be necessary 
(in a loose sense in Eng.). — Esp. 
impers., it is fitting, ought : qui con- 
venit (how is it likely, how can it 
be) ; tibi cum sceleratis convenhe 



4 6 



Vocabulary. 



{you be on good terms with, etc.) ; 
in aliquem suspitio {can fall). 

conventiculum, -i, [convento 
+ culum], N., a little group. 

conventus,. -tus, [con-fventus 
(cf. convenio and aclventus)], m., 
an assembly, a meeting. — Esp., an 
assize (the regular assembly of Ro- 
man citizens in a provincial town on 
stated occasions, at which justice was 
dispensed), an association of mer- 
chants (in a province, who were 
united into a sort of guild). 

conversus, -a, -urn, p.p. of con- 
verto. 

converto, -verti, -versus, -vertere, 
[con-verto], 3. v. a., turn about, 
turn. — Fig., divert, change, convert, 
appropriate : se convertere {turn). 

convlcium (convlt-), -i, [f con- 
vie- (con-vox) + ium], N., a wran- 
gle, wratzgling. 

convinco, -vici, -victus, -vincere, 
[con-vinco], 3. v. a., prove, make 
good (a charge, etc.) : avaritia 
convicta {found guilty of avarice, 
changing the point of view for the 
Eng. idiom). — Also (as in Eng.), 
of the person, convict, prove guilty. 

convlvium, -i, [conviva + ium 
(cf. collegium)], N., a living to- 
gether, a banquet, a carousal. 

convoco, : avi, -atus, -are, [con- 
voco], 1. v. a., call together, summon, 
call (a council or the like). 

copia, -ae, [fcopi- (con-ops) + 
ia, cf. inopia, inops], F., abun- 
dance, plenty, supply (both great and 
small), quantity, number. — Esp., 
luxury (abundance of everything). 
— plur. (esp. of forces), forces, re- 
sources, supplies, armed forces, capi- 
tal : dicendi ( fluency) ; in dicendo 
{fitness of matter). 

copiose [old abl.], adv., filly. 



copiosus, -a, -urn, [copia (re- 
duced) + osus], adj., well supplied, 
wealthy, full of resources, well to do. 

coram [unc. case, formed from 
con. and os], adv. and prep., face 
to face, personally, present, in per- 
son. 

Corduba, -ae, [?], f., a city in 
Spain {Cordova). 

Corfidius, -I, [?], m., a Roman 
gentile name. — Esp., L. Corfidius, 
a friend of Ligarius. 

Corinthlus, -a, -urn, [KopivQios~\, 
adj., of Corinth, Corinthian. — Masc. 
plur., the Corinthians. 

Corinthus, -I, [KopivQos], ¥., Cor- 
inth (the famous city on the isthmus 
between Greece and the Peloponne- 
sus, destroyed by Mummius, B.C. 146). 

Cornelius, -i, [?], M., a famous 
Roman gentile name. — Esp.: I. Cor- 
nelius Cinna (see Cinna) ; 2. L. 
Cornelius Sulla (see Sulla) ; 3. L. 
Cornelius Lentulus (see Jjentulus). 

Cornelius, -a, -um, [same word 
as preceding], adj., of Cornelius. — 
Esp., Cornelian (of the laws passed 
by Sulla). 

Cornificius, -i, [fcornifico + 
ius], M., a Roman gentile name. — 
Esp., Q. Cornificius, one of the 
judices in the case against Verres. 

Cornutus, -i, [cornu + tus (cf. 
barbatus)], M., a Roman family 
name. — Esp., M. Cornutus, prsetor 
in B.C. 43. 

corona, -ae, [?], F., a garland. 
— Fig., a circle {line, of soldiers), 
a circle of spectators. 

corpus, -oris, [unc. root + us], 
N., the body, the person, the frame : 
petitionis corpore effugere {by 
dodging, a gladiator's term). 

corrigo (conr-), -rexi, -rectus, 
-rigere, [con-rego], 3.v.a., {straight- 



Vocabulary. 



47 



en), correct, reform, amend : te cor- 
rigas (amend, as if intrans.). 

corripio, -ripui, -reptus, -ripere, 
[con-rapio], 3. v. -x., seize, seize itpon, 
plunder. 

corroboro, -avi, -atus, -are, [con- 
froboro (robur)], i.v.a., strength- 
en, confirm. 

corrumpo, -rupi, -ruptus, -rum- 
pere, [con-rumpo], 3. v. a., spoil, 
ruin, tamper with (of documents or 
of a court), bribe (of a court, etc.). 
— corruptus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., 
corrupt, profligate. 

corruo, -rui, no p.p., -ruere, [con- 
ruo], 3. v. a. and n., fall in ruins, 
fall. — Also, overthrozu. 

corruptela, -ae, [prob. corrupto 
+ ela (cf. querela)], f., means of 
seduction, an enticement, an allure- 
ment. 

corruptor, -toris, [con-raptor 
(cf. corrumpo)], M., a corruptor, 
a seducer. 

cotidianus (quot), -a, -um, 
[cotidie -f anus], adj., daily. 

cotidie (quot-), [quot-die, loc. 
of dies], adv., daily, every day. 

Cotta,-ae, [?], M., a Roman family 
name. — Esp.,Z. Aurelius Cotta, con- 
sul B.C. 65, and later " Princeps Sena- 
tus." 

Cottius, -i, [?], M., the name of 
two Romans from Tauromenium, 
who were witnesses against Verres. 

Cous, -a, -um, [Kwos], adj., of 
Cos (the island in the ^Egean). — ■ 
Plur. M., the Coans. 

eras, [?], adv., lo-morrozo. 

Crassus, -i, [crassus, /«/], m., a 
Roman family name. — Esp. : 1. Mar- 
cus (Licinius) Crassus, consul with 
Pompey B.C. 55; one (with Caesar 
and Pompey) of the combination 
called the Triumvirate. 2. /.. Li- 



cinius Crassus, the great orator, 
censor B.C. 103. 3. P. Licinius 
Crassus, censor B.C. 89. 

cratera, -ae, [prob. from ace. of 
KpaT7?p], F., a vase (for mixing wine, 
corresponding to " punch-bowl"), a 
jar. 

creber, -bra, -brum, [ere- (in 
creo)+ber (cf. saluber)], adj., 
thick, close, numerous, frequent: 
sermo (general). 

crebro [prob. abl. of creber], 
adv., frequently, constantly, in rapid 
succession, at short intervals. 

credibilis, -e, [credi- (as stem 
of credo) + bilis], adj., to be be- 
lieved, credible : non credibilis (im- 
possible to believe). 

credo, credidi, creditus, credere, 
[fcred (faith, of unc. formation) -f- 
do (place)], 3. v. a. and n., trust, 
entrust, believe, suppose, believe in. 
— Esp. parenthetically, credo (I 
suppose, ironical) : mihi crede (take 
my %v or d for it, take my advice). 

cremo, -avi, -atus, -are, [ ?], 1. v. a., 
burn, consume (esp. of the dead, 
perh. orig. only of flesh, cf. cremor). 

creo, -avi, -atus, -are, [unc. form., 
akin to cresco], 1. v. a., (cause to 
groiv), create, generate. — Esp., elect, 
choose. 

Creperejus, -i, [?], m., a Roman 
gentile name. — Esp., M. Crepereius, 
a Roman knight, a judex in the case 
of Verres. 

crepitus, -tus, [crepi- (as stem 
of crepo) + tus], m., a noise, a rat- 
tling, a sound. 

Cres,Cretis,[Gr.K/)T7s],M.,«Cr<?/rt;/. 

eresco, crevi, cretus, crescere, 
[stem ere (also in creo) with -sco]. 
3. v. n., grow, increase, swell (of a 
river), be swelled, increase in influ- 
ence (of a man), be increased. 



Vocabulary. 



Cretensis, -e, [Creta -f ensis], 
adj., of Crete, Cretan. — Masc. plur., 
the Cretans. 

crimen, -minis, [cri- (stem akin 
to cerno) -f men], n., (a decision). 

— Less exactly, a charge, a fault, a 
crime. 

crlminor, -atus, -an, [crimin-], 
I. v. dep., accuse, bring an accusa- 
tion, charge, find fault with. 

crlminose [old abl. of crimino- 
sus], adv., in the spirit of an accuser. 

criminosus, -a, -um, [crimin + 
osus], adj., criminal, ground for an 
accusation. 

cruciatus, -tus, [crucia- (stem 
of crucio) + tus], M., crucify big. 

— Hence, torture. — With a change 
of relation, suffering (of the person 
tortured) . 

crucio, -avi, -atus, -are, [cruc- (as 
if crucio-)], I. v. a., crucify, torture. 

crudelis, -e, [fcrude- (in cru- 
desco, akin to crudus) + lis, cf. 
Aprilis, edulis, animalis], adj., 
(bloody?), cruel (also of things suf- 
fered, as in Eng.). 

crudelitas, -tatis, [crudeli-f-tas], 
F., cruelty. 

crudeliter [crudeli-1- ter], adv., 
cruelly, with cruelty, harshly. 

cruento, -avi, -atus, -are, [cruen- 
to-], I. v. a., stain with blood. 

cruentus, -a, -um, [cru- (in 
cruor, crudus) + entus (cf. tan- 
tus)], adj., bloody, blood-stained. 

cruor, -oris, [cru- (in crudus) + 
or], M., blood (out of the ho&y), gore. 

crux, crucis, [?], F., a cross (the 
usual instrument for the punishment 
of slaves) , death on the cross. 

cubile, -is, [fcubi- (stem akin to 
oumbo) + lis (cf. crudelis), n. of 
adj.], N., a couch, a resting-place, a 
bed, a lair. 



cubo, -ui, -itum, -are, [^cub], 
I . v. n., lie down, lie, lie asleep : 
cubitum ire (go to bed). 

culeus (cull-), -i, [KoAeos], m., 
a sack. 

culpa, -ae, [?], F., a fatilt, blame, 
guilt. 

cultura, -ae, [cultu + ra (f. of 
-rus, cf. figura)], F., cultivation, 
culture: agri cultura or agricul- 
tura (the cultivation of the soil). 

cum [?, another form of con-], 
prep., with, along with, in company 
with, armed with. 

cum (quom), [case-form (prob. 
ace.) of qui], conj., when, while, 
whenever. — Often rendered by a 
different construction in Eng. : cum 
mulier esset (being a woman). — 
Of logical relations (usually with 
subj.), when, while, since, inasmuch 
as, though, aWwugh. — cum . . . turn 
zvhile . . . so also, not only . . . but 
especially, while . . . besides, not only 
. . . but also, not only . . . but as. well, 
while . . . as well, while . . . so (in 
particular), both . . . and, as well . . . 
as; cum priinum (as soon as, the 
first time) . 

cumulate [old abl. of cumula- 
tus], adv., in full measure, fully. 

cumulo, -avi, -atus, -are, [cumu- 
16-], I. v. a., heap tip, fill full, add 
to : alio scelere hoc scelus (add to 
this, etc., another, etc.); ea quae 
promisimus studiose cumulata 
reddemus (in the fullest measure). 

cumulus, -i, [fcumo- (akin to 
Kv/j-a) + lus], M., (the szvclling heap), 
a heap. — Hence, the last stroke, the 
last touch (added to something al- 
ready complete), an extra weight, 
an increase. 

cunctus, -a, -um, [for coniunc- 
tus?], adj., all (together, in a mass) ; 



Vocabulary. 



49 



Italia {the •whole of, etc.); urbs 
{the entire). 

cupide [old abl. of cupidus], 
adv., eagerly, zealously, earnestly. 

cupiditas, -tatis, [cupido -f- tas], 
F., desire, eagerness, greed, cupidity, 
greed of gain, selfish desire. 

cupido, -inis, [unc. form akin to 
cupio], F., desire. — Masc. (personi- 
fied), Cupid (the god of desire). 

cupidus, -a, -urn, [noun stem 
akin to cupio + dus], adj., eager, 
desirous, longing {for), fond of, am- 
bitious {for), with a passion {for), 
overzealous, greedy. 

cupio, -pivi, -pitus, -pere, [partly 
root verb, partly from fcupi- (cf. 
cupidus)], 3. (and 4) v. a. and n., 
be eager {for), be anxious, desire 
(stronger than volo). — With dat., 
wish well to, be zealous for : quid 
cupiebas, quid optabas {desire, as 
a passive longing, wish for, as an 
active prayer or wish) . 

cur (quor), [perh. for qua re], 
adv., why (rel. and interr.). 

cura, -ae, [for tcavira, akin to 
caveo], F., care, anxiety, attention. 

curia, -ae, [prob. akin to Qniris], 
F., the meeting-place of the old aris- 
tocracy of Rome. — -Hence, a senate- 
house. — Esp., the curia Hostilia on 
the Forum. / 

Curio, -onis, [curia -f o {priest 
of a curia)~\, M., a Roman family 
name. — Esp., C. Scribonius Curio, 
a friend of Cicero and a supporter 
of the Manilian law. 

curiosus, -a, -um, [fcuria (cf. in- 
curia)-|-osus], adj., curious, prying. 

euro, -avi, -atus, -are, [cura], 
I. v. a. and n., take care, treat (medi- 
cally). — With gerundive, cause (to 
be done), have (done) : curare ut 
{see that, take care that). 



curriculum, -i, [from unc. stem 
akin to curro and currus, cf. ve- 

hiculum], N., a course, a running. 

curro, cucum, cursurus, currere, 
[? for fcurso], 3. v. n., run. 

currus, -us, [^cxr. (?) + us, cf. 
curro], M., a chariot. — Esp., a tri- 
twiphal chariot. 

curso, -avi, no p.p., -are, [curso-], 
I. v. n., run, rush, hurry. 

cursus, -siis, [ y/cuR ( ?) + tus, 
cf. curro], M., a running, running, 
speed, a run (in concrete sense), a 
course (space or direction run), a 
voyage, a career : celeritas et cur- 
sus {activity, as a quality, speedy 
passage, as the result accomplished) ; 
cursus sceleris (fig. as in Eng- 
lish) ; quemcunque fortuna dede- 
rit {xvhatever wanderings) ; oratio- 
nis {flozu). 

curulis, -e, [prob. curru + lis], 
adj., {of a chariot?). — Esp., sella 
curulis (the ivory chair of magis- 
trates at Rome). 

custodia, -ae, [custod + ia], f., 
custody, guard (state of being guard- 
ed). — Plur. (concretely), guards, 
keepers. 

custodio, -ivi, (-ii,) -itus, -ire, [cus- 
tod- (as if custodi-)], 4. v. a. and 
abs. (as if n.), guard, do guard duty. 

custos, -todis, [unc. stem -f- dis 
(cf. merces, palus)], c, a guard, 
a zvatchman, a keeper, a guardian. 

Cyrus, -1, [Kupos], M., a common 
name among the Greeks. — Esp., an 
architect or builder employed by 
Clodius. 

Cyzicenus, -a, -um, [K0^k7)j/os], 
adj., of Cyzicum (a city of Mysia, on 
the Propontis). — Plur., the people 
of the city. 



5o 



Vocabulary. 



D. 

d., see a. d. 

D [half of <£, CI3 = M], 500. 

D., abbrev. for Deci?)ius. 

damnatio, -orris, [damna+tio], 
F., a finding guilty, a conviction. 

damno, -avi, -atus, -are, [damno-], 
I. v. a., (fine), find guilty, condemn, 
convict. 

de [unc. case-form of pron. stem 
da (in idem, dura)], prep with 
abl., (down, only in comp. as adv.), 
down from, off from, from, away 
from. — Hence, qua de causa (for 
which reason) ; de aliquo mereor 
(deserve well or ill of, properly zain 
from); de consilio (by, cf. ex); 
multa de nocte (late at night). — 
Esp. in partitive sense, otit of, of: 
pauci de nostris. — Also (cf. Eng. 
of), about, of (about), in regard to, 
concerning, for : de regno despe- 
rare; nihil de bello timere (have 
no fear of war); contendere, dimi- 
care (about, for) ; triumphare (tri- 
umph over, triumph for a victory 
over) ; quid de te futurum est 
(zvhat will become of you) ; de 
majestate (for); de improviso (of 
a sudden) ; de industria (on pur- 
pose). — In comp., down, off, away, 
through (and be done with). 

dea, -ae, [f. of deus], F., a god- 
dess. — Esp., Bona dea (see bona). 

debeo, -bui, -bitus, -bere, [de- 
habeo], 2. v. a., (have off of one^s 
possessions), owe, be bound, ought, 
cannot help, should, be under obliga- 
tion. — Pass., be due, be owing : non 
debeo (have no right) ; omnia de- 
bere (be bound to do everything). — 
debitus, -a, -urn, p.p. as adj., due, 
deserved. 

debilis, -e, [de-habilis] , adj., 
weak, feeble, helpless, enfeebled. 



debilito, -avi, -atus, -are, [de- 
bili- (through intermediate stem)], 
I. v. a., cripple, zveaken, enfeeble, 
break down (in health, etc.). — Fig., 
overcome, paralyze. 

decedo, -cessi, -cessiirus, -cedere, 
[de-cedo], 3. v. n., (make way off, 
cf. cedo), retire, withdraw, with- 
draw from, shun. — Esp. (from life), 
die : de officio (sacrifice, abandon) ; 
de jure (yield, give up). 

decern [?], indecl. adj., ten. 

December, -bris, -bre, [decern 
+ unc. term, cf. saluber], adj., 
(tenth!). — Esp., of December. 

decempeda, -ae, [decem-fpeda 
(f. of fpedus?)], F., a ten- foot pole, 
a measure (of ten feet) . . 

decerno, -crevi, -cretus, -cernere, 
[de-cerno], 3. v. a. and n., (decide 
off, so as to clear away), decide, de- 
termine, decree, order (as a result 
of determination), vote (of a consult- 
ing body, or of a single member 
of it). 

decerpo, -cerpsi, -cerptus, -cer- 
pere, [de-carpo], 3. v. a., pluck off. 
— Fig., detract, take away. 

decerto, -avi, -atus, -are, [de- 
certo], I. v. a. and n., contend (so 
as to close the contest), decide the 
issue, try the issue (of war), carry 
on war, fight (a general engage- 
ment) : de fortunis decertari (one's 
fortunes are at stake). 

decessus, -sus, [de-fcessus, cf. 
decedo and incessus], m., with- 
drawal, departure. 

decet, -uit, no p.p., -ere, [?, cf. 
decus], 2. v. impers., it is fitting, it 
is becoming, it becomes. 

decimus (decu-), -a, -um, [stem 
of decern + mus], adj., the tenth. — 
Esp., Decimus, as a Roman prosno- 
men. — Fern., decuraa (sc. pars), 



Vocabulary, 



5i 



a tithe (of the produce of land let 
by the state on shares). 

declaro, -avi, -atus, -are, [de- 
claro], I. v. a., {clear off}, make 
plain, declare, show. 

decllnatio, -onis, [declina+tio], 
F., a leaning, a side movement. 

declino, -avl, -atus, -are, [de- 
clino], 1. v. a. and n., move aside, 
avoid (as if by a deviation of the 
body), elude, flinch. 

decoctor, -toris, [de-coctor (cf. 
decoquo)], M., {one who boils down), 
a spendthrift. 

decoro, -avl, -atus, -are, [decor-], 
I. v. a., adorn, embellish. — Fig., 
honor, praise. 

decretum, -i, [prop. n. of de- 
cretus], N.j a decree, a decision, 
resolution. 

decuma, see decimus. 

decuria, -ae, [decern + unc. 
term. (cf. centuria)], F., a decury 
(a division of ten men of the origi- 
nal Roman heads of families, also 
more generally of cavalry and other 
bodies). 

decurio, -onis, [decuria+o], m., 
a president of a dectiry, a decnrion. 
— Also, a member of the senate in 
a provincial town, a provincial sen- 
ator. 

decurio, -avl, -atus, -are, [decu- 
ria-], I. v. a., divide into decuries. 

decus, ' -oris, [dec- (as root of 
decet) + us], N., an ornament, an 
embellishment. — Fig., an honor. 

dedecus, -oris, [de-decus], n., 
a disgrace, dishonor, a stain. 

dedico, -avl, -atus, -are, [de- 
dico], I. v. a., dedicate, devote. 

deditio, -onis, [de-datio, cf. 
dedo], F., surrender: spes dedi- 
tionis {hope that one's surrender 
would be received') . 



dedo, -didi, -ditus, -dere, [de-do], 
3. v. a., give over, stirrender, give 
tcp. — In pass, or with reflex., sur- 
render one's self submit : aures (lis- 
ten to). 

deduco, -duxi, -ductus, -ducere, 
[de-duco], 3. v. a., lead down or off, 
lead away, withdraw, draw off (prae- 
sidia), take aivay (of men), bring 
away, lead (from one place to an- 
other), bring (into a situation). — 
Fig., induce, bring, lead. — Esp. of 
ships, launch (draw down); of 
women, marry (used of the man) ; 
of things, bring, draw, turn. So, 
raise (a man to fortune) : rem hue 
(bring) ; de fide (seduce) ; de sen- 
tentia (dissuade) ; de lenitate 
(drive); coloniam (plant); servos 
ex Apennino (bring down). 

defatigatio, see defetigatio. 

defatlgo, see defetigo. 

defendo, -fendi, -fensus, -fendere, 
[de-fendo], 3. v. a., ward off, de- 
fend one's self against. — Also, with 
changed relation, defend, protect, 
maintain (a cause), fight for. 

defensio, -onis, [de-ffensio, cf. 
defendo], F., a defence. 

defensor, -oris, [de-ffensor, cf. 
defendo], m., a defender : necis (a 
preventer) . 

defero, -tuli, -latus, -ferre, [de- 
fero], irr. v. a., carry down, carry 
a?uay, bring, land (of ships). — 
Pass., be borne down or on, drift (of 
ships), turn aside : delati in scro- 
bes (falling). — Fig., confer upon, 
ptit in one's ha?ids, report, lay be- 
fore, devote : nomen alicujus (ac- 
cuse one) ; studium (tender) . 

defessus, -a, -urn, p.p; of de- 
fetiscor. 

defetigatio (defat), -onis, [de 
fatigatio], F., exhaustion. 



52 



Vocabitlary. 



defetigatus, -a, -urn, p.p. of de- 
fetigo. 

defetlgo (defat-), -avi, -atus, 
-are, [de-fatigo], i. v. a., wear out, 
exhaust, worry, tire out. 

defetiscor, -fessus, -fetisci, [de- 
fatiscor], 3. v. clep., crack open. — 
— Fig., become exhausted. — defes- 
sus, -a, -unci, p.p. as adj., exhausted, 
worn out, wearied: accusatio^rczew 
stale). 

dencio, -feci, -fectus, -ficere, [de- 
facio], 3. v. a. and n., fail, fall away , 
revolt, fall off, abandon (with ab). 

defigo, -fixi, -fixus, -figere, [de- 
figo], 3. v. a.., fix (in or down) , plant, 
set, fasten, drive down : in oculis 
flagitia (set before); curas (devote). 

deflnio, -ivi, -itus, -ire, [de-finio], 
4. v. a., set limits to, fix, appoint, 
limit, bring to a close, mark out. 

deflagro, -avi, -atus, -are, [de- 
fiagro], 1. v. n., burn tip, be con- 
sumed : imperium deflagratum 
(burned to the ground). 

defluo, -fluxi, -fluxurus, -fluere, 
[de-fluo], 3. v. n., flow down, flow 
apart, divide (of a river), fall away. 

defore, see desum. 

deformo, -avi, -atus, -are, [de- 
formo], 1. v. a., deform, disfigure. 

defungor, -functus, -fungi, [de- 
fungor], 3. v. dep., perform, finish, 
be done with, get rid of 

dego, degi, no p.p., degere, [de- 
ago], 3. v. a.., pass, spend. 

deicio (dejicio), -jeci, -jectus, 
-icere, [de-jacio], 3. v. a., throw 
down, keep off, ward off, deprive, 
keep out (one from a thing), repel, 
eject. 

dein [de-in (cf. deinde)], adv., 
then, next. 

deinde [de-inde], adv., from 
thence, then, after that, then again. 



dejicio, see deicio. 

delabor, -lapsus, -labi, [de-labor], 
3. v. dep., slip down, slip away : de 
caelo (fall, descend). 

delectatio, -onis, [delecta-ftio], 
F., delight, pleasure, enjoyment. 

delecto, -avi, -atus, -are, [de- 
flecto, cf. delicio and allecto], 
I. v. a. and n., (allure), delight, 
please, give pleasure to. — Pass., take 
delight, delight (in a thing) : Grae- 
cos delectat (the Greeks take pleas- 
ure) . 

delectus (di), -tus, [de-lectus (cf. 
deligo)], M., a choosing, an enrol- 
ment, a levy, a conscription. 

delenio, -ivi (-ii), -itus, -ire, [de- 
lenio], 4. v. a., soothe, soften, pacify. 

deleo, -levi, -letus, -lire, [de-fleo 
(akin to lino)], 2. v. a., (smear out), 
blot out, wipe out (of a disgrace). — 
Fig'., annihilate, destroy. 

dellberatio, -onis, [delibera -f- 
tio], F., a deliberation, a discussion, 
a decision (through deliberation). 

deliberator, -toris, [delibera -f 
tor], M., a deliberator. — Used sar- 
castically of one who reserves his de- 
cision in order to be bribed. 

delibero, -avi, -atus, -are, [de- 
libero], i.v.a. and n., (disentangle?) , 
decide. — Also, discuss, deliberate, 
weigh. 

delicatus, -a, -urn, [ ?, perh. p.p. 
of fdelico, wea?i, (or abandon), cf. 
delicus, deliculus], adj., (" cos- 
setted , ' > ?), pampered, luxurious. 

deliciae, -arum, [delico- (cf. de- 
liculus) + ia], F., plur., (cosset- 
ting?), delights, allurements, luxuri- 
ous pleasures. 

delictum, -i, [n. p.p. of delin- 
quo], N., (something left undone), a 
failure, a fault, a wrong-doing, an 
offetue. 



J r ocabulary. 



53 



deligo, -avi, -atus, -are, [de-ligo] , 
I. v. a., bind down, fasten, bind, tic 
up (to a stake). 

deligo, -legi, -lectus, -ligere, [de- 
lego], 3. v. a., select, pick' out, choose. 

delinquo, -liqui, -lictus, -linquere, 
[de-linquo], 3. v. n., fail (in one's 
duty"), do wrong: quid deliqui(w/^ 
wrong have I done, cognate ace.). 

Delos, -1, [AtjAos], f., an island 
in the /Egean. 

Delpliieus, -a, -urn, [AcA^ikos], 
adj., of Delphi (the seat of the most 
famous worship of Apollo), Delphic : 
mensa (a table made in the form of 
a tripod). 

delubrum, -i, [de-flubrum ( y'LU 
-f brum)], N., an expiatory shrine, a 
shrine (cf. aedes, a temple gener- 
ally; templum, a place consecrated 
by augury; fanum, an oracular (?) 
shrine). 

deludo, -lusi, -lusus, -ludere, [de- 
ludo], 3. v. a. and n., deceive, pre- 
varicate. 

demens, -entis, [de-mens (cf. 
aniens)], adj., mad, crazy, insane : 
scelere demens (maddened, etc.). 

dementer [dement + ter], adv., 
madly, crazily, senselessly. 

dementia, -ae, [dement-j-ia], f., 
madness, idiocy, utter folly. 

demergo, -mersi, -mersus, -mer- 
gere, [de-mergo], 3. v. a., sink, 
drown, submerge, plunge. 

demigro, -avi, -aturus, -are, [de- 
migro], I. v. n., move away (change 
residence), move one's effects, move 
over. 

deminuo, -ui, -utus, -uere, [de- 
minuo], 3. v. a. and n., diminish, 
curtail, lessen, detract from : ne quid 
de summa republica deminueretur 
(that the supreme power in the slate 
should suffer no diminution*). 



deminutio, -onis, [de-fminutio, 
cf. deminuo], f., a diminution, a 

loss, a sacrifice (of lives, etc.). 

deniitto, -misi, -missus, -mittere, 
[de-mitto], 3. v. a., let go down (cf. 
initio), let down, stick down. — In 
pass, or with reflex., let one's self 
down, descend, set one's self down. 
— Fig., despond (se animo), be dis- 
couraged. — demissus, -a, -urn, p.p. 
as adj., low-hanging (bowed, of the 
head), downcast (of a person). 

demonstratio, -onis, [demon- 
stra-ftio], F., a poititing out, a 
showing, a manner of showing. 

demonstro, -avi, -atus, -are, [de- 
monstro], 1. v. a., point out, show, 
slate, indicate, mention. 

demoveo, -movi, -motus, -movere, 
[de-moveo], 2. v. a., remove, dis- 
lodge : de sententia (shake one in, 
etc.). 

demum [ace. of f demus (superl. 
of de), nethermost, last\, adv., at 
last, at length (not before) . — Hence, 
only (not till a certain point is 
reached, not until). 

denego, -avi, -atus, -are, [de- 
nego], 1. v. a. and n., deny, refuse, 
say not. 

denl, -ae, -a, [for decnl, decern 
reduced + nus], adj. plur., ten each, 
ten (on each side), ten (in sets of 
ten). 

denique [fdeno- (de -f- nus, cf. 
demum) que], adv., at last. — Of 
order, finally. — Of preference, at 
any rate (if no better, etc.) : turn 
denique (not till then, then and 
then only) ; hora decima denique 
(not until, etc.). 

de no to, -avi, -atus, -are, [de-noto], 
I. v. a., mark out, mark, appoint. 

denuntio, -avi, -atus, -are, [de- 
nuntio], 1. v. a., announce (with 



54 . 



Vocabulary. 



notion of threat), declare, warn, or- 
der, command, give' to understand, 
threaten one with. 

depeculator, -toris, [depecula- 
tor, cf. depeculor], M., an embez- 
zler, a plunderer. 

depeculor, -atus, -ari, [de-pecu- 
lor], I. v. dep., embezzle, plunder, 
pillage, rifle. 

depello, -pull, -pulsus, -pellere, 
[de-pello], 3. v. a., drive off, drive 
out, drive (away), dislodge, avert, 
repel, remove, ward off, save one's 
self from : molem {throw off) ; ali- 
quem de spe {force) ; simulacra 
{throw down). 

dependo, -pendl, -pensus, -pen- 
dere, [de-pendo], 3. v. a. and n., 
weigh out. — Hence, pay. 

depingo, -pinxi, -pictus, -pingere, 
[de-pingo], 3. v. a., paint (so as to 
make something), depict, represent. 

deploro, -avi, -atus, -are, [de- 
ploro], 1. v. a., lament, bezuail the 
loss of, mourn for. 

depono, -po'sui, -positus, -ponere, 
[de-pono], 3. v. a., lay down, lay 
aside, deposit. — Fig., lose, abandon 
(hope), blot out (memory), resign. 

depopulatio, -onis, [de-popula- 
tio, cf. depopulor], F., a ravaging, 
a plundering. 

depopulor, -atus, -an, [de-popu- 
lor], I. v. dep., ravage, lay waste, 
plunder. 

deporto, -avi, -atus, -are, [de- 
porto], i.v.a., carry off, carry away, 
remove, bring off, bring home. 

deposco, -poposci, no p.p., -pos- 
cere, [de-posco], 3. v. a., demand, 
call for, claim, ask for. 

depravo, -avi, -atus, -are, [de- 
pravo], 1. v. a., distort. — Fig., cor- 
rupt, lead astray, pervert, tamper 
ivith. 



deprecator, -toris, [de-precator, 
cf. deprecor], m., a mediator (to 
beg off something for somebody). 

deprecor, -atus, -ari, [de-precor], 
I. v. dep., pray to avert something, 
pray (with accessory notion of re- 
lief), beg, beg off, pray for pardon, 
pray to be spared, resort to prayers, 
save one's self from by prayers, re- 
move by prayers : quo deprecante 
{by tvhose mediation) ; ad deprecan- 
dum valebat {had the force of en- 
treaties) . 

deprehendo, -hendi, -hensus, 
-hendere, [de-prehendo], 3. v. a., 
capture, catch, seize, take possession 
of. — As in Eng.,'calch, {come upon), 
surprise, find, detect, discover : fac- 
tum {find, in the sense of catch one 
at something). — Fig., grasp, com- 
prehejzd, understand. 

deprimo, -pressi, -pressus, -pri- 
mere, [de-premo], 3. v. a., press 
down, sink. 

de promo, -prompsi, -promptus, 
-promere, [de-promo], 3. v. a., draw 
out, appropriate. 

depugno, -avi, -atus, -are, [de- 
pugno], 1. Y.r)., fight out (decisively), 
resist with arms (so as to decide the 
issue). 

derelinquo, -liqui, -lictus, -lin- 
quere, [de-relinquo], 3. v. a., leave 
behind, abandon. 

derivo, -avi, -atus, -are, [perh. im- 
mediately fr. de-rivus, prob. through 
adj.- stem], 1. v. a., dratv off (water), 
divert : crimen {shift zipou an- 
other). 

derogo, -avi, -atus, -are, [de-rogo, 
in its political sense], I. v. a., take 
away, zvithdraw. 

descendo, -scendi, -scensiirus, 
-scendere, [de-scando], 3-v.n.. climb 
down, descend. — Fig., resort to, have 



Vocabulary. 



55 



recourse to, adopt : ad accusandum 
{resort to a prosecution). — Esp., 
come down to the Forum (from the 
hills on which the Romans lived, cf. 
" go down town."). 

descrlbo, -scrips!, -scriptus, -scri- 
bere, [de-scribo], 3. v. a., write 
down, set down (in writing), mark 
out, map out, describe, draw up (jus), 
reduce to a system. 

desero, -serui, -sertus, -serere, 
[de-sero], 3. v. a., disunite. — Esp., 
abandon, forsake, desert, give tip, 
leave in the lurch. — desertus, -a, 
-um, p.p. as adj., deserted, solitary : 
vadimonia (forfeit). 

desiderium, -i, [?, perh. fdesi- 
dero + ium (cf. desidero)], n., 
lo);ging for, desire (of something 
lost), grief for loss (of anything). 

desidero, -avi, -atus, -are, [ ?, perh. 
desidero, cf. eonsidero], 1. v. a., 
feel the want of, desire, miss, need, 
regret the loss of, lose (of soldiers). 
— Pass., be missing {lost) : desiderat 
neminem (has not lost a man). 

desidia, -ae, [desid- (stem of 
deses, de-y'SED) -f- ia], F., idleness, 
sloth. 

designo, -avi, -atus, -are, [de- 
signo], 1. v. a., mark out, indicate, 
mean, designate. — designatus, p.p. 
as adj., elected, elect (of officers not 
yet in office). 

desilio, -silui, -sultus, -silire, [de- 
salio], 4. v. n., leap down, leap 
(down), jump overboard : de rheda 
(jump out, spring out). 

desino, -sivi (-sii), -situs, -sinere, 
[de-sino], 3. v. a. and n., leave off, 
desist, cease. 

desisto, -stiti, -stiturus, -sistere, 
[de-sisto], 3. v. n., stand off, cease, 
stop, desist from, abandon. 

desperatio, -onis, [de-f speratio, ! 



cf. despero], F., despair, despera- 
tion. 

despero, -avi, -atus, -are, [de- 
spero], I. v. a. and n., cease to hope, 
despair, despair of. — desperatus, 
-a, -um, as passive, despaired of. — 
Also as adj., (hopeless?, perh. orig. 
despaired of), hence desperate. — 
desperandus, -a, -um, fut. p.p., to 
be despaired of. 

despicio, -spexi, -spectus,-spicere, 
[de-specio], 3. v. a. and n., look 
down, look down upon, look away. — 
Fig. (cf. Eng. equivalent), look down 
upon, despise, express one's contempt 
for. 

despicor, -atus, -avi, [despico-], 
1. v. dep., despise. — despicatus, -a, 
-um, p.p. as pass., despised, despi- 
cable. 

destringo, -strinxi, -strictus, 
-stringere, [de-stringo], 3. v. a., strip 
off. — Also (cf. despolio), strip, 
draw (of swords, stripping them of 
their scabbards). 

desum, -fui, -futurus, -esse, [de- 
sum], irr. v. n., (be away), be want- 
ing, be lacking, fail. — Esp., fail to 
do one's duly by, etc. — Often, lack 
(changing relation of subj. and fol- 
lowing dat.), be without, not have. 

deterreo, -terrui, -territus, -ter- 
rere, [de-terreo], 2. v. a.., frighten 
off, deter, prevent (esp. by threats, 
but also generally). 

detestor, -atus, -ari, [de-testor], 
I. v. a., (call the gods to witness to 
prevent something) , entreat (from a 
thing), remove by protest (call the 
gods to witness to avoid). 

detracto (trecto), -avi, -atus, 
-are, [de-tracto], 1. v. a., (hold off 
from one's self), avoid, shun. 

detraho, -traxi, -tractus, -trahere, 
[de-traho], 3. v. a., drag off, tear 



5 6 



Vocabulary. 



off, snatch (away). — With less vio- 
lence, take away, take off, withdraw 
(with no violence at all). 

detrecto, see detracto. 

detrimentum, -i, [de-ftrimen- 
tum (tri- in tero + mentum), cf. 
detero], N., (a rubbing off), loss, 
harm, injury. — Esp., defeat, dis- 
aster. 

deus, -i, [akin to divus, Jovis, 
dies], M., a god. — Also, in accord- 
ance with ancient ideas, of a statue, 
in adjurations : di boni {good heav- 
ens); per deos immortales {for 
heaven's sake, heaven help us). 

deveho, -vexi, -vectus, -vehere, 
[de-veho], 3. v. a., carry away, 
bring (away, e.g. on horseback), 
bring down (esp. by vessel). 

deverto, -verti, -versus, -vertere, 
[de-verto], 3. v. a. and n., turn 
away, turn aside, turn off (the road 
to stop by the way), stop (turning 
aside from the way). 

devincio, -vinxi, -vinctus, -vin- 
cire, [de-vincio] , 4. v. a., bind down, 
bind, attach, firmly attach. 

devinco, -vici, -victus, -vincere, 
[de-vinco], 3. v. a., conquer (so as 
to prostrate), subdue (entirely). 

deviito, -avi, -atus, -are, [de-vito], 
I. v. a., avoid, shun, escape. 

devoco, -avi, -atus, -are, [de- 
voco], 1. v. a., call down (or azvay). 
— Esp., fig., invite, bring. 



devoro, -avi, -atus, -are, 



[de- 



voro], I. v. a., swallow up, devour, 
gulp dozvn : verbum (eagerly de- 
vour) . 

devoveo, -vovi, -v5tus, -vovere, 
[de-voveo], 2. v. a., vow (away). — 
Less exactly, devote, consecrate. 

dexter, -tera (-tra), -terum (-truin) 
[unc. stem (perh. akin to digitus?) 
-fterus], adj., right (on the right 



hand). — dextra, f., (sc. maims), 
the right hand (esp. used as a pledge 
of faith, as with us) . 

Diana, -ae, [prob. f. of Janus 
(cf. Aid>uri)~\, F., a divinity of the 
Romans entirely identified with the 
Greek Artemis, the goddess of the 
chase and patroness of celibacy. 

dico, dixi, dictus, dicere, [^/dic, 
in dico and -dicus] , 3. v. a. and n., 
(point out?, cf. Gr. SelKw/xi), say, 
tell, speak, name, speak of, mention. 

— Esp., with authority, name, ap- 
point, fix: jus (administer, cf. 
dico); sententiam (give, express). 

— Special uses : dicunt (they say) ; 
causam dicere (plead one's cause, 
hence be tried, be brought to trial) ; 
facultas dieendi (power of oratory) ; 
dixi (/ have done) ; incredibile 
dictu (incredible); quid dicam? 
(what shall I call it? why should I 
speak ? what shall I say ?) ; ad di- 
cendum (for addressing the people) ; 
diem dicere (bring a charge, before 
the people). 

dictator, -toris, [dicta+tor], m., 
a dictator (a Roman magistrate ap- 
pointed in times of danger by the 
highest existing officer, and possess- 
ing absolute power). — Also, a simi- 
lar officer in a municipal town. 

dictatura,-ae, [dicta + tura (i.e. 
f dictatu + ra, cf. figura)], f., the 
office of dictator, a dictatorship. 

dictio, -onis, [die (as root of 
dico) + tio], F., a speaking, a plead- 
ing (cf. dico) : causae (pleading 
one's cause, trial); juris (adminis- 
tration). 

dictito, -avi, no p.p., -are, [akin 
to dicto, form unc, perh. fdictita- 
(dicto + ta)], I. v. a., repeat, keep 
saying. 

dictum, -i, [n. p.p. of dico as 



Vocabulary. 



$7 



subst.], N., a saying, an expression, 
words. 

dies, -ei, [prob. for dives, V DYU 
+ as], M. (rarely F. in some uses), a 
day (in all Eng. senses). — Also, 
time: in dies {from day to day, 
with idea of increase or diminution) ; 
illis ipsis diebus {at that very time) ; 
noctes diesque {night and day); 
diem dicere (see dieo). 

differo, distuli, dilatus, differre, 
[dis-fero], irr. v. a. and n., bear 
apart, spread. — Also, postpone, de- 
fer, put off, differ. 

difficilis, -e, [dis-facilis] , adj., 
not easy, difficult. 

difflcultas -tatis, [dimcili- (weak- 
ened) + tas], F., difficulty, trouble, 
difficult circumstances. 

diffido, -fisus sum, -fidere, [dis- 
fido], 3. v. n., distrust, not have con- 
fidence {in). 

difliuo, -fluxi, no p.p., -fluere, 
[dis-fluo], 3. v. n., flow apart, be- 
come loose, become lax. 

digitus, -1, [?], M., a finger. 

dignitas, -tatis, [digno + tas], 
F. , worthiness, worth, dignity, pres- 
tige, position (superior), claims 
(founded on worth) , advancement (as 
the consequence of worthiness), self- 
respect, the dignity of one's position. 

dignus, -a, -urn, [?, perh. root of 
dico + nas], adj., worthy, deserving. 

dijfidico, -avi, -atus, -are, [dis- 
judico], 1. v. a. and n., decide (be- 
tween two). 

dijunctio, -unis, [dis-junctio (cf. 
dijungp)], F., a separation. 

dij ungo (disj-), -junxi, -junctus, 
-jungere, [dis-jungo], 3. v. a., dis- 
join, separate, divide. 

dilabor, -lapsus, -labi, [dis-labor], 
3. v. dep., glide apart, slip away, 
fall away. 



dilacero, -avi, -atus, -are, [di- 
lacero], 1. v. a., tear asunder, tear 
in pieces. 

dilanio, -avi, -atus, -are, [dis- 
lanio], 1. v. a., tear in pieces. 

dilatio, -onis, [dis-latio], f., a 
postponement, an adjournments 

dilectus (del-),-tus, [dis-flectus, 
cf. diligo], M., a choosing, a levy, a 
conscription. 

diligens, -entis, p. of diligo, as 
adj., diligent, painstaking, careful. 

diligenter [diligent + ter] , adv., 
carefully, zvith care, with exactness, 
exactly, with pains, scrupulously. 

diligeutia, -ae, [diligent + ia] , 
F., care, pains, painstaking, dili- 
gence : remittere {cease to take pains, 
take less care). 

diligo, -lexi, -lectus, -ligere, [dis- 
lego], 3. v. a., {choose out), love, be 
fond of. — See also diligens. 

dilucesco, -luxi, no p.p., -luces- 
cere [dis-lucesco], 3. v. n., grow 
light, dawn. — Usually impersonal. 

diluculum, -i, [di-fluculum (lu- 
cu + lus)], N., daybreak, dawn. 

diluo, -lui,-lutus, -luere, [dis-luo], 
3. v. a. and n., dissolve away, dis- 
solve. — Fig., refute. 

dimicatio, -onis, [dimica+tio], 
v., fighting, a contest, a struggle. 

dlmico, -avi, -aturus, -are, [dis- 
mico], 1. v. n., {brandish swords to 
decide a contest?), fight (a decisive 
battle), risk an engagement, contend. 

dlminuo, see demimio. 

dimitto, -misi, -missus, -mittere, 
[dis-mitto], 3. v. a., let go away, let 
slip, let pass, let go, give up, relin- 
quish, abandon : oppugnationem 
{raise) ; victoriam {let go, on pur- 
pose). — Also, send in different di- 
rections, send about, despatch, detail, 
disband, dismiss, adjourn, discharge. 



58 



Vocabulary. 



direptio, -onis, [dis-fraptio, cf. 
diripio], F., plundering, plunder. 

direptor, -toris, [dis-raptor, cf. 
diripio], M., a robber, a plunderer. 

diripio, -ripui, -reptus, -ripere, 
[dis-rapio], 3. v. a., seize (in differ- 
ent directions), plunder, pillage. 

dis-, di- (dir-), [akin to duo?], 
insep. prep, (adv.), in comp., asun- 
der, in different directions. Cf. dis- 
cedo, discerno, diriino, diffundo. 

Dis, Ditis, [akin to dives, as the 
earth is the source of riches], M., 
Pluto (the god of the underworld, 
and so of death) . 

discedo, -cessi, -cessurus, -cedere, 
[dis-cedo], 3. v. n., withdraw, de- 
part, retire, leave (with ab), go 
away. 

disceptatio, -onis, [discepta + 
tio], F., a contest, a contention, a 
discussion. 

disceptator, -toris, [discepta- 
(stem of discepto) + tor], M., a 
judge, an arbiter. 

discepto, - -avi, -atus, -are, [dis- 
capto] , I . v. a., discuss, cotisider and 
decide, decide. 

discerno, -crevi, -cretus, -cernere, 
[dis-cerno], 3. v. a., separate, dis- 
tinguish. 

discessio, -onis, [dis-cessio, cf. 
discedo], F., a departure, a with- 
drawal, a division (as in Parlia- 
ment), a vote: contionis (a division 
of opinion in, etc.); discessionem 
facere {take a vote). 

discessus, -svis, [dis-fcessus, cf. 
discedo], m., a departure, a with- 
drawal. 

discidium, -i, [dis-fscidium 
(•^/SCID -j-.ium)], N., a separation, 
a dissension. 

disciplina, -ae, [discipulo- (re- 
duced) -f- ina, cf. rapina], F., {pu- 



pilage?), discipline, instruction, 
training, a system (of doctrine, etc.), 
a course of instruction, education, a 
school (fig. as in Eng.) : pueritiae 
disciplinae (//£<? studies of childhood); 
navalis {skill, as the result of dis- 
cipline) ; majorum {strict conduct). 

discipulus, -i, [?, akin to disco], 
M., a pupil. 

discludo, -clusi, -clusus, -cludere, 
[dis-claudo], 3. v. a., shut apart, 
keep apart, separate, divide. 

disco, -didici, disciturus, discere, 
[for fdicsco (-y/Dic-j-sco)], 3. v. a. 
and n., learn. 

discolor, -oris, [dis-color], adj., 
particolored, different-colored. 

discordia, -ae, [discord -f ia, cf. 
concors], F., dissension, discord, 
disagreement. 

discrimen, -inis, [dis-crimen, cf. 
discerno], N., a separation, a de- 
cision. Hence, a moment of deci- 
sion, a crisis, critical condition, dan- 
ger, peril, a critical moment, a 
turning-point of one^s fortunes. 

disjungo, -junxi, -junctus, -jun- 
gere, [dis-jungo], 3. v. a., disunite, 
separate : disjunctissimus {very far 
distant, very zvidely separated). 

dispergo, -spersi, -spersus, -sper- 
gere, [dis-spargo], 3. v. a., scatter, 
disperse, separate. 

disperse [old abl. of dispersus], 
adv., in different places, separately. 

dispertio, -ivi, (-ii), -it us, -ire, 
also dispertior, as dep., [dis-par- 
tio], 4. v. a. and dep., divide, dis- 
tribute. 

displiceo, -ui, -itus, -ere, [dis- 
placeo], 2. v. n., displease, be unsat- 
isfactory, be disliked by. 

disputo, -avi, -atus, -are, [dis- 
puto], 1. v. n. and a., discuss (cf. 
puto), argue. 



Vocabulary. 



59 



dissemino, -avi, -atus, -are, [dis- 
semino], I. v. a., scatter, sow widely, 
spread, disseminate. 

dissensio, -onis, [dis-f sensio (cf. 
dissentio)], ¥., difference of opin- 
ion, disagreement, dissension. 

dissentio, -sensi, -sensiirus, -sen- 
tire, [dis-sentio], 4. v. n., differ in 
opinion-, dissent, differ, be at vari- 
ance. 

dissideo, -sedl, no p.p., -sidere, 
[dis-sedeo], 2. v. n., sit apart. — 
Hence, disagree, have a dissension. 

dissimilis, -e, [dis-similis] , adj., 
unlike, different, various. 

dissimilitudo, -inis, [dissimili+ 
tudo], F., nnlikeness, tinlike nature, 
different nature. 

dissimulo, -avi, -atus, -are, [dis- 
simuio], I. v. a. and n., {pretend 
something is not), conceal (what is), 
dissemble, conceal the fact that, pre- 
tend not to. 

dissipo, -avi, -atus, -are, [dis- 
fsupo, throw], 1. v. a., scatter, dis- 
perse, strew, spread abroad: dissi- 
patos congregarunt {the scattered 
people). 

dissolutio, -onis, [dis-solutio, cf. 
dissolvo], v., a dissolving, abolition. 

dissolve, -solvi, -solutus, -solvere, 
[dis-solvo], 3. v. a., unloose, relax, 
separate. — dissolutus, -a, -um, p.p. 
as adj., lax, unrestrained, arbitrary 
(as unrestrained by considerations of 
policy or mercy). 

distineo, -tinui, -tentus, -tinere, 
[dis-teneo], 2. v. a., keep apart, hold 
asunder, keep from uniting, cut off 
(in military sense), isolate, distract. 

distraho, -traxi, -tractus, -tra- 
here [dis-traho], 3. v. a., drag asun- 
der, tear asunder, separate. — Hence. 
distract, divide : distractae senten- 
tiae {widely divergent). 



distribuo, -bui, -butus, -buere, 
[dis-tribuo], 3. v. a., assign (to sev- 
eral), distribute, diviae. 

distringo, -strinxi, -strictus, -strin- 
gere, [dis-stringo] , 3. v. a., stretch 
apart, distract, engage, occupy. 

distil rbo, -avi, -atus, -are, [dis- 
turbo], I. v. a., drive away in con- 
fusion : contionem {break up). 

ditissimus, -a, -um, superl. of 
dives. 

diu, [prob. ace. of stem akin to 
dies], adv., for a time, a long time, 
for some time, long : tarn diu {so 
long) ; quam diu (how long, as 
long); diutius {any longer). 

diurriiis, -a, -um, [fdius- (akin to 
diu and dies) + nus], adj., of the 
day, daily (as opposed to nightly) : 
fur {by night). 

dius [akin to divus], M., only in 
nom. in phrase me dius fidius 
{Heaven help me, as sure as I 
live)._ 

diuturnitas, -tatis, [diuturno -f- 
tas], F., length of time, long continu- 
ance, length (in time). 

diuturnus, -a, -um, [diu+turnus, 
cf. hesternus], adj., long continued, 
longivn. time); minus diuturna vita 
{shorter) . 

divello, -velli, -vulsus, -vellere, 
[dis-vello], 3. v. a., tear apart, rend 
asunder, tear (from) . 

dlversus, -a, -um, p.p. of di- 
verto. 

dlverto, -verti, -versus, -vertere, 
[dis-verto], 3. v. a. and n., turn 
aside (or apart), separate. — di ver- 
sus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., sepa- 
rate, distant, diverse, different, va- 
rious. 

dives, -itis, [?], adj., rich. 

divido, -visi, -visus, -videre, [dis- 
f vido, x /vidh( ?), cf. viduus], 3-v.a., 



bo 



Vocabulary. 



divide ', separate, distribute. — di vi- 
sits, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., divided. 

divinitus, [divino + tus, cf. cae- 
litus], adv., from heaven, divinely, 
providentially, by the gods. 

divino, -avl, -atus, -are, [divino-], 

1 . v. a., prophesy, conjecture, foresee, 
imagine (as likely to happen). 

divinus, -a, -um, [divo- (as if 
divi) + mis], adj., of the gods, di- 
vine, providential, superhuman, 
more than human, transcendent, god- 
like : res divinae (religious insti- 
tutions) . 

divisor, -soris, [dis-fvisor, cf. 
divido], M., a distributer, a dis- 
tributing agent, an agent (for bri- 
bery). 

divitiae, -arum, [divit + ia], F. 
plur., wealth, riches. 

i. do, dedi, datus, dare, [-^da, cf. 
SiSw/xt], I. v. 3.., give, bestow, grant, 
furnish, vouchsafe, present, offer : 
excusationem {afford) ; cognito- 
rem (furnish, bring forward); lite- 
ras (write). — See also opera. 

2. do [-y/DHA, place, cf. riOy/ui], 
confounded with I. do, but appear- 
ing in com-p., place, put. 

doeeo, docui, doctus, docere, [unc. 
formation akin to dico and disco], 

2. v. a., teach, show, inforjn, repre- 
sent, state. — doctus, -a, -um, p.p. 
as adj., learned, educated, cultivated, 
skilful. 

docilitas, -tatis, [docili-ftas], f., 
teachableness, aptness, capability (of 
learning). 

doctrina, -ae, [doctor + ina (cf. 
medicina)],F., teaching, systematic 
instruction, education, training, 
study (changing the point of view), 
learning. 

documentum, -i, [docu-(?) (as 
stem of doceo) + mentum], n., a 



means of teaching, a proof, a warn- 
ing, an example. 

Dolabella, -ae, [dolabra + la, 
" little hatdiet"~\, M. (orig. F.), a 
Roman family name. — Esp. : I. Cn. 
Dolabella, in command of Cilicia in 
B.C. 8o, under whom Verres was 
"legatus"; 2. P. Cornelius Dola- 
bella, Cicero's son-in-law, who was 
Antony's colleague in the consulship, 
B.C. 44.^ 

doleo, dolui, doliturus, dolere, 
[perh. dolo- (stem of dolus)], 2.v.n., 
feel pain, suffer. — Esp. mentally, be 
pained, grieved. 

dolor, -oris, [dol- (as root of 
doleo) + or], m., pain (physical or 
mental), suffering, distress, indigna- 
tion, chagrin, vexation, sense of in- 
jury : magno dolore ferre (be very 
indignant, feel much chagrin) ; mag- 
no esse dolori (to be a great annoy- 
ance or sorrow) ; dolor et crepitus 
plagarum (cries of pain, etc.). 

domesticus, -a, -um, [domo- (as 
if domes-, cf. modestus) + ticus], 
adj., (of the house), of one's home, 
one's own, at home. — Hence, domes- 
tic, internal, intestine, within the 
state or city, private : dolor (per- 
sonal) . 

domicilium, -i, [perh. domo + 
fcilium (fr. root of colo)], N., an 
abode, a house, a dwelling-place, a 
house (as a permanent home), a resi- 
dence (in a legal sense) : imperi 
(seat) . 

domina, -ae, [f. of dominus], 
F., a mistress. 

dominatio, -onis, [domina+tio], 
F., mastery, control, tyranny, power 
(illegal or abnormal). 

dominor, -atus, -an, [domino-], 
i. v. dep., be master, rule, lord it 
over, tyrannize, dominate. 



Vocabulary. 



6r 



dominus, -i, [f domo- (ruling, cf. 

Cir. -Sa/xos) + mis], M., a master, an 
owner: esse (have control). 

Domitius, -i, [domito- (reduced) 
+ ius], M., a Roman gentile name. 
— Esp., Lucius Domitius Ahenobar- 
bus, consul in B.C. 54. 

domitor, -toris, [domi- (as stem 
of domo) + tor], M., a tamer, a 
queller. 

domo, -ui, -itus, -are, [fdomo- 
(cf. dominus)], i.v. a., tame, quell, 
subdue, master. 

domus, -i (-us), [-y/DOM (build?) 
-f us (-os and -us)], v., a house, a 
home, a house (a family) : domi (at 
home); domum (home, to one's home) ; 
domo (from home) ; domo exire 
(go away, emigrate). 

donatio, -onis, [dona -f tio], f., 
a gift, a donation, a giving away. 

dono, -avi, -atus, -are, [dono-], 
1. v. a., present, give (as a gift). — 
Also, honor with a gift, present (one 
with a thing) ; civitate aliquem 
donare (honor one with, etc., give 
one the rights of citizenship). 

donum, -I, [^/DA+nus], n., a 
gift. 

dormio, -ivi (-ii), -itum (supine), 
[prob. from noun stem], 4. v. n. 
sleep. 

DrSsus, -i, [?], M., a Roman 
family name. — Esp., M. Livius Dru- 
sus, tribune B.C. 91, who attempted 
some reform in favor of the Italians. 
He was assassinated by his oppo- 
nents. 

dubitatio, -onis, [dubita- (stem 
of dubito) -f tio], F., doubt, hesita- 
tion, question. 

dubito, -avi, -aturus, -are, [fdu- 
bito- (partic. of lost verb dubo?, cf. 
dubius)], I.v. n., doubt, have doubt, 
be in doubt, feel doubtful. — Also (ab- 



solutely, or with inf., rarely quin . 
hesitate, feel hesitation, vacillate. 

dubius, -a, -urn, [fdubo- (duo -\- 
bus, cf. superbus and dubito) -f 
ius], adj., doubtful: est dubium 
(there is doubt, it is doubtful). 

ducenti, -ae, -a, [duo-centi (plur. 
of centum)], adj., two hundred. 

duco, duxi, ductus, diicere, [ ^/duc 
(in dux)], 3. v. a., lead, draw, bring 
(of living things), conduct, drag. — 
Esp. of a general, lead, march. — 
With (or without) in matrimo- 
nium, marry (of the man). — Fig., 
prolong, drag out, attract. — As mer- 
cantile word, and so fig., reckon, con- 
sider, regard : rationem (lake ac- 
count, also in fig. sense) ; spiritum 
(draw breath) ; causa ducitur ^ 
(springs) ; pueros (have with one) ; 
parietem (make, carry, run). 

ductus, -tus, [^/duc + tus], M., 
lead, command: suo ductu (in act- 
ual command, opposed to acting by 
a subordinate). 

dudum, see jamdudum. 

duint, see do. 

dulcedo, -dinis, [dulci -f edo], 
F., sweetness, charm. 

dulcis, -e, [?], adj., sweet (also 
fig.) : aqua (fresh). 

dum [pron. -y/DA, prob. ace, cf. 
turn], conj. (orig. adv.), at that time. 
— Also, tvhile, so long as. — Hence, 
till, until: dummodo, or separate 
(only so long, provided) . — With 
negatives, yet, as yet : tarn diu dum 
(so long as) . 

dummodo, see dum. 

dumtaxat [dum taxat, when 
one consider s?~], adv., only, merely. 

duo, -ae, -o, [dual, of stem fdvo-, 
cf. bis], adj., two. 

duodecim [duo-decem], indecl. 
adj., hvelve. 



62 



Vocabulary. 



duodecimus, -a, -um, [duo-de- 

cimus], adj., twelfth. 

duplico, -avi,-atus, -are, [duplic-], j 
i. v. a., double, increase twofold. 

dure [old abl. of durus], adv., 
hardly, harshly. 

durus, -a, -um, [?], adj., hard. — 
Fig., hard, severe, dijficiilt, harsh, 
rough. 

duumviratus, -tus, [duumvir + 
atus, cf. senatus], M., the office of 
duumvir (a magistrate of provincial 
towns corresponding to the consuls) . 

dux, ducis, [^duc as stem], M. 
and F.j a leader, a guide, a com- 
mander : Pompeio duce {under the 
command of etc.) ; ducibus dis 
(under the guidance of etc.). 



E. 

e, see ex. 

ea [instr. or abl. of is], adv., this 
way, that way, thus, there. 

ebriosus, -a, -um, [ebrio+osus], 
adj., given to drinking, a toper. 

ebrius, -a, -um, [?], adj., drunk. 

ebur, -oris, [prob. Phoenician?], 
N., ivory. 

ecce, [en-ce, cf. hie], interj., lo, 
behold. 

ecf-, see eff-. 

eequis (-qui), -qua, -quid (-quod), 
[en-quis], interrog. pron., is (does, 
etc.) any one ? any (in an interrog., 
sentence). — Esp., ecquid, n. acc^ 
as adv., at all. 

eeuleus (equu-), -i, [equo-f leus], 
M., a little horse. — Esp., as an in- 
strument of torture, the horse. 

edieo, -dixi, -dictus, -dicere, [ex- 
dico], 3. v. a., issue an edict, pro- 
claim, order. 

edictum, -I, [n. p.p. ( f edieo], 
N., an edict, an order, a proclama- 



tion : edictum praetoris (an order 
of court, an execution). 

edo, -didi, -ditus, -dere, [ex-do], 
3. v. a., put forth, give forth, pub- 
lish. — Also, raise up. — editus, -a, 
-um, p.p. as adj., elevated, raised, 
high, lofty. 

edoceo, -docui, -doctus, -docere, 
[ex-doceo], 2. v. a., show forth, ex- 
plain, inform. 

educatio, -onis, [educa+tio] , f., 
rearing, training, education. 

educo, -IvT, -atus, -are [feduc- 
(cf. redux)], I. v. a., rear, train, 
bring up. 

educo, -duxi, -ductus, -ducere, 
[ex-duco], 3. v. a., lead out, lead 
forth, draw (a sword), bring out, 
march out (an army), take out. 

effemino (ecf-), -avi, -atus, -are, 
[ex-ffemino, or perhaps feffemmo- 
(or -i), in either case from femina], 
1. v. a., make into a woman. — Less 
exactly, (make like a xvomaii), ener- 
vate, weaken. — eff eminatus, -a, 
-um, p.p. as adj., effeminate, un- 
manly. 

effero (ecf-), extuli, elatus, ef- 
ferre, [ex-fero], irr. v. a., carry out, 
bring out, carry away. — Less ex- 
actly and fig., spread abroad, make 
known, publish abroad, puff up, elate 
(cf. Eng. "carried away"). — Also 
(cf. edo), raise up, extol, praise. 

efficio (ecf-), -feci, -fectus, -ficere, 
[ex-facio], 3. v. a., make out, make, 
enable, accomplish, cause, prodtice, 
cause to be, make into, make out, 
bring about. — Esp. with nt or ne, 
bring it about that, cause (to be, or 
not to be), make (a thing to be, etc.). 

effigies (ecf-), -el, [ex-ffigies 
(-y/FlG-fies)], F., an image, a statue, 
a portrait, a representation, a coun- 
terfeit presentment. 



'ocabulary. 



63 



effingo (eef-), -finxi, -iictus, -fm- 
gere, [ex-fingo], 3. v. a., wipe up, 
mould, form. 

cftiagito (ecf-), -avi, -atus, -are, 
[ex-flagito], 1. v. a., demand ear- 
nestly, clamor for , importunately de- 
mand. 

efflo (ecf-), -flavi, -flatus, -flare, 
[ex-flo], 1. v. a. and n., blow out, 
breathe forth : animam efS.a,ns{draw- 
ing the last breath, breathing one's 
last). 

effrenate [old abl. of effrena- 
tus], adv., without restraint. 

effrenatiS (ecf-), -onis, [effrena 
-t-tio], F., unbridled impulse. 

effreno (ecf-), -avi, -atus, -are, 
[effreno-], 1. v. a., unbridle, let loose. 
— Esp., effrenatus, -a, -um, p.p. as 
adj., unbridled, unrestrained. 

effugio (ecf-) -fugi, -fugiturus, -fu- 
gere, [ex-fugio], 3. v. a. and n., es- 
cape, flee (absolutely), fly from, get 
rid of, avoid. 

effugium (ecf-), -T, [ex-ffugium, 
cf. effugio and refugium], n., a 
way of escape, an escape. 

effundo (ecf-), -fudi, -fusus, -fun- 
dere [ex-fundo], 3. v. a., pour out, 
shed ; spiritum {breathe out). 

effuse (ecf) [old abl. of eflfusus], 
adv., profusely. 

egens, pres. p. of egeo. 

cgeo, egul, no p.p., egere, [fego- 
(cf. indigus)], 2. v. n., want, need, 
lack, be in want. — egens, -entis, 
pies. p. as adj., needy, destitute, beg- 
garly. 

egestas, -tatis, [unc. stem (perh. 
egent-) + tas], F., poverty, destitu- 
tion, want, need. 

ego, mei, [cf. Eng. /], pron., / 
{me, etc.). — egomet, see -met. — 
Plur., nos, we, us, etc. — Often of 
one person, /. 



egredior, -gressus, -gredi, [ex- 
gradior], 3. v. dep., march out, go 
! out, move beyond. 

egregie [old abl. of egregius], 
adv., remarkably, finely, extremely 
well. 

egregius, -a, -um, [fegrege- (cf. 
exlex) + lus], adj., out of the com- 
mon, remarkable, superior, excel- 
lent, uncommon, special, noble, very 
fine. 

eicio, -jeci, -jectus, -icere, [ex- 
jacio], 3. v. a., cast out, drive out, 
expel, cast up (cf. edo). — With re- 
flex., rush out, rush, hasten away. — 
Pig., disperse, oust, turn out. — 
ejectus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., cast up 
on shore, cast away, shipzurecked. 

ejectus, -a, -um, p.p. of eicio. 

ejicio, see eicio. 

ejusmodl (often written sepa- 
rately) [eius modi], as adj. phrase, 
of this kind, of such a kind, such, of 
a kind, of such a nature, in such a 
slate. 

elabor, -lapsus, -labi, [ex-labor], 
3. v. dep., slip out, escape, slip. 

elaboro, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex- 
laboro], 1. v. a. and n., accomplish 
by toil, work out, effect, strive dili- 
gently, spend one's efforts. — elabo- 
ratus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., wrought 
out, highly wroztghl. 

elegans, -antis, [pres. p. of tele- 
go (cf. relego)], adj., fastidious, 
choice, dainty, nice. — Transf., fine, 
choice, elegant. 

elephantus, -i, [Gr. ace. ihecpavra, 
declined], M., an elephant. 

elicio, -licui, -licitus, -licere, [ex- 
lacio], 3. v. a., entice out, drazu out. 

eligo, -legi, -lectu%, -ligere, [ex- 
lego], 3. v. a., pick out, select, choose. 
— electus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., 
picked (troops). 



64 



xbulary. 



eloquentia, -ae, [eloquent+ia], 
F., eloquence. 

eludo, -lusi, -hlsus, -ludere, [ex- 
ludo], 3. v. a. and n., play out, end 
(one's play). — Also "play off f parry 
(a thrust), avoid, elude. — Fig., mock, 
befool, fool, deceive, make sport of 
baffle. — Absolutely, //tfj' one's game 
freely (dodging all opposition). 

eluo, -lui, -lutus, -luere, [ex-luo], 
3. v. a., wash away, wash out, wash off. 

emano, -avi, -atiirus, -are, [ex- 
mano], 1. v. n., flow out. — Fig., 
spread abroad, leak out, get abroad. 

ementior, -Itus, -iri, [ex-men- 
tior], 4. v. dep., get tip a falsehood, 
forge a lie. 

emergo, -mersi, -mersus, -mergere, 
[ex-mergo], 3. v. a. and n., rise 
{from tinder water*). — Fig. (of 
analogous situations), rise, co?ne out 
of emerge, get one^s head above water. 

— emersus, -a, -um, p.p. in act. 
sense, emerging, having emerged. 

emigro, -avi, -atiirus, -are, [ex- 
migro], I.' v. n., remove (perma- 
nently), emigrate. — Withdomo (in 
same sense). 

emineo, -nui, no p.p., -nere, [ex- 
mineo], 2. v. n., stand out, project. 

— Fig., radiate (from), appear (in) : 
ex ore crudelitas (cf. the vulgar 
" stick out :: ). 

emitto, -mlsl, -missus, -mittere, 
[ex-mitto], 3. v. a., let go , drop, 
send out, throw, hurl, discharge. — 
Pass., or with reflex., rush out: ex 
urbe vel ejecimus {expel, as by 
force) ; vel emisimus (send out, as 
by a mere order). 

emo, era! emptus, emere, [^/em?, 
orig., take~\, 3 % v. a., (take, only in 
compounds). — Esp., buy (cf. Eng. 
sell, orig. give), ptir chase : interces- 
sio empta (bribed). 



emolumentum, -i, [ex-moli- 
mentum, cf. emolior?], n., gain, 
advantage. 

emorior, -mori, (-moriri), -mor- 
tuus, [ex-morior], 3. (cf. inf.) v. dep., 
die off, die. 

emptio, -onis, [V'em + tio], F., 
a buying, a purchase. [buyer. 

emptor, -toris, [y'EM+tor], M., a 

enarro, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex-nar- 
ro], I. v. a., tell, relate, recount. 

enim [prob. e (in en, ecce) + 
nam], adv., really. — Esp., as ex- 
planatory ,for, but, flow : neque enim 
(for of course . . . not) ; at enim 
(but you say, of an objection); et 
enim (for . . .you see, for naturally, 
for you know)'. 

enltor, -nisus (-nixus), -niti, [ex- 
nitor], 3. v. dep., struggle out (or 
up) , struggle, strive, exert one's self. 

Ennius, -i, [?], M., a Roman gen- 
tile name. — Only of Q. Ennius, the 
father of Roman poetry, born B.C. 
240. 

enumero, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex- 
numero], 1. v. a., count up. 

eo. ivi (h), itum, ire, [^/i, cf. Gr. 
dixi, for AYAMl], irr. v. n., go, pass, 
march: ad saga ire (put on the 
garb of war ; cf. "go into mourn- 
ing"). 

eo [old dat. of is], adv., thither, 
there (in sense of thither). — Often 
translated by more def. expressions 
in Eng., to the place (where, etc.), 
on them (it, him, etc.). 

eo (abl.), see is. 

eodem [old dat. of idem, cf. eo, 
thither^, adv., to the same place, in 
the same place (cf. eo), there also : 
eodem convenire (to the same place) : 
eodem penetrare (there also). 

Ephesius, -a, -um, ['E^eo-ios], 
adj., of Ephesus (a famous city of 



f r ocabulary. 



65 



Asia Minor, famous for its temple of I 
Artemis (Diana)). — Masc. plur., the 
Ephesians. 

cpigramma, -atis, \_i-niypaixixa], . 
X., an epigram. 

epistula (epistola), -ae, \hrixr- 
toAt)], F., a letter. 

epulor, -atus, -ari, [epulo-], 1. v. 
dep., feast, banquet, revel. 

epulum, -i (-ae, -arum), [?], x. 
and F., a feast, a banquet. 

cques, -itis, [equo + tis (re- 
duced)], M., a horseman, a rider. — 
Plur., cavalry. — Esp. (as orig. serv- 
ing on horseback), a knight (one of 
the moneyed class at Rome, next in 
rank to the senate). 

equester, -tris, -tre, [equit-j-tris] , 
adj., of knights, of cavalry, equestrian. 

equidem [e (in en, ecce) -qui- 
dem], adv., (particle of assevera- 
tion), surely, at least, to be sure. — 
Often untranslatable in Eng. except 
l)y emphasis, change of order of 
words, or some similar device. — 
Usually only with the first person, / 
for my part, I certainly : dixi equi- 
dem modo {why ! I said just now) ; 
laudabam equidem (I praised to be 
sure). 

equitatus, -tus, [equita-ftus], 
M., cavalry, horse (troops serving on 
horseback). 

equito, -avi, -atum, -are, [equit-], 
1. v. n., ride, serve in the cavalry. 

equus, -i, [V AK + vus > swiff\ t 
M., a horse. 

erga [prob. instr. of same stem 
as ergo], prep., towards (of feeling 
and conduct), in behalf of : benevo- 
lentia erga aliquem. 

ergo (-0 rarely) [unc. form, perh. 
dat, cf. erga], adv. with gen., for 
the sake of — 'Alone, therefore, then. 

erigo, -rexi, -rectus, -rigere, [ex- 



rego], 3. v. a., set up straight (cf. 
rego), raise up. — Fig., rouse up, re- 
store. — With reflex., get up. — erec- 
tus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., high, high 
a nd straight, roused. 

eripio, -ripul, -reptus, -ripere, [ex- 
rapio], 3. v. a., snatch away, tear, 
wrest (a thing from), deprive (one 
of a thing, changing the relation in 
Eng.), relieve, rescue, save, extort, 
rob, take from : ereptam vitam ne- 
gligetis {the taking of life) ; pudi- 
citiam (violate) ; se eripere ne, etc. 
(save one's self from, etc.). 

erratum, -1, [n. p.p. of erro], x., 
an error, a mistake. 

erro, -avi, -aturus, -are, [ ?] , 1 . v. n., 
waitder, go astray, err, be mistaken, 
make a mistake. 

error, -oris, [ferr- (as if root of 
erro) + or], M., an error, a mistake. 

Erucius, -i, [eruca(?) + ius], 
M., a Roman gentile name. — Only of 
the prosecutor against Sex. Roscius. 

eructo, -avi, -atus, -are, [e-ructo], 
1. v. a., belch forth (lit. and fig.). 

erudio, -ivi (-h), -itus, -Ire, [ex- 
rudio (rudi-, from training m fen- 
cing, cf. rudimentum)], 4. v. a., 
train, instruct, educate. — eriiditus^ 
-a, -um, p.p. as adj., learned, highly 
educated : homo (man of learning). 

erumpo, -rupi, -ruptus, -rumpere, 
[ex-rumpo], 3. v. a. and n., burst 
out, sally out, make a sally, break 
forth (with violence), break out (of 
unexpected events). 

escendo, -scendl, -scensus, -scen- 
dere, [ex-scando], 3. v. n. (and a.), 
climb up, ascend, go up. 

et [akin to Gr. ert], conj., and, 
even, also : et . . . et (both . . . and) . 

etenim, see enim. 

etiam [et jam], conj., even now, 
still, even yet, even, also ; quin etiam 



66 



Vocabulary 



{nay, even); etiam atque etiam 
{again and again) ; etiam si ( ven 
if, although). 

etiam si, see etiam. 

Etruria, -ae, [fEtrus + ia (cf. 
Etruseus)], F., the country of cen- 
tral Italy north of the Tiber and west 
of the Apennines. 

. Etruseus, -a, -um, [fEtrus+cus 
(cf. Etruria)], adj., of Etruria, 
Etruscan, Etrurian. — - Masc. plur., 
Etruscans. 

etsi [et si], conj., even if, al- 
ii w ugh, though. 

evado, -vasi, -v^xsurus, -vadere, 
[ex-vado], 3. v. n., escape, get away. 

evello, -velli (-vulsi),-vulsus, -vel- 
lere, [ex-vello], 3. v. a., tear out. 

eventus, -tus, [cf. evenio], M., 
an event, an accident. 

eversor, -soris, [ex-versor, cf. 
everto], M., an overturner. 

everto, -verti, -versus, -vertere, 
[ex-verto], 3. v. a., overturn, over- 
throw, utterly destroy, cut down. 

evocator, -toris, [ex-vocator, cf. 
evoco], M., one who calls forth, a 
rallier (servorum). 

evoco, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex-voco], 
fi. v. a., call out, call forth, summon, 
challenge, carry away, invite. — evo- 
catus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj. and 
subst., veteran (of soldiers who have 
served their time and are only called 
out in emergencies), veterans (al- 
most equal volunteers). 

evolo, -avi, -aturus, -are, [ex- 
volo], I. v. n., fly out, rush out. 

evomo, -ui, -itus, -ere, [ex-vomo], 
3. v. a., vomit out, vent, throw off, 
tli row out. 

ex (e) [?], adv. (in comp.) and 
prep., out of (cf. ab, away from), 
out. — Less exactly, from (lit. and 
fig.), of (made of) : ex alacri erat 



humilis (from being, etc.). — Hence, 
after. — Also, on account of, by 
means of, in pursuance of, in ac- 
cordance with, according to. — Also, 
above (raised from). — Also (cf. ab), 
in, 071 : una ex parte (on one side) ; 
e re publica (for the advantage of 
the state); ex caede vivunt (on, 
upon) ; ex aliqua parte (in some 
measure) . 

exaggero, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex- 
aggero], I. v. a., heap tip, enlarge. 

examino, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex- 
amin- (stem of examen, tongue of 
the balance)~\, I. v. a., weigh. 

exanimo, -avi, -atus, -are, i.v.a., 
deprive of breath (life) , kill. — Less 
exactly, half kill, prostrate (with 
grief, etc.). — exanimatus, -a, -um, 
p.p. as adj., out of breath, exhausted, 
half dead (with fright, etc.), over- 
whelmed. 

exardesco, -arsi, no p.p. -arde- 
scere, [ex-ardesco], 3. v. n., blaze 
up. — Fig., beconic enraged, become 
excited, burst forth. 

exaudio, -ivi, -itus, -ire, [ex- 
audio], 4. v. a., hear (from a dis- 
tance). 

excedo, -cessi, -cessurus, -cedere, 
[ex-cedo], 3. v. n., go out, leave 
(with abl.), withdraw, retire, depart : 
ex pueris (outgrow one's boyhood) . 

excellens, see excello. 

exeello, (-cellui), -celsus, -cel- 
lere, [ex-f cello], 3. v. a. and n., raise. 
— Also, rise, be superior, excel. — 
excellens, -entis, pres. p. as adj., 
superior, prominent, remarkable. — ■ 
excelsus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., high, 
elevated, lofty, commanding : in ex- 
celso (in a lofty position, high up). 

excido, -cidi, no p.p., -cidere, [ex- 
cado], 3. v. n., fall out, fall. 

excido, -cidi, -cisus, -cidere, [ex- 



Vocabulary. 



6 7 



caedo], 3. v. a., cut out, cut off, break 
down, raze. 

excipio, -cepi, -ceptus, -cipere, 
[ex-capio], 3. v. a., take off, take up, 
pick up, receive, catch, take in. — 
Hence, follow, come after, come next. 
— Also, take out, reserve, except. 

excito, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex-cito, 
cf. excieo], 1. v. a., call out, rotise, 
stimulate, induce. — Also, call up, 
raise, stir up, kindle, set in motion. 

exclamo, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex- 
clamo], 1. v. a, and n., cry out, 
raise a shout. 

excludo, -clusi, -clusus, -cludere, 
[ex-claudo], 3. v. a., shut out, cut 
off (horn doing a thing), prevent. 

excogito, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex- 
cogito], 1. v. a., think out, devise, 
'invent. 

exeolo, -colui, -cultus, -colere, 
[ex-colo], 3. v. a., cultivate (to some 
effect), train. 

excrueio, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex- 
crucio], I. v. a., torture, torment. 

exeubiae, -arum, [fexcubo+ia], 
F. plur., a -watch, sentinels, watch- 
men, pickets. 

excursio, -onis, [ex-cursio, cf. 
cxeurro], F., a sally, a raid, an in- 
cursion. 

excusatio, -onis, [ex-fcausatio, 
cf. oxcuso], F., an excuse. 

excuso, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex- 
icauso], I. v. a. and n., give as an 
excuse, make an excuse, excuse one^s 
self. — Also (with change of relation), 
excuse, exculpate. 

exemplum, -i, [ex-femplum, 
•y/em (in emo) + lus (cf. queru- 
lus), with parasitic p], N., (some- 
thing taken out), a sa?nple, a copy, a 
specimen, a precedent, an example, 
an illustration : crudelissimis ex- 
emplis {in the most cruel manner). 



exeo, -ivi (-ii),-itum, -ire, [ex-eo], 
kn v. n., go forth, go out, emigrate, 
Wnarch out, remove, depart, come out, 
get abroad, be drawn (of lots) . 

exerceo, -ercui, -ercitus, -ercere, 
[ex-arceo], 2. v. a., train, practise, 
exercise, harass, fatigue : vectigalia 
{collect); judicium (preside over). 

exercitatio, -onis, [exercita- 
(stem of exercito) + tio], f., prac- 
tice, exercise, training: virtutis 
(opportunity for the practice of, etc.). 

exercito, -avi, -atus, -are, [exer- 
cito-, cf. exerceo], 1. v. a., train, 
practise. — exercitatus, -a, -uni, 
p.p. as adj., trained. — Superl., very 
well trained. 

exercitus, -tus, [as if ex-farcitus, 
cf. exerceo], M., (a training). — 
Concretely, (a body trained or in 
training), an army (large or small, 
acting independently), a force. 

exhaurio, -hausi, -haustus, -hau- 
rire, [ex-haurio], 4. v. a., drain off. 

— Less exactly, carry off, get rid of. 
exhibeo, -hibui, -hibitus, -hibere, 

[ex-habeo], 2. v. a., hold out, show, 
exhibit. 

exigo, -egi, -actus, -igere, [ex- 
ago], 3.V. a., (lead out), pass, spend, 
finish, complete. — Also, collect, exact. 

— Esp., exacta vigilia, etc. (at the 
end of). 

exiguus, -a, -um, [ex-faguus 
(-y/AG + uus), cf. exigo], adj., 
(exacts), narrow, scanty, small, 
meagre. 

eximie [old abl. of eximius], 
adv., especially, peculiarly, particu- 
larly. 

eximius, -a, -um, [ex-femius 
(^/em -f ius), cf. eximo], adj., 
(taken out) , exceptional, remarkable, 
very high, very great, most admirable, 
very valuable. 



68 



Vocabulary. 



exiino, -emi, -emptus, -imere, [ex- 
emoj, 3. v. a., take out, take off, re- 
move. 

exlstimatio, -onis, [ex-aestima- 
tio, cf. existimo], F., estimate, opin- 
ion, public opinion. — From the other 
side, reputation, repute. 

existimator, -toris, [ex-aestima- 
tor, cf. existimo], M., an appraiser, 
a judge : injustus existimator re- 
rum [unjust in his opinion of affairs'). 

existimo, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex- 
aestimo], 1. v. a. and n., estimate, 
believe, think, suppose, imagine, re- 
gard, esteem, deem, judge. 

exitiosus, -a, -um, [exitio+osus], 
adj., destructive, ruinous, pernicious. 

exitium, -i, [exitu + ium, perh. 
ex -f fitium (cf. officium)], n., ex- 
tinction, destrtiction, ruin, mischief. 

exitus, -tus, [ex-itus, cf. exeo], 
M., {a going out), a passage (out, 
concretely). — Hence, an end, the 
last part : quern habere exitum 
(what is the result of, etc.). — Fig., 
a result, a turn (of fortune), an 
issue, an event. 

exoletus, -a, -um, [p.p. of exo- 
lesco, as adj.], adult. — As subst., a 
creature of lust. 

exopto, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex- 
opto], I. v. a., desire earnestly, long 
for. 

exorior, -ortus, -oriri, [ex-orior], 
3. (and 4.) v. dep., rise up. 

exorno, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex-orno] , 
1. v. a., array, adorn, fit out, embel- 
lish. 

exoro, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex-oro], 
I. v. a. and n., entreat (so as to gain 
one's point). 

exorsus, -sus, [ex-forsus, cf. 
exordior], m., a beginning. 

expecto and compounds of ex 
with s-, see exs-. 



expedio, -ivi, -itus, -ire, [prob. 
fexpedi- (stem of adj. from ex-pes)], 
4. v. a. and n., disentangle, disen- 
cumber, set free (cf. impedio) . — 
Less exactly and fig., set in order, 
get ready, arrange, station (of 
troops): salutem (secure). — Also, 
be of advantage. — expeditus, -a, 
-um, p.p. as adj., zminctimbered, easy 
(iter), not dijficidt, quick, active. 

expello, -puli, -pulsus, -pellere, 
[ex-pello], 3. v. a., drive out, ban- 
ish, expel. 

experior, -pertus, -periri, [ex- 
fperior, pass, of pario, cf. oppe- 
rior], 4. v. dep., {get for one^s self?), 
expe7'ience, try, find {by experience) . 

expers, -pertis, [ex-pars], adj., 
without a share, without, destitute: 
sensus (out of sympathy with). 

expeto, -ivi (-ii), -itus, -ere, [ex- 
peto], 3. v. a., seek for, desire, ear- 
nestly ask for, try to secure : poenas 
(infiict). 

expilo, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex-pilo], 
I. v. a., rob. — Also, plunder, steal. 

expio, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex-pio], 
i.v.a., purify, expiate. — Transferred 
to the signs of divine wrath, expiate. 

expleo, -plevi, -pletus, -plere, [ex- 
pleo], 2. v. a., fill out, fill tip, make 
up, satisfy, satiate, fill the measure 

°f- - - 

explico, -ui (-avi), -itus (-atus), 

-are, [ex-plico], 1. v. a., tinfold, set 

forth. — Also (unfold something out 

of entanglement), disentangle, set 

free. 

exploro, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex- 
ploro, prob. search by calling or 
crying], I. v. a., investigate, explore, 
search, examine, reconnoitre. — ex- 
ploratus, -a, -um, p.p., assured, 
certain. 

expono, -posui, -positus, -ponere, 



Vocabulary. 



6 9 



[ex-pono], 3. v. a., place out, set 
out : exercitum (disembark, also 
draw up, array). — Fig., set forth 
(in speech), expose. 

exporto, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex- 
porto], I. v. a., carry out, carry 
away, export. 

exposco, -poposci, no p.p., -pos- 
cere, [ex-posco], 3. v. a., demand 
(with eagerness). 

exprinio, -pressi, -pressus, -pri- 
mere, [ex-premo], 3. v. a., press ou f , 
force out, elicit, get out (of anything) . 
— Hence, represent : vestigia ex- 
pressa (well marked}. 

expromo, -prompsi, -promptus, 
-promere, [ex-prarno], 3. v. a., deal 
out, bring out, display. 

expugnatio, -onis, [ex-pugna- 
tio, cf. expugno], F., a storming 
(of a city), taking (of a city by 
storm). 

expugno, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex- 
pugno], I. v. a., take (by storm), 
capture (by storming a' city, also fig.). 

exquiro, -sivi, -situs, -rere, [ex- 
quaero], 3. v. a., search out. 

exsanguis, -e, [ex-sanguis],adj., 
(with the blood out) , bloodless, nerve- 
less, feeble, lifeless. 

exscindo, -scidi, -scissus, -scin- 
dere, [ex-scindo], 3. v. a., cut down, 
tear down, break down, destroy, over- 
throw. 

exsecratio, -onis, [ex-sacratio], 
F., a curse, an oath (ratified by an 
imprecation), an imprecation. 

exsequiae, -arum, [fexsequo + 
ia, cf. pedisequus], f. plur., (a fol- 
lowing out). — Esp. to the grave, a 
funeral, funeral rites. 

exsilio, -silui, no p.p., -silire, [ex- 
salio], 4. v. n., spring up, jump up. 

exsilium (exil-), -i, [exsul + 
ium], N., exile. 



exsisto, -stiti, -stiturus (?), -sis- 
tere, [ex-sisto], 3. v. n., stand out, 
rise up, come out, ensue, break out, 
grow out, arise, come forward, show 
itself, be shown, appear, be performed 
(perpetrated, committed), turn out, 
be the result, be, exist. 

exsolvo, -solvi, -soliitus, -solvere, 
[ex-solvo], 3. v. a., unloose, acquit. 

exspectatio (exp-), -onis, [ex- 
spectatio, cf. expecto], F., a wait- 
ing for, expectation, anticipation. 

exspecto (exp-) , -avi, -atus, -are, 
[ex-specto], 1. v. a. and n., look out 
for, wait for, wait, wait to see (si, 
whether, etc.), expect, anticipate, be 
in expectation. 

exspolio, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex- 
spolio], 1. v. a., strip off. — Also, 
strip of (cf. despolio). — Fig., de- 
prive, rob (of, abl.). 

exstinctor (extinc-),-toris, [ex- 
stinctor, cf. exstinguo], M., a de- 
stroyer, a suppresser. 

exstinguo (ext-), -stinxi, -stinc- 
tus, -stinguere, [ex-stinguo], 3. v. a., 
(punch out, as a fire in the woods?), 
extinguish (lit. and fig.)> destroy, put 
an end to, stamp out, blot out. 

exsto, -stiti, -staturus (?), -stare, 
[ex-sto], 1. v. n., stand out, be pre- 
served. 

exstructio, -onis, [ex-structio, cf. 
exstruo], F., a building up, a struc- 
ture. 

exstruo, -struxi, -structus, -stru- 
ere, [ex-struo], 3. v. a., heap tip, 
build up, pile up, construct, erect. 

exsul (exul), -ulis, [ex-^SAL 
(of salio, cf. praesul) as stem, with 
some lost connection of meaning, cf. 
consul], C, an exile. 

exsulo (exulo), -avi, no p.p., 
-are, [exsul], 1. v. n., be an exile, be 
in exile. 



JO 



Vocabulary. 



exsulto (exult-), -avi, no p.p., 
-are, [ex-salto, cf. exsilio], I. v. n., 
{dance with joy, as in a war dance 
trampling on a prostrate foe, cf. Mil. 
21 ), exult, rejoice. 

extenuo, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex- 
tenuo], i. v. a., extenuate, dispar- 
age, diminish, belittle. 

exter, -tera, -terum, [ex+terus 
(reduced)], adj., outer, outside, for- 
eign. — extremus, -a, -um, superl., 
farthest, extreme, last : in extrema 
oratione (at the end of, etc., and 
often in this sense) ; ad extremum 
(Jill the last, at last, finally} ; in ex- 
trema India (in farthest India}; 
in extremis atque ultimis genti- 
bus (farthest in distance, and last in 
reckoning) ; extremum summum- 
que supplicium (the utmost and 
most extreme severity of punishment); 
fuit illud extremum (the last thing 
to be thought of) ; comites (farthest 
behind) . 

extermino, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex- 
termino-], I. v. a., drive beyond the 
bounds, banish, get out of the way, 
expel, drive into exile. 

externus, -a, -um, [exter- (as 
stem of exter) +nus], adj., outside, 
external, foreign, abroad. 

extimesco, -timui, no p.p., -time- 
scere, [ex-timesco], 3. v. a., dread, 
fear: vultu (show terror). 

extoll o,-tollere, [ex-tollo], 3-v.a., 
raise up. 

extorqueo, -torsi, -tortus, -tor- 
quire, [ex-torqueo], 2. v. a., wrench 
from, wrest from, force from. 

extra [abl. or instr. (?) of exter, 
cf. supra], adv. and prep., outside, 
out of, outside of. 

extraho, -traxi, -tractus, -trahere, 
[ex-traho], 3. v. a., drag out, draw 
out, draw (from). 



exuo, -ui, -utus, -uere, [ex-fuo 
(of unc. meaning, cf. induo)], 3.v.a.. 
throw off, strip off, cast aside. 

exuro, -ussi, -ustus, -urere, [ex- 
uro], 3. v. a., burn up, burn down, 
bum to the ground. 

exuviae, -arum, [exuo- (cf. exuo) 
+ ia], F. plur., spoils, cast-off clothes, 
trophies (as beaks of ships stripped 
off). 

F. 

Fabianus, -a, -um, [Fabio + 
anus], adj., of Fabius. — Esp., for- 
nix Fabianus (the arch of Fabius, 
which stood at the easterly end of 
the Forum). 

Fabricius, -i, [ffabrico + ius], 
M., a Roman gentile name. — Esp., 
Q. Fabricius, a tribune of the peo- 
ple the year of Cicero's recall. 

fabula, -ae, [fa (as stem of for) 
4- bula (f. of bulum)], f., a myth, 
a story, a play. 

facete [old abl. of facetus], adv., 
wittily ', facetiously ; humorously, cun- 
ningly, neatly. 

facilis, -e, [ffaco- (cf. benefl- 
cus) + lis], adj., easy (to do, cf. 
habilis), convenient, without diffi- 
culty, easy (generally). — facile, n. 
as adv., easily, conveniently, without 
diffcidty, plainly, readily : facile 
primus (witfiout question, etc.). 

facilitas, -tatis, [facili+tas], v., 
facility, ease, easy manners, cour- 
tesy. 

facinorosus, -a, -um, [facinor-f 
osus], adj., criminal. 

facinus, -oris, [f facin- (as if root 
of ffacino, longer form of facio, 
cf. prodino) -f us], N., a deed (of 
any kind), an action. — Esp. (as in 
English), a deed (of crime), a mis- 
deed, a crime, guilt (referring to 



Vocabulary 



7i 



some particular act), criminal con- 
duct: aliud {degree of guilt). 

facio, feci, factus, facere, [-^/FAC 
(dha+ k) + io (ya)], irr. v. a. and 
n., make, do, act, commit. — Used in 
a great variety of senses, as in Eng., 
and in many where we use a more 
special word : insidias {lay) ; con- 
sulem {elect) ; verbum {speak, ut- 
ter) ; gratulationem {offer) • vota 
{offer) ; ludos {celebrate, hold) ; 
manu factus (wrought, etc.) ; ita 
factus {formed, fashioned, of such a 
character) ; sump turn {incur) : ju- 
dicia {hold, as trials or courts-, ex- 
press, give, render, as decisions) ; 
auctoritatem {give) ; fidem {pro- 
duce, gain) ; potestatem {give, of- 
fer) ; reliquum facere {leave) ; 
proelium {fight) ; missa facere {let 
go) ; comitia {hold) • strepitum 
{raise). — Esp with clause of result, 
cause (to), do (omitting in Eng. the 
connective that, and expressing the 
thing done in the indicative), see to 
it that, take care that. — So : facit 
ut videarnini {makes you appear) ; 
facio ut deferrem {allow myself to, 
etc.); fac veniat {let, etc.). — So in 



pass., be done, be caused, happen, re- ^ fallo, fefelli, falsus, fallere 



suit, ensue, occur, turn out, be, be- 
come : aliquid atrocitatis fieri {some 
atrocity be co?n??iitted) ; fit obviam 
{come to meet, meet, happen to meet) ; 
si quid eo factum esset {if any- 
thing should happen to, etc.); ut fit 
{as usually happens) ; fit dominus 
{makes himself master). — Often 
with two aces, (or with adj. corre- 
sponding to second ace), make, ren- 
der. — factum, -i, x. of p.p., half 
noun and half participle, and to be 
translated by either, act, thing done, 
action, etc. — fio, fieri, as passive 
in all senses. 



factum, see facio. 

facultas, -tatis, [facul (for facili, 
cf. simul) -f tas], F, ease, facility. 
— So, chance, power, opportunity, 
privilege : facultas ingeni {intel- 
lectual power, form of genius); ora- 
tio et facultas {power of oratory) ; 
manendi nulla facultas {710 possi- 
bility). 

faeuerator (fen-), -toris, [fae- 
nera -f tor], m., a usurer 

Faesulae, -arum, [prob. Etrusc, 
though the form is Roman], F. plur., 
an old Etruscan city north of the 
Arno, colonized by Sulla {Fiesole). 

Faesulanus, -a, -urn, [Faesula-f 
nus], adj., of Fiesole. 

falcarius, -a, -urn, [falc-farius], 
adj., belonging to a scythe or sickle. — 
Masc, a scythe?naker : inter falca- 
rios {in the scythemakers'' quarter, 
cutlers' street). 

Falcidius, -i, [?, ffalcido-(falc+ 
dus) + ius], M., a Roman gentile 
name. — Only, C. Falcidius, a trib- 
une of the people. 

fallax, -acis, [fall- (as if root of 
fallo) -f ax], adj., deceitful, treach- 
erous, fallacious. 



[? sphal, trip tip'], 3. v. a. and n., 
deceive, escape {one's notice), disap- 
point . num me fefellit {was I mis- 
taken in, etc., and often in that 
sense). — falsus, -a, -urn, p.p., de- 
ceived. — Also (transferred to things), 
false, tmfounded : la,us{uudeserved). 
— Abl. as adv., falsely. 

falso see fallo. 

falsus, see fallo. 

falx, -lcis, [?], F., a scythe, sickle, 
or billhook (including many instru- 
ments with curved blades), a knife 
(with a curved blade, used by gladia- 
tors). 



72 



Vocabulary. 



fama, -ae, [ V /FA ( in f° r ) + ma], 
F., speech, common talk, reputation, 
fame. — Concretely, a rumor, a 
story. 

fames, -is, [?], F., hunger, star- 
vation : fame necatus {starved to 
death) . 

fauiilia, -ae, (-as), [famulo- (re- 
duced, cf. famul) + ia], F., a collec- 
tion of attendants, a household (in- 
cluding children), slaves, a gang of 
slaves. — Also, a family (in our 
sense) . — mater familias, see 
mater. 

familiaris, -e, [prob. familia + 
ris, but treated as famili+aris (cf. 
alaris, animalis)], adj., of the house- 
hold, friendly, intimate : res {estate, 
property, also, domestic life, house- 
hold affairs). — Esp. as subst. (though 
compared), a friend, an intimate 
friend. 

familiaritas, -tatis, [familiar! + 
tas], F., intimacy {with, genitive), 
a relation of intimacy. 

familiariter [familiari + ter], 
adv., familiarly , intimately. 

fanum, -i, [ ?, ^fa + nus, perh. 
orig. consecrated, cf. effatus], n., a 
shrine (cf. aedes), a temple (esp. a 
foreign one, templum being a word 
of Roman augury). 

fas [V FA ( in for ) + as ]> indecl. 
N., right (in conscience, or by divine 
law), permitted, alloived. — Esp. with 
negatives expressed or implied. 

fascis, -is, [?, cf. fascia], m., a 
bundle. — Esp., in plur., the fasces, 
the bundle of rods with an axe, car- 
ried by the lictor before the higher 
magistrates. 

fasti dio, -ivi (-h), -itus, -ire, 
[ffastidi- (cf. fastiditas)], 4. v. a. 
and n., disdain, be disgusted, take j 
offence. . | 



fastus, -a, -um, [fas+tus], adj., 
secular (of days when the courts, 
etc., could rightly be held). — In 
plur. as subst., the fasti (the list of 
such days), the calendar. — Also, the 
list of consuls (originally kept in the 
calendar). 

fatalis,-e, [fato-falis], adj., fated, 
fatal, designed by fate. 

fateor, fassus, fateri, [prob. fato-], 
2. v. dep., confess, acknowledge, ad- 
mit. 

fatum, -i, [n. of fatus, p.p. of 
for], N., {what is spoken, cf. fas), 
destiny, fate, lot, a fatality. — Hence, 
ruin, death, destruction : fata Sibyl- 
lina {the Sibylline books). 

fauces, -ium, [?], F. plur. (also 
fauce, sing.), the gullet, the throat.' 

— Hence, of animals, the jaws (with 
a slightly different fig. from the Eng.) . 

— So of any narrow entrance, a pass : 
fauces Etruriae {the gates) . 

fautor, -toris, [fav- (as if root of 
faveo) + tor], m., a favorer, a par- 
tisan, a supporter. 

faux, see fauces. 

faveo, favi, fauturus, favere, [?], 
2. v. n. , favor, be well disposed 
tozvards. 

Favonius,-!, [ffavono- (cf. colo- 
nvis) +ius], M., the west wind. — Also, 
a Roman gentile name. — Esp., M. 
Favonius, a friend of Cato of Utica, 
and a violent opponent of Clodius. 
He was afterwards one of the assas- 
sins of Caesar. 

fax, facis, [?], F., a torch, a fire- 
brand, fire, a blazing fire (in the 
sky) : omnes faces invidiae subi- 
cere {use every means to kindle the 
flame of hatred). 

felbris, -is, [for ffervris (poss. 
ffervis), ferv + ris (or -is)], F., 
fever. 



Vocabulaiy. 



73 



Februarius, -a, -um, [februo + | 
arius], adj., of February. 

felicitas, -tatis, [felic- (as if 
felici) -f tas], P., good fortune, good 
luck, lucky star. — Plur. in same 
sense. — Esp., Good Fortune, wor- 
shipped as a divinity by the Ro- 
mans. 

feliciter [felic- (as if felici-) + 
ter], adv., happily, successfully. 

felix, -icis, [akin to feo], adj., 
fruitful, fortunate. 

f emina, -ae, [fe (stem of feo) + 
mina], F., a woman, a female. 

fenerator, see faen-. 

fera, see ferus. 

fere [?, abl. of stem ffero- (akin 
to fero, cf. Lucifer)], adv., almost, 
about. — Also, almost always, gener- 
ally, tisually, for the most part. — 
With negatives, hardly : nemo fere 
{hardly anybody}. 

feritas, -tatis, [ fero + tas], f., 
wildness, barbarous condition. 

fero, tuli, latus (for tlatus), ferre, 
[^/BHAR, bear, and v /TOL ( TLA ) m 
tollo], irr. v. a. and n., bear, carry, 
bring, endure, tolerate, stand, with- 
stand, carry off, take, receive, win. 
— Often in a loose sense, translated 
by various special words in Eng., 
commit, offer, etc. — With reflex, or 
in pass., rush, pass, proceed, roll 
(of a river). — With advs. indicating 
manner of receiving anything, suffer, 
bear, take it, feel : indigne {feel in- 
dignant) ; moleste (lake it hard, be 
annoyed by, etc.) ; graviter (be an- 
iioyed, be vexed, take it ill). — Esp., 
of report, say, report. — Also, of 
laws, propose (to the people), carry, 
decide, propose a law, pass a law, 
bring an accusation (before the peo- 
ple) : vestra voluntas (decide, turn 
that way) ; quaestionem (vote) ; 



ita natura rerum (decree) . — Also, 
facinus prae se (boast, vaunt). 

ferocitas, -tatis, [feroc- (as if 
feroci-) + tas], F., fierceness, savage 
cruelty. 

f err amentum, -i, [as if ferra- 
(stem of verb from ferrum) + men- 
turn], N., a tool (of iron), a weapon. 

ferreus, -a, -um, [ferro + eus 
(-yas)], adj., of iron, iron (made of 
iron). — Fig., iron-hearted. 

ferrum, -I, [?], N., iron, steel, the 
stvord (as a symbol of war). 

fertilis, -e, [prob. fferto- (fer + 
tus, cf. fero) + lis], adj., fertile, 
fruitful, productive. 

ferus, -a, -um, [-/ FER (dhvar, 
rush)Ar us, cf. deer~], adj., wild, cruel, 
ferocious. — Fem. as subst., a wild 
beast, game. 

festinatio, -onis, [festina+tio], 
F., haste. 

festus, -a, -um, [unc. root (cf. 
feriae) -f- tus], adj. , festive, festival. 

fidelis, -e, [fide- (stem of fides) 
-1- lis], ad)., faithful. 

fides, -ei, [ V FID (bhid, bind) + 
es], F., a, promise, a pledge. — Also, 
good faith, fidelity, honesty. — Transf., 
confidence, faith (in), credit; fidem 
facere (gain credence, produce con- 
fidence). — Esp. of promised protec- 
tion, protection, dependence, alliance. 
— Also, credit (in a mercantile sense). 

fidius (but only in nom.) [?, fido 
+ ius], M., {of good faith}) . — Only 
in me dius fidius (sc. adjuvet), 
on my faith, as sure as I live, by 
Heaven. 

fido, fisus sum, fidere, [-y/FiD, in- 
creased] , 3-v.n., trust, have confidence. 

fiducia, -ae, [ffiduc- (ffidu+cus) 
+ ia (cf. audacia)], F., confidence, 
confident reliance* — Also, groun.d 
of confidence, 



74 



Vocabulary. 



fidus, -a, -um, [fid (in fido) + 

us], adj., faithful. 

figo, fixi, fixus, figere, [^/FIG?], 
3. v. a.., fasten (by insertion in some- 
thing), fix, nail: crucem {plant); 
mucronem {plunge). — Also fig., 
memoria mentions fixa. 

figura, -ae, [ffigu- (V FIG > m 
fingo, + us) + ra, f. of rus], f., 
shape, form. 

filia, -ae, [f. of filius], f., a 
daughter. 

filius, -i, [?], M., a son. 

fingo, finxi, fictus, fingere, [y/FlG, 
cf. figura], 3. v. a., ?nould. — Fig., 
invent, contrive, pretend, imagine, 
devise: fingite animis {imagine). 
— fictus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., false, 
trumped up, fictitious, imaginary. 

finis, -is, [?], M., a limit, an end: 
quern, ad finem {hozv far) ; usque 
ad eum finem dum, etc. {even up 
to the very moment zuhen). — Plur., 
limits, boundaries, borders, territo- 
ries, country, 

finitinius (-tumus), -a, -um, 
[fini-f timus, cf. maritimus], adj., 
on the borders, neighboring, adjacent, 
neighbors {of). — Plur. as subst., 
neighbors. 

fio, see facio. 

firmamentum, -i, [nrma-f-men- 
tum], N., sztpport. — Fig., a bulwark, 
a corner-stone : ceterorum ordinum. 

firmo, -avi, -atus, -are, [firmo-], 
I. v. a., make strong, strengthen, for- 
tify, put in a state of defence. 

firmus, -a, -um, [y'DHAR+mus], 
adj., strong (for resistance), firm, 
steady. 

fiscus, -i, [?], M., a basket (used 
for carrying money), a money-bag (to 
imitate the figure in Eng.). 

Flaccus, -i, [flaccus, y?«<W>'], m., 
a Roman family name, — Esp., L. 



Valerius Flaccus, cons, with Marius 
B.C. 100, and afterwards killed by 
Fimbria in the East. 

flagitiose [old abl. of flagitio- 
sus], adv., shamefully, disgracefully 
(with the added idea of criminality). 

flagitiosus, -a, -um, [flagitio -f 
osus], adj., shamefully criminal, in- 
famous, disgraceful, scandalous. 

flagitium, -i, [fflagito+ium, cf. 
fiagito], N., {a crime of passion?), 
a disgraceful crime, a burning sha?ne, 
an enormity. 

fiagito, -avi, -atus, -are, [as if 
f fiagito-, p.p. of fflago, burn? (cf. 
<j>Aey<a), akin to flagrum], 1. v. a., 
ask (in heat?), demand earnestly, 
importune, insist tipon, call for : 
severitatem {cry for) ; fiagitans 
senatus {importunate) ; pacem fia- 
gitans {being importunate for). 

flagro, -avi, -aturus, -are, [fiagro-, 
in an earlier sense of a bum?~\, 
I. v. n., bum, blaze, consume, be on 
fire. — Also fig. as in Eng., be in a 
blaze of, be consumed in a fire of: 
invidia; infamia. 

flamen, -inis, [prob. flag (cf. 
flagro) + men], m., {the kindler of 
sacrificial fires?), a priest (of a par- 
ticular divinity). 

Flamininus, -i, [Flaminid + 
inus], M., a Roman family name.; — 
Esp., T. Quinctius Flamininus, who 
defeated Philip of Macedonia at 
Cynoscephalse, B.C. 197. 

Flaminius, -i, [namin-f-ius], m., 
a Roman gentile name. — Esp., Q. 
Flaminius, cons. B.C. 223. — Also, 
as adj., Fla?ninian (of this Flamin- 
ius) ; circus (the circus built by him 
as censor, B.C. 220). 

flamma, -ae, [V^LAG-f- ma], f., 
fame, fire, conflagration. 

flecto, flexi, flexus, flectere, [?], 



Vocabulary. 



75 



3. v. a., bend, (urn. — Fig., change, 
affect, draw (from a course), change 
the minds of etc. 

fleo, flevi, fletus, Mere, [?], 2. v. a. 
and n., weep : flens (in tears). 

fletus, -tus, [fie- (stem of fleo 
as root) + tus], M., weeping, lamen- 
tation, tears. 

flexibilis, -e, [flexd- (as stem of 
flexus)+bilis], &&].,flexible, change- 
able. 

florens, see floreo. 

floreo, -ui, no p.p., -ere, [flor-], 

2. v. n., blossom, bloom. — Fig., be 
prosperous, flourish, be in power : 
accessus {be brilliant). — florens, 
-entis, p. as adj., flourishing, pros- 
perous, brilliant, highly favored, emi- 
nent (for wealth and the like), suc- 
cessful. 

floresco, florui, no p.p., florescere, 
[fibre- (as stem of floreo) + sco], 

3. v. t\., flourish, grow bright. 

flos, floris, [?], M. 3 a flower. — 
Fig., the /lower (of troops). 

fluctuo, -avi, no p.p., -are, [fluc- 
tu-], I. v. n., float, drift, be tossed on 
the waves. 

fluctus, -tus, [t/fli^g) (in fluo, 
cf. fluxi) + tus], M., a xvave (also 
fig.), waves (collectively). 

fluito, -avi, no p.p., -are, [ffluito- 
(as if stem of p.p. of fluo, cf. agito)], 
I. v. n., float, drift. 

flumen,-inis, [- v /FLU(g) (in fluo, 
cf. frumentum)-fmen], N., a river. 
— Y\g y fl<nv. 

fluo, fluxi, fluxus (fluxurus, fluctu- 
rus, fluiturus), fluere, [■ x /FLU(g), cf. 
fruor], 3. v. i\.,fllow. 

focus, -i, [fov (as root of foveo) 
-feus], M., a brazier (a fixed or 
movable hearth, with coals for heat- 
ing or cooking), a hearth. — Fig. (as 
a symbol of home), hearth, fireside. 



foederatus, -a, -urn, [p.p. of foe- 
dero], adj., federate, allied {by treaty 
on equal terms). — Alasc. pi., allies. 

foedus, -eris, [-,/fid (in fides, 
cf. fidus) + us], N., a treaty, an al- 
liance, a bond (of any similar kind), 
conditions (of a treaty), a compact, 
an agreement (of a serious or sol- 
emn sort). 

foedus, -a, -um, [?], adj., foul, 
unseemly, horrible, vile, dreadful. 

fons, fontis, [?], M., a fountain, 
a spring. — Fig., a source, a foun- 
tain. 

foras [ace. plur. of ffora], adv., 
{to the doors), outdoors, abroad (as 
end of motion) . — Fig., forth, out, 
away. 

fore, see sum. 

forensis, -e, [foro+ensis], adj., 
of the Forum, in the Forum (cf. 
various meanings of forum). — Also, 
every day, ordinary, of daily life. 

foris, [abl. plur. of \^ov&, cf. 
foras], adv., out of doors (as place 
where), abroad, outside. 

forma, -ae, [^dhar (in firmus) 
+ma], F., shape, form, features, the 
person, an effigy, a likeness, an 
image. 

formido, -inis, [prob. formido- 
(cf. formido) + o (cf. cupido), 
akin to formus? (from the hot flash 
of fear)], F., fear, dread, terror, 
alarm. 

formidolosus, -a, -um, [fformi- 
dolo- (formido+lus?) -f osus], adj., 
form idable, alar mi fig. 

fornix, -icis, [forno- (cf. fornax) 
+ cus (? reduced)], M., (the arch r 
of an oven?), an arch. 

fors, fortis, [y'FER -f tis (re- 
duced)], F., chance. — forte, abl. as 
adv., by chance, perchance, acciden- 
tally, as it happened, perhaps. 



76 



Vocabulary. 



forsitan [fors sit an, it may be 
a chance whether^ adv., perhaps, it 
may be, possibly. 

fortasse [?, forte + unc. form, 
perh. sis (si vis)], adv., perhaps, 
possibly, it may be. 

forte, see fors. 

fortis, -e, [for fforctis, akin to 
firmus], adj., strong, sturdy, gal- 
lant, staunch, brave, dauntless, un- 
daunted, able: vir {a man of cour- 
age, a man of constancy, and the 
like); sententia {firm). 

for titer [forti+ter], adv., brave- 
ly, stoutly, undauntedly, with cour- 
age, with constancy, with firmness. 

fortitudo, -inis, [forti -f tudo], 
F., strength, courage, bravery, forti- 
tude, steadiness, firmness. 

fortuna, -ae, [ffortu- (for+tu, cf. 
fors) -f na, F. of -nus], f., fortune, 
cJiance, fate. — Esp., good fortune. 
— Plur., fortunes, property, fortune, 
wealth. — Esp., Fortune (worshipped 
as a goddess by the Romans). 

fortunatus, -a, -um, [p.p. of for- 
timo], adj., fortunate, blessed. 

forum, -i, [akin to foras and 
foro], N., (an open place), a forum, 
a market-place. — Esp., the Forum 
(the great market-place of Rome, 
used also for all public purposes) . — 
Esp., as a symbol of law and justice, 
the forum. — See also Aurelius. 

fragilis, -e, [ffrag5- (cf. foede- 
rifragus) + lis], adj., brittle. — 
Fig., delicate, sensitive, tender. 

fragilities, -tatis, [fragili+tas], 
F., brittleness, frailty. 

fragmentum, -i, [^/frag (in 
frango) + mentum], n., a broken 
piece, a fragment. 

frango, fregi, fractus, frangere, 
[■y/FRAG], 3. v. a., break (as a solid 
body). — Esp. of ships, ivreck. — 



Fig., break down, crush, break the 
force of, exhaust. 

frater, -tris, [prob. -y/FER + ter, 
cf. pater], M., a brother. 

fraterne [old abl. of fraternus], 
adv., like a br other , fraternally . 

fraternus, -a, -um, [frater + 
nus], adj., of a brother, fraternal. 

fraudatio, -onis, [frauda+tio], 
F., cheating. 

fraudo, -avi, -atus, -are, [fraud-], 
I. v. a., cheat, defraud. 

fraus, fraudis, [?, akin to fru- 
stra], F., loss. — Hence, treachery, 
deceit, wickedness. 

fremitus, -tus, [fremi- (stem of 
fremo) + tus], M., a mzcrmur, a 
confused noise, a din. 

freno (frae-), -avi, -atus, -are, [fre- 
no-], I. v. a., bridle, curb. — Also fig. 

frenum (frae-), -I, [root or verb 
stem akin to firmus + num], n., a 
bridle. 

frequens, -entis, [orig. pres. p. 
akin to farcio], adj., crozuded, nu- 
merous, in great ?iumbers : conspec- 
tus vester (your crowded assem- 
blage); senatus (full). — Also of 
time, as if adv., frequently. 

frequenter [frequent-f ter], adv., 
in great numbers, populously. — Also, 
of time, frequently. 

frequentia, -ae, [frequent-fia], 
F., a throng, a crowd, a multitude, 
numbers (as great numbers); sena- 
tus (a full meeting of etc). 

frequento, -avi, -atus, -are, [fre- 
quent-], I. v. a. and n., assemble in 
great mimbers, celebrate, resort to, 
visit. 

fretus, -a, -um, [root akin to 
firmus + tus], adj., relying on, con- 
fident in (on account of). 

fretus, -tus, [?], M., and fretum, 
-T, [?], N., a strait. — Esp., the Strait 



Vocabulary. 



77 



(of Messina, between Sicily and the 
mainland). 

frigus, -oris, [^/FRIG (in frigeo, 
etc.) -f us], n., cold. — Plur., cold 
(cold "snaps," frosts). 

frons, frontis, [?, akin to brow], 
v., brozv, j'ace, forehead. 

fructuosus, -a, -um, [fructu -f 
osus] , adj ., fruitful, fertile. 

fructus, -tus, [ A /FRU(G) + tus], 
M., enjoyment, fruition. — Hence, 
{what one enjoys), fruit (of the 
earth, or of any kind of labor) , prod- 
uce; crops, income, advantages, emol- 
ument, re7oard : fructui esse (Jo be 
an advantage, to be beneficial, to be 
profitable). 

friigalitas, -tatis, [frugali+tas], 
F., economy, frugality. 

frumentarius, -a, -um, [fru- 
mento- (reduced) + arius], adj., of 
grain: res {grain supply, provi- 
sions, grain) ; inopia {scarcity of 
grain). — See also subsidia. 

frumentum, -i, [y'FRU (g) -f 
mentum], N., grain (cf. fructus). 

fruor, fructus (fruiturus, frui, 
[■ x /FRU(g), cf. fruges], 3. v. dep., 
enjoy. 

frustra [abl. or instr. of stem 
akin to fraus], adv., to no purpose, 
without effect, vainly. 

frux, frugis, [^/fri^g) in fruor, 
as stem], F., fruit (not only in the 
modern sense, but also all " fruits of 
the earth"), grain, crops. 

Fulius, -a, -um, [ ?], adj. — Masc, 
as a Roman gentile name. — Also, 
as adj., Fufian (belonging to one of 
that gens). — Esp., lex Funa (a law 
in regard to^the auspices at elections, 
giving power to certain magistrates 
to stop the proceedings). 

fuga, -ae, [^/FUG-r a], v., flight. 

fugio, fugi, fugiturus, fugere, 



[y'FUG (in fuga)], 3. v. a. and n., 
fly, fly from. — Fig., shun, avoid. — 
Also, escape the notice of, escape (in 
same sense). 

fugitivus, -a, -um, [fugi- (stem 
of fugio?) + tivus], adj., runaway. 
— As subst., a runaway slave. 

f ugitd, -avi, -aturus, -are, [fugi- ( as 
stem of fugio) + to, but cf. agito], 

1. v. a. and n., fly, flee from, avoid. 
fulgeo, fulsi, no p.p., fulgere, [?], 

2. v. n., shine (also fig.). 
fulmen, -inis [fulg- (in fulgeo) 

-f- men], N., a thunderbolt, a light- 
ning flash, lightning. 

Fulvius, -I, [fulvo + ius], m., a 
Roman gentile name. — Esp. : 1. M. 
Fulvius Flaccus, a partisan of the 
Gracchi, slain by Opimius; 2. Jf. 
Fulvius A T obilior, cons. B.C. 189, who 
subdued zEtolia. 

fuino, -avi, -atus, -are, [fumo-], 
I. v. n., smoke (also fig.). 

fumus, -i, [t/fu (dhu) + mus, 
akin to dust'], M., smoke. 

fundamentum, -i, [funda -f 
mentum], N., a foundation. 

funditus [fundo+tus, cf. divini- 
tus], adv., from the foundation, ut- 
terly, completely. 

fundo, -avi, -atus, -are, [fundo-], 
I. v. a., found, lay the foundations of. 

fundo, fudi, fiisus, fundere, 
[-^/FUD], 3. v. a., pour. — Less ex- 
actly, scatter. — Esp. of battle, put 
to rout, rout. 

fundus, -i, [akin to bottom], m., 
the bottom (of anything). — Also (cf. 
real-estate), an estate, a farm (in- 
cluding house and land). 

fiinesto, -avi, -atus, -are, [funes- 
to-], I. v. a., pollute (orig. by a death 
or the like?), desecrate : urbem (as 
orig. consecrated to the gods). 

ffinestus, -a, -um, [funes (old 



78 



Vocabulary. 



stem of funus)+tus], adj., {fraught 
with death?), deadly, fatal. — Also 
(cf. funesto), polluted (orig. by a 
death?), ill-omened. 

fuiigor, functus, fungi, [?], 3. v. 
dep., perform (with abl.). 

funis, -is, [?], M., a rope. 

farms, -eris, [unc. root (akin to 
Gr. <povos) + us], N., (murder?'), 
death, a funeral. 

fur, furis, [^/fer?, cf. Gr. <pd»p], 
M. and F., a thief. 

Furfanius, -i, [?], m., a Roman 
gentile name. — Esp., T. jFurfanius, 
a man robbed by Clodius. 

furia, -ae, [ffuro- (cf. furo) -f 
ia], F., madness, insanity. — Often 
in the plur. in same sense. — Esp. 
personified (representing the mad- 
ness of a guilty conscience), a Fury 
(also used of persons), an avenging 
Fury. — Hence, a madman. 

furibundus, -a, -urn, [perh. furi- 
(as stem of furo) + bundus, but after 
the analogy -of ffuro + bo + on + 
dus], adj., raving, going mad, crazy. 

f uriosus, -a, -um, [ffuro- (perh. fu- 
ria) -fosus], adj., mad, crazy, insane. 

Furius, -i, [perh. ffuro- (cf. fu- 
ria) + ius], M., a Roman gentile 
name. — Esp., P. Furius, one of the 
conspirators with Catiline. 

furo, -ui, no p.p., -ere, [?, cf. fu- 
ror], 3. v. n., rave, be mad, be crazy. 

furor, -oris, [y'FUR (cf. faro) 
-for], ML, madness, frenzy, fury. 

furtim [fur + tim, cf. statim], 
adv., by stealth, stealthily, secretly. 

furtum, -i, [as if p.p. of verb 
akin to fur, thief ' (cf. furtim)], N., 
theft, a theft. 

fuscus, -a, -um, [perh. for ffurs- 
cus, cf. furvus and brown], adj., ' 
dark, tawny. I 

fustis, -is, [?], M., a club. 



G. 

Gabinius, -i, [Gabino-(cf, Gabii) 

-f-ius], M., a Roman gentile name. 
— Esp.: 1. Atdus Gabinius, consul 
with Lucius Piso in B.C. 58, the pro- 
poser of the two laws giving Pompey 
command in the East; 2. Cimber 
Gabinius, one of the conspirators 
with Catiline. 

Gabinius, -a, -um, [preceding 
word as adj.], adj., of Gabinius 
(esp. the one first mentioned), Ga- 
binian. 

Gajus (Cajus, C), -i, [?], M., a 
Roman prasnomen. 

Galba, -ae, [Celtic, meaning fat], 
M., a Gallic and Roman family name. 

Gallia, -ae, [f. of adj. in -ius, 
Gallo+ius], F., Gaul, including all 
the country bounded by the Po, the 
Alps, the Rhine, the ocean, the 
Pyrenees, and the Mediterranean, 
thus occupying all northern Italy, 
France, and Belgium. 

Gallicanus, -a, -um, [Gallicd + 
anus], adj., Gallic. 

Gallicus, -a, -um, [Galld-f-cus], 
adj., of the Gauls, Gallic : ager Gal- 
licus {the Gallic territory in Cisal- 
pine Gaul, taken from the Gauls by 
the Romans). 

Gallus, -a, -um, [Celtic], adj., of 
Gaul, Gallic. — As subst., a Gaul, 
the Gauls. — Also, as a Roman family 
name (see Sergius). 

ganea, -ae, [?], F., a low tavern, 
a brothel. 

ganeo, -onis, [prob. ganea-j-o], 
M., a profligate, a spendthrift. 

gaudeo, gavisus, gaudere, [fga- 
vido- (?, cf. audeo)], 2. v. n., be 
delighted, rejoice. 

gaudium, -i, [fgavido-{-ium, cf. 
gaudeo], N., joy (expressed), re- 



Vocabulary. 



79 



joicing, an expression of joy. (Cf. 
laetitia, inward joy, but see Milo 
xxviii. 77.) 

Gavianus, -a, -urn, [Gavio -f 
anus], adj., of Gavins. — Esp., Ga- 
vianus as a Roman family name, 
see Atilius. 

gavisus, see gaudeo. 

Gavius, -i, [?, cf. gaudium], 
M., a Roman family name. — Esp., 
P. Gavins, a Roman citizen crucified 
by VeneSj 

gaza, -ne, [Pers. through yd(a], f., 
treasure. 

gelidus, -a, -urn, [gelu+dus], 
adj., icy, cold. 

gcmitus, -tus, [gemi- (as stem 
of gemo) + tus], M., a groan, groan- 
ing, an outcry. 

gemo, -ui, no p.p., -ere, [?, cf. 
y4jxu>~\, 3. v. a. and n., groan, cry 
out (in pain). 

gener, -en, [?], m., a son-in- 
law. 

gens, gentis, [-y/GEN -f tis (re- 
duced)], F., a tribe, a clan, a people, 
a nation : jus gentium {the law of 
nations, universal law as opposed 
to the jus civile of any one nation) ; 
ubinam gentium? {where in the 
world?). 

genus -eris, [^/gen + us], n., a 
generation, a race, a family (stock), 
a nation, a tribe. — Less exactly, a 
hind, a sort, a class. — Also, ab- 
stractly, kind, character, nature, 
method, way, manner, sort of things, 
class of things. 

German!, see Germanus. 

Germania, -ae, [f. of adj. in 
-ius, cf. Gallia], F., Germany, the 
whole country between the Rhine, 
the Danube, the Vistula, and the sea. 

germanitas, -tatis, [germano + 
tas], F., brotherhood. 



Germanus, -a, -urn, [?], adj., 
German (of the country of Germany 
or its people). — Plur., the Germans. 

germanus, -a, -urn, [?], adj., of 
full blood, own (brother or sister, 
etc.). 

gero, gessi, gestus, gerere, [y'GES, 
of unc. kin.], 3. v. a., carry (indi- 
cating a more lively action than fero), 
carry on, manage, wage (war), hold 
(a magistracy), do (any business). — 
Pass., be done, go 071 (of operations) : 
rem {operate successfully or other- 
wise, carry on operations, succeed 
well or ill); res gestae (exploits, 
operations, a campaign) ; se gerere 
(conduct one's self, act) ; rem pub- 
licam (manage affairs of slate) ; 
magistratum (p erf or 7/1 the duties 
of, act as a magistrate or the like) ; 
in rebus gerendis (in actio7t, itz the 
management of affairs) ; in ipsa 
re gerenda (while engaged in, etc.) ; 
in gestis rebus (in exploits actually 
pe7-for77ied) ; gesta (acts) . 

gestio, -ivi (-ii), no p.p. -ire, 
[tgesti- (ges + tis), cf. gestus], 
4. v. a. and n. (express joy or long- 
ing by action) , exult, rejoice. — Also, 
yearn, lo7tg. 

gigno, genui, genitus, gignere, 
[y'GEN, redupl.], 3. v. a., beget, pro- 
duce. 

Glabrio, -onis, [fglabrio + 0], 
M., a Roman family name. — Esp., 
M. Glabrio, the praetor who pre- 
sided at the trial of Verres. 

gladiator, -toris, [gladia + tor], 
M., (a swordsma7i), a gladiator. — 
Less exactly, a rujfia7i, a cut-throat. 

gladiatorius, -a, -urn, [gladiator 
+ ius], adj., gladiatorial. 

gladius, -1, [?], M., a sword. 

glaeba (gle-), -ae, [?], v., a clod 
(of earth), a lw7ip. 



8o 



/ r ocabulary. 



Glaucia, -ae, [?], M., a Roman 
family name. — Esp., C. Servilius 
Glaucia, a demagogue killed by 
Marius, B.C. ioo. 

gloria, -ae, [?, for fclovosia, cf. 
inclutus], f., fame, glory. 

glorior, -atus, -an, [gloria-], 

1. v. dep., glory in, boast of. 
gloriose [old abl. of gloriosus], 

adv., boastfully, exultingly. 

gloriosus, -a, -urn, [gloria-fosus] , 
adj., glorious. — Also, boastful. 

Gnaeus, (Cnejus, Cn.), -i, [akin 
to gnavus], M., a Roman proenomen. 

gnavus, -a, -urn, [^/gna, in nos- 
co], adj., {wise), active, energetic, 
diligent. 

Gorgon, -onis, [Topyoo], F., a Gor- 
gon (a fabulous monster, whose sight 
turned everything to stone). 

Gracchus, -i, [?], m., a Roman 
family name. — Esp.: I. Tiberius 
Sempronius Gracchus, the great 
popular reformer, tribune, B.C. 133; 

2. C. Sempronius Gracchus, brother 
of the preceding, tribune, B.C. 121. 

gracilis, -us, [grad-f us], m., a 
step, a grade (in a series), rank, po- 
sition. 

Graecia, -ae, [Graeco + ia, F. of 
-ius], F., Greece. 

Graeculus, -1, [Graeco + lus], 
M., an affected Greek, a petty Greek, 
a Greek ling. 

Graecus, -a, -urn, [Gr. TpaiKos'], 
adj., of the Greeks, Greek, Grecian, 
of Greece. — As subst, a Greek, the 
Greeks. Cf. Germanus for relation 
to Graecia. 

gramineus, -a, -um, [gramin + 
eus], adj., of grass : hasta (a spear 
of grass, probably bamboo or cane 
of great size, kept in a temple in the 
hands of a divinity). 

gran (lis, -e, [?], adj., tall, large 



(by growth, cf. magnus, generally) : 
pecunia {a large sum of, etc.). 

gratia, -ae, [grato -f ia], F., 
{gratefulness, in all Eng. senses).— 
On one side (feeling grateful), grati- 
tude, thanks (esp. in plur.). — On 
the other side (the being agreeable), 
influence (cf. auctoritas, official 
prestige), favor. — Phrases : agere 
gratias, return thanks, render 
thanks; habere gratiam (or gra- 
tias), feel thankful, feeL gratitude, 
be grateful ; referre gratiam, make 
a grateful return, repay a favor, re- 
quite, reward ; auctoritate et gra- 
tia, political and personal influence. 

— gratia, abl. following a genitive, 
for the sake of, to. 

gratiosus, -a, -um, [gratia + 
osus], adj., influential, poptilar. 

Gratius, -i, [grato -f ius], m., a 
Roman gentile name. — Esp., the 
accuser against Archias. 

gratulto [abl. of gratuitus], 
adv., gratuit02isly, voluntarily. 

gratulatio, -onis, [gratula+tio], 
F., a congratulation (of others or 
one's self), rejoicing, a vote of thanks. 

gratulor, -atus, -ari, [fgratulo- 
(grato+lus)], I. v. dep., congra tic- 
late : felicitati {congratulate one's 
self for, etc.). 

gratus, -a, -um, [p.p. of lost 
verb], adj., pleasing, grateful, agree- 
able : gratum facere {do a favor). 

— Also, pleased, grateful (cf. gratia \ 
appreciative. 

gravis, -e, [for fgarvis, for 
fgarus, cf. Gr. fiapvs~\, adj., heavy. 

— Fig., serious, severe, hard, weighty, 
of weight, dignified, strong, deep, 
potent, grave : legatio ; infamia ; 
vir; bellum; opiftio; offensio; auc- 
tor; senatus consultum; consi- 
lium; judicium; morbus. 



r ocabulary* 



8r 



gravitas, -tatis, [gravi -j- tas], 
l-., weight. — Fig., importance -, power ; 
weight, force, force of character, se- 
riousness. 

graviter [gravi + ter], adv., 
heavily, with great weight, forcibly, 
with force. — Fig., severely, seriously: 
graviter ferre (take to heart, be in- 
dignant at, suffer from) ; deside- 
rata (earnestly) ; suspectus (griev- 
ously) . 

gravo, -avi, -atus, -are, [gravi-], 
I. v. a., weigh a/own, burden. — Pass, 
as dep., be vexed, be indignant, be 
reluctant. 

grex, gregis, [?], M. (and F.), 
a herd, a flock. — Less exactly, a 
horde, a crowd, a band, a throng, a 
train, a troop. 

gubernaculum (clum),-I, [gu- 
berna + culum], x., the helm, the 
rudder. — Often in plur., because 
anciently there were two. 

gubernatio, -onis, [guberna + 
tio], I-'., steering, navigation. 

gubernator, -toris, [guberna + 
tor], M., a pilot, a helmsman. 

guberno, -avi, -atus, -are, \_ku- 
fStpvw], I. v. a. and n., steer, pilot, 
manage, direct. — Esp., of the " ship 
of state." 

gusto, -avi, -atus, -are, [fgusto- 
(stem akin to gustus, Gr. yevco, 
Eng. choose)^, I. v. a., taste, eat. 

gymnasium, -I, [yv/xvdaiov'], N., 
a gymnasium. 

H. 

H., see H. S. 

habeo, habui, habitus, habere, 
[?, fhabo- (cf. habilis)], 2. v. a. 
and n., have, hold, keep, occupy, pos- 
sess. — Tn various uses where we 
have a somewhat different concep- 
tion : senatum (hold) ; comitia 



{bold); contionem (hold an assem- 
bly, make an address) ; honores 
(render); conjurationem. (form); 
hominem clausum (keep) ; dilec- 
tum (hold, make) ; sic habetote 
(think thus) ; quid aliud habet in 
se (what else is there in, etc.) ; alie- 
num animum (have) ; ita se res 
habet (this is the case) ; Italiam 
tutam (possess in safety, keep safe). 

— Esp. with p.p. as a sort of con- 
tinued perfect (whence the perf. of 
modern languages), have, hold, keep. 

— Esp. : rationem habere, keep an 
account, take an account of, have re- 
gard for, consider, regard, act in 
view of; satis habere (be satisfied, 
be content). 

habito, -avi, -atus, -are, [habito-], 
I. v. a. and n., live, dwell, inhabit, 
have one's abode. 

habitus, -tils, [habi- (as stem of 
habeo) + tus], M., (the act of hold- 
ing), condition, character (way of 
holding one's self), nature. 

haereo, haesi, haesiirus, haerere, 
[?, for haeseo], 2. v. n., get caught, 
stick, cling fast, cling, hang about or 
upon, be fastened. 

haesito, -avi, -aturus, -are, [f hae- 
sito- (cf. agito)], I. v. n., be caught, 
hesitate. 

Hannibal, -alis, [Phoenician], M., 
the great general of the Carthagin- 
ians in the Second Punic war. 

haruspex, -icis, [unc. stem -tspex, 
cf. auspex], M. and F., a soothsayer, 
a diviner. 

hasta, -ae, [?, perh. akin to pre- 
hendo], f., a spear, a shaft. — See 
also gramineus. 

haud [?], adv., not (modifying a 
single word, cf. non); haud dubi- 
tans (without hesitation). 

haurio, hausi, haustus, haurire, 



82 



Vocabulary. 



[ ? for hausio], 4. v. a., drain, draw, 
drink, imbibe. 

hebesco, -ere, [hebe+sco] , 3.V.11., 
grow dull, be blunted. 

Heraclia (-clea), -ae, ['Hpa- 
icXeia], F., the name of several an- 
cient cities {city of Hercules). — Esp., 
Heraclea, a Greek city of Lucania. 

Heracliensis, -e, [Heraclia + 
ensis] , adj., of Heraclea. — Plur., the 
people of Heraclea. 

Hercules, -is, ['Hpa/cAr/s], m., the 
great divinity, son of Jupiter and 
Alcmena, originally of Phoenician 
origin, who presided especially over 
journeys and adventures. — Voc, 
Heavens ! 

hereditas, -tatis, [hered- (as if 
heredi-) + tas] , F., inheritance, an 
inheritance. 

Herennius, -i, [?], M., a Roman 
gentile name. — Esp., C. Herennius, 
a senator convicted of embezzlement. 

heres, -edis, [?], M. and F., an 
heir, an heiress. 

hesternus, -a, -um, [hesi- (heri-) 
-f ternus, cf. diuturnus], adj., of 
yesterday, yesterday's, yesterday (as 
if adv.); hesterno die (yesterday). 

heus, [?], interj., look you, here ! 
ho! 

hiberno, -avi, -aturus, -are, [hi- 
berno-], 1. v. n., pass the winter, 
winter : quem ad modum milites 
(conduct themselves in winter quar- 
ters). 

hibernus, -a, -um, [hiem+ernus, 
cf. noctiirnus], adj., of winter, win- 
ter (as adj.). — Neut. pl.(sc.castra), 
winter quarters, a winter encamp- 
ment. 

hie [fhi- (loc. of hi-c) ce], adv., 
here (cf. hie), in this place, there 
(of a place just mentioned), on this 
occasion, now, on this point. 



hie, haec, hue, hujus, [hi- (pron. 
stem) + ce, cf. ecce, cetera], pron., 

(pointing to something near the 
speaker in place, time, or interest), 
this, these, he, they, this man (womaii 
or thing), the present, like this. — 
Referring to things before mentioned 
(but with more emphasis than is), 
this, these, etc. — Less commonly, of 
what follows, the following, as fol- 
lows, these. — Often with a gesture, 
this, this here present, the one before 
me, my client : horum omnium (all 
these here present) ; pater hujusce 
(of the one here, of my client). — 
Esp., hoc est (that is to say) ; huic 
irnperio (this of ours); per hosce 
annos (these last years); his paucis 
diebus (within a few days). — hoc, 
neut. abl, used adverbially, in this 
respect, on this account, by so much : 
hoc magis (all the more). — Often 
hie . . . ille, the one ... the other, this 
(near by) . . . the other (farther off), 
this last (nearer on the page) . . . the 
other, the latter . . . the former. — 
liiijus modi, see modus. 

hicine [hie (hice) ne],adv., here 
(in emphatic question). 

hiemps (-ems), -emis, [akin to 
Xei/uoy], F., winter. 

Hiero, -dnis, \_'Upu>v~], m., the 
name of several kings of Syracuse. 

— Esp., Hiero II., the son of Hiero- 
cles, in the third century B.C., just 
before the Second Punic war. 

hinc [fhim (loc. of hie, cf. in- 
terim) -f ce],adv.,_/}-<?7;/. here, hence. 

— Also (cf. ab and ex), on this side, 
here : hinc . . . hinc (on this side . . . 
on that). 

Hirtius, -i, [hirto + ius], m., a 
Roman gentile name. — Esp., Aulus 
Hirtius, cons. B.C. 43, in the struggle 
I against Mark Antony. 



Vocabulary 



83 



Hispania, -ae, [Hispano -f ia (f. 
of -ius)], f. (of adj., cf. Gallia), 
Spain. 

Hispaniensis, -e, [Hispania + 
ensis], adj., of Spain, Spanish. 

Hispanus, -a, -um, [?], adj., 
Spanish. 

hodie [ho (abl. of hi-c, \vh. see) 
die], adv., to-day, now. 

hodiernus, -a, -um, [hodie -f er- 
nus], adj., of to-day, to-day's: hodi- 
ernus dies {to-day, this day). 

Homerus, -1,^'O/j.^pos], M., Homer. 

homo, -inis, [prob. humo + o], c, 
a human being (cf. vir, a man, as 
a male), a man (including women). 
— Sometimes, since vir is the com- 
plimentary word, implying contempt, 
etc., fellow, creature, person. 

honestas, -tatis, [fhonos (stem 
of honor as adj.)], F., honor, re- 
spectability, honorable position. 

honeste [old abl. of honestus], 
adv., honorably, decently, with honor, 
with decency. 

honesto, -avi, -atus, -are, [hones- 
to-], I. v. a., make honorable, honor : 
se {gain honor) ; currum {adorn as 
a captive). 

honestus, -a, -um, [honos (orig. 
stem of honor) -f tus], adj., esteemed, 
honored, respected, worthy, honorable, 
respectable, creditable. — Very often 
as an epithet of the middle class, cf. 
splendidus (used in reference to 
success and fortune), ornatus, am- 
plus (used of dignitaries). 

honor (honos), -oris, [m. of 
adj. (cf. honestas), unc root + or 
(orig. -os, cf. -77s)], M., honor, a 
mark of honor, a source of honor, 
an honor. — Esp. of honors conferred 
by the people, a post of honor, an 
office, a dignity, a high position. — ■ 
Phrases : in honore, quanto honore 



esse {be honored) ; gradus honoris, 
honorum {advancement) ; honoris 
causa {with due respect, an apology 
for mentioning a person's name). 

honorificentissimus, superl. of 
following. 

honorificus, -a, -um, [honor- (as 
if honori) + ficus], adj., honorable, 
in honorable terms. 

hora, -ae, \_wpa, orig. season?], 
F., an hour. The Roman hours, 
being reckoned from sunrise to sun- 
set, were not of equal length at all 
times of the year, but were always so 
many twelfths of the solar day. 

Horatius, -i, [?], M., a Roman 
gentile name. — Esp., M. Horatius, 
the victor in the triple combat with 
the Curiatii, who was tried for killing 
his sister. 

horreo, horrui, no p.p., horrere, 
[fhorro- (t/horr, orig. hors) + us, 
prob. used orig. of the sensation 
called " goose pimples," where the 
hair seems to stand on end. In Sk. 
the root is used of intense delight, 
which is sometimes accompanied by 
the same sensation], 2. v. n. and a., 
bristle (see above). — Hence, shud- 
der at, dread. 

horribilis, -e, [horro- (as if stem 
of horreo, but prob. stem of f hor- 
rus, see above) + bilis], adj., to be 
shuddered at, frightful, dreadful. 

horridus, -a, -um, [fhorro- (wh. 
horreo)+dus], adj., horrible, dread- 
ful. 

hortatus, -tus, [horta+tus], m., 
admonition, encouragement, exhor- 
tation. 

Hortensius, -i, [prob. hortensi 
+ ius], M., a Roman gentile name. 
— Esp., Q. Hortensius Hortalus, the 
great orator, contemporary and rival 
of Cicero. 



Vocabulary. 



hortor, -tatus, -tan, [for horitor, 
freq. of old fhorior], I. v. dep., en- 
courage, urge on, urge, address. — 
Less exactly, of things, urge, move, 
pro??ipt. 

hortus, -I, [?], M., a garden. 

hospes, -itis, [prob. ghas-patis, 
orig. host {lord of eating)\ M., a 
host. — Also, a guest, a stranger, a 
visitor. — Hence, a guest friend (in 
the peculiar relation of hospitium, 
which was a kind of hereditary friend- 
ship between persons of different 
countries, not personal, but of a fam- 
ily or state), a friend (of the kind 
above mentioned): familiaris et hos- 
pes (a personal and family friend). 

hospitium, -i, [hospit+ium], 
N., the relation of host (or guest). 

— Hence (cf. hospes), friendship, 
a friendly relation, a relation of 
friendship. 

hostilis, -e, [hosti + lis], adj., 
hostile, of the ene7?iy. 

hostis, -is, [prob. ^/GHAS+tis], M. 
and F., {a stranger, cf. hospes), an 
enemy (of the state, cf. inimicus), 
a public enemy. — Coll., the enemy. 

— Rarely, an enemy (in a general 
sense), a bitter enemy. 

H S. [prob. for lis (duo semis, 
2| asses)], a sign for sestertii, ses- 
tertium, or sestertia. 

hue, [ho (dat. of hi-c) -ce], adv., 
hither, here (in sense of hither), to 
this (place, and the like, cf. eo), to 
this point. 

hiicine [fhoce (cf. hue) -ne], 
adv., hither, etc., as interrogative. 

hujus modi, see modus. 

humanitas, -tatis, [humano + 
tas], F., humanity (as opposed to 
brutishness), civilization, cultivation, 
refinement, courtesy, human feeling, 
culture. 



humauus, -a, -um, [stem akin to 
homo and humus(?) + nus], adj., 
human, of man, civilized, cultivated, 
refined. 

humerus, see umerus. 

humilis, -e, [humo + lis], adj., 
low, shallozv (cf. altus, deep). — Fig., 
low, humble, poor, humbled, abased, 
of low origin, obscure, mean. 

humilitas, -tatis, [humili + tas] , 
F., lowness, shallowness. — Fig., hum- 
ble position. 

humus, -i, [?, cf. x «/"<»]> F -> the 
ground : humi (on the ground). 

I. 

facchus, -i, [ v Ia«xos], M., Bac- 
chus. 

Ialysus, -I, ['IaAixros], m., the 
eponymous divinity of the city of 
Ialysus in Rhodes. 

ibi [old case-form of is (cf. 
tibi)], adv., there (in a place before 
mentioned or indicated by a rela- 
tive). 

ibidem [ibi-dem, cf. idem], adv., 
in the same place, there also. 

ico, id, ictus, icere, [?], 3. v. a., 
strike. — Esp. of treaties (prob. from 
the killing of a sacrificial victim), 
strike, make, solemnize. 

ictus, -tus, [V IC + tus], M., a 
blow, a stroke, a thrust. 

idcirco [id (n. ace. of is) + circo 
(case-form of same stem as circa, 
circum)], adv., for that reason, 
therefore, on this account. 

idem, eadem, idem, [is-dem, cf. 
dum], adj. pron., the same. — Often 
as subst, the same thing (things), the 
same man, the same. — Often repre- 
sented by an adverb, at the same 
time, also, as well. 

identidem [prob. idem-ttadem 



Vocabulary. 



»5 



(case-form of -y/TA, in tam-f dem)], 
adv., repeatedly, again and again. 

ideo [id eo, this for this reason'], 
adv., therefore, for this reason. 

idoneus, -a, -um, [?, akin to 
idem?], adj., ft, suitable, adapted, 
deserving. 

Idiis, -uum, [?, perh. akin to 
aestus], F. plur., the Ides (a day of 
the lunar month falling at the full 
moon, conventionally on the 15th of 
March, May, July, October, and the 
13th of the other months, and used 
by the Romans to reckon dates). 

igitur [prob. for agitur, the 
point aimed at is], conj., therefore, 
then, notu, you see. 

Ignarus, -a, -um, [in-gnarus], 
adj., ignorant, not knowiyig, without 
knowledge : ignarus rerum (without 
knowledge of affairs, inexperienced}. 

ignavia, -ae, [ignavo -f ia], f., 
shiftlessness, cowardice. 

ignavus, -a, -um. [in-(g)navus], 
adj., shiftless, cowardly. 

Ignis, -is, [?, same word as Sk. 
agnis, the god of f re], 'Si., f re, fame. 

Ignobilis, -e, [in-(g)nobilis], 
adj., not famous, obsctire. 

Ignominia, -ae, [fignomin- (in- 
(g)nomen) + ia], f., zvant of fame, 
disgrace. — Almost concretely, a dis- 
graceful defeat, a disgraceful blemish. 

Ignoratio, -onis, [ignora+tio], 
l'., ignorance. 

Ignoro, -avi, -atus, -are, [igna- 
ro-], 1. v. a., fail to notice, not know, 
be ignorant of. — Pass., be tmobserved, 
be unknown : non ignorans (not 
tmaware of}. 

ignosco, -novi, -notus, -noscere, 
[in- (unc. which meaning) (g)nos- 
co"), 3. v. n. and a., pardon. 

ignotus, -a, -um, [in-(g)notus], 
adj., unknown, strange. 



Ilias, -ados, ["lAias], f., the Iliad. 

illatus, see inlatus. 

ille, -a, -ud, [old ollus, fr. -yjtxts 
+ lus(?)], pron., that (of some- 
thing remote, cf. hie). — Often as 
subst. (opposed to some other em- 
phatic word), he, she, it, they : hie. . . 
ille (this . . . that, the other, the lat- 
ter . . . the former, he . . . the other). 
— Often of what follows (cf. hie), 
this, these, etc. — Of what is famous 
or well known, the, the great, the 
famous, etc. — Phrases: hie ille est 
(he is the one) ; ille ferreus (such a, 
etc.); ille consul (that kind of a 
consul). — Sometimes untranslatable, 
appended merely for emphasis, and 
accompanied by quidem. 

illecebra, see inlecebra. 

illinc [illim-ce], adv., thence, from 
there. — Also (cf. ex and ab) , on 
that side, there, on one side. 

illuc [illo-ce], adv., thither, there 
(in the sense of thither). 

illncesco, see inlucesco. 

illustris, see inlustris. 

iilustro, see inlustro. 

Illyricns, -a, -um, [Illyrio-|-cus], 
adj., of Illyria, Illyrian: mare (a 
part of the Adriatic). 

imago, -inis, [akin to imitor], 
F., an image, an effigy, a statue, a 
portrait, a representation, a picture 
(in the imagination), an ideal pic- 
ture. — Esp. of the wax masks kept 
by the Romans of their dead ances- 
tors, and used in funeral proces- 
sions. 

imbecillitas (inb-), -tatis, [im- 
becillo + tas], f., weakness, feeble- 
ness : animi (feebleness of purpose, 
pusillanimity). 

imbecillus (inb-), -a, -um, [?, 
in-bacillum, leaning on a staff}], 
adj., weak, feeble. 



86 



Vocabulary 



imber, imbris, [?, cf. Gr. t^Spos], 
M., a rain-storm, a rain. 

imberbis (inb-),-e, [in-barba], 
adj., beardless. 

imbibo, -bibl, no p.p., -bibere, 
[in-bibo], 3. v. a., drink in. — Less 
exactly, take in, imbibe. 

imbuo (inb-), -bui, -butus, -bu- 
ere, [?, in-fbuo?, cf. bibo], 3. v. a., 
moisten, stain (also fig.); non in- 
stituti sed imbuti (not having 
learned, but drunken in). 

imitatio, -onis, [imita + tio], F., 
an imitation. 

imitator, -toris, [imita + tor], 
M., an imitator, a copier. 

iniitor, -atus, -an, [fimito-, p.p. 
of fimo (cf. imago)], 1. v. dep., 
imitate, copy. 

immanis (inm-), -e, [in-fmanus 
(good) ?], adj., (" uncanny" ?), mon- 
strous, huge, enormous, zuild, savage. 
— Also, barbarous, inhuman, brutal. 

immanitas, -tatis, [immani + 
tas], ¥., barbarity, ferocity, brutality, 
monstrosity. 

immaturus, -a, -urn, [in-rnatu- 
rus], adj., unripe, immature, pre- 
mature. 

immineo (inm-), no perf., no p.p., 
-minere, [in-mineo], 2.v.n., overhang, 
project. — Fig., threaten, impend. 

immimio (inm-) , -ui, -utus, -uere, 
[in-minuo], 3. v. a., diminish, im- 
pair, infringe, reduce, weaken. 

immitto (inm-), -misi, -missus, 
-mittere, [in-mittc], 3. v. a., let in, 
let dozun (into), insert, throw (upon), 
let loose, set on (gladiatores). 

immo (imo) [?, abl. of fimmus 
(in+mus, cf. summus, demmm)], 
adv., (in the lowest dcgreel), nay, 
nay rather, nay more. — Phrase : 
immo vero (nay on the contrary, 
nay rather, nay even). 



immoderatus (inm), -a, -urn, 
[in-moderatus], adj., unrestrained, 
excessive, beyond bounds, violent. 

immortalis (inm-), -e, [in-mor- 
talis], adj., immortal, eternal. — As 
equivalent to an adv., eternally. 

immortalitas (inm), -tatis, [im- 
mortali -f tas], F., immortality. 

imparatus (inp-), -a, -um, [in- 
paratus], adj., unprepared, not 
ready. 

impedimentum (inp-), -I, [im- 
ped! -f mentum], N., a hindrance.: 
esse impedimento (be a hindrance, 
hinder). — Esp. in plur., baggage, a 
baggage train, a heavy train. 

impedio (inp-), -Ivi, -Itus, -ire, 
[fimped- (in-pes, as if impedi-)], 
4. v. a., entangle, hamper, interfere 
with. — Fig., hinder, embarrass, im- 
pede, hinder in the exercise of. — 
impeditus, -a, -um, p.p., hampered, 
entangled, occupied, difficult, impas- 
sable': nullo impediente (with no 
one to hinder). 

impello (inp-), -puli, -pulsus, -pel- 
lere, [in-pello], 3. v. a., drive on. — 
Fig., instigate, urge on, force, drive. 

impendeo (inp-), -ere, [in-pen- 
deo], 2. v. n., over Jiang, hang over, 
threaten, impend. 

imperator, -toris, [impera+tor] , 
M., a commander (in chief), a gen- 
eral : Jupiter Imperator (Jupiter, 
the Supreme Ruler) : dux et impe- 
rator (leader, in actual command, 
and commander, in chief). 

imp era tori us, -a, -um, [impera- 
tor+ius], adj., of a commander, of 
a general. 

imperitus (inp-), -a, -um, [in- 
peritus], adj., ignorant, unacquaint- 
ed luith, unversed in, inexperienced. 

imperium, -i, [fimpero- (whence 
impero, cf. opiparus) + ium], u., 



Vocabulary. 



37 



command, supreme authority, con- I 
trol, supremacy^ supreme power, 
power (military), rule, sway (both 
sing, and plur.), dominion, empire, 
rule, sway. — Concretely, an order, 
orders, a command, a position of 
command: imperium et potestas 
{military and civil power, power 
and authority'). 

impero, -avi, -atus, -are, [fim- 
pero- (in-fparus, cf. opiparus)], 
I. v. a. and n., demand (inake requi- 
sition for, prob. orig. meaning), re- 
quire (in same sense). — Hence, 
order (in military sense), rule, cg?u- 
mand, give orders : me imperante 
(at my command)', Lucullo im- 
perante (under L?s command) . 

impertio (inp-), -Ivi (-ii), -itus, 
-ire, [in-partio, cf. partior], 4. v. a., 
impart, share (with one), give, con- 
fer, attribute, assign, bestow. 

impetro, -avi, -atus, -are, [in- 
patro], i.v. a., accomplish (anything 
by a request), succeed in (obtaining), 
obtain (a request), secure (a thing); 
impetro a (prevail upon, persuade) ; 
impetro ut, etc. (obtain a request, 
be allozued to, etc., succeed in hav- 
ing). 

impetus, tus, [in-fpetus (-fVKi 
-f us), cf. impeto], M., a rush, an 
attack, an onset, a charge, an assault, 
violence, veliemence, fury : facere 
(make an inroad, charge, or inva- 
sion, invade); is impetus (such fury, 
etc.); gladiorum (armed onset) . 

impietas, -tatis, [in-pietas], v., 
impiety. 

impius, -a, -urn, [in-pius], adj., 
impious (offending divine law). 

impleo, -evT, -itus, -ere, [in- 
fpleo], 2. v. a.., fill. 

implico, -avi (-ui), -atus (-itus), 
-are, [in-plico], 1. v. a., entangle, 



interweave, entwine, bind up, closely 
connect. 

imploratio, -onis, [implora -|- 
tio], F., an entreaty. 

imploro, -avi, -atus, -are, [in- 
ploro], I. v. a. and n., implore, be- 
seech. 

impono, -posui, -positus, -ponere, 
[in-pono], 3. v. o.., place upon, mount 
(men on horses), place, impose (fig.), 
saddle upon, fasten upon. 

importo, -avi, -atus, -are, [in- 
porto], 1. v. a., bring upon, import. 

importunus, -a, -urn, [in-fpor- 
tunus (without a harbor?, cf. Por- 
tunus)], adj., unsuitable, untimely. 
— Also (cf. incommodus), cruel, 
tinrelenting, zmfeeling, reckless, in- 
human. 

imprimis, [in primis, and often 
separate], adv., among the first, espe- 
cially, particularly (more than any- 
thing else) . 

imprimo, -pressi, -pressus, -pri- 
mere, [in-premo], 3. v. a., impress. 

improbe, adv., zvickedly. 

improbitas, -tatis, [improbo + 
tas, cf. probitas], F., wickedness, 
want of integrity, improbity, want 
of honesty, rascality, want of prin- 
ciple. 

improbo, -avi, -atus, -are, [im- 
probo-], I. v. a., (hold as bad?, cf. 
probo), disapprove, blame, censure. 

improbus, -a, -um, [in-probus], 
adj., inferior. — Hence, bad, un- 
principled, wicked, rascally, dishon- 
est. — As subst., a rascal, etc. 

improvidus, -a, -um, [in-provi- 
dus], adj., improvident, imprudent, 
thoughtless, unthinking. 

improvisus, -a, -um, [in-pro- 
visus], adj., unforeseen : improviso 
(de improviso) (on a sudden, un- 
expectedly, unawares) . 



8S 



Vocabulary . 



imprudens, -entis, [in-prudens], 

adj., not expecting, incautious, un- 
suspecting, off one's guard, unguard- 
ed, not being aware : aliquo impru- 
dente (without one's knowledge) . 

imprudentia, -ae, [imprudent+ 
ia], F., ignorance, want of consid- 
eration, want of forethought, thought- 
lessness, inattention. 

impubes, -eris (-is), [in-pubes], 
adj., beardless, immature, a mere boy. 

impudens, -entis, [in-f pudens] , 
adj., shameless, impudent. 

impudenter [impudent -f ter], 
adv., shamelessly, with impudence. 

impudentia, -ae, [impudent + 
ia], F., shamelessness, impudence, 
want of shame. 

impudicus, -a, -um, [in-pudi- 
cus], adj., shameless, indecent, un- 
chaste, immodest. 

iinpune [n. of impunis (in- 
poena, weakened and decl. as adj.)], 
adv., with impunity. 

impiinitas, -tatis, [impuni-ftas], 
F., freedom from punishment, im- 
punity. 

impunitus, -a, -um, [in-puni- 
tus], adj., unpunished, unchecked 
(by punishment). 

impurus, -a, -um, [in-purus], 
adj., impure, rascally, vile, dishonest, 
unprincipled. 

Imus, -a, -um, sup. of inferus. 

1. in- [cf. Gr. a-, av-, Eng. «»-], 
neg. particle, only in composition. 

2. in [ ?, cf. Gr. aua, Eng. on ; cf. 
also inde], prep. a. With ace, of 
motion, having its terminus within 
or on (cf. ad, with terminus at or 
near), into, upon, within, to, against, 
among. — Of time, for, to, till. — 
Fig., without actual motion, but only 
direction, to, towards, against, upon, 
over. — Often where Eng. has a dif- 



ferent conception, in, on : in locum 
alicujus (in one's place). — In ad- 
verbial expressions where no motion 
appears, in, according to, with, to : 
mirum in modum (cf. quern ad 
modum); in earn sententiam (to 
this purport); in speciem (with the 
appearance) ; in altitudinem (in 
height, cf. to the height of) . — Esp., in 
potestatem esse (in the pozver, etc.. 
a confusion of two constructions). 
—b. With abl., of rest (lit. and fig.), 
in, on, a?nong, within, at : in tanta 
propinquitate (under circumstances 
of in a case of). — Often, in the 
case of, in the matter of in respect 
to: in eo (in his case, in regard to 
him, on that point, at that). — Esp., 
in odio esse (be hated, and the like). 
— In comp. as adv., in, upon, to- 
wards, and the like. 

inanis, -e, [?], adj., empty, unoc- 
cupied. — Fig., empty, vain, idle. 

inauditus, -a, -um, [in-auditus] , 
adj., unheard of. 

inauratus, -a, -um, adj., gilded. 

incautns, -a, -um, [in-cautus], 
adj., incautious, off one's guard, im- 
prudent, thoughtless. 

incedo, -cessi, -cessurus, -cedere, 
[in-cedo], 3. v. n., proceed, walk: 
quam taeter incedebat (what a 
villanous spectacle as he walked). 

incendium, -i, [in-f candium, cf. 
incendo], N., a btiming, a fire, a 
conflagration. — In plur., the burn- 
ing, etc., of buildings, each one being 
conceived as a separate burning, as 
is usual in Latin. 

incendo, -cendi, -census, -cen- 
dere, [in-fcando, cf. candeo], 3-v.a., 
set fire to, burn. — Fig., rouse, excite, 
fire, inflame. 

incensiS, -onis, [in-fcensio, cf. 
incendo], F., a burning. 



Vocabulary. 



8 9 



inceptuin, -I, [p.p. of incipio], 
N., an undertaking. 

incertus, -a, -um, [in-certus], 
adj., uncertain, dubious, untrusl- 
wcrthy: itinera {obscure, blind). 

incessus, -us, [in-fcessus, cf. 
. incedo], M., a walk, a gait, the bear- 
ing (of one in walking). 

inoestus, -a, -um, [in-castus], 
adj., unchaste, impure, incestuous. 

incestus, -tus, [in-fcastus, noun 
akin to castus], M., incest. 

inchoo, see incoho. 

incido, -cidi, -casurus, -cidere, 
[in-cado], 3. v. n., fall upon, fall 
(in any direction). — Less exactly 
and hg.,fall in with, fall into, hap- 
pen upon, meet, occur, happen. 

incido, -cidi, -cisus, -cidere, [in- 
caedo], 3. v. a., cut into, cut, en- 
grave : leges (i.e., engrave for pub- 
lication). 

incipio, -cepi, -ceptus, -cipere, 
[in-capio], 3. v. a. and n., begin, 
undertake. 

incitamentum, -i, [incita+men- 
tum], N., an incentive. 

incito, -avi, -atus, -are, [in-cito], 
I. v. a., set in motion (in some 
particular direction) (lit. and fig.), 
urge on, drive, impel, excite, incite, 
rouse. 

inclinatio, -onis, [inclina-f tio], 
i-\, a leaning, an inclination, a ten- 
dency. 

inclino, -avi, -atus, -are, [in- 
clino], I. v. a. and n., lean, turn, 
bend. 

includo, -clusi, -clusus, -cludere, 
[in-claudoj, 3. v. a., shut up, en- 
close, include. — inclusus, -a, -um, 
p.p. as adj., secret, hidden. 

incognitus, -a, -um, [in-cogni- 
tus], adj., unexamined, unheard, 
unknown. 



incoho (inchoo), -avi, -atus, -are, 
[?], I. v. a., begin, commence. 

incola, -ae, [in-fcola, cf. agri- 
cola], M. and F., an inhabitant, a 
resident (not a citizen). 

incolo, -colui, no p.p., -colere, 
[in-colo], 3. v. a. and n., inhabit, 
live, dwell. 

incolumis, -e, [ ?, akin to coluin- 
na], adj., safe, unhurt, uninjured, 
unharmed, preserved, in one 's power 7 
quibus incolumibus {with whose 
preservation) ; quandiu incolumis 
fuit {as long as he was in good for- 
tune). 

incommodus, -a, -um, [in-com- 
modus], adj., inconvenient, unfortu- 
nate. — Esp., incommodum, n. 
as subst., disadvantage, misfortune 
(euphemism for defeat, loss, disaster), 
harm. 

inconslderatus, -a, -um, [in- 
consideratus], adj., ill-considered, 
inconsiderate. 

incorrupte [old abl. of incor- 
ruptus], adv., without bias. 

incorruptus, -a, -um, [in-cor- 
ruptus], adj., unspoiled, unbribed, 
free from bias. 

increbresco (-besco), -brui 
(-bui), -brescere (-bescere) [in-cre- 
bresco], 3. v. n., thicken, grow fre- 
quent : consuetudo {spread, become 
common). 

incredibilis, -e, [in-credibilis] , 
adj., incredible, marvellous, extraor- 
dinary. 

increpo, -crepui (-avi), -crepitus, 
-crepare, [in-crepo], 1. v. n. (and a.), 
make a noise, sound, rattle : quic- 
quid increpuerit {whatever noise is 
heard). 

incultus, -a, -um, [in-cultus], 
adj., uncultivated, uncouth. 

incumbo, -cubui, no p.p., -cum- 



90 



Vocabulary. 



bere, [in-cumbo], 3. v. n. (anda.),/j> 
upon. — Hence, bend one's energies. 

incunabula, -orum, [in-cunabu- 
la], N. plur., swaddling clothes (in 
which anciently the infant was wound 
up into a tight little bundle). — Hence, 
the cradle (as a symbol of infancy). 

incurro, -cucurri, (-curri), -cur- 
sus, -currere, [in-curro], 3. v. a. and 
n., run upon, rush at, make an as- 
sault : in navem {assail). 

indago, -avi, -atus, -are, [fin- 
dago-, cf. indago (-inis)], 1. v. a., 
track, chase, pursue, trace out, in- 
vestigate. 

inde [fim (loc. of is, cf. interim, 
nine) -de (form akin to -dem, dum, 
cf. indu, old form of in)], adv., 
from there, thence, front the place 
(which, etc.), from that point. 

indemnatus, -a, -um, [in-dam- 
natus], adj., uncondemned. 

index, -icis, [in-fdex (^/dic as 
stem, cf. judex)], M. or ¥., an in- 
former, an accuser (appearing as 
witness) . 

India, -ae, ['IvSt'a], F., all the 
country, vaguely conceived, beyond 
Sogdiana, Bactriana, and Asia, in- 
cluding modern India. 

indicium, -I, [indie-Hum], N., in- 
formation, evidence (making known 
a crime), an indication, a proof: 
per indicium {through an informer). 

indico, -avi, -atus, -are, [indie-], 
1. v. a., point out, inform, make 
known, shoiv, discover (as an in- 
former), betray, disclose, give infor- 
1 nation. 

indico, -dixi, -dictus, -dicere, [in- 
dico], 3. v. a., order, proclaim, ap- 
point : bellum {declare). 

1 . indictus, -a, -um, p.p. of indico. 

2. indictus, -a, -um, [1. in-dic- 
tus], adj., unpleaded, untried, un- 



heard: indicta causa (without a 
trial). 

indidem [inde-dem, cf. idem], 

adv., from the same place : indidem 
Ameria {there from Amerid). 

indigne [old abl. of indignus] , 
adv., unworthily, shameftdly (un- 
worthily of one's self or of the cir- 
cumstances) : indigne fero {take it 
as a shame). 

indignus, -a, -um, [ 1 . in-dignus] , 
adj., unworthy, shameful, undeserved. 
— As subst, a shame, an outrage. 

indomitus,,-a, -um, [in-domitus] , 
adj., unconquered, indomitable, un- 
controlled. 

induco, -duxl, -ductus, -ducere, 
[in-duco], 3. v. a., draw on, bring 
in, introduce. — Also, lead on. — 
Hence, induce, instigate, impel. 

industria, -ae, [?], F., diligence, 
painstaking, industry : de industria 
{on purpose). 

industrius, -a, -um, [?], adj., 
industrious, diligent, painstaking. 

ineo, -ivi (-ii), -itus, -ire, [in-eo], 
irr. v. a., enter upon, go into. — Fig., 
adopt, make, begin, gain, secure. — 
Esp. : iniens aetas or adulescentia 
{early youth) ; ineunte vere {at the 
beginning of spring). 

inermis, -e (-us, etc.), [in-arma], 
adj., tinarmed, defenceless. 

iners, -ertis, [in-ars], adj., shift- 
less, cowardly, sluggish, unmanly. 

inertia, -ae, [inert+ia], f., shift- 
lessness, cozuardice, slolhfulness. 

inexpiabilis, -e, [in-expiabilis] , 
adj., inexpiable. — Also, irreconcil- 
able. 

infamia, -ae, [infami + ia], F., 
dishonor, disgrace. 

infamis, -e, adj., infamous. 

infans, -antis, [in-fans], M. and 
F., an infant child, a child, an infant. 



Vocabulary. 



91 



infellx, -icis, [in-felix], adj., un- 
fortunate, unlucky, unhappy , wretch- 
ed, boding ill, ill-omened, ill-fated, 
ill-starred. 

Infero, -tuli, -latus, -ferre, [in- 
fero], irr. v. a., bring in, import, 
carry in, introduce, put upon : bel- 
lum (make, declare, of offensive war) ; 
signa (advance). — Fig-, cause, in- 
flict, commit, create, cause : spent 
{inspire) ; causam (adduce, allege, 
assign, fasten upon) ; vim et manus 
(lay upon) ; ignes (set) ; vim (use) ; 
signis inferendis (by a hostile at- 
tack). 

inferus, -a, -urn, [unc. stem (akin 
to Sk. adhas, down) -f- rus (cf. su- 
perus)], adj., low. — Superb, Infi- 
mus (-umus), Imus, lowest, the bot- 
tom of, at the bottom : infimi (the 
lowest, the meanest). — Esp. : ab in- 
feris (from the world below) ; ad 
(apud) inferos (in the world be- 
low). 

infestus, -a, -um, [in-festus, fr. 
fendo], adj., hostile, in hostile ar- 
ray, pernicious. — Also, in danger. 

Infidelis, -e, [1. in-fidelis], adj., 
unfaithful, wavering in faith, faith- 
less. 

infidelitas, -tatis, [infideli+tas], 
F., unfaithfulness, infidelity, treach- 
ery. 

Infimus, see inferus. 

Inflnitus, -a, -um, [in-finitus], 
adj., unbounded, countless, endless, 
numberless, infinite, unlimited. 

infirmitas, -tatis, [infirmo+tas], 
F., feebleness, unsteadiness, incon- 
stancy. 

Infirmo, -avi, -atus, -are, [infir- 
mo-], I. v. a., weaken, invalidate. 

Inflrmus, -a, -um, [in-firmus] 
adj., 7veak, feeble, helpless. 

infitiator, -toris, [infitia + tor] , 



M., a denier. — Esp. of debts, a slow 
debtor. 

Infitior (infic-), -atus, -ari, [in- 
fitia-, stem of infitiae (in + stem 
akin to fateor)], 1. v. dep., deny. 

Inflammo, -avi, -atus, -are, [in- 
flammo], 1. v. a., set on fire. — Fig., 
fire, inflame, incense, kindle, infu- 
riate. 

Inflo, -avi, -atus, -are, [in-flo], 
I. v. a., blow tipon, bloiv tip. — Fig., 
inspire, puff up. 

Informo, -avi, -atus, -are, [in- 
formo], 1. v. a., form, train. 

infringo, -fregi, -fractus, -fringere, 
[in-frango], 3. v. a., break down, 
destroy. 

infumus, see inferus. 

ingemisco, -gemui, no p.p., -ge- 
miscere, [in-gemisco] , 3. v. n., 
groan. 

ingenero, -avi, -atus, -are, [in- 
genero], 1. v. a., implant. — ingen- 
eratus, inborn. 

ingenium, -i, [in-fgenium, cf. 
genius], N., inborn nature, charac- 
ter, nature. — Hence, mental power, 
genius, intellect. 

ingens, -entis, [in-gens, not be- 
longing to the kind (~>)~\, adj., huge, 
enormotis, very large. 

ingenuus, -a, -um, [in-fgenuus, 
cf. genuinus], adj. (bom in the 
state or family, native i), freeborn. 
— As subst., a free person. 

ingratus, -a, -um, [in-gratus], 
adj., ungrateful (in both Eng. senses), 
unpleasing. 

ingravesco, -escere, [in-grave- 
sco], 3. v. n., become heavier, grow 
serious, grow worse. 

ingredior, -gressus, -gredi, [in- 
gradior], 3. v. dep., march into, 
enter, march in, go upon, go, enter 
tipon : navem (go on board). 



92 



Vocabulary. 



ingressus, -us, [in-gressus, cf. 
ingredior], M., an entrance. 

inliaereo, -haesi, -haesurus, -hae- 
rere, [in-haereo], 2.v.n., fasten itself 
to, cling to, be fastened upon. 

inhibeo, -hibul, -hibitus, -hibere, 
[in-liabeo], 2. v. a., hold in, restrain. 

inhio, -avi, no p.p., -are, [in-hio], 
1. v. n. and a., gape at: uberibus 
{hold the open month to) . 

inhumanus, -a, -um, [in-huma- 
nus], adj., inhuman, cruel. 

inhumatus, -a, -um, [in-huma- 
tus], adj., unburied. 

inibi [in-ibi], adv., therein. — 
Less exactly, just there, just en the 
point of being done. 

inicio (injicio), -jeci, -jectus, 
-icere, [in-jacio], 3. v. a., throw into, 
throw upon. — Less exactly, place in, 
put on, bring upon. — Fig., inspire, 
cause. 

inimicitia, -ae, [inimico + tia], 
F., enmity, hatred, a grudge, a feud, 
a- quarrel, a cause of enmity. 

inimicus, -a, -um, [ 1 . in-amicus], 
adj., unfriendly, hostile. — As subst., 
an enemy (personal, or not in war, 
cf. hostis, an enemy of the state, or an 
enemy at war"), a rival, an opponent. 

iniquitas, -tatis, [iniquo + tas], 
F., inequality, irregularity, uneven- 
ness. — Fig., unfairness, injustice, 
iniquity: temporum {unfavorable 
nature). 

iniquus, -a, -um, [in-aequus], 
adj., uneven. — Fig., unjust (of per- 
sons and things), unfair, unfavora- 
ble, disadvantageous. 

initio, -avi, -atus, -are, [initio-], 
I. v. a., initiate, consecrate. 

initium, -1, [in-fitium (ito + 
ium), cf. ineo], N., a beginning, the 
first of, a commencement, a preface, 
a first attempt or event. 



injuratus, -a, -um, [in-juratus], 
adj., unsworn, not on oath. 

injuria, -ae, [in-jus + ia, cf. in- 
jurius], F., injustice, outrage, wrong, 
violence (as opposed to right), abuse. 
— Abl., injuria (unjustly, wrong- 
fully). 

injuriose [old abl. of injurio- 
sus], adv., with outrage, abusively. 

injustus, -a, -um, [in-justus], 
adj., unjust. 

inlatus, -a, -um, p.p. of infero. 

inlecebra (ill-), -ae, [inlice- (as 
\ if stem of inlicio) + bra, cf. late- 
1 bra], F., aft enticement, a blandish- 
• ment, an allurement. 

inlucesco (ill-), -luxi, no p.p., 
-lucescere, [in-lucesco], j.v.n., shine 
upon, shine, arise (of the sun, etc.). 

illustris (-ill), -e, [in-lustro- (or 
kindred stem, cf. lustro, light, conn, 
unc. with lustrum)], adj., bright,, 
splendid, brilliant, illustrious, con- 
spicuous. 

inlustro, -avi, -atus, -are, [in- 
lustro-, bright, see preceding word], 
1. v. a., illuminate, light up, bring 
to light. 

innascor, -natus, -nasci, [in- 
nascor], 3. v. dep:, grow in, spring 
tip in. — Fig., be inspired, be ex- 
cited. — innatus, p.p., natural, in- 
nate, inborn : innata libertas (in- 
born spirit of liberty) . 

innocens, -entis, [in-nocens (pres. 
p. of noceo)], adj., harmless, guilt- 
less, blameless, innocent, free from 
guilt, doing no wrong. — As subst., 
an innocent man, etc., the inno- 
cent. 

innocentia, -ae, [innocent+ia], 
F., blamelessness, innocence, blameless 
conduct (esp. in office). 

innumerabilis, -e, [in numera- 
bilis], adj., countless, innumerable, 



Vocabulary. 



93 



numberless : innumerabiles pecu- 
niae {countless sums of money}. 

inopia, -ae, [inop+ia], F., scar- 
city, dearth, destitution, want, priva- 
tion, want of supplies : inopia om- 
nium rerum {-'cry privation, utter 
destitution) . 

inops, -opis, [in-ops], adj., poor, 
destitute, in poverty. 

inoratus, -a, -um, [in-oratus], 
adj., unpleaded : re inorata (with- 
out a hearing, changing the point 
of view). 

inquam (inquio), [?], v. def., 
say, said I: inquam (said I); in- 
quit (he says, said he). 

inquiro, -quisivi,-quisitus, -quirere, 
[in-quaero], 3. v. a. and n., enquire, 
investigate, make investigations. 

inquisitor, -toris, [in-quaesitor, 
cf. inquiro], M., an investigator, a 
detective. 

inrepo (irr-), -repsi, -repturus, 
-repere, [in-repo], 3. v. n., creep in, 
find one's way in, get in (surrepti- 
tiously). 

inretio (irr-), -ivi (-ii), -itus, 
-ire, [finreti- (in-rete)], 4. v. a., en- 
snare, entajigle. 

inrito (irr-), -avi, -atus, -are, [fin- 
rito- (of unc. kin.)], I. v. a., ir7'itate, 
excite, provoke, arouse : vi (wan- 
tonly assail). 

inrogo (irr-), -avi, -atus, -are, 
[in-rogo], I. v. a., (propose a law 
against), propose (a law or fine 
against any one) : multam (move, 
propose, of an accusation before the 
people for a fine). 

inrumpo (irr-), -rupi, -ruptus, 
-rumpere, [in-rumpo], 3. v. a. and 
n., break in, break down, break in 
zip on, burst in .in nostrum fletum 
(break in upoii and interrupt) . 

inruo (irr-), -rui, no p.p., -ruere, 



[in-ruo], 3-v.n., rush in, rush upon : 
in aliquem (assail) ; in odium 
(force one's self needlessly). 

inruptio (irr-), -onis, [in-frup- 
tio, cf. inrumpo], F., an inroad, 
an attack, an invasion , an incursion, 
a raid. 

insania, -ae, [insano + ia], f., 
insanity, madness, a craze : popu- 
lares insaniae (mad outbreaks of 
the people). 

insanio, -ivi (-ii), no p.p., -ire, 
[insano-, as if insani-], 4. v. n., 
rave, be insane, be mad. 

insanus, -a,-um, [in-sanus], adj., 
(unsound) . — Esp. in mind, insane, 
crazy, mad. — Also of things, crazy ; 
substructions (as indicating a 
craze). 

insciens, -entis, [in-sciens], adj., 
not knowing, ignorant. — Often ren- 
dered by adv., etc., unawares, with- 
out one's knowledge. 

inseientia, -ae, [inscient + ia], 
F., ignorance, zuant of knozvledge. 

inscitia, -ae, [inscito + ia], f., 
ignorance, stupidity. 

Inscribo, -scripsi, -scriptus, -scri- 
bere, [in-scribo], 3. v. a., write upon, 
inscribe. 

insector, -atus, -Sri, [in-sector], 
I. v. dep., pursue, follow up, inveigh 
against. 

insepultus, -a, -um, [in-sepul- 
tus], adj., unburied : cujus furiae 
insepulti (ofzuhose unburied corpse) . 

insequor, -secutus, -sequi, [in- 
sequor], 3. v. dep.,folloiv up, pur- 
sue, attack, assail, harass, hunt down. 
— Also, follow, ensue. 

inservio, -ivi (-ii), no p.p., -ire, 
[in-servio], 4. v. n., be a slave to, 
yield to, follozu the dictates of, devote 
one's self to. 

insideo, -sedi, -sessus, -sidere, [in- 



94 



Vocabulary. 



sedeo], 2. v. n. (and a.), sit upon, 
cling to, lie, reside, lurk in. 

msidiae, -arum, [finsid- (cf. 
praeses) + ia], F. plur., an am- 
bush, an ambuscade, a stratagem, a 
trick, a plot, a trap, treachery : per 
insidias (with deception, treacher- 
ously^ cf. per). 

insidiator, -toris, [insidia-f tor], 
M., a plotter, a secret assassin, one in 
ambush, a Her in zuait, a treacher- 
ous assailant: nullus insidiator 
viae (no one in ambush on the way). 

Insidior, -atus, -ari, [insidia-], 
1. v. dep., lie in wait, make treach- 
erous attacks, plot against, treacher- 
ously assail. 

insidiose [old abl. of insidio- 
sus], adv., treacherously. 

insidiosus, -a, -urn, [insidia -f 
osus], adj., treacherous. 

insido, -sedi, no p.p., -sidere, [in- 
sido], 3. v. n. (and a.), sit zipon, 
seat one's self, sink in, settle upon, 
fasten itself upon, become settled in : 
macula (sink in, become fixed in~) . 

insignis, -e, [insigno-, decl. as 
adj.], adj., marked, memorable, con- 
spicuous, signal. — Insigne, N. as 
subst, signal, sign, decoration (of 
soldiers), a mark, a symbol, insignia. 

insiniulo, -avi, -atus, -are, [in- 
simulo], I. v. a., charge, accuse. 

insolens, -entis, [in-solens], adj., 
tmwonted, arrogant, insolent. 

Insolenter [insolent-)- ter], adv., 
in an unusual manner, insultingly . 

insolentia, -ae, [insolent + ia], 
F., insolence, arrogance. 

insolitus, -a, -um, [in-solitus], 
adj., unwonted, unaccustomed. 

Inspecto, -avi, -atus, -are. [in- 
specto], 1. v. a. and n., look upon, 
look on : inspectantibus nobis (be- 
fore our eyes). 



Insperans, -antis, [in-sperans] , 

adj., unexpecting, not hoping, con- 
trary to one's expectations. 

Insperatus, -a, -um, [in-spera- 
tus], adj., unhoped for, tmexpected, 
unlooked for. 

instauro, -avi, -atus, -are, [in- 
fstauro, cf. restauro], 1. v. a., re- 
new, restore, repeat. 

Instituo, -tui, -tutus, -tuere, [in- 
statuo], 3. v. a. and n., set up, set 
in order, array. — Also, provide, 
procure, get ready, plan. — Also, set 
about, undertake, instruct, begin to 
practise, start, set out, begin, adopt 
(a plan, etc.), resolve, determine, set 
on foot. — Also, teach, train, habitu- 
ate, instruct. — Esp., ab instituto 
cursu (from one's intended course) . 

institution, -i, [n. p.p. of in- 
stituo], N., a habit, a practice, an 
institution, a custom. 

insto, -stiti, -staturus, -stare, [in- 
sto], I. v. n., be at hand, be close at 
hand, press on, be pressing. — Fig., 
threaten, impend, menace. 

Instrumentum, -i, [instru + 
mentum], N., furniture, equipment, 
tools and stores (of soldiers), a means, 
stock (of a shopkeeper), stock in 
trade, means of subsistence : tribu- 
natus (means of carrying on). 

instruo, -struxi, -structus, -stru- 
ere, [in-struo], 3. v. a., build, fit 
up, array, draw up (of troops), fur- 
nish, equip. 

insula, -ae, [akin to in-salio?]. 
F., an island. — Esp., the Island (a 
part of Syracuse). 

insulto, -avi, -aturus, -are, [in- 
salto], I. v. n., leap upon, dance 
upon, trample on, trample under 
foot, insult, commit outrages, run 
riot, outrage, insult. 

insum, -fui, -futurus, -esse, [in- 



Vocabulary 



95 



sum], irr. v. n., be in, exist in, be 
present, be found. 

insuo, -sui, -siitus, -suere, [in- 
suo], 3. v. a., sew up in, sew up. 

integer, -gi"a, -grum, [in-fteger 
(y'TAG, in tango, + rus)], adj., 
untouched, unimpaired, unwearied, 
undiminished, uninjured, unbroken, 
entire, pure, fresh (as subst., fresh 
troops'), inviolate. — Esp., undecided, 
not entered upon (of business) : re 
integra {anew, afresh, before any- 
thing is done, before being committed 
to any course of action) ; id inte- 
grum {an open question). — Also, 
{untainted?) upright, honest, honor- 
able, unimpeachable. 

integre [old abl. of integer], 
adv., honestly, honorably. 

integrities, -tatis, [integro+tas], 
I"., honesty, integrity, blameless con- 
duct, uprightness. 

intellego (-ligo), -lexi, -lectus, 
-legeve, [inter-lego], 3. v. a. and n., 
{pick out [^distinguish'] between), 
learn, know, notice, observe, find 
out, discover, see plainly, be aware, 
observe, understand, be able to see, 
have intelligence, be a connoisseur. 

intendo, -tendi, -tentus, -tendere, 
[in-tendo], 3. v. a. and n., stretch, 
strain, direct, aim (both active and 
neuter) : arcum {aim) ; actionem 
{bring); animum {have in mind, 
direct one's thoughts). 

intento, -avi, -atus, -are, [in- 
tento], 1. v. a., strain, brandish. 

inter [in + ter, cf. alter], prep, 
(adv. in comp.). between, among: 
inter falcarios {in the street of); 
constat inter omnes {by all) ; inter 
latera {about). — Of time, within, 
for : inter decern annos {within 
ten years, for the last ten years). — 
Often in a reciprocal sense : inter se 



{among themselves, with, to, from, at, 
etc., each other) ; diversi inter se 
{different); confiigunt inter' se 
{against each other). 

Interamiia, -ae, [inter-amnis (or 
stem akin)], F., a town in Umbrin 
ninety miles from Rome {Terni). 

Interamnas, -atis, [Interamna+ 
tis], adj., of Inter amna. 

intercedo, -cessi, -cessurus, -ce- 
dere, [inter-cedo], 3. v. n., come 
between, go between, lie between, in- 
tervene, exist between, occur between, 
be, pass (of time). — Esp. of the 
tribunes, veto, stay proceedings. 

intercessio, -onis, [inter-cessio, 
cf. intercedo], F., a veto (cf. inter- 
cedo) . 

intercessor, -oris, [inter-cessor], 
M., {one who comes betiveen), a surety. 
— Esp., a vetoing tribune {zi. inter- 
cedo). 

intercludo, -clusi, -clusus, -clu- 
dere, [inter-claudo], 3. v. a., cut off, 
shut off, block (roads), put a stop to. 

interduni [inter dum (orig. 
ace.)], adv., for a time, sometimes. 

interea [inter ea (prob. abl.)], 
adv., mcanzuhile, in the mean time, 
meantime. 

intereo, -ivi (-ii), -iturus, -ire, 
[inter-eo {go into pieces?, cf. inter- 
ficio)], irr. v. n., perish, die, be 
killed, be destroyed. 

interfatio, -onis, [inter-ffatio 
(fa -f tio)], F., an interruption. 

interfector, -toris, [inter-factor, 
cf. interficio], M., a slayer, a mur- 
derer. 

interficio, -feci, -fectus, -ficere, 
[inter-facio], 3. v. a., {cut to pieces, 
cf. intereo), slay, kill, put to death, 
destroy. 

intericio (-jicio), -jeci, -jectus, 
-icere, [inter-jacio], 3. v. a., throw 



96 



Vocabulary. 



in (between). — Pass., lie between, 
intervene: tempore interjecto(<?/?<?r 
an interval, etc.). 

interim [perh. loc. of finterus 
(cf. inter, interior), but cf. inte- 
rea, interibi], adv., meanwhile, in 
the mean tiine. 

interinio, -emi, -emptus, -imere, 
[inter-emo], 3. v. a., kill (cf. inter- 
ficio), slay, destroy, put to death. — 
Less exactly, overwhelm. 

interior, -us, [comp. of finterus 
(in-terus, cf. alter)], adj., inner, 
interior, farther in, more inland. — 
Superb, intiinus (-tumus), -a, -urn, 
[in + tinms], inmost, most secret. — 
As subst., an intimate friend. 

interitus, -tus, [inter-itus, cf. 
intereo], M., death, murder (chang- 
ing the point of view), destruction, 
overthrow. 

interjicio, see intericio. 

interinortuus, -a, -urn, [inter- 
mortuus], adj., faint, half dead, life- 
less, still-born. 

internecinus, see internecivus. 

internecio, -onis, [inter-fnecio, 
same root as neco], F., extermina- 
tion, annihilation. 

internecivus (cinus), -a, -um, 
[inter-fnecivus], adj., utterly de- 
structive : bellum {of extermina- 
tion). — Also, internicivus. 

interpello, -avi, -atus, -are, [iriter- 
fpello, cf. appello, -are], 1. v. a., 
interrupt, interfere with. 

interpono, -posui, -positus, -po- 
nere, [inter-pono], 3. v. a., place in 
between (lit. and fig.), interpose, in- 
troduce, allege (an excuse to break 
off something), thrust in, force in, 
put in : diebus interpositis {after 
an interval, etc.) ; se {act as go- 
between). 

interpres, -pretis, [inter-fpres 



(akin to pretium?)], v., a middle- 
man, a mediator, an interpreter, an 
agent (for bribery). 

interrogo, -avi, -atus, -are, [inter- 
rogo], 1. v. a., {ask at intervals), 
question, interrogate, ask, put ques- 
tions. 

intersum, -fui, -futurus, -esse, 
[inter-sum], irr. v. n., be between, 
be among, be in, be engaged in, be 
present : nox interest {there is an 
interval of a night); rei {be engaged 
in, take part in). — Esp. in third 
person, it is of importance, it in- 
terests, it concerns : nihil interest 
{there is no difference, also, it makes 
no difference, it is of no importance); 
hoc interest {there is this difference) ; 
quid mea interest? {what is for my 
interest?) ; quid interest? {what is 
the difference ?) . 

intervallum, -i, [inter- vallus, 
distance between stakes in a ram- 
part], N., distance (between two 
things), distance apart, interval (of 
space or time), space, time: longo 
intervallo {after a long interval, 
after a considerable time). 

interventus, -tus, [inter-fven- 
tus, cf. eventus and intervenio], 
M., a coming (to interrupt some- 
thing), a coining in, an interven- 
tion. 

intestinus, -a, -um, [?, perh. in- 
tus-f tinus] , adj ., internal, intestine : 
pernicies (i.e., within the vitals of 
the state). 

intimus, see interior. 

intolerabilis, -e, [in-tolerabilis], 
adj., intolerable, unendurable, not to 
be borne. 

intolerandus, -a, -um, [in-tol- 
erandus], adj., not to be borne, tin- 
endurable. 

intra [instr. (?) of finterus, cf. 



/ r ocabulary. 



97 



inter and extra], adv. and prep., 
into, within, inside. 

introduce, -duxi, -ductus, -du- 
cere, [intro-duco], 3. v. a., lead in, 
bring in, march in (troops), intro- 
duce. 

introitus, -tus, [intro-itus], m., 
an entrance, an approach (means of 
entrance), a way of entrance : Ponti 
(mouth, i.e., the straits). — Fig., a 
door (as a way of entrance), an 
opening. 

intueor, -tuitus (-tutus), -tueri, 
[in-tueor], 2. v. dep., gaze upon, 
gaze at, cast one's eyes upon, look 
upon, behold, look at, contemplate, 
study. 

intus [in + tus (an abl. ending, 
cf. divinitus)], adv., within. 

inultus, -a, -urn, [in-ultus], adj., 
unavenged, unpunished. 

inuro, -ussl, -ustus, -urere, [in- 
uro], 3. v. a., burn in, brand. — 
Fig., Jix indelibly. 

inusitatus, -a, -urn, [in-usitatus], 
adj., unwonted, tinaccustomed, un- 
usual. 

inutilis, -e, [in-utilis], adj., of 
no use, unserviceable. — In a preg- 
nant sense, unfavorable (positively 
disadvantageous) , prejudicial. 

invado, -vasi, -vasurus, -vadere, 
[in-vado], 3. v. n., rush in, attack, 
assail, make an attack, make a rush, 
make a charge. 

inveho, -vexi, -vectus, -vehere, 
[in-veho], 3. v. a., carry in, carry 
against. — Pass, as dep., be borne, 
ride, sail in, assail (ride against), 
inveigh. 

invenio, -veni, -ventus, -venire, 
[in-venio], 4. v. a.,/«(/(come upon, 
cf. reperio, find by searc/i), learn, 
discover, meet with, invent, chance 
to have, originate. 



inventor, -tdris, [in-fventor, cf. 
invenio], M., a discoverer, an in- 
ventor, an originator. 

investigo, -avi, -atus, -arc, [in- 
vestigo], I. v. a. and n., trace out, 
investigate. 

inveterasco, -ravi, -raturus, -ras- 
cere, [in-veterasco], 3. v. n., grow 
old, become established, become fas- 
tened in or on, become rooted, be- 
come deeply sealed. 

invictus, -a, -um, [in-victus], 
adj., unconquered. — Also, tmcon- 
querable, invincible. 

invideo, -vidi, -visus, -videre, [in- 
video, cf. invidus], 2. v. n. and a., 
envy, be jealous of, grudge, be en- 
vious. 

invidia, -ae, [invido + ia], F., 
envy, odium, jealousy, hatred, un- 
popularity. 

invidiose [old abl. of invidio- 
sus], adv., in a manner to excite 
odium. 

invidiosus, -a, -um, [invidia -f 
osus,] adj., causing odium : mihi est 
invidiosum(z'/ is a ground of odium). 

invidus, -a, -um, [in-fvidus 
(V VID + us » wn - video)], adj., 
envious, jealous, ill-disposed, hostile, 
grudging.^ 

invigilo, -avi, no p.p., -are, [in- 
vigilo], 1. v. n., (lie awake for), 
watch over, care for. 

inviolatus, -a, -um, [in-viola- 
tus], adj., inviolate, tinharmed, un- 
injured. — Also (cf. invictus), in- 
violable: inviolata amicitia (with- 
out violating friendship) . 

invisus, -a, -um, [p.p. of invi- 
deo], as adj., hateful, odious, dis- 
pleasing. 

invito, -avi, -atus, -are, [?], i.v.a., 
invite. 

invitus, -a, -um, [?], adj., tin- 



9 8 



Vocabulary. 



willing. — Often rendered as adv., 
against one's will, unwillingly. 

ipse, -a, -um, [is-potis(?)],intens. 
pron., self, very, himself, etc. (as opp. 
to some one else, cf. sui, reflex, refer- 
ring to the subject) he, etc. (emph.), 
he himself, etc.: tu ipse (you your- 
self) ; ipsius virtus (his own, etc.) ; 
id ipsum (that very thing) ; ad ip- 
sum fornicem (just at, etc.) ; illis 
ipsis diebus (just at that very time); 
in Ms ipsis (even in these) ; Kalen- 
dis ipsis (just at, etc.) ; ante ipsum 
sacrarium (just exactly before, etc.) . 

ira, -ae, [?], F., anger, wrath, 
resentment, rage. 

Iracundia, -ae, [iracundo+ia], 
F., wrath (as a permanent quality, 
cf. ira, a temporary feeling), irasci- 
bility, anger. 

iraeundus, -a, -um, [ira + cun- 
dus], adj., of a violent temper, pas- 
sionate, irascible, wrathful, resentful, 
embittered. 

irascor,'iratus,irasci, [fira-f sco], 
3. v. dep., get angry, be angry. — 
iratus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., angry, 
in anger. 

irr-, see inr-. 

is, ea, id, [pron. y/\~\, pron., this 
(less emph. tjian hie), that (un- 
emph.), these, those, etc., the, a, he, 
she, it, such, one, the man : id quod 
(which, omitting the demonstrative); 
atque is (and that too) ; in eo (in 
that matter) ; ex eo genere qui (of 
the kind, etc.) ; vacuus ab eis qui 
defenderent (of men to, etc.) ; vos 
qui . . . ei (you who . . .you) ; neque 
enim is es, etc. (such a man, etc.) ; 
pro eo ac mereor (in proportion to 
what, etc.) ; is consti tutus ex mar- 
moxe(h is statue), etc.; id aetatis filii 
(of that age, etc.). — Abl., N., eo, the 
(old Eng. instrumental), so much, on 



that account, therefore: eo magis (all 
the more); eo atrocior (so much the 
more cruel). — See also ejusniodi. 

iste, -a, -ud, [is-te (cf. turn, tau- 
tus, etc.)], pron., that, these, those, 
etc. — Esp. associated with the sec- 
ond person, with adversaries and 
opponents, that (you speak of), ki 
(your client), those men (my oppo- 
nents), that (of yours), that (by you). 

ita [^/i+ta (instr.(?) of V TA )]» 
adv., so, in such a way, in this way, 
thus, as follows : ut . . . ita, ita . . . ut 
(in proportion as, as); ita dictitat 
(this). 

Italia, -ae, [fltalo- (reduced) -f 
ia (f. of -ius)], F., Italy. 

Ttalicus, -a, -um, [Italo -f- cus], 
adj., Italian: bellum (the Italic or 
Social war, B.C. 90). 

itaque [ita que], adv., and so, 
accordingly, therefore. 

item [yi-tem (ace.?, cf.idem)], 
adv., in like manner, so also, in the 
same way (before mentioned), also, 
likewise. 

iter, itineris, [stem fr. yj\ (go) + 
unc. term.], N., a road, a march, a 
way, a route, a course, a journey. 

iterum [y'l + terus, cf. alter], 
adv., a second tune, again : semel 
atque iterum (again and again) ; 
iterum et saepius (again and 
again). 

J. 

jaceo, -cui, -citurus, -cere, [tjaco-, 
cf. jaculum], 2. v. n., lie, lie dead, 
lie lozv, lie prostrate, be overthrown. 

jacio, jeci, jactus, jacere, [?, cf. 
jaceo], 3. v. a., throw, hurl, cast, 
throw out, bandy abotit. — Esp. of 
foundations, lay (throwing in the 
loose material). 

jacto, -avi, -atus, -are, [jacto-], 



Vocabulary. 



99 



I. v. a., (freq. of jacio), toss, toss 
about, bandy abotd (of talk) ; se jac- 
tare {insolently display itself, swag- 
ger, show one's arrogance or inso- 
lence) . 

jactura, -ae, [jactu-f-ra (f. of 
rus)], F., a throwing away, a loss, a 
sacrifice (of men in war), expense, 
largesse. 

jactus, -tus, [VJ AC + tus], m., a 
throw : fulminum {hurling, flash, 
stroke) . 

jam [ace. of pron. V YA ]> a< ^ v -j 
now (of progressive time, cf. nunc, 
emphatic and instantaneous), by this 
time, at last, already, at length : non 
jam {no longer, not any more, etc.) ; 
nunquam jam {never more, never 
again) ; jam nemo {at last no one) ; 
jam ante, jam antea {already be- 
fore, already, before, also before, even 
before). — Of future time, presently, 
by and by. — Phrases : jam vero 
{now, furthermore, then again, but 
finally, but); jam pridem {now for 
some time, long ago); nunc jam 
{now at last, n&iit) . 

Janiculum, -i, [ Jano -f culum] , 
N., the Janiculine Hill. 

janua, -ae, [?, akin to Janus], 
F., a door. — Fig., gate. 

Januarius, -a, -urn, [?, janua -f 
arius], adj., of 'January. 

jejunus, -a, -um, [?], a.d]., fast- 
ing. — Fig., meagre, poor, Jnimble, 
mean. 

jubeo, jussi, jussus, jubere, [prob. 
jus-habeo, cf. praebeo], 2. v. a., 
order, command, bid. 

jucunditas, -tatis, [jucundo + 
tas], F., pleasantness, pleasure, 
charm. 

jucuudus, -a, -um, [?, perh. for 
juvicundus, akin to juvo], adj., 
pleasant, agreeable. 



judex, -icis, [jus-fdex (y^ic as 
stem)], M. and F., a judge, an ar- 
biter. — Esp. in Roman jurispru- 
dence, a juryman (half judge and 
half juryman, who decided Roman 
law cases), a judge : judices {gen- 
tlemen, i.e., of the jury). 

judicialis, -e, [judicio -f alis], 
adj . , judicial, of courts. 

judicium, -i. [judic + ium], N., 
a judgment (judicial), a trial, a 
verdict, a prosecution. — As each 
trial made a court, a court, a panel 
of jurors, a bench of judges, the ad- 
ministration of justice, the judiciary, 
the judicial power. — Also, an ex- 
pression of opinion (generally offi- 
cial), an opinion, a judgment, a deci- 
sion. 

judico, -avi, -atus, -are, [judic-], 
I. v. a., formally decide, decide, judge, 
be a juror, adjudge, think, consider, 
hold an opinion : equester ordo 
{hold the judiciary^); subiiliter {be 
a connoisseur) ; de ingeniis {criti- 
cize, estimate) ; magna in hoc vis 
judicatur {is held to be, etc.). 

jugulo, -avi, -atus, -are, [jugulo-], 
I. v. a., cut the throat of murder, 
assassinate, strangle (figuratively), 
put to death. 

jugulum, -1, [jugo+lum], n., {a 
little yoke, the collar-bones), the 
throat, the neck. 

Julius, -i, ['?], M., a Roman gen- 
tile name. — Esp., L. Julius Caisar, 
censor, B.C. 89. 

jungo, junxi, junctus, jungere, 
[■y/jUG], 3. v. a., join, unite, at- 
tach, attach together. — In pass, or 
with reflex., unite with, attach one's 
self. 

Junianus, -a, -um, [Junio 4- 
anus], adj., of Junius : consilium 
(a jury of which one Junius was 



IOO 



Vocabulary. 



presiding praetor, and which had 
notoriously been bribed). 

Junius, -a, -urn, [?, perh. akin to 
juvenis], adj., of June. 

Jupiter (Jupp-), Jovis, [Jovis- 
Pater], M., the god of the visible 
heavens and the atmosphere, who 
was regarded as the supreme divinity 
of the Romans, Jupiter, Jove. — 
Identified with the Greek Zevs, hence 
with the adjective Olympius. 

juro, -avi, -atus, -are, [jur- (stem 
of jus)], I. v. n., swear, take an 
oath. — juratus, -a, -um, p.p. in 
active sense, sworn, on oath. 

jus, juris, [for fjavus, y'YU (akin 
to yTJG) + us], N., justice, right, 
rights (collectively) , rights over (any- 
thing, claims') , law : communia jura 
{common rights of mail) ; hoc juris 
constituere {establish this as law) ; 
jure (with right, justly) ; praecipuo 
jure {with special justice): suojure 
{with perfect right); optimo jure 
{with perfect justice) . 

jusjurandum, jurisjurandi, [see 
the two words], N., an oath. 

jussu [abl. of fjussus], used as 
adv., by order : meo jussu {by my 
orders) . 

juste [old abl. of Justus], adv., 
justly. 

justitia, -ae, [justo+tia], F., jus- 
tice (just behavior), sense of justice. 

Justus, -a, -urn, [jus + tus], adj., 
just, lawful, reasonable. — Also, com- 
plete, perfect, regular : omnia justa 
solvere {all due rites). 

juvenis, -e, [?], adj., young. — 
As subst., a yoting man (not over 
45), a youth. 

juventus, -tutis, [juven (orig. 
stem of juvenis) -f tus], F., youth. 
— Concretely, the youth, young men, 
the young. 



juvo, juvi, jutus, juvare, [?], 
I. v. a., help, aid, assist. 

K. 

Kal., abbrev. for Kalendae and 

its cases (wh. see). 

Kalendae (Cal-), -arum, [f. pi. 
of fcalendus, p. of verb akin to 
calo], F. plur., the Calends (the first 
day of the Roman month, when, as 
it would seem, the times of the moon 
were announced to the assembled 
people) : pridie Kalendas Janua- 
rias (i.e., Dec. 31st). 

Karthaginiensis (Car-), -e, 
adj., Carthaginian. — Plur. as subst., 
the Carthaginians. 

Karthago (Car-), -inis, [Punic, 
new city"], F., Carthage. 



L. 

Tt. % abbrev. for Lucius. 

L (A), [a corrupt form of the 
Greek letter ^ (prop. %), originally 
used for 50, and retained in the later 
notation], a sign for fifty. 

labefacio, -feci, -factus, -facere, 
[unc. stem (akin to labor) -facio] , 
3. v. a., shake, cause to totter. 

labefacto, -avi, -atus, -are, [labe- 
(cf. labefacio) -facto], 1. v. a., 
shake, cause to totter, weaken, tinder- 
mine, overthrow, shatter, a)inul, in- 
validate, disturb. 

labes, -is, [lab (in labor) + es], 
F., a fall, ruin, a plague (fig.), a 
pest. — Also, a disgrace, a shame. 

labo, -avi, no p.p., -are, [?, akin 
to labor], \. v. n., totter, waver, 
give way. 

labor, lapsus, labi, [?, akin to 
labo], 3. v. dep., slide, fall, slip, err, 
be imprudent. 

labor, -oris, [y'RABH + or (for 



Vocabulary. 



IOI 



-os)], M., toil, exertion (in its disa- 
greeable aspect), labor (as painful), 
trouble. 

laboriosus, -a, -um, [labor -f 
osus], adj., toilsome, laborious. 

laboro, -avi, -atus, -are, [labor-], 
I. v. n., toil, exert one's self. — Also, 
suffer, labor, be hard pressed, be in 
trouble, trouble one's self, care. — 
With neut. pron., labor about, attend 
to, busy one's selfwitk. 

lacero, -avi, -atus, -are, [lacero-], 
I. v. a., mangle, lacerate, tear. 

lacesso, -cessivi, -cessitus, -ces- 
sere, [stem akin to lacio + unc. 
term.], 3. v. a., irritate, provoke. — 
Esp., attack, harass, assail, skirmish 
with. 

lacrima, -ae, [fdakru- (cf. Gr. 
Bditpv) -+- ma], F., a tear. 

lacrimo, -avi, -atus, -are, [lacri- 
ma], 1. v. n. and a., weep, weep 
for. _ 

lacteo. -ere, [lact-], 2. v. n., suck. 

— Esp., lactens, p., sucking, nurs- 
ing, a suckling, a nursling. 

lacus, -us, [ ?, cf. lacer, lacuna], 
M., a reservoir, a lake. 

Laeca, -ae, [?], M., a Roman 
family name. — Esp., M. Laeca, a 
partisan of Catiline. 

laedo, laesi, laesus, laedere, [perh. 
for lavido, V LU (increased) + do 
(cf. tendo)], 3. v. a., wound, injure. 

— Fig., esp., break (one's word, etc.), 
violate, hurt, disparage, thwart, in- 
jure. 

Laelius, -i, [?], M., a Roman 
gentile name. — Esp., C. Lcelizis, the 
friend of the younger Africanus. 

L/aenius, -i, [?], m., a Roman 
gentile name. — Esp., M. Lcenius 
Flaccus, a knight of Brundisium, a 
friend of Cicero, and one of his sup- 
porters in his exile. 



laetitia, -ae, [laeto -f tia], F., 
joy, gladness (cf. laetus). 

laetor, -atus, -ari, [laeto-], 1. v. 
dep., rejoice (cf. laetus), be glad, 
take delight: illud laetandum est 
{this is a cause of rejoicing). 

laetus, -a, -um, [unc. root (perh. 
akin to glad) -f tus], adj., joyful (of 
the inner feeling), rejoicing: me 
domus laetissima accepit {with the 
greatest joy). 

lamentatio, -onis, [lamenta + 
tio], F., lamentation. 

lamentor, -atus, -ari, [lamento-], 
I. v. dep., lament, bezoail. 

lamentum, -i, [?, perh. ^/lu + 
mentum, cf. laedo], n., a lamenta- 
tion. 

lamina, -ae, [?, perh. ^/lu -f 
mina], F., a scale (of metal), a plate 
(esp. heated, used for torture). 

languidus, -a, -um, [flanguo- 
(whence langueo) -fdus], adj., spir- 
itless, listless, languid T stupid, sleepy, 
dozy : languidior (less active). 

lanista, -ae, [?], M., a trainer 
(of gladiators) . 

Lanuvinus, -a, -um, [Lanuvio + 
inus], adj., of Lanuvium. — Plur. 
M., the people of Lanuvium. 

Lanuvium, -i, [?], n., a town 
of Latium, twenty miles from Rome 
on the Appian Way, famous for its 
worship of Juno Sospita. 

lapidatio, -onis, [lapida + tio], 
F., a stoning, throiving stones. 

lapis, -idis, [?], M., a stone. 

laqueus, -i, [y'LAC (in lacio) + 
eus (? -ayas)], M., a slip-noose, a 
snare. — Fig., the meshes (of the 
law, etc.). 

Liar, Laris, [?], m., a household 
divinity : Lar familiaris (ho-usc- 
hold gods, as a symbol of home), 
home, hearth and home. 



02 



Vocabulary. 



large [old abl. of largus], adv., 

copiously, generously, lavishly. 

largior, -itus, -iri, [largo-], 4. v. 
dep., give lavishly, bestow upon, sup- 
ply with, lavish upon, grant. — Also, 
give bribes, give presents. 

largitio, -onis, [largi- (stem of 
largior) + tio], F., lavish giving, 
bribery. 

largltor, -toris, [largl-ftor], M., 
a lavish giver, a briber, a spend- 
thrift. 

late [old abl. of latus], adv., 
widely, broadly : longe lateque (far 
and wide) . 

late bra, -ae, [late + bra], f., a 
hiding-place. 

lateo, latui, no p.p., latere, [?], 
2. v. n., lie concealed, lurk, be con- 
cealed, pass unnoticed, lie hid, work 
secretly. 

IJatiaris (-alis), -e, [Latio + 
aris], adj., of Latium : Jupiter La- 
tiaris (the Jupiter worshipped on 
the Alban mount as the tutelar divin- 
ity of the old Latin union). 

Latiniensis, -e, [Latino (?) + 
ensis), adj., of Latium, Latin. — Esp. 
as Roman proper name, Q. Ccelius 
Latiniensis, a tribune of the people. 

Latinus, -a, -um, [Latio+inus], 
adj., Latin. 

Latium, -i, [prob. lato + ium, 
N. of -ius, the flat land?~\, N., the 
country between the Apennines, the 
Tiber, and the Tuscan Sea, now the 
Campagna. 

lator, -toris, [(t)la + tor], m., a 
bearer, a proposer (of a law, cf. 
fero). 

latro, -onis, [prob. stem borrowed 
fr. Greek + o],M., a mercenary (?), 
a robber, a marauder. 

latrocinium, -I, [flatrocino -f 
ium, cf. ratiocinor], n., free/doling, 



robbery, brigandage, marauding, a 
band of marauders, a marauding 
expedition. 

latrocinor, -atus, -an, [flatro- 
cino-, cf. latrocinium], 1. v. dep., 
be a freebooter, act as a marauder : 
latrocinans (as a marauder). 

latus, -a, -um, [prob. for fplatus, 
cf. Gr. 7rAarus], adj., broad, wide, 
extensive. 

latus, lateris, [prob. lato + rus 
(reduced)], N., the side (of the body). 
— Also, generally, a side, a flank, an 
end (of a hill). 

latus, -a, -um, [for tlatus, t/tla 
(cf. tollo, tuli) + tus], p.p. of fero. 

laudatio, -onis, [lauda+tio], f., 
a eulogy, a funeral oration. 

laudator, -toris, [lauda -f tor], 
M., a eulogizer, an extoller. 

laudo, -avi, -atus, -are, [laud-], 
1. v. a., praise, commend, approve, 
eulogize, applaud. 

laureatus, -a, -um, [laurea -f 
tus, cf. robustus], adj., laurelled, 
crowned with laurel. 

laus, laudis, [?], F., praise, credit, 
renown, reputation, glory, merit 
(thing deserving praise), excellence : 
in hac laude industriae (in gain- 
ing this credit by, etc.) ; fructum 
istum laudis (the gaining of that 
credit) . 

lautumiae (lato-, latu-), -arum, 
[Aaro/xta], F. plur., a stojte-quarry. 

lectulus, -i, [lecto + lus], m., a 
couch, a sofa, a bed. 

lectus, -I, [?], M., a bed, a couch. 

lectus, -a, -um, p.p. of lego, wh. 
see. 

legatio, -onis, [lega + tio], f., 
(a sending or commission), an em- 
bassy, an embassy (message of am- 
bassadors), the office of lega tus : qua 
in legatione (in which office); jus 



I 'oca biliary. 



103 



legationis {the rights of ambassa- 
dors) . 

legatus, -1, [prop. p.p. of lego], 
M., an ambassador. — Also, a lieu- 
tenant, a legatus. To a Roman 
commander were assigned (legare) 
one or more subordinate officers 
capable of taking command in his 
absence or engaging in independent 
operations under his general direc- 
tion. These were the legati, and 
with the quaestor composed a kind 
of staff. 

legio, -orris, [ ^/i.eg -J- io], F., (a 
levy) ; hence, a legion (originally the 
whole levy, later the unit of army 
organization, numbering from 3000 
to 6000 men, divided into ten co- 
horts). 

legitimus, -a, -urn, [leg (as if 
legi) + timus], adj., lawful, legal, 
of law, according to law, at law. 

lego, -avi, -atus, -are, [flega- (cf. 
collega)], I. v. a., despatch, com- 
mission, commission as legatus, choose 
as legatus, assign (as legatus). 

lego, legi, lectus, legere, [cf. Gr. 
\eyu>~\, 3. v. a. and n., choose, collect, 
pick out. — Hence, read, read of. — 
lectus, -a, -urn, p.p. as adj., choice, 
esteemed, superior. 

lenio, -ivi (-ii), -itus, -ire, [leni-], 
4. v. a., soothe, mitigate. 

lenis, -e, [?.], ^d]., gentle, lenient, 
mild. 

lenitas, -tatis, [leni -f tas], f., 
gentleness, leniency. 

leniter [leni+ter], adv., gently. 

lend", -onis, [?, leni + o], M., a 
pander, a pimp. 

lenocinium, -i, [flenocino- (cf. 
lenocinor) + ium], n., pandering. 

lente [old abl. of lentus], adv., 
slowly. 

Lentulus, -i, [lento + lus], m., 



a Roman family name. — Esp. : I. 
Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus, 
cons. B.C. 72; 2. P. Cornelius Len- 
tulus Sura, cons. B.C. 71, one of the 
Catilinarian conspirators; 3. L. Len- 
tulus, an unknown pnetor; 4. P. 
Cornelius Lentulus Spinther, cons. 
B.C. 57, a supporter of Cicero; 5. 
The son of No. 4, of the same name. 

lentus, -a, -urn, [len (cf. lenis) 
+ tus], §&)., flexible. — Also, slow. 

lepidus, -a, -urn, [flepo- (cf. 
lepor) + dus], m., graceful. — As 
a Roman family name. — Esp.: I. 
M\ ALmilius Lepidus, cons. B.C. 66; 
2. M. sEmilius Lepidus, cons. B.C. 
78, killed in a quarrel with his col- 
league, Q. Catulus; 3. Son of the 
preceding, of the same name, the 
famous triumvir whose house was 
robbed by the partisans of Clodius. 

levis, -e, [for fleghvis, ^/lagh 
+ us (with inserted i, cf. brevis), 
cf. Gr. £\axvs, Eng. light], adj., light, 
slight, trivial, unimportant, of no 
weight. — Also (cf. gravis), incon- 
stant, fickle, wanting in character, 
worthless, unprincipled. 

levitas, -tatis, [levi + tas], F., 
lightness. — Also (cf. levis), incon- 
stancy, fickleness, want of principle, 
unsteadiness. 

leviter [levi + ter], adv., lightly, 
slightly : ut levissime dicam {to say 
the least). 

levo, -avi, -atus, -are, [levi- (as 
if levo-)], i.v. a., lighten. — Hence, 
free from a burden, relieve, allevi- 
ate, lessen : annonam {relieve the 
market, lessen the price of grain). 

lex, legis, [-^/LEG (in lego)], F., 
a statute, a law, a condition. 

libellus, -i, [libro 4- lus], m., a 
little book, a list, a paper. 

libens (lub-), see libet. 



104 



Vocabulary. 



libenter [libent+ter] , adv., wil- 
lingly, gladly, with pleaszire. — With 
verb, be glad to, etc. : libentissime 
audire (most like to hear). 

1. liber, -bera, -berum, [flibo- 
(whence libet) + rus (reduced)], 
adj., free (of persons and things), 
unrestricted, undisturbed, unincum- 
bered, independent. 

liber, libri, [?], m., bark (of a 
tree). — Hence, a book. 

2. Liber, -eri, [same word as i. 
liber, connection uncertain], m., an 
Italian deity of agriculture. — Hence 
identified with Bacchus. 

Libera, -ae, [f. of preceding 
word], F., an Italian goddess iden- 
tified with Proserpine (cf. Kopry). 

liberalis, -e, [i. liber + alis], 
adj., of a freeman, generous, liberal, 
noble (studia). 

liberalitas, -tatis, [liberali + 
tas], F., generosity. 

liberaliter [liberaii+ter] , adv., 
generously, kindly (respondit). 

libera tio, -onis, [libera + tio], 
F., a setting free, a freeing, acquittal. 

liberator, -toris, [libera + tor], 
M., a deliverer, a liberator. 

libere [old abl. of liber], adv., 
freely, without restraint, with free- 
dom. 

liberi, -drum, [prob. m. plur. of 
liber, the free members of the house- 
hold], M. plur., children. — Some- 
times even of one. 

libero, -avi, -atus, -are, [libero-], 
I. v. a., free, set free, relieve (from 
some bond), absolve, acquit: lib- 
eratur Milo non profectus esse 
(is acquitted of having, etc). 

libertas, -tatis, [libero- (reduced) 
+ tas], F., liberty, freedom, inde- 
pendence. — Hence, Liberty (per- 
sonified and worshipped as a divinity). 



libertinus, -i, [liberto + inus], 
M., a freedman (as a member' of a 
class, cf. libertus). 

libertus, -i, [libero- (reduced) + 
tus], M., a freedman (in reference 
to his former master, cf. libertinus). 

libet (lub-),-uit (libitum est), 
-ere, [?, cf. liber], 2. v. impers., it 
pleases, one desires, one is pleased to. 
— iibens, -entis, p., glad, pleased, 
gladly, with pleasure, with good will. 

libidinose (lub-) [old abl. of 
libidiuosus], adv., arbitrarily, laze- 
less ly, licentiously. 

libldinosus (lub-), -a, -um, [libi- 
din+ osus], adj., arbitrary, lawless, 
licentious. 

libido (lub-), -inis, [akin to li- 
bet, cf. cupido], F., lawlessness, 
licentiousness, caprice, lust, desire, 
lawless fancy, arbitrary conduct, 
wantonness. 

librarium, -i, [libro + arium] 
(n. of librarius) , N., a bookcase. 

licentia, -ae, [licent + ia], f., 
license, lawlessness. 

licet, licuit (licitum est), licere, 
[flico-, cf. delicus, reliquus], 2. v. 
impers., it is lawful, it is allowed, 
one may, one is allowed, one is per- 
mitted. — licet, although, though. 

Licinius, -i, [licino + his], m., a 
Roman gentile name. — Esp. : 1. A. 
Licinius Archias, the poet defended 
by Cicero; 2. Licinius, an obscure 
restaurant-keeper. 

lictor, -toris [?, perh. y'LAC -f 
tor], M., a lictor (the attendant of 
the higher Roman magistrates). 

Ligarius, -i, [?], M., a Roman 
j gentile name. — Esp., Q. Ligarius. 
an officer in Pompey's army in Africa, 
defended by Cicero before Caesar. 

lignum, -1, [?], N., wood, a log. 

limen, -inis, [akin to limus, ob- 



Vocabulary. 



105 



liquns], N., (a crosspiece), a thresh- 
old, a lintel : omnis aditus et li- 
nien (all approach and entrance). 

lingua, -ae, [?], v., a tongue. — 
Hence, a language. 

linter (lunt-), -tris, [?], F. (and 
M.), a skiff. 

linum, -1, [prob. borr. fr. Gr. 
A?i/ov~],-K.,flax. — Hence, a thread. 

liquefacio, -feci, -factus, -facere, 
[lique- (stem akin to liqueo) -facio], 
3. v. a., liquefy, melt. 

liquido [abl. of liquidus], as 
adv., clearly, plainly, with trtith, with 
a clear conscience. 

lis, litis, [for fstlis, y^TLA + tis 
(reduced) ?, cf. locus and Eng. 
strife'], v., a suit at law, a lawsuit. 

— Also, the amount in dispute, dam- 
ages. 

litera (litt-), -ae, [?, akin to 
lino], F., a letter (of the alphabet). 

— Plur., letters, writing, an alpha- 
bet, a letter (an epistle), literature, 
a document. 

Hteratus (litt-), -a, -urn, [litera 
+ tus], adj., educated, cultivated. 

litfira, -ae, [flitu- (li in lino-f 
tu) + ra], F. , an erasure. 

loco, -avi, -atus, -are, [loco-], 
I. v. a.., place, station. — Hence, let, 
make a contract, contract for. 

Locrensis, -e, [Locri + ensis], 
adj., of Locri (a Greek city of Italy 
near Rhegium). — Plur., the people 
of Locri. 

locuples, -pletis, [ ?, loco-pies (pie 
-f tus, reduced)], adj., {with full 
coffers?), rich, wealthy, responsible. 

locupleto, -avi, -atus, -are, [loeu- 
plet-], I. v. a., enrich. 

locus, -i, [for fstlocus, ^/stla 
+ cus], M. (sing.), N. (generally pi.), 
a place, a spot, a position, a region 
(esp. in plur.), a point, the ground 



(in military language), space, extent 
(of space), room. — Fig., position, a 
station, rank, a point, place (light, 
position, character), an opportunity, 
a chance, a condition, a state of 
things, an occasion. 

longe [old abl. of longus], adv., 
far, too far, absent, far away, dis- 
tant. 

longinquitas, -tatis, [longinqud 
+ tas], F., distance. 

longinquus, -a, -um, [case -form 
of longus (perh. loc.) -f cus], adj., 
long (of time and space), distant, 
long-contin tied. 

longiusculus, -a, -urn, [longior 
-f cuius], adj., rather long, a little 
longer. 

longus, -a, -um, [?], adj., long 
(of space and time), far, distant: 
longum est commemorare (it is loo 
long to, etc., it would take too long to, 
etc.); ne longum sit (not to be too 
long). 

loquor, locutus, loqui, [?], 3. v. 
dep., speak, talk, converse, express 
one's self say (with neuter pron.) : 
auctoritas loquentium (in words). 

lubet, see libet. 

lubido, see libido. 

Luccejus, -i, [?], M., an Italian 
gentile name. — Esp., Q. Lucceius, 
a banker at Rhegium. 

luceo, luxi, no p.p., lucere, [luc- 
(stem of lux)], 2. v. n., shine, beam. 
— Fig., be clear, be obvious, be con- 
spicuous. 

luctuosus, -a, -um, [luctu+osus], 
adj., full of grief sorrow fid, dis- 
tressing. 

luctus, -tus, [lug+tus], M., grief, 
sorrow, mourning. 

Lucullus, -i, [?], M., a Roman 
family name. — Esp. : 1. L. Licinius 
LauuIIus, the able general of the 



io6 



Vocabulary. 



third Mithridatic war; 2. M. Li- 
cinius Lucullus, brother of the pre- 
ceding. The whole family was rich 
and cultivated. 

lucus, -i, [prob. y'LUC (in .lux) + 
us], M., (an open grove, as opposed to 
the forest), a grove(zoxnmovhy sacred). 

ludificatio,-onis, [ludifica-j-tio], 
F., derision, mockery. 

ludus, -I, [?], M., play, sport. — 
Also, a school, a training-school. — 
Plur., games (the festivals of the 
Romans). 

lugeo, luxi, luxurus, lugere, [flu- 
go-, cf. lugeo and Xoiyos'], 2. v. a. 
and n., moi^fn, bezvail^ lament. 

lumen, -inis, [y'LUC -f men], n., 
a light (also fig.) : ipsa lumina {the 
brightest lights) . 

luo, lui, luiturus, luere, [y'LU, cf. 
\vu>~], 3. v. a., loose. — Esp. , pay, suf- 
fer (a penalty), atone for (a fault). 

lupa, -ae, [?, cf. Xvkos\, F., a she- 
wolf — Also, a prostitute. 

luplnus, -a, -um, [lupo -f inus] , 
adj., of a tvolf of the wolf (the nurse 
of Romulus and Remus). 

lustro, -avi, -atus, -are, [lustro-], 
I . v. a., purify. — Hence, go over (for 
purification), pass over. 

lustrum, -i, [unc. form from Vlu 
-r-trum, cf. monstrum], n., a slough. 
— Hence, a brothel. — Hence in pi., 
debauchery. 

lutum, -i, [-v/lu + turn, N. of 
-tus], N., ("the wash"), mud, mire. 

lux, lucis, [-y/LUC (in luceo) as 
stem], F., light, light of the sun, sun- 
light, open light, daylight : ante lu- 
cem {before daybreak). 

luxuria, -ae (also -ies, -iel) , [flux- 
iiro- (luxu + rus) + ia] , F., luxtiry, 
riotous living, fast livers (cf. juven- 
tus, the youth). 

luxuries, -el, see luxuria. 



M. 

M., abbreviation of Marcus. 

M [corruption of CID (orig. 4>) 
through influence of mille], 1000. 

M'., abbreviation for Manius. 

3Iacedonia, -ae, [Ma/ce5oj//a], f., 
the country originally bounded by 
Thessaly and Epirus, Thrace, Pseonia, 
and Illyria; finally conquered by T. 
Quinctius Flamininus, B.C. 197. 

Macedonicus, -a, -um, [Ma/ce- 
boviK.6s~], adj., Macedonian. 

machinator, -toris, [mach.ina + 
tor], M., a contriver, a manager. 

machinor, -atus, -ari, [machina-], 
1. v. dep., contrive, invent, engineer, 
plot. 

macto, -avi, -atus, -are, [macto-] , 

1. v. a., sacrifice, slaughter, punish, 
pursue (with punishment). 

macula, -ae, [?], F., a spot, a 
stain. 

maculo, -avi, -atus, -are, [macu- 
la-], I. v. a., stain, pollute. 

madefacio, -feci, -factus, -facere, 
[made- (stem akin to madeo) + 
facio], 3. v. a., moisten, wet. 

Maelius (Melius), -i, [?], m., a 
Roman gentile name. — Esp., Sp. 
Maelius, a Roman, killed, B.C. 439, 
by Servilius Ahala, on the charge of 
aiming at regal power. 

maereo (moer-), no perf., no 
p.p., -ere, [frnaero-, cf. maestus], 

2. v. a. and n., mourn, grieve, be in 
sorrow, grieve for, mourn for. 

maeror (moe-), -oris, [maes 
(cf. maestus) + or], M., grief, sor- 
row, sadness. 

maestitia (moes-),-ae, [maesto 
+ tia], F., sadness, sorrow. 

maestus (moe-),-a,-um, [-y/Mis? 
(in miser) + tus], p.p. of maereo 
as adj., sad, sorrowful. 



Vocabulary. 



107 



magis [ v mag (in magnus) -f 

ius (n. comp. suffix)], adv., more, 
rather, more than usual, better. — 
See also maxime. 

magister, -til, [magis -f ter, cf. 
alter], M., a master, an instructor, 
a teacher. 

magistra, -ae, [f. of preceding], 
F., a mistress, a teacher (female, or 
conceived as such). 

magistratus, -tus, [magistra- 
(as if stem of fmagistro) -f- tus], 
M., a magistracy (office of a magis- 
trate). — Concretely, a magistrate 
(cf. "the powers that be"). 

magnifice [old abl. of magni- 
ficus], adv., magnificently, hand- 
somely, finely. 

magnificus, -a, -urn, [magno- 
fficus ( yj fac -f us) ] , adj ., splendid, 
grand, magnificent. 

magnitudo, -dinis, [magnd + 
tudo], F., greatness, great size, size, 
extent, stature, great extent, enor- 
mity, great amount, importance : 
animi magnitudo {lofty spirit, no- 
bleness of soul). 

magnopere, see opus. 

magnus, -a, -urn, [\/mag (in- 
crease) + nus, cf. magis], adj., great 
(in any sense, of size, quantity, or 
degree), large, extensive, important, 
serious, deep (ignominia), violent 
(minas), loud (clamor) , rich (fruc- 
tus),/owdr/«/(subsidium) : magni 
habere {to value highly, viake much 
account of) ; magni interest (it is 
of great importance); magnum et 
sanctum (a great and sacred thing) ; 
magnum et amplum cogitare (have 
great and lofty ideas). — See also 
Magnus. — major, comparative, in 
usual sense. — Also, major (with or 
without natu), elder, older. — In 
plur. as subst, elders, ancestors : pecu- 



nia major (a greater amount of 
money). — maximus, superb, larg- 
est, very large, greatest, very great, 
-■cry loud, most important, etc. — 
See also Maximus. 

Magnus, -I, [magnus], m., a 
Roman name. 

majestas, -tatis, [majos- (orig. 
stem of major) + tas], F., (superi- 
ority), majesty, dignity. — Esp. for 
majestas deminuta, treason. 

major, see magnus. 

male [old abl. of malus], adv., 
badly, ill, not well, hardly: loqui 
(abusively); existimare (///, evil). 

maledictum, -I, [male dictum], 
N., an insult (in words), abuse. 

maleficium, -I, [malefico+ium], 
N., harm, mischief, a crime, a mis- 
deed. 

malitia, -ae, [malo + tia], F., 
wickedness, trickery. 

malitiose [old abl. of malitio- 
sus], adv., by trickery. 

malleolus, -1, [malleo+lus], m., 
(a hammer), a grenade, a fire-dart. 

Mallins, -i, [?], M., a Roman 
gentile name. — Esp., Ada Hi us Glau- 
cia, a friend of T. Roscius. — See 
also Manlius. 

malo, malui, no p.p., malle, 
[mage- (for magis) volo], irr. v. a. 
and n., wish more, wish rather, pre- 
fer, will, etc., rather, choose rather. 

malus, -a, -urn, [?], adj., bad (in 
all senses), ill, wretched. — pejor, 
comp. — pessimus, superb — ma- 
lum, N. as subst., mischief, evil, 
harm, misfortune, trouble: malus 
civis (dangerous, pemicioics). 

Mamertinus, -a, -um, [Mamert 
-finus, of Mars'], adj., Mamertine 
(belonging to a body of mercenary 
troops who seized the city of Mes- 
sina). — Plur., the Mamertines (the 



io8 



Vocabulary. 



inhabitants of the city founded by 
these adventurers). 

raanceps, -ipis, [manu-fceps, cf. 
princeps], M., a purchaser. 

mancus, -a, -urn, [ ?] , adj., maimed, 
crippled. 

mandatum, -1, [n. p.p. of man- 
do], N., a trust (given to one), in- 
structions (given), a message (given 
to some one to deliver). 

mando, -avi, -atus, -are, [?, fman- 
do- (manu-do)], I. v. a., pztt into 
one's hands, entrust, instruct {give 
instructions to), commit, consign, 
confer (honor es, imperia), order, 
command: ea animis {lei sink, etc.). 

mane [abl. of finanis (?, ma -f 
nis, cf. inatuta, maturus)], adv., 
in the morning, early in the morning. 

maneo, mansi, mansurus, manere, 
[unc. stem akin to Gr. /xeVco], 2. v. n., 
stay, remain, stay at home (abso- 
lutely, opp. to proficiscor), con- 
timie, last, persist in, abide by. 

manicatus, -a, -um, [manica + 
tus], adj., long-sleeved, with sleeves. 

manifesto, see manifestus. 

manifestus, -a, -um, [manu- 
festus, cf. infestus, caught by lay- 
ing on the handl\ adj., caught in 
the act, proved by direct evidence (as 
opposed to circumstantial evidence), 
overt, clear, manifest, audacious, 
rampant : audacia {unblushing, as 
not attempting concealment). 

Manilius, -i, [?], m., a Roman 
gentile name. — Esp., C. Manilius, 
a tribune of the people, B.C. 66, who 
proposed the law giving Pompey 
command in the East. 

Manius, -i, [mane(?) -f ius], m., 
a Roman prcenomen. 

Manlianus, -a, -um, [Manlio + 
anus], adj., of Manlius. 

Manlius, -i, [?], M., a Roman 



gentile name. — Esp.: I. Q. Man- 
lius, a juror in the case of Verres; 

2. C. Manlius {Mallius), one of 
Catiline's accomplices. 

mano, -avi, no p.p., -are, [?], 
I. v. n., flow, spread. 

mansuete [old abl. of mansue- 
tus], adv., mildly, kindly. 

mansuetiido, -inis, [manu-f sue- 
tndo], F., mildness, gentleness. 

mansnetus, -a, -um, [manu-sue- 
tus], adj., {zuonted to the hand), tame, 
gentle, kind. 

manubiae, -arum, [?, akin to 
manus], F. plur., money derived 
from booty, booty. 

manumitto (also separate), -misi, 
-missus, -mittere, [manu-mitto] , 3. 
v. a., {let go from one's hand), manu- 
mit, free. 

manus, -us, [?], F., the hand, 
violence. — Also (cf. manipulus), a 
company, a band, a troop. — Also, 
handwriting: in manibus habere 
{have on hand, have); manu factum 
{wrought by art). — Cf. also manu- 
mittere. 

Marcellus, -i, [Marculo- (Mar- 
co + lus) + lus], M., {the little ham- 
mer!), a Roman family name. — 
Esp. : 1. M. Clatidius Marcellus, the 
conqueror of Syracuse, B.C. 212; 2. 
M. Claudius Marcellus, an unworthy 
member of the same great family; 

3. M. Claudius Marcellus, cons. 
B.C. 51, defended by Cicero before 
Caesar; 4. C. Claudius Marcellus, 
cons. B.C. 50, cousin of the preceding. 

Marcius (Martius?), -i, [?, 
Mart + ius?], m., a Roman gentile 
name. — ■ Esp., C. Marcius, a Roman 
knight. 

Marcus, -i, [? >v /mar (in morior, 
etc.) + cus, the hammer!, the war- 
rior!~\, M., a Roman pnenomen. 



Vocabulary. 



IOO 



mare, -is, [?], N., the sea, a sea: 
terra marique (on land and sea). 

niaritimns (tinmis), -a, -una, 
[mari -f timus, cf. finitimus], adj., 
of the sea, sea-, maritime^ naval, on 
the sea. 

3Iarius, -i, [?], M., a Roman gen- 
tile name. — Esp., C. Marius, the 
opponent of Sulla and the champion 
of the popular against the aristocratic 
party. He conquered the Cimbri 
and Teutones (B.C. 101) and freed 
Rome from the fear of a Northern 
invasion. In his sixth consulship, 
B.C. 100, he killed the demagogues. 
Saturninus and Glaucia : Mario con- 
sule et Catulo (b.c. 102). 

marmor, -oris, [?, perh. -^mar 
reduplicated], N., marble. 

marmoreus, -a, -um, [marmor 
-f eus], adj., of marble, marble. 

Mars, Martis, [ ?, perh. -y/MAR (in 
morior) + tis, the slayer, but more 
probably of wolves than of men in 
battle], M., Mars, originally probably 
a god of husbandry defending the 
sheep, but afterwards identified with 
the Greek "Aprjs and worshipped as 
the god of war : Mars communis 
(the favor of the god of war) ; Mar- 
tis vis {the violence of war). 

3Iartius, -a, -um, [Mart + ius], 
adj., of Mars. — Martia, the title 
of a legion active in the struggle 
against Antony. 

3Iassilia, -ae, [?], F., Marseilles. 

3Iassiliensis, -e, [Massilia + 
ensis], adj., of Marseilles. — Plur., 
the people of Marseilles. 

mater, -tris, [?, prob. ^/ma {cre- 
ate) -f ter], F., a mother, a matron. 

mater familias [see the words], 
P., a matron. 

materia, -ae (-is, -el), [?, prob. 
mater + ia (f. of -ius)], f., wood 



(cut, for material), limber (cf. lig- 
num, wood for fuel). — Fig., source, 
instrument. 

maternus,-a,-um, [mater+nus], 
adj., maternal, of one's mother. 

mature [old abl. of maturus], 
adv., early, speedily. 

maturitas, -talis, [maturo+tas], 
F., 77iaturity, full development. 

matfiro, -avi, -atus, -are, [matu- 
ro-], I. v. a. and n., hasten, make 
haste, anticipate, forestall. 

maturus, -a, -um, [f matu- ( V MA > 
in mane, + tus) + rus], adj., early. 
— Also (by unc. conn, of ideas), 
ripe, filature. 

maxime, see magis. 

maximus, see magnus. 

Maximus, -i, [sup. of magnus, 
as subst.], M., a Roman family name. 

3Iedea, -ae, [mrjdeia], f., the 
daughter of /Eetes, king of Colchis, 
who eloped with Jason. She is often 
represented in works of art. 

medeor, no p.p., -en, [fmedo- 
( whence medicus, remedium), 
root unc, cf. Gr. jxo.vQa.vu>, but also 
meditor], 2. v. dep., attend (as a 
physician), heal. — Fig., remedy, re- 
lieve, cure, treat, apply a remedy. 

medicinus, -a, -um, [medico + 
inus], adj., medical. — Esp., medi- 
cina (sc. ars), medicine, the art of 
healing, a remedy. 

mediocris, -ere, [medio + cris, 
cf. ludicer], adj., middling, mod- 
erate, ordinary, tolerable, within 
bounds, small, trifling, slight. 

mediocriter [mediocri + ter], 
adv., moderately, slightly, somewhat. 

meditor, -atus, -an, [fmedito- 
(as if p.p. of medeor)], 1. v. dep., 
(practise?), dwell upon (in thought), 
think of, meditate. — meditatus, -a, 
-um, p.p. in pass, sense, practised. 



no 



Vocabulary. 



medius, -a, -um, [y'MED (cf. 
Eng. mid) + ius], adj., the middle 
of (as noun in Eng.), mid-.: in me- 
dio and in medium {abroad, in pub- 
lic, to public notice, to light, before the 
world, before you, etc.) ; ex media 
morte {from the jaws of death, from 
instant death') ; de medio {out of 
the way) . 

mehercule (mehercle, meher- 
cules, also separate) [me hercules 
(juvet)], adverbial exclam., bless 
you ! bless me ! tip on my word, good 
Heavens ! as sure as I live, as I live, 
and the like. 

melior, see bonus. 

membrum, -i, [?, prob. formed 
with suffix -rum (n. of -rus)], N., a 
limb, a part of the body. 

memini, -isse, [perf. of -y/MAN, in 
mens, etc.], def. verb a., remember, 
bear in mind, keep in mind. 

Memmius, -i, [?], m., a Roman 
gentile name. — Esp., C. Memmius, 
a worthy Roman, murdered at the 
instigation of Saturninus and Glau- 
cia. 

memor, -oris, [prob. ^/smar re- 
duplicated], adj., remembering, mind- 
ful. 

memoria, -ae, [memor -fia], f., 
{mindfulness) , memory, recollection, 
remembrance, pozver of memory: 
memoria retinere {remember) ; me- 
moriam prodere {hand down the 
memory, of something) ; memoriam 
deponere {cease to remember) ; me- 
moriae proditum {handed down by 
tradition) ; dignum memoria {wor- 
thy of remembrance); post hominum 
memoriam {since the memory of 
man, within the, etc.) ; litterarum 
{testimony); publica {record). 

mondacium, -i, [mendac+ium], 
N., falsehood, a falsehood. 



mendicitas, -tatis, [mendico -\- 

tas], F., beggary. 

mens, mentis, [^/man -f tis (re- 
duced)], F., a thought, the intellect 
(as opposed to the moral powers, cf. 
animus), the miftd, a state of mind, 
a change of mind, a purpose : mentes 
animique {minds and hearts); ocu- 
lis mentibusque {eyes and thoughts); 
venit in mentem {it occurs to one) . 

mensa, -ae, [?], f., a table. 

mensis, -is, [unc. form fr. ^/ma 
(cf. Gr. \xr\v, moon, month)], M., a 
month. 

mentio, -onis, [as if ^/man (in 
memini) + tio (prob. menti- (stem 
of mens) + o)], F., mention. 

mentior, -itus, -iri, [menti- (stem 
of mens)], 4. v. dep., lie, speak 
falsely. 

mercator, -tdris, [fmerca+tor], 
M., a trader (who carries his own 
wares abroad). 

mercenarius (mercennarius), 
-a, -um, [stem akin to merces + 
arius], adj., hired, mercenary, hire- 
ling, paid. 

merces, -edis, [fmerce (akin to 
merx) -f dus (reduced)], F., hire. 
pay, wages, reward. 

mereor, -itus, -eri, (also mereo, 
active), [fmero- (akin to Gr. fieipo- 
yuai)], 2. v. dep.,.wz«, deserve, gain. 
— Also (from earning pay), serve: 
quid merere ut, etc. {take to, etc.) ; 
bene meriti cives {deserving); bene 
mereri de, etc. {deserve well of etc., 
serve well). — meritus, -a, -um, p.p. 
in pass, sense, deserved. 

meretricius, -a, -um, [meretric 
-f-ius], adj., of a harlot, meretricious. 

merito, see meritum. 

meritum, -i, [n. of p.p. of me- 
reo], N., desert, service. — merito 
(abl. as adv.), deservedly. 



Vocabulary. 



I i 



merx, mercis, [-^/merc + is, cf. 
merces], F., merchandise, wares. 

Messala, -ae, [?], M., a Roman 
family name. — Esp. : I. M. Vale- 
rius Messala, cons. B.C. 6 1, with 
Marcus Piso; 2. Another of the 
same name, cons. B.C. 53. 

Messana, -ae, [ Metro- V??]> f., a 
city on the east coast of Sicily, oppo- 
site the extremity of Italy (Messina). 

-met, [unc. form of pron. -^ma], 
intens. pron., .57'//" (appended to pro- 
noun for emphasis), often untrans- 
latable. 

metator, -toris, [meta+tor], m., 
a measurer, a surveyor. 

Metellus, -i, [?], M., a Roman 
family name. — Esp.; I. Q. Ccecilius 
Metellus Nepos, brother of Caecilia 
(which see) and father of Celer (3) 
and Nepos; 2. M. Metellus, praetor, 
B.C. 69, the brother of Q. Metellus 
C reticus (3) ; 3. Q. Metellus Creti- 
cus, cons. 69; 4. L. Metellus, pro- 
praetor in Sicily, B.C. 70; 5. Q. Me- 
tellus Celer, prretor, B.C. 63, consul, 
B.C. 60, son of (1); 6. Q. Metellus 
Baliarictis, cons. B.C. 123; 7. Q. 
Metellus Numidicus, cons. B.C. 109, 
cousin of (6) ; 8. Q. Metellus Pius, 
praetor, B.C. 89, son of (7); 9. Q. 
Metellus Nepos, cons. B.C. 98, son 
of (6).^ 

meto, messul, messus, metere, 
[?], 3. v. a., cut, reap, gather. 

metuo, -ui, -utus, -uere, [metu-], 
3. v. a. and n.,fear : aliquid (have 
any fear). 

metus, -tus, [unc. root (perh. 
-y/MA, think) + tns],.M., fear, anx- 
iety (about). — Often superfluous 
with other words of fearing : metu 
territare (terrify'). — Esp.: hoc 
metu (fear of this). 

meus, -a, -um, [-y/MA (in me) + 



ius], adj. pron., my, mine, my ow)i : 
meo jure (with perfect right). 

miles, -itis, [unc. stem akin to 
mille as root + tis (reduced)], M. 
and F., a soldier, a common soldier 
(as opposed to officers), a legionary 
soldier (heavy infantry, as opposed 
to other arms of the service) . — Col- 
lectively, the soldiers, the soldiery. 

militaris, -e, [milit+ aris], adj., 
of the soldiers, military : signa (bat- 
tle-standards) ; res militaris (mili- 
tary affairs, war, the art of war) ; 
usus militaris (experience in war) ; 
virtus (of a soldier, soldierly). 

militia, -ae, [milit+ia], f., mili- 
tary service, service (in the army) . 

mille, ind. milia, -ium, [akin to 
miles], adj. (rarely subst.) in sing., 
subst. in plur., a thousand : mille pas- 
suum (a thousand paces, a mile). 

millies (miliens) [mille+iens], 
adv., a thousand times. 

Mil©, -onis, [MiAo>v], M., a famous 
athlete of Crotona. — Also used as a 
family name by T. Annius, which see. 

minae, -arum, [ytalN + a], f. 
plur., (projectionsT), threats, threat- 
ening words. 

3Iinerva, -ae, [prob. -y'MAN (in 
mens) -f unc. term], F., the goddess 
of intelligence and skill among the 
Romans. — Also identified with Pal- 
las Athene, and so more or less asso- 
ciated with war. 

minime [old abl. of minimus], 
adv., in the smallest degree, least, 
very little, not at all, by no means : 
minime vero (not in the least). 

minimus, -a, -um, [lost stem 
(wh.minuo) +imus (cf.infimus)], 
adj., superl. of parvus, smallest, 
least. — Neut. as subst. and adv., the 
least, least, very little. 

minister, -tri, [minos (minor) 



112 



Vocabulary. 



-f- ter], M., a servant, an assistant, 
a minister, a tool, an instrument. 

minitor, -atus, -ari, [fminito-, as 
if p.p. of minor, cf. agito], i. v. 
dep., threaten, threaten vengeance, 
threaten danger : quam illi mini- 
tantur (with which they threaten 
hint) . 

minor, -atus, -an, [mina (stem 
of minae)], I. v. dep., threaten, 
threaten with danger. 
* minor, -us, [lost stem (cf. mini- 
mus) + ior (compar. ending)], adj., 
smaller, less. — Neut. as subst. and 
adv., less, not much, not very, not so 
much, not so : quo minus {the less, 
that . . . not) ; si minus {if not so 
much, if not) . — See also minimus 
and minime. 

Minturnae, -arum, [?, cf. Ju- 
turna], F. plur., a city on the bor- 
ders of Latium and Campania. 

Minucius (Minut-) -i, [perh. 
akin to minus], M., a Roman gen- 
tile name. — One of the gens, of un- 
known praenomen, is characterized by 
Cicero as a profligate. 

minuo, -ui -utus, -uere, [fminu- 
(cf. minus)], 3. v. a. and n., lessen, 
weaken, diminish. 

minus, see minor. 

mirifice [old abl. of mirificus], 
adv., marvellously, prodigiously. 

miror, -atus, -art, [miro-], 1. v. 
dep., wonder, wonder at, be stir- 
prised, admire. — miratus, -a, -urn, 
p.p. in pres. sense, surprised. — mi- 
randus, -a, -um, marvellous. 

mirus, -a, -um, [?, ^/smi (cf. 
smile) + rus], adj., surprising, mar- 
vellous, wonderful. — See also nimi- 
rum. 

misceo, miscui, mixtus (mistus), 
miscere, [fmisco- (cf. promiscus, 
miscellus)], 2. v. a., mix, mingle, 



compose of (a mixture), get up (a 
disturbance), plan or make a dis- 
turbance, make confusion. — mix- 
tus (mistus), -a, -um, p.p., made 
tip of a mixture of, heterogeneous. 

Misenum, -i, [Mi(rqv6v~], n., a 
town in Campania, on a promontory 
of the same name (cf. Virg. ALti. 
vi. 234). 

miser, -era, -erum, [^Mis (cf. 
maereo) + rus], adj., wretched, 
pitiable, miserable, poor, unfortu- 
nate, in misery: ille miser {the 
wretched man) ; isti miseri {those 
wretches) . 

miserabilis, -e, [misera+bilis], 
adj., pitiable, wretched, miserable. 

miserandus, see miseror. 

misereo, -ui, -itus, -ere, usually 
misereor, dep., [miser], 2. v. a. and 
dep., pity, show pity. — Esp., mise- 
ret, etc., impersonal {it pities one, 
etc.), one pities. 

miseria, -ae, [misero + ia], f., 
wretchedness, misery. 

misericordia, -ae, [misericord 
+ ia], F., mercy, pity, clemency, com- 
passion. 

misericors, -cordis, [misero-cor, 
declined as adj., cf. concors], adj., 
merciful, pitying, compassionate. 

miseror, -atus, -an, [f misero-], 
I. v. dep., bewail, complain of — 
miserandus, -a, -um, fut. p. in pass, 
sense, to be pitied, pitiable. 

3iithradates (idates), -is (also 
-i), \jAiQpiba.T-f]{\, M., a name of sev- 
eral Eastern kings. — Esp., Mithri- 
dates VI., called the Great, king of 
Pontus, the adversary of the Romans 
in the Mithridatic wars, from B.C. 88 

to B.C. 6l. 

Mithradaticus (-idaticus), -a, 

-um, [Greek], adj., of Afilhridates, 
Mithridatic. 



Vocabulary. 



113 



mitis, -e, [?], adj., (soft?), mild, 
gentle, compassionate. 

mitto, misi, missus, mittcre, [?], 
3. v. a., let go (cf. omittoj, send, 
despatch, discharge, shoot. — X\so,pass 
over, omit, say nothing of: haec 
missa facio {I pass these by) . — Esp., 
manu mittere {emancipate, set free). 

moderate [old abl. of modera- 
tes] , adv., with self-control, with mod- 
eration. 

moderatio, -onis, [modera+tio], 
F., control, regulation. — Esp., self- 
control, moderation, consideration 
(in refraining from something). 

moderor, -atus, -an, [fmodes- 
(see modestus, and cf. genus, ge- 
nero)J, 1. v. dep., control, regulate, 
restrain. — moderatus, -a, -um, p.p. 
in pass, sense, moderated, self con- 
trolled, well balanced, well governed. 

modestia, -ae, [modesto + ia], 
F., moderation, self-control, subordi- 
nation (of soldiers). 

modestus, -a, -um, [fmodes- (cf. 
moderor) + tus], adj., self-con- 
trolled, well balanced, well regulated. 

modo [abl. of modus], adv., 
{with measure?), only, merely, just, 
even, just now, lately : non . . . modo 
{not only, not merely, to say nothing 
of, I do not say, etc.) ; qui modo 
{provided he, etc., if only he, etc.). 

modus, -i, [mod (as root, cf. mo- 
deror) + us], M., measure, quan- 
tity, a limit, moderation, bounds. — 
Hence, manner, fashion, style, kind : 
hujus modi (of this kind, like this) ; 
ejus modi {of such a kind, such). 
— So other similar expressions : quo 
modo (how, as). 

moenia, -ium, [V MI (distribute?) 
-f nis (cf. communis) (orig. shares 
of work done by citizens?)], N. plur., 
fortifications, walls (of a city, cf. 



paries) : eisdem moenibus (the 
zvalls of the sa?ne city). 

moereo, see maereo. 

moeror, see maeror. 

moestitia, see maestitia. 

moestus, see maestus. 

moles, -is, [?, cf. molestus], f., 
a mass, -weight, a burden, a pile, a 
structure. — Esp., a dike, a dam. 

moleste [old abl. of molestus], 
adv., heavily, severely : moleste ferre 
(lake hard, be vexed at, be offended, 
be displeased, be annoyed). 

molestia, -ae, [molesto-f-ia], f., 
annoyance, trouble. 

molestus, -a, -um, [moles+tus], 
adj., burdensome, annoying, trouble- 
some, disagreeable, unpleasing. 

molior, -itus, -iri, [moli- (as stem 
of moles], 4. v. dep., (lift, struggle 
with a mass), struggle, pile up, exert 
one's self, plan, contrive, attempt, 
strive to accomplish. 

mollis, -e, [?], adj., soft, tender. 
— Fig., 7veak, feeble, not hard, not 
firm, sensitive, delicate, gentle. 

momentum -i, [movi- (as stem 

of moveo) + mentum], n., means 

of motion, cause of motion. — Fig., 

j weight, importance, influence : ha- 

| bere (be of importance, be effectual, 

j be efficacious). 

moneo, -ui, -itus, -ere, [causative 
of t/man (in memini) or denomi- 
native fr. a kindred stem], 2. v. a., 
remind, warn, advise, urge. 

monitum, -i, [p.p. of moneo], 
N., a zvaming, an admonition. 

mons, montis, [^/MAX(in mineo) 
-f tis (reduced)], m., a mountain. 

monstrum, -i, [mon- (as if root 
of moneo) -f trum, with s of un- 
certain origin, cf. lustrum], N., (a 
means of warning), a prodigy, a 
monster. 



ii4 



Vocabulary. 



monumentum (monimen-), -i, 

[moni- (as if stem of moneo) + 
mention], N., a reminder, a monu- 
ment, a memorial, a record. 

mora, -ae, [prob. root of memor 
(siiAR?) + a], F., (thought?), hesita- 
tion, a delay, grounds of delay, rea- 
son for delay, a reprieve, a postpone- 
ment. 

moratiis, -a, -um, [mos + atus, 
cf. senatus], adj., with institutions 
(good or bad) : bene (well regu- 
lated) . 

morbus, -1, [y'MAR (in morior) 
+ bus (cf. turba)], M., sickness, ill- 
ness. 

morior, morfuus (moriturus), 
mori (moriri), [^/mar (cf. mors), 
but prob. in part denominative], 
3. v. dep., die. — mortuus, -a, -um, 
p.p., dead, in one's grave. 

mors, mortis, [^/MAR + tis], F., 
death. — Also, a dead body. 

mortalis, -e, [morti- (reduced) 
+ alis], adj., mortal, of mortals. 

mortuus, -a, -um, p.p. of mo- 
rior. 

mos, moris, [?], M., a custom, 
czistoms, a practice, a usage, a way 
(of acting), an institution, a prece- 
dent. — Plur., customs, habits, char- 
acter (as consisting of habits, cf. 
ingenium and indoles, of native 
qualities) ; imperitus morum (of the 
ways of men); mos majorum (the 
custom, institutions, or precedents of 
our ancestors) ; O mores ! (what a 
state of 'things /). 

motus, -a, -um, p.p. of moveo. 

motus, -tus, [movi- (as stem of 
moveo) + tus], M., a movement, a 
disturbance, an uprising, commotion, 
activity, change : terrae motus (an 
earthquake). 

moveo, movi, motus, movere, [?, 



prob. denominative], 2. v. a., set in 
motion, ?nove, stir, influence, affect, 
have an effect upon, dislodge (in 
military language), cause emotion in, 
shake. 

inucro, -onis, [?], m., a point of 
a sword, a point, a blade, a dagger. 

mulco, -avi, -atus, -are, [?, cf. 
mulceo?], 1. v. a., (soften?), roughly 
handle, maltreat. 

mulcta, see multa. 

mulcto, see multo. 

muliebris, -e, [mulier+bris, cf. 
salubris], adj., womanly, a woman's, 
effeminate. 

mulier, -eris, [?], F., a woman. 
— Of an effeminate man, a mere 
woman. 

muliercula, -ae, [mulier+ cula] , 
F., a little woman. — Hence with 
notion of affection, compassion, or 
contempt, a favorite woman, a mis- 
tress, a helpless woman, a poor 
woman. 

multa, -ae, [prob. mule (in mul- 
ceo) + ta (f. of -tus)], F., a fine. 

multitudo, -dinis, [multo + tu- 
do], F., a great number, great num- 
bers, number (generally). — Esp., 
the multitude, the common people, a 
mob, a crowd : tanta multitudo (so 
great numbers, this great multitude) . 

multo, see multus. 

multo (mulcto), -avi, -atus, -are, 
[multa-, for mulcto, freq. of mul- 
ceo], 1. v. a., punish (by fine), de- 
prive (one of a thing as a punish- 
ment), punish (generally). 

multum, see multus. 

multus, -a, -um, [?, perh. root of 
mille, miles, + tus], adj., much, 
many, numerous : multo die (late 
in the day) ; ad multam noctem 
(till late at night) ; multa de nocte 
(early in the morning, long before 



Vocabulary. 



ii5 



day) ; satis multa verba facere {a 
sufficient number of, etc., enough); 
multa committere {commit many 
crimes). — multum, neut. as subst. 
and adv., much. — Also, plui\, mul- 
ta, much. — Abl., multo, much, far, 
by far : multo facilius. — Compar., 
plus,pluris, N. subst. and adv., more ; 
plur. as adj., more, much, very. — As 
subst., more, many, several, many 
things, much. — Superb, pliirimus, 
-a, -urn, most, very many, very much : 
quam plurimi (as many as possible) ; 
plurimum posse (have most power, 
be very strong or influential, have 
great ability); plurimum valere 
(have very great weight). 

3Iulvius (Mil-), -i, [?], m. of 
adj., Mtdvian : pons (a bridge across 
the Tiber near Rome). 

municeps, -cipis, [muni- (cf. 
moenia), -ceps (V CAP as stem)], 
M. and F., (one who takes his share 
of public duties), a citizen of a mu- 
nicipal town, a fellow- citizen ,(of 
such a town). 

municipium, -i, [municip + 
ium], N., (a collection of citizens, cf. 
municeps). — Esp., a free toiun (of 
citizens enjoying civil rights, though 
not always full Roman citizens), a mu- 
nicipality (perhaps including several 
towns, but under one government). 

munio, -ivi (-h) , -itus, -ire, [muni- 
(stem of inoenia)], 4. v. a. and n., 
fortify. — Less exactly, protect, de- 
fend, furnish (by way of protection). 
— Esp. (prob. original meaning), 
make (by embankment), build, pave : 
castra; iter. 

munitio, -onis, [muni -f tio], 
v., fortification (abstractly). — Con- 
cretely, a fortification, works, forti- 
fications, defences, engineering (of 
a dam). 



m Quito, -avi, -atus, -are, [muni- 
to-], I. v. a., fortify, make (a way), 
pave (fig.) : quam viam munitet 
(whither he is paving the way). 

munitus,-a, -um,[p.p. of niunio] , 
as adj., well fortified, strongly forti- 
fied, strong, well defended, well pro- 
tected. 

munus, -eris, [mun (as if root 
of moenia) + us, orig. -share (cf. 
moenia)], N., a duty, a service, a 
function, a task, an office. — Also, 
(a contribution) , a tribute, a gift, a 
present. — Esp., a show (of gladia- 
tors, in a manner a gift of the pre- 
siding officer) . 

Murena, -ae, [murena, lam- 
prey), M., a Roman family name. 

— Esp., L. Licinius Murena, who 
acted as proprietor against Mithri- 
dates without success, and was re- 
called by Sulla. 

murus, -I, [?] M., a wall (of de- 
fence in itself considered, cf. moenia, 
defences, and paries, a house zoall). 

Musa, -ae, \_Movaa], F., a muse. 

— Plur., the Muses (as patrons of 
literature). 

mutatio, -onis, [muta+ tio], f., 
a change : vestis (putting on mourn- 
ing). 

Mutina, -ae, [?], F., a town in 
Cisalpine Gaul, famous in the war 
between Antony and the senatorial 
party in B.C. 43 (now Modena). 

muto, -avi, -atus, -are, [prob. 
same as moto, for fmovito-], i.v.a., 
change, change for the better (rem- 
edy), alter : vestem (put on mourn- 
ing) : veste mutata esse (appear 
in mourning). 

mfitus, -a, -um, [?, cf. musso], 
adj., dumb, mute, voiceless, silent. 

myoparo, -onis, \_ixvo-wapwv~], m., 
a cutter ( ?, a light piratical vessel). 



u6 



Vocabulary. 



Myron (Myro), -onis, [Greek], 
M., a celebrated Attic sculptor of the 
fifth century B.C. 

mystagogus, -1, [/j.va-rayooyos'], 
M., a hierophant, a custodian (one 
who shows sacred objects in a tem- 
pie). 

Mytilenaeus, -a, -um, [MutiAtj- 
va7os^\, adj., of Mitylene. 

Mytilene, -es (-ae, -arum), [Gr.], 
F., a famous city of Lesbos. 

N. 
nae, see ne. 

nam [case-form of -y/NA, cf. tarn, 
quam], conj., now (introducing ex- 
planatory matter), for. 

nanciscor, nactus (nanctus), 
-cisci, [y/nac, cf. nactus], 3. v. dep., 
find, get, procure, light upon, get 
hold of, obtain. 

narro, -avi, -atus, -are, [for gna- 
rigo, fr. fgnarig6-(gnar6-fagus, cf. 
navigo)], 1. v. a., make known, tell, 
relate, recount. — Absolutely, tell the 
j lory. 

nascor, natus, nasci, [-^/gna, cf. 
gigno], 3. v. dep., be bom, arise, be 
produced, spring up, be raised : non 
scripta sed nata lex {natural, bom 
with us); ei qui nascentur (those 
who shall come hereafter) ; Africa 
nata ad, etc. (made by nature) ; 
conjuratio nascens (at its birth) . — 
Participle sometimes spelled gna- 
tus. 

Nasica, -ae, [nasd + ica (f. of 
-icus)], M., a Roman family name. 
— Esp., P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica 
Serapio, cons. B.C. 138, who led the 
attack by which Tiberius Gracchus 
was killed. 

natalis, -e, [natu- (or nato-) + 
alis], adj., of one's birth : dies (birth- 
day). 



natio, -onis, [y^NA + tio, perh. 
through noun-stem, cf. ratio], F., (a 
birth), a race, a nation, a tribe, a 
clan. 

natara, -ae, [natu + ra (f. of 
-rus)], F., (birth), nature, natural 
character, character : naturam ex- 
plere (the demands of nature); 
habitus naturae (natural endow- 
ments) ; natura rerum (Nature, as 
ruler of the world, the universe); 
natura (by nature, naturally). 

naturalis, -e, [natura+lis (perh. 
-alis)], adj., natural, of nature: 
jus naturale (natural law, the law 
of nature, as opposed to civil law). 

natus, -tus, [^/gna -f tus], m., 
birth: majores natu (elders). 

naufragium, -i, [naufrago + 
ium], N., a shipzureck. 

naufragus, -a, -um, [navi-ffra- 
gus (frag + us)], adj., shipzvrecked, 
of broken fortunes, ruined : nau- 
fragi (wrecked and ruined men). 

nauta, -ae, [perh. Gr. va.vTt)s\, 
M., a sailor, a boatman. 

nauticus, -a, -um, [nauta+cus], 
adj., of a sailor (or sailors), naval. 

navalis, -e, [navi- (reduced) + 
alis], adj., of ships, naval, mari- 
time. 

navicularius, -i, [navicula + 
arius], M., a shipmaster. 

navigatio, -onis, [naviga-ftio], 
F., a sailing, a voyage, travelling by 
sea, a trip (by sea) : mercatorum 
(voyages). 

navigium, -i, [f navigo- (?, navi 
+ fagus) + ium], N., a vessel (gen- 
erally), "a craft," a boat. 

navigo, -avi, -atus, -are, [fnavi- 
go- (see navigium)], 1. v. n., sail, 
make voyages, take a voyage, sail the 
sea. 

navis, -is, [ v /(s)nu (increased), 



Vocabulary. 



117 



with added i, cf. Gr. vavs], F., a ship, 
a vessel, a boat, a galley. 

1. ne (iiae) [y^NA, of unc. rela- 
tion to the others], adv., surely, 1 
am sure, most assuredly. 

2. ne [ -y/NA, unc. case-form], conj., 
lest, that . . . not, not to (do any- 
thing), from (doing anything), so 
that . . . not, for fear that, from 
(doing anything). — After expres- 
sions of fear and danger, that, lest. 
With indep. subj. as a prohibition, 
do not, let not, etc. — With quidem, 
not even, not . . . either, nor . . . either. 
— Esp., videre ne, see to it that not, 
take care lest, see whether . . . not. 
See also nequis. 

-ne (enclitic) [prob. same as ne, 
orig. = nonne], conj., not ? (as a 
question, cf. nonne), whether, did 
(as question in Eng.), do, etc. — 
See also necne. 

Neapolis, -is, [Nea7roAis], F., a 
part of the city of Syracuse. — Also, 
other cities of Italy and Greece. 

Neapolitanus, -a, -urn, [Neapoli 
+ tanus], adj., of Neapolis (in Cam- 
pania), Neapolitan. — Masc. plur., 
the Neapolitans. 

nebulo, -onis, [nebula -f o], m., 
{a man of no stibstance), a worth- 
less fellow, a scamp, a trickster. 

nee, see neque. 

necessarius, -a, -um, [fnecesso- 
(reduced) + arius], adj., {closely 
bound}), necessary, pressing, tina- 
voidable, absolutely necessary, need- 
ful, indispensable. — Also, as subst, 
a connection (a person bound by any 
tie), a close friend, a friend. — Abl. 
as adv., necessario, of necessity, 
necessarily, unavoidably. 

necesse [ ?,ne-cesso-], indecl. adj., 
necessary, unavoidable. — With est, 
it is necessary, it is unavoidable, one 



must, one cannot but, one must in- 
evitably. 

necessitas, -tatis, [fnecesso -f 
tas], F., necessity, constraint, com- 
pulsion, exigency. 

necessitfido, -dinis, [fnecesso + 
tudo], F., close connection (cf. neces- 
sarius), intimacy {close relations), 
a bond, a relation (which creates a 
bond of union). 

necne [nee ne], conj., or not (in 
double questions). 

need", -avi (-ui), -atus (-tus), -are, 
[nee- (stem of nex)], 1. v. a., put 
to death, kill, murder (in cold blood) : 
fame {starve to death). 

nefandus, -a, -um, [ne-fandus], 
adj., tinspeakable, infamous, detesta- 
ble, abominable. 

nefarie [old abl. of nefarius], 
adv., infamously, wickedly, abomi- 
nably. 

nefarius, -a, -um, [nefas -f ius] , 
adj., wicked, infamous, abominable. 

nefas [ne-fas], n. indecl., a crime 
(against divine law), an impiety, a 
sacrilege. 

neglegenter (necle-, negli-) 
[neglegent + ter], adv., carelessly, 
negligently. 

neglego (neclego, negligo), 
-lexi, -lectus, -legere, [nee (= ne) 
-lego], 3. v. a., not regard, disregard, 
neglect, leave unavenged, leave un- 
punished, care nothing for, abandon, 
sacrifice. 

nego, -avi, -atus, -are, [?, poss. 
ne-aio], 1. v. a. and n., say no, say 
. . . not, refuse. 

negotiator, -toris, [negotia+tor], 
M., a merchant. — Esp., a money- 
lender, a capitalist. Cf. mercator. 
a trader who goes with his wares. 

negotior, -atus, -ari, [negotio-], 
1. v. dep., do business. — Esp., be a 



n8 



Vocabula?y. 



merchant, be a banker (cf. nego- 
tium) . 

negotium, -i, [nec-otium], N., 
business, occupation, undertaking. — 
Less definitely, a matter, a thing, 
an affair, a business (as in Eng.), 
an enterprise, one's affairs; meum 
negotium agere {attend to my own 
interests). — Also, difficulty, trouble. 

nemo, fneminis, [ne-homo], c, 
no one, nobody. — Almost as adj., no. 

— Esp., non nemo, one and another, 
one or two, one or more. 

nempe [nam-fpe, cf. quippe], 
conj., to wit, namely, precisely, why! 
nozv, you see, you know, of course. 

nemus, -oris, [-^/nem + us, cf. 
v4jx<a\, N., {pastured'), a grove (prob. 
open, affording pasture). — Esp., a 
sacred grove. 

nepos, -otis, [?J, m., a grandson. 

— Also, a spendthrift (orig. a spoiled 
pet of his grandfather). 

Nepos, -otis, [same word as pre- 
ceding], M., a Roman family name, 
see Metellus. 

nequam [prob ne-quam (how), 
cf. nequaquam], indecl. adj., worth- 
less (opposed to frugi), good for 
nothing, shiftless. 

nequando, see ne and quando. 

nequaquam [ne-quaquam (cf. 
ea, qua)], adv., in no way, by no 
means, not at all. 

neque (nee) [ne-que], adv., and 
not, nor : neque . . . neque (neither 
. . . nor). — See also enim. 

ne . . . quidem, see ne. 

nequi(d)quam (nequic), [ne 
. . . qui(d)quam], adv., to no pur- 
pose, in vain, not zvithout reason. 

nequior, nequissinius, comp. 
and superl. of nequam. 

nequis (-qui) , -qua, -quid (-quod) , 
[ne-quis], indef. pron., that no one, 



etc., and in all the dependent uses 
of ne : ut nequis (that no one) . 

nequitia, -ae, [nequi- (as if stem 
of neqnam or nequis) + tia], f., 
■worthlessness, shiftlessness, feebleness 
(in action). 

nervus, -i, [prob. for fnevrus, cf. 
Gr. vevpov~\, M., a sinew. — Fig., in pi., 
strength, vigor, sinews (as in Eng.). 

nescio, -scivi (-ii), -scitus, -scire, 
[ne-scio], 4. v. a., not know, be una- 
ware. — Phrases : nescio an, I knozv 
not but, I am inclined to think, very 
likely ; nescio quis, etc., some one, 
I know not who (almost as indef. 
pron.), some, some tincertain, some 
obscure; illud nescio quid prae- 
clarum, that inexplicable something 
pre-eminent, etc. : nescio quo modo, 
somehow or other, I know not how 
(parenthetical), mysteriously, curi- 
ously enough. 

neuter, -tra, -trum, [ne-uter] , 
pron., neither. — Plur., neither party, 
neither side. 

neve (neu) [ne-ve], conj., or 
not, and not, nor. 

nex, necis, [?], F., death, mtirder, 
assassination. 

nihilum, -i, [ne-hilum?], N. and 
(nihil) indecl., nothing, none: ni- 
hil respondere (make no answer). 
— nihilo, abl. as adv., none, no. — 
nihil, ace. as adv., not at all, no, 
not : nihil valet (has no weight, etc.); 
nihil interest (it makes no differ- 
ence) ; nonnihil (somezvhat, a little). 

Nilus, -i, [NeTAos], M., the Nile, 
the great river of Egypt. 

nimlrum [ni (= ne) mirum], 
adv., (no wonder), doubtless, of course, 
that is to say, unquestionably, no 
doubt (half ironical), / suppose, for- 
sooth. 

nimis [prob. comparative], adv., 



Vocabulary. 



119 



too, too much, over much : nimis 
urgeo {too closely). 

nimius, -a, -um, [nimi- (?, stem 
of positive of nimis) -f- ius], adj., 
too much, too great, excessive. — ni- 
mium, N. as adv.^00, too much. 

Ninnius, -I, [?], M., a Roman 
gentile name. — Esp., a tribune of 
the people, who proposed the law 
for Cicero's return. 

nisi [ne-si], conj., {not . . . if), 
unless, except: nisi si {except in 
case, ten less). 

niteo, no perf., no p.p.. -ere, 
[prob. fnito, cf. nitidus], 2. v. n., 
shine, glisten. 

nitidus, -a, -um, [fnito -f dus], 
adj., shining, glistening, sleek. 

nitor, nisus (nixus), niti, [prob. 
genu], 3. v. dep., {strain with the 
knee against something), struggle, 
strive, exert one's self, rely upon, de- 
pend, rest. 

nix, nivis, [?], F., snow. 

nobilis, -e, [as if (g)no (root of 
nosco) + bilis], adj., famous, noble, 
well-bom (cf. "notable"). 

nobilitas, -tatis, [nobili + tas], 
P., nobility, fame. — Concretely, the 
nobility, the nobles. 

nocens, see noceo. 

noceo, -ui, nociturus, nocere, [akin 
to nex], 2. v. n., do harm to, injure, 
harm, harass. — nocens, -entis, pres. 
p. as adj., hurtful, guilty (of some 
harm). 

noctu [abl. of fnoctus (noc (cf. 
noceo?) -f- tus)], as adv., by night, 
in the night. 

nocturnus, -a, -um, [perh. noctu 
-f urnus, cf. diuturnus], adj., of 
the night, nightly, nocturnal, in the 
night, by night: nocturno tempore 
(in the night). 

nolo, nolui, nolle, [ne-volo], irr. 



v. a. and n., not wish, be unwilling, 
wish not, not like to have, will not 
{woicld not, etc). — Esp. with inf. as 
(polite) imperative, do not, do not 
think of (doing, etc.). — Also, nol- 
lem (/ should hope not, I should be 
sorry) . 

nonien, -minis, [-v/( G ) xo ( root °f 
nosco) + men], N., a name (what 
one is known by), name (fame, pres- 
tige). — As a name represents an 
account, an account (a compte), an 
item (of an account) : meo nomine 
{on my accoiint) ; eo nomine (on 
that account) ; classium nomine 
( u nder pretence, etc . ) . 

nominatim, [ace. of real. or sup- 
posed fnominatis (nomina+tis)], 
adv., by name (individually), espe- 
cially. 

nomino, -avi, -atus, -are, [nomin-], 
I. v. a., name, mention, call by name, 
call : nominari volunt {to have their 
names mentioned). 

non [ne-oenum (unum)], adv., 
no, not: non est dubium {there is 
no doubt) ; non mediocriter {in no 
small degree); non poteram non 
(/ could not but, etc.). 

Nonae, see nonus. 

nondum, see dum. 

nonne [non ne], adv., is not? 
does not? etc. 

nonnemo, see nemo. 

nonuihil, see nihil. 

nonnullus, see nullus. 

nonnunquam, see nunquam. 

nonus, -a, -um, [novem + nus], 
num. adj., the ninth. — Esp., Nonae, 
F. plur., the Nones (the ninth day, 
according to Roman reckoning, be- 
fore the Ides, falling either on the 
fifth or seventh, see Idus). 

nos. see ego. 

nosco, novi, notus, noscere. 



120 



Vocabulary. 



[ v /(g)no], 3. v. a., learn, become 
acquainted 'with. — In perfect tenses, 
know, be acquainted with : sciunt 
ei qui me norunt (they know who 
are acqtiainted with me) ; nee novi 
nee scio (/ don't know the law be- 
fore mentioned, nor do I knozv the 
fact). — notus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., 
known, familiar, well-known. 

noster, -tra, -trum, [prob. nos 
(plur. nom.) + ter], adj. pron., our, 
ours, of ours, of us. — Often of one 
person, my, mine, of mine. 

nota, -ae, [V GNO + ta ( F - °f 
-tus?)], F., a mark, a brand, a stain. 

noto, -avi, -atus, -are, [nota-], 
I. v. a., mark, designate, brand, stig- 
matize. 

novem, [ ?], indecl. num. adj., nine. 

Novembris, -e, [novem + bris, 
cf. salubris], adj., of November. 

novicius, -a, -um, [novo+icius], 
adj., fresh, raw, untrained. 

novus, -a, -um, [?, cf. Eng. new'], 
adj., new, novel, fresh, unprecedented, 
strange: res novae (a change of 
government, resolution*) . 

nox, noctis, [akin to noceo], F., 
night. 

noxia, -ae, [-y/NOC (in noceo) 
+ unc. term.], f., crime, guilt. 

nudius [num(?)-dius (dies)], 
undeclined, only in nom. with ter- 
tius, now the third day, three days 
ago. ^ 

nudo, -avi, -atus, -are, [nudo-], 
I. v. a., lay bare, strip, expose. — 
Less exactly, clear, rob, despoil, strip 
(as in Eng.) : nudavit se (stripped 
off his clothing). 

nudus, -a, -um, [?, root (akin to 
naked) + dus], adj., naked, bare, ttn- 
protected, exposed. — Hence, stripped, 
robbed, destitute. 

nugae, -arum, [?], F. plur., tri- 



fles, follies. — Esp. of persons, a man 
of follies, a frivolous person. 

nullus, -a, -um, [ne-ullus], adj., 
not . . . any, not any, no, none of: 
quae nulla (none of which) . — Often 
equivalent to an adverb, not, not at 
all. — nonnullus, some. — As subst, 
some, some persons. 

num [pron. -y/NA, cf. turn], adv., 
interrog. part., suggesting a negative 
answer, does, is, etc., it is not, is it? 
and the like : num dubitasti (did 
you hesitate'?). — In indirect ques- 
tions, whether, if 

Numantia, -ae, [?], F., a city of 
Spain, captured by Scipio in B.C. 133. 

nfimen, -inis, [V NU ( m nuo) + 
men], n., (a nod), will: — Hence, 
divinity, power (of a divinity). 

numero, -avi, -atus, -are, [nume- 
ro-], I. v. a., cotint, account, regard. 

mimerus, -i, [fnumo- (cf. num- 
mus, Numa, Gr. j/6/j.os) + rus], m., 
a number, number : in hostium 
numero (as, etc.) ; ullo in numero 
(at all as, etc.). 

Numidicus, -a, -um, [Numida+ 
cus], adj., Numidian (of Numidia, 
long an independent state west of 
the territory of Carthage). — Esp. as 
a name of Q. Ccccilius Metellus, see 
Metellus, No. 7. 

Numitorius, -i, [Numitor+ius], 
M., a Roman gentile name. — Esp., 
C. Numilorius, a Roman knight, one 
of the witnesses against Verres. 

nfimnms (numus), -i, [akin to 
numerus, Gr. v6/j.os], M., a coin. — 
Esp. for nummus sestertius, a ses- 
terce (see sestertius). 

numquam, see nunquam. 

nuiiiquis (-qui), -qua, -quid 
(-quod) , [num-quis] , indef. interrog. 
pron., is (etc.) any one? with all 
senses of num, see quis. 



Vocabulary. 



121 



nunc [num-ce, cf. hie], adv., 
now (emphatic, as an instantaneous 
1107V, cf. jam, unemphatic and con- 
tinuous) v : etiam nunc (even now, 
even then, still). — Esp. opposed to 
a false condition, now, as it is. 

nunquam (numquam) [ne- 
unquam], adv., never. 

nuntio, -avi, -atus, -are, [nuntio-], 
I. v. a., send news, report, make 
known. 

nuntius, -T, [fnovent- (p. of 
fnoveo, be new) -f ius], M., (a new- 
comer),a messenger. — Hence, news, 
a messenger: nuntium mittere 
(send word). 

nuper [for novi-per, cf. parum- 
per], adv., lately, recently, not long 
ago, just now. 

nuptiae, -arum, [nupta -f ius], 
F. plur., a wedding, a marriage. 

nutus, -tus, [prob. nui (as stem 
of nuo) + tus], M., a nod, a sign : 
ad nutum (at one's beck, at one's 
command) ; nutu (at the command, 
by the will). 

nympha, -ae, [Gr. vvfxfyiri], ¥., (a 
bride). — Also, a nymph (a goddess 
of nature occupying some special 
locality, as a tree, or stream, or the 
like). — These goddesses were wor- 
shipped collectively at Rome. 

O. 

O, interj., Oh ! : tempora ! (what 

times !). 

ob [unc. case-form akin to Gr. 
C7ri], prep. (adv. in composition), 
(near), against : ob oculos (before 
my eyes). — Hence, on account of, 
for: ob earn rem (for this rea- 
son, on this account). — In comp., 
towards, to, against. 

obdueo, -duxi, -ductus, -ducere, 



[ob-duco], 3. v. a., lead towards, lead 
against, draw over. 

obduresco, -durui, no p.p., -du- 
rescere, [ob-duresco], 3-v.n,, harden 
over, become hardened. 

obedio, see oboedio. 

obeo, -Ivi (-ii), -itus, -ire, [ob-eo], 
irr. v. a., go to, go about, attend to, go 
over, visit: facinus (commit); lo- 
cum tempusque (be present at) . 

obfero, see offero. 

obfundo, see offundo. # 

obicio (objic-), -jeci, -jectus, 
-icere, [ob-jacio], 3. v. a., throw 
against, throw in the way, throw tip, 
set 2ip, expose. — Hence, cast in one's 
teeth, reproach one with. 

oblectamentum, -i, [oblecta + 
mentum], N., diversion, enjoyment, 
a source of amusement. 

oblecto, -avi, -atus, -are, [ob- 
flecto, cf. lacio], i.v. a., give pleas- 
ure to, delight. 

obligo, -avi, -atus, -are, [ob-ligo], 
I. v. a., bind up, hamper, bind, mort- 
gage. — obligatus, -a, -um, p.p., 
bouiui, under obligation. 

oblino, -levi, -litus, -linere, [ob- 
lino], 3. v. a., smear. — Fig., besmear, 
bedaub, stain. 

obllvio, -onis, [ob-flivio, cf. ob- 
liviscor], F., forgetfulness, oblivion. 

obliviscor, -litus, -livisci, [ob- 
fliviS, cf. liveo], 3. v. dep., (grow 
dark against^), forget, cease to think 
of. — oblitus, -a, -um, p.p., forget- 
ting, forgetful, tmmindful. 

obmutesco, -mutui, no p.p., -mu- 
tescere, [ob-fmutesco, cf. niutus], 
3. v. n., become silent, be dumb. 

obnuntio, -avi, -atus, -are, [ob- 
nuntio], 1. v. n., announce (in oppo- 
sition). — Esp., announce ttnfavora- 
ble omens, stay proceedings by omens, 
hinder by omens. 



122 



Vocabulary. 



oboedio (obedio), -Ivi (-ii), 
-iitum (n.), -Ire, [ob-audio], 4. v. n., 
give ear to. — Hence, give heed to, 
obey, be obedient, be submissive. 

oborior, -ortus, -oriri, [ob-orior], 
4. (3.) v. dep., rise before, rise over. 

obruo, -mi, -rutus, -mere, [ob- 
ruo], 3. v. a., bury, overwhelm (with 
something thrown on), cover. — Also, 
overthrow, ruin. 

obscure [old abl. of obscurus], 
adv., obscurely, darkly, covertly. 

obscuritas, -tatis,[obscur6+tas], 
F., darkness, obscurity, uncertainty. 

obscuro, -avi, -atus, -are, [ob- 
scuro-], I. v. a., dim, darken, obscure, 
hide, conceal. 

obscurus, -a, -um, [ob-fscurus, 
y'scu+rus, cf. scutum], adj., dark, 
dim, secret, covert, disguised, hidden, 
obscure, unknown : non est obscu- 
rum (it is no secret). 

obsecro, -avi, -atus, -are, [manu- 
factured from ob sacrum (near or 
by some sacred object)'], 1. v. a., ad- 
jure, entreat. 

obsecundo, -avi, no p.p., -are, 
[ob-secundo], 1. v. n., show' obedi- 
ence, yield to one's wishes. 

observo, -avi, -atus, -are, [ob- 
servo], I. v. a., (be on the watch 
towards?), guard, maintain, keep. 
— Also, be on the watch for, zvatch 
for, watch, lie in wait for. 

obses, -idis, [ob-fses, cf. praeses 
and obsidio], C, (a person under 
guard), a hostage. — Less exactly, a 
pledge, a security. 

obsideo, -sedi, -sessus, -sidere, [ob- 
sedeo], 2. v. a., (sit down against), 
blockade, beset, besiege. — Also, block, 
hinder, lie in wait for, watch for. 

obsidio, -onis, [obsidio-? (re- 
duced)-}- o~\,F.,a siege (cf. obsessio), 
a blockade. — Also, the art of siege. 



obslgno, -avi, -atus, -are, [ob- 
signo], I. v. a., seal up, seal. — 
Hence, sign as a witness, witness. 

obsisto, -stiti, no p.p., -sistere, 
[ob-sisto], 3. v. n., withstand re- 
sist, contend against. 

obsolesco, -evi, -etus, -escere, 
[obs-olesco], 3. v. n., grow old, be- 
come obsolete, get out of date, get stale. 

obstipesco (obstu-), -ui, no p.p., 
-escere, [ob-stipesco] , 3. v. n., be- 
come stupefied, be thunderstruck, be 
amazed: sic obstipuerant (they were 
so thunderstruck). 

obsto, -stiti, -staturus, -stare, [ob- 
sto], I. v. n., withstand, stand in 
one's way, resist, injure, hurt. 

obstrepo, -ui, -iturus, -ere. [ob- 
strepo], 3. v. n. and a., drown (one 
noise by another^), overwhelm by a 
din. 

obstructio, -onis, [ob-structio, 
cf. obstruo], F., a barricade, an 
obstruction, a covering. 

obstupefacio, -feci, -factus, -fa- 
cere, [ob-stupefacio] , 3. v. a., daze, 
stupefy. — obstupefactus, -a, -um, 
p.p., taken aback, dumbfounded. 

obstupesco, see obstipesco. 

obsum, -fui, -futurus, -esse, [ob- 
sum] , irr. v. n., be in the way, hin- 
der, injure, be disadvantageous. 

obtego, -texi, -tectus, -tegere, [ob- 
tego], 3. v. a., cover up, protect. 

obtempero, -avi, -aturus, -are,- 
[ob-tempero], 1. v. n., (conform 
to), comply with, submit to, yield to, 
comply. 

obtestor, -atus, -ari, [ob-testor], 
I. v. dep., implore (calling some- 
thing to witness), beseech, entreat. 

obtineo, -tinui, -tentus, -tinere, 
[ob-teneo], 2. v. a., hold (against 
something or somebody), retain, 
maintain, occupy, possess, get (by 



Vocabulary 



123 



lot), hold (by lot, as a magistrate). — ■ 
Also, maintain, prove, make good. 

obtingo, -tigl, no p.p., -tingere, 
[ob-tango], 3. v. a. and n., touch 
upon. — Esp., fall to one's lot, fall 
to one, happen (esp. as euphemism 
for death or disaster). 

obtrecto, -avi, -atus, -are, [ob- 
tracto], 1. v. a. and n., {handle 
roughly?), disparage, speak ill of 

obtull, perf. of offero. 

obviani [ob viam], adv., in the 
way of, to meet (any one) : obviani 
fieri {come to meet, fall in one's way, 
meet) . 

obvius, -a, -um, [ob-via, declined 
as adj.], adj., in the way of: obvius 
esse {meet). 

occasio, -onis, [ob-f casio, cf. oc- 
cido], v., an opportunity, a chance. 

occasus, -sus, [ob-casus, cf. oc- 
cido], M., a falling, a fall, a setting 
(of the sun). 

occidens, see occido. 

occidio, -onis, [perh. directly 
fiom occido, after analogy of legio, 
etc.], F., slaughter, great slaughter. 

occido, -cidl, -casurus, -cidere, 
[ob-cado], 3. v. n., fall, set, be slain. 
— occidens, -entis, p., setting, as 
subst., the west. 

occido, -cidi, -cisus, -cidere, [ob- 
caedo], 3. v. a., kill, massacre, slay. 

occludo, -clusi, -clusus, -cludere, 
[ob-claudo], 3. v. a., shut up, close. 

occultator, -toris, [occulta+tor] , 
M., a concealer, a harborer. 

occulte [old abl. of occultus], 
adv., secretly, privately, with secrecy. 

occulto, -avi, -atus, -are, [occul- 
to-], I. v. a., conceal, hide. 

occultus, -a, -um, [p.p. of oceu- 
lo],as adj., concealed, secret, hidden. 

occupatio, -onis, [occupa+tio], 
F., occupation (engagement in busi- 



ness), business, affairs (of business), 
being engaged. 

occupo, -avi, -atus, -are, [foccupo- 
or foccup- (cf. auceps), ob and 
stem akin to capio], I. v. a., seize* 
take possession of, seize upon, occupy 
(only in military sense). — occupa- 
tus, -a, -um, p.p., as adj., engaged, 
occupied, employed. 

occurro, -curri (-cucurri?), . -cur- 
surus, -currere, [ob-curro], 3. v. n., 
run to meet, meet, come upon, find, 
fall in with, go about (a thing), with- 
stand, occur (to one's mind), suggest 
itself 

occursatio, -onis, [occursa + 
tio], F., a coming to meet, a sally, 
an attack, a greeting (running to 
meet one with acclamation). 

Oceanus, -i, [Gr. J £iK^av6s~\, M., 
the ocean (with or without mare). 

Ocriculanus, -a, -um, [Ocriculo 
+ anus], adj., of Ocriculum (a town 
of Umbria on the Tiber) . 

Octavianus, -a, -um, [Octavio 
+ anus], adj., of Octavius. 

Octavius, -1, [octavo -fius], m., 
a Roman gentile name. — Esp., Cn. 
Octavius, cons. B.C. 87 with Cinna, 
and killed as a partisan of the no- 
bility by the partisans of Marius. 
Others of the same family not named 
by Cicero were famous. 

octavus, -a, -um, [octo -f vus 
(cf. Gr. oydofos?), perh. foctau-fus] , 
adj., eighth. 

octingenti, -ae, -a, [stem akin 
to octo -f centum], num. adj., eight 
hundred. 

octo [?], num. adj., eight. 

octodecim [octo-decem], num. 
adj., eighteen. 

octoginta [octo+?], adj., eighty. 

octoni, -ae, -a, [octo-j-nus], adj., 
eight at a time, eight (at a time). 



.124 



Vocabulary. 



oeulus, -i, [foco (cf. eye) + lus], 
M., the eye. 

odi, -odisse, [perf. of lost verb 
(with pres. sense), akin to odium], 
irr. v. a., hate, detest. 

odiosus, -a, -um, [odio + osus], 
adj., hateful, troublesome. 

odium, -i, [^/vadh {spurn) + 
ium], N., hatred, odium, hate, detes- 
tation. — Plur., hale (of several cases). 
— Of persons, the hatred, the detesta- 
tion : odio esse (Jo be hated). 

odor, -oris, [ A /° D (#C«) + or ]> 
M., an odor, fragrance (legum, add- 
ing, as it were, to make the fig. tol- 
erable in Eng.). 

offendo (obf-), -fendi, -fensus, 
-fendere, [ob-fendo], 3. v. a. and 11., 
strike against, stumble, stumble upon, 
light ztpon, go wrong, commit an of- 
fence, take offence, offend, hurt (the 
feelings), give offence to. — offensus, 
-a, -um, p.p., offensive. 

offensio (obf-), -onis, [ob-ffen- 
sio, cf. offendo], F., (a striking 
against), a stumbling, an offence, a 
giving offence, dislike, a disaster, a 
defeat. 

offero (obf-), obtuli, oblatus, of- 
ferre, [ob-fero], irr. v. a., bring to, 
offer, furnish, afford, expose : se 
(present); mortem alicui (cause 
the death of, etc.). 

officio (obf-), -feci, -fectus,-ficere, 
[ob-facio], 3. v. a., work against, 
obstruct, hinder, stand in the way 
of 

officiosus (obf-), -a, -um, [offi- 
cio+osus], adj., dutiful, in discharge 
of one'' s duty, conscientious (in the 
discharge of one's duty) . 

officium (obf-), -i, [as if (prob. 
really) foffico- (cf. beneficus) + 
ium], N., (a doing for one?), a ser- 
vice, a duty, kind offices (either sing. 



or plur.), dutiful conduct, faithful- 
ness to duty. 

offundo (obf-) , -fudi, -fusus, -fun- 
dere, [ob-fundo], 3. v. a., pour over. 

— Also, fill, pervade. 

oleum, -i, [?, cf. oliva, eXaiov], 
N., oil. 

olim [loc. (?) of ollus, old form 
of ille], adv., (at that time), once, 
formerly. 

Olympius, -a, -um, [Gr. 'OKv/j.- 
irt,os~], adj., of Olympus (the fabled 
abode of the gods), Olympian. 

omen, -inis, [?, but cf. old form 
osmen, and oscines], n., an omen. 

omitto, -misi, -missus, -mittere, 
[ob-mitto], 3. v. a., let go, by, pass 
over, leave unsaid, leave out, omit, 
say nothing of, abandon, cease. 

omnino [abl. of f omninus (omni 
+ nus)], adv., altogether, entirely, 
on the whole, only, titterly, in all, at 
all, any way, only just, whatever 
(with negatives). 

omnis, -e, [?], adj., all, the whole 
of (as divisible or divided, cf. totus 
as indivisible or not divided). — In 
sing., all, every (without emphasis on 
the individuals, cf. quisque, each, 
emphatically). — Esp. : omnibus ho- 
ris (every hour) ; omnia (every- 
thing). 

onus, -eris, [unc. root '-{- us], N., 
a burden, a load, a freight, a cargo. 

— Abstr., weight. 

opera, -ae, [oper- (as stem of 
opus) + a (f. of -us)], f., work, 
services, help, pains, attention, assist- 
ance : operam dare (devote one's 
self, exert one's self take pains, try, 
take care). — Esp.: opera sua (by 
his own efforts) ; operam consumere 
(waste one's labor, waste one's lime); 
operae pretium est (it is worth 
while). — Plur., laborers. 



Vocabulary. 



operarius, -1, [opera -f arius] . 
M. (of adj.), a day laborer. 

operio, -perul, -pertus, -perire, 
[ob-pario, cf. aperio], 4. v. a., cover 

up, cover. 

Opimius, -I, [opimo + ius], M., 
a Roman gentile name. — Esp., L. 
Opimius, cons. B.C. 121, the cham- 
pion of the senate against C. Grac- 
chus, in the fight in which the latter 
was killed. 

opimus, -a, -urn, [?], adj., fat, 
rick, fertile. 

opinio, -onis, [opino- (cf. nec- 
opinus) + o], F., a notion, an ex- 
pectation, an idea, a reputation, an 
opinion (not well founded, cf. sen- 
tentia). fancy, a good opinion (of 
any one) : latius opinione {more 
widely than is thought) ; mortis (a 
false idea of one 's death). 

opinor, -atus, -ari, [opino-, cf. 
necopinus], 1. v. dep., have an 
idea (not well founded or not sure) , 
fancy, suppose, imagine. — Cf. the 
use of such phrases as / fancy, I 
reckon, I guess, I take it, I should 
say. 

opitulor, -atus, -ari, [opitulo- 
(opi-tulus, from V'JTL, in tuli, + 
us)], I. v. dep., assist, aid, succor, 
give help. 

oportet, -uit, no p.p., -ere, [noun- 
stem from ob and stem akin to 
porto, cf. opportuiius], 2. v. imp., 
it behooves, it tight, one is to, one 
vi ust. 

oppeto, -ivi (-ii), -itus, -ere, [ob- 
peto], 3. v. a., encounter, meet. 

oppidum, -i, [ob-fpedum (a 
plain!, cf. Gr. WSoj/)], N., (the for- 
tified place which, according to an- 
cient usage, commanded the terri- 
tories of a little state), a stronghold, 
a town (usually fortified). 



oppono, -posui, -positus, -ponere, 

[ob-pono], 3. v. a., set against, op- 
pose (something to something else"). 
— oppositus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., 
opposed, lying in the way, opposite, 
adverse. 

opportunitas, -tatis, [oppor- 
tuno + tasj, F., timeliness, fitness 
(of time or circumstance), good luck 
(in time or circumstance), conven- 
ience, advantage. 

opportuiius, ra, -um, [ob-portu- 
nus, cf. importunus and Portu- 
nus], adj., (coming to harbor?), op- 
portune, advantageous, lucky, timely, 
valuable (under the circumstances). 

oppositus, -tils, [ob-fpositus, cf. 
oppono], M., a setting against, an 
interposition. 

opprimo, -pressi, -pressus, -pri- 
mere, [ob-premo], 3. v. a., (press 
against), overwhelm, crush, over- 
power, overtake (surprise), hold in 
check. 

oppugnatio, -onis, [oppugna + 
tio], F., a siege (of actual operations, 
cf. obsidio, blockade), besieging, an 
attack (in a formal manner against a 
defended position). 

oppugno, -avl, -atus, -are, [ob- 
pugno], I. v. a., attack (formally, 
but without blockade), lay siege to, , 
carry on a siege, assail (a defended 
position). — Fig., attack, assail. 

ops, opis, [?], F., help, aid, succor, 
means, protection. — Plur., resources, 
power, wealth, means. 

optabilis, -e, [opta-fbilis], adj., 
desirable, to be wished for. 

optimas (optu-), -atis, [optimo 
+ as (cf. Arpinas)], adj., of the 
best. — Esp. plur., the opHmates (the 
better classes, or aristocracy, at Rome, 
including all who held opinions op- 
posed to the common people). 



126 



Vocabulary. 



optime, see bene. 

optimus, -a, -um, [op (cf. ops?) 
+ timus (cf. finitimus)], superl. of 
bonus, which see. 

opto, -avi, -atus, -are, [fopto- 
(•y/OP + tus, cf. Gr. fyo/xai)'], I.v. a., 
choose, desire, wish (urgently), pray 
for, hope and pray for, hope for. — 
optatus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., wished 
for, desired, desirable. 

opus, operis, [-^/OY + us], N., 
work, labor (as skilful or accomplish- 
ing its purpose, cf. labor, as tire- 
some). — In military sense, a work, 
works, fortifications. — Also, as in 
English, of civil structures, etc., work, 
works, a work (as of art), a work 
of skill (cf. artificiuin, a work of 
art), workmanship : opere et manu 
factus (by handiwork). — In abl., 
quanto- (tanto-, magno-, niniio-) 
opere. — Often together, quanto- 
pere, etc., how much, so much, much, 
greatly, too mtich, hozv, so, too. 

opus [same word as preceding], 
N. indecl., need, necessary : opus 
properato (need of haste). 

ora, -ae, [?], F., a shore, a coast. 

oratio, -onis, [ora + tio], F., 
speech, words, talk, address, dis- 
course, argument, matter for a dis- 
course, pozver of oratory, a branch 
of a discourse. 

orator, -toris, [ora + tor], M., a 
speaker, an ambassador, an orator. 

orbis, -is, [?], M., a circle (a cir- 
cular plane) : orbis terrarum (the 
circle of lands, the zvhole world). 

ordior, orsus, ordiri, [fordi- (cf. 
ordo)], 4. v. dep., begin, start. 

or do, -inis, [akin to ordior], M., 
a series, a rozv, a tier, a rank (of 
soldiers), a grade (of centurions, as 
commanding special " ordines " of 
soldiers, also the centurions them- 



selves), an arrangement, an order 
(esp. of citizens), a body (consisting 
of such an order), a class (of citi- 
zens). 

orior, ortus, oriri, [?], 3. (and 4.) 
v. n., arise, spring tip, spring. — 
— oriens, -entis, p. as subst., the east. 

ornamentum, -i, [orna -f men- 
turn], N., an adornment, a decora- 
tion, a7t ornament, an equipment, 
an Jionor (an addition to one's dig- 
nity), a source of dignity. 

ornate [old abl. of ornatus], 
adv., ornately : gravius atque or- 
natius (with more weight and elo- 
quence) . 

ornatus, -tus, [orna + tus], m., 
adornment, ornament, ornaments 
(collectively). 

orno, -avi, -atus, -are, [unc. noun- 
stem], I. v. a., adorn, equip, furnish, 
increase (by way of adornment), 
honor, add honor to. — ornatus, -a, 
-um, p.p. as adj., furnished, zvell- 
eqiiipped, well-furnished, decorated, 
finely adorned, zvell to do, prosper- 
ous, highly honored. 

oro, -avi, -atus, -are, [or- (as stem 
of Os)], I. v. a. and n., speak. — 
Esp., pray, entreat, beg. 

ortus, -tus, [V or (i n orior) + 
tus], M., a rising: solis (sunrise, 
the East). 

6s, oris, [?], N., the mouth, the 
face, the countenance : Ponti (the 
mouth, the entrance) ; in ore om- 
nium (in the mouths, on the lips). 

os, ossis, [prob. reduced from fos- 
tis, cf. Gr. ocrreoj/], N., a bone. 

oscito, -avi, no p.p., and oscitor, 
-an, [perh. os cito], 1. v. n. and dep., 
yazvn. 

ostendo, -tendi, -tentus, -tendere, 
[obs-tendo], 3-v.a., [stretch towards), 
present, shozv, point out, makeknozun, 



I r ocabulary. 



127 



stale, declare, indicate, exhibit, dis- 
play. — Pass., appear, show itself. 

ostento, -avi, -atus, -are, [osten- 
to-], 1. v. a., display, exhibit: se 
(make a display). 

Ostiensis,-e, [Ostia-fensis],adj., 
of Ostia (the port of Rome at the 
mouth of the Tiber), at Ostia. 

ostium, -1, [akin to os], N., the 
mouth : Oceani {the straits, i.e., of 
Gibraltar). 

otiosus, -a, -urn, [otio -f osus], 
adj ., at leisure, quiet, peaceful, peace- 
able, undisturbed, inactive. 

otium, -i, [?], N., repose, inac- 
tivity, quiet (freedom from disturb- 
ance), ease, peace. 

ovo, no p., -atiirus, -are, [?], i.v.n., 
rejoice. — Esp., ovans, -antis, p., tri- 
umphant in an ovation (the lesser 
triumph, but also used figuratively). 
[Possibly the technical meaning is 
the original one.] 



P. 

P., abbreviation for Publius. 

pacisco, -ere, and paciseor, pac- 
tus, pacisci, [paci- (as stem of paco) 
+ sco], 3. v. a. and dep., bargain. — 
Esp., pactus, -a, -um, p.p., agreed 
upon, settled, arranged. — See also 
pactum. 

paco, -avi, -atus, -are, [pac- (in 
pax)], I. v. a., pacify, subdue. — 
pacatus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., peace- 
able, quiet, subject (as reduced to 
peace), submissive, entirely con- 
quered: civitas male pacata (hard- 
ly reduced to submission, still rebel- 
lions') . 

Paconius, -1, [?, cf. paco], m., 
a Roman gentile name. — Esp., M. 
Paconius, a Roman knight. 

pactum, -I, [p.p. of paciseor, 



pango?], N., (a thing agreed), 
an agreement, an arrangement. — 
Hence, a method, a way (of doing 
anything). — Esp. abl., in . . . way : 
quo pacto (in zuhat way, Jiow) ; isto 
pacto {after that fashion, to that 
degree) ; nescio quo pacto {somehow 
or other, strangely enough) ; nullo 
pacto {in no zvay, under no circum- 
stances). 

Paean, -anis, [Gr. Ilaidv'], m., the 
Healer, a name of Apollo, as god of 
healing. 

paene [?], adv., almost, nearly^ 
all but. 

paenitet (poenitet), -uit, -ere, 
[fpoenito- (perh. p.p. of verb akin 
to punio)], 2. v. a. (impers.), it 
repents (one), one repents, one re- 
grets: me paenitebit (/ shall re- 
gret) . 

paenula (pen-), -ae, [?], f., a 
cloak (probably like a poncho, some- 
times also with a hood, at any rate 
put on over the head and worn in 
travelling or in rough weather). 

paenulatus (pen-), -a, -um, 
[paenula-ftus, cf. robustus], adj., 
wrapped in a cloak. 

Palacinus? (Palatinus ?) , -a, 
-um, [?], adj. only with balneae, a 
place of uncertain position. 

palam [unc. case-form, cf. clam], 
adv.," openly, publicly, without con- 
cealment? 

Palatium (Pal-), -1, [palato- 
(the arched roof of the mouth) + 
ium], N., {the round hill?), the 
Palatine (the hill of Rome which 
was the original site of the city). 

Palladium, -i, \Y\aKkaUov\, N., 
{the little Pallas) , the Palladium (the 
little image of Pallas Athene, on 
which depended the safety of Troy, 
and which was carried off by Ulysses 



128 



Vocabulary. 



and Diomedes). — Hence, a palla- 
dium (any object of like importance) . 
palma, -ae, [borrowed from Gr. 
ira\d^rf\ , F. , the palm (of the hand) . 
— Also, a palm brancii, a palm (esp. 
as symbol of victory) , a victory (cf. 
" laurels " in Eng). 



palus, -udis, [?], F. 



■sh. 



Pamphylia, -ae, [Gr. rta^uAio], 
F., the country on the south coast of 
Asia Minor, between Lycia and Cili- 
cia, not included in the province of 
Asia Minor. 

Panhormus (Panormus) , -I, 
[U.avopfj.os~], F., Panormus, the city 
on the north coast of Sicily, now 
Palermo, famous for its harbor. 

Pansa, -ae, [?], m., a Roman 
family name. — Esp., C. Vibius Pan- 
sa, one of the partisans of Caesar, 
who was consul, B.C. 43, and was 
active in the fight against Mark 
Antony. 

Papirius (old Papisius), -I, [cf. 
Papius], M., a Roman gentile name. 
— Esp., M. Papirius Maso, killed by 
Clodius in a fight in the Appian Way. 

Papius, -a, -um, [Papa (or -6) 
+ ins] j adj., {of Papa or Papus). — 
Masc, as a Roman gentile name. — 
Also, of Papius (esp. of C. Papius, 
tribune, B.C. 65, proposer of a law in 
regard to Roman citizenship). 

par, paris, [perh. akin to paro, 
pario (through the idea of barter or 
exchange) ] , adj., equal, alike, like. — 
Esp., on a par with, equal in power, 
a match for, adequate to, sufficient 
for. 

Paralus, i, [Gr.IIopaA.os], M., an 
Athenian hero, after whom one of 
the sacred galleys was named. 

partite [old abl. of paratus], 
adv., with preparation. 

paratus, see paro. 



pareo, peperci (parsi), parsurus 
(parciturus) , parcere, [akin to par- 
ous (^/PAR + cus, acquisitive, and 
so frugal?)~\, 3. v. n., spare, be con- 
siderate for. 

parens, -entis, [ V PAR O n pario) 
+ e'ns (cf. Gr. refcwy)], C, a parent, 
a father. 

pareo, parui, pariturus, parere. 
[paro- (cf. opiparus)], 2. v. n., 
(be prepared}, appear, obey, follow, 
yield, consult (utilitati). 

paries, -ietis (-jetis), [akin to 
7rept?], ,M., a wall (of a house or 
the like, cf. murus). 

Parilia (Palilia), -ium [Pali-f 
ilis], N. plur. (of Palilis), the feast 
of Pales (a divinity of shepherds). 
It was held April 21. 

Parinus, -a, -um, an uncertain 
word in Mss. of Verres, v. 57. 

pario, peperl, partus (pariturus). 
parere, ['^/par, procure (perh. orig. 
by barter, cf. par)], 3. v. a., pro- 
cure, acquire, secure, win. — Esp., 
produce, give birth to (of the mother). 

Parma, -ae, [?], f., a town of 
Cisalpine Gaul. It was treacherously 
taken by Antony, and its people 
barbarously treated. 

Parmensis, -e, [Parma-f-ensis], 
adj., of Parma. — Plur. as subst., the 
people of Parma. 

paro, -avi, -atus, -are, [paro-, cf. 
opiparus and pareo], 1. v. a.., pro- 
cure, provide, prepare, get ready, 
get ready for (bellum, used con- 
cretely for the means of war), secure, 
arrange, engage. — paratus, -a, -um, 
p.p. as adj., ready, prepared, well 
prepared, skilful, well equipped : 
animo parato {ivith resolution*). 

parricida, -ae, [patri- (as stem 
of pater) f cida (caed+a, cf. homi- 
cida)?], M. and F., a parricide. 



/ 'ocabulary. 



129 



parricidium, -1, [parricida + 
ium], N., parricide. — Less exactly, 
murder: patriae (as the parent of 
her citizens). 

pars, partis, [y'PAR + tis (re- 
duced), akin to portio, and perh. to 
■par (cf. also pario)], f., (a divid- 
ing}, a portion, a part, a share, a 
side, a party (also plur. ), a branch, 
a role (in a play). — Esp. in adver- 
bial phrases, direction, ivay, degree : 
in omnes partes (in all directions, 
in all ways) ; in utraque parte (on 
both sides) ; in bonam partem (in 
good pari) ; in utramque partem 
(in both directions, both ways) ; ad. 
aliquam mei partem (to some part 
of my existence, to me in some re- 
spect). — See also partim. 

parsimonia (parci-) , -ae, [par- 
co- (as stem of parcus) or parso- 
(stemof parsus) +monia,cf. sanc- 
timonia], F., frugality, parsimony. 

particeps, -cipis, [parti-fceps 
(y'CAP as stem, cf. princeps)], adj., 
participant, taking part. — As subst., 
a sharer, a participant, a participa- 
tor, an associate. 

partim [old ace. of pars], adv., 
partly, in part. — Esp., partim . . . 
partim, some . . . others, partly . . . 
partly ; quas partim . . . partim 
(some of which . . . others). 

partio, -ivi (-ii), -itus, -ire, and 
partior, -Itus, -111, [parti-], 4. v. a. 
and dep., divide : partitis tempori- 
bus (alternately). 

partltio, -on is, [parti (stem of 
partior) -f tio], F., a division, a 
partition. 

partus, -tus, [V PAR ( m pario) 
-f tus], M., a birth, the production 
of offspring. 

parum [akin to parvus, perh. 
for parvum], adv., not very, not 



much, not sufficiently, not enough, 
too little : parum amplus (loo small). 

parvulus, -a, -urn, [parvo+lus], 
adj., small, slight, insignificant, little. 

parvus, -a, -urn, [perh. for fpau- 
rus, cf. paucus, and Gr. -rravpos^l, 
adj., small, slight, little, trifling: 
Romulus parvus (a s a child); parvi 
ducere (of little account) ; parvi 
refert (it makes little difference, it 
matters little) ; parvi animi esse 
(mean-spirited, unambitious, unas- 
piring)^ 

pasco, pavi, pastus, pascere, 
[y'PA (?) + sco], 3. v. n. and a., 
feed, fatten. 

passus, -sus, [y'PAD (in pando) 
-f- tus], M., (a spreading of the legs), 
a stride, a step, a pace (esp. as a 
measure, about five Roman feet) : 
mille passuum (a Roman mile, five 
thousand feet). 

pastio, -onis, [pas (as if root of 
pasco) -f tio], F., pasturing, feed- 
ing, pasturage. 

pastor, -toris, [pas (as if root of 
pasco) + tor], M., a shepherd, a 
herdsman (a slave occupied in pas- 
turing) . 

patefacio, -feci, -factus, -facere, 
[noun-stem akin to pateo + facio], 
3. v. a., lay open, open, lay bare, dis- 
close, discover, make known, show 
clearly. 

pateo, -ui, no p.p., -ere, [fpato- 
(noun-stem akin to Gr. ■neravvv^a.C)], 
2. v. n., be extended, lie open, spread, 
extend, be wide, be open, be exposed, 
be uncovered, be obvious, be patent. — 
patens, -entis, p. as adj., open, ex- 
posed. 

pater, -tris, [V PA n pasco?) -f 
ter], M., a father. — Plur., ancestors, 
senators, the senate : patres con- 
scripti (senators, gentlemen of the 



130 



Vocabulary. 



senate, conscript fathers?}; pater 
familias (a householder} . 

paternus, -a, -urn, [pater+nus], 
adj.. of a father, paternal, of one's 
father, of one's fathers. 

patientia, -ae, [patient + ia], 
F., patience, endurance, forbearance, 
long-suffering. 

Patina, -ae, [patina - ], M., a Ro- 
man family name. — Only, T. Patina, 
a friend of Clodius. 

patior, passus, pati, [?], 3. v. dep., 
suffer, endure, bear ^ put up with, tol- 
erate, allow, permit. — patiens, -en- 
tis, p. as adj., patient, long-suffer- 
ing. 

patria, see patrius. 

patricius, -a, -urn, [patrico -f 
ius], adj., {of the senate, the original 
nobility of Rome as opposed to the 
plebs, cf. pater) , patrician (of this 
nobility). — Less exactly, noble (of 
the later nobility). — Plur., the nobles 
(not necessarily the original patri- 
cians) . 

patrimonium, -i, [patri- (as if 
stem of pater) + monium (i.e., mo 
+ on + ium)], N., a paternal estate, 
a patrimony, an inheritance, an 
ancestral estate. 

patrius, -a, -um, [pater + ius], 
adj., of a father, ancestral, of one's 
fathers, paternal. — Esp., patria, 
F., one's fatherland, native country, 
country. 

patronus, -i, [fpatro- (as if stem 
of fpatroo, cf . colonus, aegrotus) 
+ nus], M., a patron, a protector, 
an advocate. 

patruus, -i, [pat(e)r+vus?],M., 
an uncle (on the father's side, cf. 
avunculus, on the mother's). 

paucus, -a, -um, [ ^/pau- (cf. pau- 
lus and parvus) + cus], adj., al- 
most always in plur., feza, a few, 



some feza (but with implied only in 
a semi-negative sense) : pauca di- 
cere {a few words, briefly). 

paullsper [paulis (abl. plur. of 
paulus ?) -per] , adv., a little while, 
for a short time. 

paululum [ace. of paululus], 
as adv., a very little. 

paulus, -a, -um, [pau (cf. pau- 
cus) + Ins (= rus?)], adj., little, 
slight, small, insignificajtt. — Esp., 
paulum, N., as subst. and adv., a 
little, little, slightly. — paulo, abl. 
as adv., a little, slightly, little : paulo 
ante {a little while ago, just now). 

Paulus,-!, [paulus], m., a Roman 
family name. — Esp. : I . L. yEjnilius 
Paulus, who conquered Perses of 
Macedonia, B.C. 168; 2. L. sEniilius 
Paulus (of the family of the Lepidi), 
praetor, B.C. 53, a partisan of the 
nobility. 

pax, pads, [y/pac, as stem], f., 
(a treaty?), peace : pace alicujus 
(by permission of, etc., if one will 
allow, an apology for some expres- 
sion or statement) : pace tua, patria, 
dixerim (pardon me, my country, 
if I say it). 

peccatum, -i, [n. of p.p. of pec- 
co], N., a fault, a wrong, a misdeed, 
an offence. 

pecco, -avi, -aturus, -are, [?], 
I. v. n., go wrong, commit a fault, 
do wrong, err. 

pecto, pexi (-ui),pexus (pectitus), 
pectere, [V PEC + ^°> °f- nee to], 
3. v. a., comb : pexo capillo (with 
well-combed locks). 

pectus, -oris, [perh. pect (as root 
of pecto) -f us, from the rounded 
shape of the breast, cf. pectinatus], 
N., the breast. — Fig., the heart, the 
mind. 

pecuarius,-a,-um, [pecu+arius], 



Vocabulary. 



131 



adj., of cattle. — Masc, a grazier. — 
Fe m . , pasturage,.g razing. 

peculatus, -tils, [pecula + tus], 
M., embezzlement. 

peciinia, -ae, [fpecuno- (pecu-f- 
nus, cf. Vacuna) -f- ia], f., money 
(originally cattle), wealth, capital, 
an amount of money, a sum of 
motiey : ratio pecuniarum (the mat- 
ter of finance). 

pecuniosus, -a, -ura, [pecunia -f 
osus], adj., rich. 

pecus, -udis, [pecu + dus (re- 
duced)], F., a domestic animal (cf. 
pecus, -oris, a herd ox flock), a brute 
(as opposed to man), a dumb beast. 

pedester, -tris, -tre, [pedit+tris], 
adj., of infantry, of persons on foot : 
copiae {foot, infantry'). 

pedetemptim (-tentim) [pede 
ftemptim (cf. sensim)], adv. {feel- 
ing one's way with the feet), cau- 
tiously, gradually. 

pejor, see malus. 

pejus, see male. 

pello, pepuli, pulsus, pellere, [?], 
3. v. a., strike, beat, drive, defeat, re- 
pulse, drive out. 

Penates, -ium, [pena- (cf. pena- 
tor and penus) -f tis (reduced, cf. 
Arpinas)], M. plur., (presiding over 
the household supplies?), the house- 
hold gods (usually with Di), the Pena- 
tes (the tutelary divinities of the 
household and of the city as a house- 
hold).. — Esp. as a symbol for the 
home. 

pendeo, pependi, no p.p., pen- 
dire, [fpendo- (cf. altipendus)], 
2. v. n., hang, depend. 

pendo, pependi, pensus, pendere, 
[?], 3. v. a., hang, weigh, weigh out, 
decide. — Hence (since money was 
earlier weighed, not counted), /wy, 
pay out. — Esp. with words of pun- 



ishment,/^' (a penalty), suffer (pun- 
ishment, cf. dare and capere). 

penes [prob. ace. of stem in -us 
akin to penitus], prep., in the power 
of in the control of. 

penetro, -avi, -at us, -are, [fpene- 
tro-, from pene- (in penitus, etc.) 
+ terus (cf. inter, intro)], 1. v. a. 
and n., {go in deeper), enter, pene- 
trate, force one's way in. 

penitus [stem akin to penes, 
penus, etc., + tus, cf. divinitus], 
adv., far within, deeply, entirely, 
utterly, deep within. 

pensito, -avi, -atus, -are, [fpen- 
sito- (as if p.p. of penso, cf. dic- 
tate)], 1. v. a., weigh. — Hence, pay 
(cf. pendo). 

1. per [unc. case-form of stem 
akin to Gr. 7repi], adv. (in composi- 
tion) and prep., through. — Fig., 
through, by means of (cf. ab, by, 
directly), by the agency of: per me, 
etc. {by viyself without other aid) ; 
per se {of itself). — Often accom- 
panied by the idea of hindrance : per 
anni tempus potuit {the time of the 
year would allow) ; per vos licere 

{you do not prevent, you alloiv, so 
far as you are concerned, etc.); per 
aetatem non audere {on account 
of). — Of time, through, for: per 
triennium. — In adjurations, by, for 
the sake of. 

2. per [perh. a different case of 
same stem as 1. per], adv. in comp., 
very, exceedingly. 

peraduleseens, -entis, [?, 2. per- 
adulescens], adj., very young. 

perago, -egi, -actus, -agere, [ 1 . per- 
ago], 3. v. a., conduct through, finish, 
accomplish, carry through. 

peragro, -avi, -atus, -are, [1. per- 
agro], I. v. a. and n., traverse, travel 
over, go over, travel. — Fig., spread. 



132 



Vocabulary. 



perangustus, -a, -um, [2. per- 
angustus], adj., very narrow. 

perbrevis, -e, [2. per-brevis] , 
adj., very short, very brief. 

percallesco, -ui, no p.p., -escere, 
[2. per-callesco], 3. v. n., become 
thoroughly hardened. 

percello, -cull, -culsus, -cellere, 
[per-fcello (cf. celer)], 3. v. a., 
knock over, strike dozen, overturn, 
dash to the ground. 

percipio, -cepi, -ceptus, -cipere, 
[1. per-capio], 3. v. a., take in (com- 
pletely), learn, acquire, hear. — Esp. 
of harvests, gather. — Hence, tig., 
reap, win, gain (but in Latin the 
figure is retained). 

percitus, -a, -um, [p.p. of per- 
cieo], as adj., excited, incensed. 

percommode [2. per-commode] , 
adv., very conveniently, very oppor- 
tunely. 

percrebresco (-besco), -brui 
(-bui), no p.p., -brescere (-bescere), 
[2. per-crebresco], 3. v. n., become 
very frequent, become very common, 
spread very widely. 

percutio, -cussi, -cussus, -cutere, 
[1. per-quatio], 3. v. a. and n., hit, 
strike, run through, stab, strike a 
blow. — Fig., strike with fear. 

perdo, perdidi, perditus, perdere, 
[1. per-do], 3. v. a., destroy (cf. in- 
terficio), ruin, lose. — perditus, 
-a, -um, p.p. as adj., ruined, desper- 
ate, abandoned, lost, overwhelmed. 

perdiico, -duxi, -ductus, -ducere, 
[1. per-duco], 3. v. a., lead through, 
lead along, bring over, carry along, 
introduce. 

perduellio,-onis, [perduelli+o], 
F., treason (technical, and not strictly 
conforming to either our high or 
petit treason). 

percgrlnor, -atus, -ari, [peregri- 



no-], 1. v. dep., travel abroad. — 
Fig., be abroad (not hear or see). 

peregrinus, -a, -um, [peregro + 
inus], adj., foreign, outlandish. 

perennis, -e, [ 1 . per-annus (weak- 
ened)], adj., (lasting for the year?), 
perennial, unfailing. — Hence, eter- 
nal. 

pereo, -ii (-ivi), -iturus, -ire, [ 1 . per- 
eo], irr. v. n., perish, be killed, die, 
be lost. 

perexiguus, -a, -um, [2. per- 
exiguus], adj., very small, very 
short. 

perfacilis, -e, [2. per-facilis], 
adj . , very easy. — Neut. as adv., very 
easily. 

perfectio, -onis, [1. per-factio, 
cf. perficio], F., the accomplishment, 
the completion. 

perfero, -tuli, -latus, -ferre, [ 1 . per- 
fero], irr. v. a., carry through (or 
over), bring over, bring, bear, carry. 
— Also, bear through (to the end), 
endure, suffer, submit to. 

perficio, -feci, -fectus, -ficere, 
[1. per-facio], 3. v. a., accomplish, 
effect, co?nplete, finish, make (com- 
plete). — "With lit (uti), bring it 
about, succeed in (doing or having 
done or getting done), accomplish, 
make (some one do something or 
the like). 

perfidia, -ae, [perfido + ia], F., 
perfidy, treachery, faithlessness. 

perfringo, -fregi, -fractus, -frin- 
gere, [1. per-frango] , 3. v. a., break 
through, break down, break the bar- 
riers of. 

perfruor, -fructus (-fruitus), -frui, 
[1. per-fruor], 3. v. dep., enjoy to 
the full, enjoy without alloy, continue 
to enjoy, enjoy. 

perftigio, -fugi, no p.p., -fugere, 
I [i. per-fugio], 3. v. n., run away, 



Vocabulary. 



33 



flee (to a place), escape to, take ref- 
uge in (ad portum) . 

perfugium, -i, [i. per-ffugium, 
cf. refugium], N., a place of refuge, 
refuge. 

perfungor, -functus, -fungi, [i. 
per-fungor], \ v. dep., fulfil, per- 
form (to the end). — Hence, have 
done with, finish (and get rid of). 

pergo, perrexl, perrectus (?), per- 
gere, [i. per-rego], 3. v. n., {keep 
one's direction?), keep on, continue 
to advance, advance, go on, proceed. 

perhorresco, -horrui, no p.p., 
horrescere, [ 1 . per-horresco] , 3. v. n . 
and a., shudder all over, shudder at. 

periclitor,-atus, -an, [fpericlito- 
(as if p.p. of periculor) ] , 1. v. dep., 
try, make a trial, be exposed, be put 
in peril, imperil. 

perlclum, see periculum. 

periculose [old abl. of pericu- 
losus], adv., with peril. 

periculosus, -a, -urn, [periculo 
-j-osus], adj., dangerous, perilous, 
hazardous, full of danger. 

periculum (elum), -i, [fperi- 
(cf. experior) -f culum], n., a 
trial. — Hence, peril, danger, risk. 
— Esp. of the defendant in a prose- 
cution, jeopardy, prosecution (in ref- 
erence to the accused), defence, trial 
(in court), accusation. 

peril no, -emi, -emptus, -imere, 
[1. jDer-emo (take)~\, 3. v. a., destroy, 
put an end to. 

perinde, [1. per-inde], adv., 
{straight through?), just, exactly. 

periniquus, -a, -urn, [2. per- 
iniquus], adj., very unfair, very 
unjust. 

peritus, -a, -um, [fperi- (cf. ex- 
perior) -f-tus], p.p. as adj., {tried), 
experienced, skilled, skilful, of great 
experience. 



perjfirium, -i, [prob. fperjus, 
adj., from per (perh. a diff. case from 
1 and 2) jus, -f ium (cf. injurius). 
But possibly these are all abnormal 
formations], n., per -jury, false swear- 
ing. 

permagnus, -a, -um, [2. per- 
magnus], adj., very great, very large. 

permaneo, -mansi, -mansiirus, 
-manere, [1. per-maneo], 2. v. n., 
remain (to the end), continue, hold 
out, persist, stay. 

permitto, -misi, -missus, -mittere, 
[1. per-mitto], 3. v. a., {give over), 
grant, allozv, give tip, entrust, hand 
over, put into the hands of. 

permodestus, -a, -um, [2. per- 
modestus] , adj., excessively modest. 

permoveo, -movi, -motus, -mo- 
vere, [1. per-moveo], 2. v. a., move 
(thoroughly), influence, affect. — 
permdtus, -a, -um, p.p., much af- 
fected, influenced, overcome. 

permultus, -a, -um, [2. per- 
multus], adj., very much, very many, 
a great many : permultum valere 
{be very strong). 

permutatio, -onis, [permuta + 
tio], F., a change: rerum {revolu- 
tion, upheaval). 

pernicies, -el, [?, akin to nex], 
F., destruction, ruin, injury, harm, 
mischief, a plague (used of Verres). 

perniciosus, -a, -um, [pernicie-f 
osus], adj., destructive, ruinous, 
mischievous. 

pernobilis, -e, [2. per-nobilis], 
adj., very noble, most noble, very 
famous. 

pernocto, -avi, -atus, -are, [r. per- 
nocto], 1. v. n. (and a.), pass the 
night. 

peroro, -avi, -atus, -are, [1. per- 
oro], I. v. a. and n., finish arguing, 
conclude (a case). 



134 



Vocabulary. 



perparvus, -a, -um, [2. per- 
parvus], adj., very small, very Utile. 

perpaucus, -a, -um, [2. per- 
paucus], adj. — Plur., very few, but 
very few, only a very few. 

perpetior, -pessus, -peti, [1. per- 
patior], 3. v. dep., suffer, endure. 

perpetuus, -a, -um, [1. per- 
fpetuus ( ^/pet + vus)], adj., {keep- 
ing on through), continuing, contin- 
ual, continued, continuous, without 
interruption, lasting, permanent, 
everlasting : in perpetuum {for 
eve}') . 

perpolitus, -a, -um, [p.p. of per- 
polio], as adj., refined, highly culti- 
vated. 

perarro [2. per-raro], adv., very 
rarely, almost never. 

Fersa(Perses),-ae, [Gr. Uepa-qs'], 
M., a Persian. — Plur., the Persians. 

persaepe [2. per-saepe], adv., 
very often, many times. 

persapienter [2. per-sapienter], 
adv., very wisely, with great wisdom. 

perscribo, -scrips!, -scriptus, -scri- 
bere, [1. per-scribo], 3. v. a., write 
out. 

persequor, -secutus, -sequi, [1. 
per-sequor], 3. v. dep., follow up, 
pursue. — Hence, avenge, punish. 
— Also, follow out (a series of points), 
take up (in detail). 

Perses(Persa), -ae,[Gr. Uepa-qs], 
m., (cf. Persa, the same word), king 
of Macedonia, son of Philip V. He 
was conquered in the third Macedo- 
nian war by yEmilius Paulus. 

perseverantia, -ae, [perseverant 
+ ia], F., persistence, perseverance. 

persolvo, -solvi, -soliitus, -solvere, 
[per-solvo], 3. v. a., pay in full, 
pay : poenas {pay, suffer). 

persona, -ae, [1. per-fsona, cf. 
dissonus], F., a mask. — Hence, a 



J part, a role, a character, a person- 
age, a party (in a suit). 

perspicio, -spexi, -spectus, -spi- 
cere, [1. per-fspecio], 3. v. a., see 
through, see, inspect, examine. — 
Also, see thoroughly. — Fig., see clear- 
ly, see, understand, learn, observe, 
find, discover. 

perspicue [old abl. of perspi- 
cuus], adv., clearly, plainly. 

perspicuus, -a, -um, [1. per- 
fspecuus (^/spec+vus, cf. conspi- 
cuus)], adj., obvious, plain, clear. 

persuadeo, -suasl, -suasus, -sua- 
dere, [1. per-suadeo], 2. v. n. (and 
a..), persuade, induce. 

pertenuis, -e, [2. per-tenuis], 
adj., very thin, very slight: 

perterreo, -terrui, -territus, -ter- 
rere, [1. per-terreo], 2. v. a., terrify, 
alarm. 

pertimesco, -timuT, no p.p., -ti- 
mescere, [1. per -time -f sco], 3. v. a. 
and n., fear much, fear greatly, 
dread, be alarmed. 

pertinacia, -ae, [pertinac-f- ia], 
F., obstinacy (in a bad sense, cf. con- 
stantia, firmness) . 

pertinax, -acis, [1. per-tenax, 
cf. pertineo], adj., pertinacious, ob- 
stinate. 

pertineo, -tinui, no p.p., -tinere, 
[1. per-teneo], 3. v. n., {hold a 
course towards), tend, extend. — Fig., 
have to do with, concern, tend: ad 
quern maleficium {belongs, whose is, 
etc.) ; ad te non pertinere {to have 
no concern for yoti). 

perturbo, -avi, -atus, -are, [1. per- 
turbo], I. v. a., disturb, throw into 
confusion, confuse, throw into dis- 
order, alarm, terrify, agitate, make 
anxious: turbata tempora {limes 
of disorder). 

pervado, -vasi, -vasus, -vadere, 



Vocabulary. 



135 



I 1. per-vado], 3. v. n. and a., {pro- 
ceed to), reach, spread to, extend to, 
enter, Jill (of an idea). 

pervagor, -atus, -an, [1. per- 
vagor], i.v. dep., roam, scatter, dif- 
fuse itself — So, pervagatus, -a, 
■urn, p.p., wide-spread. 

pervenio, -veni, -ventum (x. imp.) , 
-venire, [1. per-venio], 4.v.n., {come 
through to), arrive at, get as far as, 
reach, come, arrive: ad eum locum. 
{come to this point) ; regnum {come, 
fall); ad laudem {attain, equal). 

pervolgo (vulgo), -avi, -atus, 
-are, [per-volgo], 1. v. a., spread 
abroad : pervolgatus honos {trite, 
common). 

pervolo, -avi, -aturus, -are, [1. 
per-volo], 1. v. n., fly through, fly 
over, hurry over. 

pes, pedis, [^/pad as stem], M., 
the foot. — Also, as a measure, afoot. 

pessime, superl. of male, wh. see. 

pestifer, -era, -erum, [pesti-ffer, 
cf. Lucifer], ad]., pestilent. 

pestis, -tis, [?, perh. pes (in pes- 
sum, pessimus) + tis], f., plague, 
pestilence. — Esp. fig. of persons and 
things, a plague, a pest, a bane, a 
scourge, a curse, a cursed thing. — 
Less exactly, ruin, destruction : una 
reipublicae pestis {convulsion). 

Petilius, -i, [petilo (akin to peto) 
-f ius], M., a Roman gentile name. 
— Esp., Q. Petilius, one of the jury 
in the case against Clodius. 

petitio, -onis, [peti- (as a stem 
of peto) -f- tio], F., a thrust, an at- 
tack. — Also, a seeking, a canvass (for 
office, cf. peto), a campaign (in 
politics). 

peto, petivi, petitus, petere, 

[ V rAT ]> 3- v - a - and n -» (/"#?>./?;'?), 
aim a', attack, make for, try to get, 
be aimed at, seek, go to get, go to. — 



Hence, ask, request, look for, get. — 
Esp. of office, be a candidate for. 

petulantia, -ae, [petulant+ia], 
F., wantonness, impudence. 

Pharnaees, -is, [Gr. $apva.K7)s~], 
M., a son of Mithridates, king of 
Fontus, conquered by Caesar, B.C. 47. 

Pharsalia, -ae, [Pharsalo-f ia], 
f., the region about Pharsalus in 
Thessaly, where the decisive battle 
between Caesar and Pompey was 
fought, B.C. 48. 

Pharsalicus, -a, -urn, [Pharsalo 
•f cus], adj., of Pharsalia. 

Philippus, -i, [Gr. 4>tAi7T7ros], M., 
a common Greek and Roman proper 
name. — Esp. : I. Philip V., king of 
Macedonia, defeated at Cynoscepha- 
lae, B.C. 197; 2. L. Philippus, cons. 
B.C. 91. 

philosophus, -i, [<pi\6cro(pos~], M., 
a philosopher. 

Picenus, -a, -urn, [fpice- (as a 
kindred stem to picus) -f nus], adj., 
{of the woodpecker?). — x\lso, of 
Piceniwi (a region in eastern Italy, 
north of Rome). — Ficenum, N., 
the region itself. 

pictor, -tons, [^/pig -f tor], M., 
a painter. 

pictura, -ae, [fpictu (-v/ PIG + 
tus) -f ra, cf. figura], f., painting, 
a painting. 

pie [old abl. of pius], adv., duti- 
fully, religiously, with dutiful affec- 
tion. 

pietas, -tatis, [pio+tas], F., filial 
affection, affection (for the gods or 
one's country, etc.) , patriotism, reli- 
gion (as a sentiment), piety, dutiful 
affection. 

pignero, -avi, -atus, -are, [pig- 
ner-], 1. v. a., pledge. — Pass, as dep., 
take as a pledge, claim as one's own. 

pignus, -oris (-eris), [fpign- (as 



136 



Vocabulary 



stem of pango or fpagino) + us. 

cf. facinus], N., a pledge, a security. 
— Fig., a hostage (reipublicae) . 
pila, -ae, [?, but cf. pello], f., a 

ball, ball (as a game). 

pilum, -I, [ ?], N., a pestle. — Also, 
a javelin (the peculiar weapon of 
the Roman legion, with a heavy shaft 
2 or 3 in. thick and 4 ft. long, and an 
iron head, making a missile more than 
6 ft. long, and weighing over 10 lbs.). 

pingo, pinxi, pictus, pingere, 
[-y/PiG, cf. Gr. iro//ctAos], 3. v. n., 
(daub with a greasy substance?), 
paint. 

pinguis, -e, [?, possibly ping- (as 
root of pingo) + us (with inserted 
i as in levis, cf. the early methods 
of painting with wax)], adj., fat. — 
Hence, stupid, clumsy, coarse. 

pirata, -ae, [Gr. Treiparrjs, an ad- 
venturer^, M., a sea-rover (perhaps 
like the ancient Northmen, cf. prae- 
do, a pirate, more in the modern 
sense), a corsair, a freebooter, a pirate 
(without the above distinction). 

piscis, -is, [?], M., a fish. — Col- 
lectively,^//. 

PIso, -onis, [piso + 0], m., (a 
man with a wart like a pea?, cf. 
Cicero), a Roman family name. — 
Esp., L. Calpurnius Piso Ccesonitis, 
father-in-law of Caesar, cons. B.C. 5S 
with Gabinius. 

Pius, -i, [pius], M., a name of 
Q. Me tell us, given him for his duti- 
ful conduct to his father. — See Me- 
tellus. 

placeo, -ui, -itus, -ere, [fplaco- 
(cf. A'iriplaca, placo, and placi- 
dus)], 2. v. n., please. — Esp. in 
third person, it pleases (one), one 
likes, one approves, it is thought best, 
one thinks best, one determines, it is 
one's pleasure, one's vote is. 



placo, -avi, -atus, -are, [fplaca- 
(cf. Viriplaca) ?, or placo- (cf. pla- 
cidus)], I. v. a., pacify, appease, 
reconcile, win one 's favor. 

plaga, -ae, [^/plag (in plango) 
+ a], F., a blow, a stroke, a lash, a 
stripe. 

plane [old abl. of planus], adv., 
flatly, clearly, plainly, distinctly, 
utterly, absolutely. 

planus, -a, -um, [unc. root + nus], 
adj., flat, level. — Fig., plain, clear. 

plebejus, -a, -um, [plebe+ius], 
adj., of the common people, plebeian : 
ludi (a festival held Nov. 16, 17, and 
18, under the direction of the ple- 
beian aediles, in honor of some un- 
certain advancement of the plebs) ; 
purpura (a dark, dull red of a poorer 
quality than that worn by the magis- 
trates and senators). 

plebs (plebes), -is (-el), [ple- 
(in plenus) + unc. term., cf. TrXrjdos^ , 
F., the plebs, the common people (as 
opposed to the upper classes at 
Rome), the populace, the people, the 
commons. 

plenus, -a, -um, [pie- (in fpleo) 
+ nus], adj., full; plena consen- 
sionis {in perfect agreement). 

plerumque, see plerusque. 

plerusque, -aque, -unique, [ a /ple 
(in pleo) -f rus + que (cf. -pletus, 
plenus)], adj. only in plur., most 
of very many. — Ace. sing, as adv., 
plerumque, generally, usually^ for 
the most part, very often. 

Plotius, -i, [?, Plauto+ius], M., 
a Roman gentile name. — Esp., L. 
Plotius, a Roman teacher of rhetoric. 

Plotius, -a, -um, [same word as 
preceding], adj., of Plotius, Ploiian : 
lex (a law of M. Plotius or Plautius 
Silvanus in relation to assault and 
battery or breach of the peace) . 



/ r ocabulary. 



37 



plurimus, see nmltus. 

plus, see multus. 

poena, -ae, [perh. fpovi- d/ri;) 
+ na (of. punio)], F., a penalty. — 
Hence, a punishment (see persolvo, 
repeto, constituo). 

poenitet, see paenitet. 

Poenus, -a, -urn, [borrowed from 
a stem akin to Gr. <f>oti>i/eeos], adj., 
Carthaginian. — Plur., the Cartha- 
ginians. 

poeta, -ae, [Gr. ■noi-qT-qs], M., a 
poet. 

polio, -hi (-ii), -itus, -ire, [?], 
4. v. a., smooth, polish (also fig.)- — 
Also, adorn, beautify. 

polliceor, -licitus, -liceri, [fpor- 
(= Gr. 7rpJs, cf. portendo) -liceor], 

2. v. dep., offer, promise (voluntarily, 
cf. promitto, by request, etc.), make 
an offer, propose. 

polluo, -ui, -utus, -uere, [fpor- 
luo], 3. v. a., {stain as by water?), 
pollute, defile, desecrate, violate. 

ponipa, -ae, [Gr. TrofxTvi)], F., a 
procession (esp. of a funeral). 

Pompejus, -i, [fpompe- (dia- 
lectic form of quinque) + ius], m., 
a Roman gentile or family name. — 
Esp., Cneiits Pompeius, the great 
rival of Ccesar, consul with Marcus 
Crassus in B.C. 55. 

Pompejus, -a, -um, [same word 
as preceding], as adj., of Povipey : 
via Pompeja (a street at Syracuse). 

Pomptlnus (Pont-), -i, [cf. 
Pompejus], M., a Roman family 
name. — Esp., C. Pomptimis, prcetor, 
B.C. 63. 

pondus, -eris, [ A /Pi:xD(inpendo) 
-f us], n., weight. 

pono, posui, positus, ponere, 
[prob. fpor-sino (cf. polliceor)], 

3. v. a., lay down, place, put, set, 
class, set before, station, lay. — Eig., 



place, lay, make depend on, base, 
rest, found. — positus, -a, -um, p.p., 
situated, lying, depending on, de- 
pendent zipoh. 

pons, pontis, [?], M., a bridge. 

pontifex, -icis, [in form ponti- 
(stem of pons) ffex (-^/fac as 
stem); connection uncertain, but per- 
haps from railings in temples, etc.], 
M., a pontifex (a kind of high priest, 
of which several formed a board, 
having in charge most religious mat- 
ters) : maximus (the chief of these). 

Pontus, -i, [Gr. Uovtos], m., the 
ancient name of the Black Sea. — 
Less exactly, of the region around. 
— Esp., Pontics, the kingdom of 
Mithridates, on the south-eastern 
shore of the sea. 

popa, -ae, [?], M., an inferior 
priest. 

Popilius, -i, [?, cf. popa], M., a 
Roman gentile name. — Esp., C. 
Popilius, a senator, convicted of re- 
ceiving money illegally. 

poplna, -ae, [popa + ina, (f. of 
-inus), butcher's shop?'], F., a tavern 
(of a low order), a cookshop, a 
brothel. 

popularis, -e, [populo -f- aris], 
adj., of the {a) people, of the popu- 
lace, popular. — Esp., popular (favor- 
ing the people), democratic. 

populor, -atus, -an, [populo-], 
1. v. dep., {strip of people?, cf. Eng. 
skin, shell, bark a tree), ravage, de- 
vastate. — populatus, -a, -um, p.p. 
as pass., ravaged, devastated. 

populus, -I, [-y/PAL? (in pleo) 
reduplicated + us], M., {the full 
number, the mass), a people (in its 
collective capacity), the people (the 
! state), a nation, a tribe (as opposed 
to individuals) : populus Romanus 
(the official designation of the Ro- 



138 



Vocabuh 



iry. 



man state). — Esp., the people (as dis- 
tinguished from the higher classes, 
no longer opposed to plebs), the 
citizens (including all). 

Porcius, -i, [fPorco- (porcus) 
+ ius], m., a Roman gentile name. 
— Esp.: I. M. Porcius Ca/o, the 
Censor, sedile, B.C. 199; 2. M. Por- 
cius Lceca, tribune, B.C. 199. 

Porcius, -a, -um, [same word as 
preceding], adj., of Porcius (one of 
the two above mentioned), Porcian : 
lex (a law by one of the above, 
securing the freedom of Roman citi- 
zens from stripes and death except 
by judgment of their peers). 

porrigo, -rexi, -rectus, -rigere, 
[fpor- (cf. polliceor) -rego], 3/v.a., 
stretch forth, hold out to one, put in 
one^s hand. 

porro [?, akin to fpor (cf. por- 
rigo)], adv., furthermore, further, 
moreover, then again. 

porta, -ae, [ V rOR ( cf - Gr. -iropos) 
+ ta], F., (way of traffic!) s a gate. 

portentum, -i, [p.p. of porten- 
do] , N., a portent. — Hence, a mon- 
ster, a prodigy (of crime or the like). 

porticus, -us, [porta + cus, the 
declens. prob. a blunder, cf. senati, 
etc.], F., a colonnade, a portico, an 
arcade. 

porto, -avi, -atus, -are, [porta-?], 
I. v. a., carry (perh. orig. by way 
of traffic), bring. 

portus, -tus, [-y/roR (cf. porta) 
-j- tus], M., (a place of access), a 
harbor, a haven, a port : ex portu 
(from customs). 

posco, poposci, no p.p., poscere, 
[perh. -akin to prex], 3. v. a., de- 
mand (with some idea of claim, 
stronger than pcto, weaker than 
flagito), require, claim, call for, 
ask for. 



possessiU, -onis, [fpor-fsessio 

(cf. obsessio)], F., possession, occu- 
pation. — Concretely (as in Eng.), 
possessions, lands (possessed), es- 
tate's : de possessione detrahere 
(lands iii possession) ; libertatis 
(enjoyment) . 

possideo, -sedi, -sessus, -sidere, 
[fpor-sedeo], 2. v. a., (settle farther 
onl), occupy, possess, hold possession 
of, enjoy. 

possum, potui, posse, [pote (for 
potis) -sum], in\ v. n., be able, can 
(etc.), be strong, have power, have 
weight, can do, etc. : plurimum po- 
test (is very strong, is very able, 
has the greatest advantage); si fieri 
potest (if it is possible); neque po- 
test is, etc. (it is impossible that he, 
changing construction to keep em- 
phasis) . 

post [?, prob. abl. of stem akin to 
postis (cf. ante, antes, rows, and 
antae, pilasters)'], adv. and prep., 
behind, after, later than, afterwards, 
later, since : post diem tertium 
(three days after) ; post memoriam 
hominum (since); post conditam 
Messanam (since the building of 
etc.). — post quam, see postquani. 

postea [post ea (prob. abl. or 
instr.)], adv., afterwards, later, here- 
after, by and by. — postea quam, 
see posteaquam. 

posteaquam (often separate) 
[postea quam], conjunctive adv., 
(later than), after (only with clause). 

posteritas, -tatis, [postero+tas], 
F., after times, future ages : in pos- 
teritatem (for the future, in the 
future, hereafter) . 

posterus, -a, -um, [post- (or stem 
akin) -f rus (orig. compar., cf. su pe- 
nis)], adj., the next, later: posteri 
(posterity); postero die (the next 



Vocabulary. 



39 



day) ; in posterum (for the future) . 
— postremus, -a, -uin, superl., last, 
the lowest. — postremo, abl., lastly, 
finally. 

posthac [post hac (prob. abl. 
or instr.)], adv., hereafter. 

postquam [post quam], conjunc- 
tive adv., (later than), after. 

postremo, see posterns. 

postremus, see posterns. 

postridie [fposteri (loc. of pos- 
terus) -die], adv., the next day. 

postulatio, -onis, [postula+tio] , 
F., a demand, a request. 

postulo, -avl, -atus, -are, [?], 
I. v. a., claim (with idea of right, 
less urgent than posco), ask, re- 
quest, require, call for, demand, ex- 
pect: postulante nescio quo (at 
somebody or other 's request) ; nullo 
postulante (without any one's ask- 
ing ny 

potens, -entis, [p. of possum as 
adj.], adj., powerful, influential, of 
influence: potentiores (men of in- 
fluence'). 

potentia, -ae, [potent + ia], f., 
power (political influence), author- 
ity (not official or legal), domina- 
tion, domineering. 

potestas, -tatis, [potent + tas], 
F., power (official, cf. potentia, and 
civil, not military, cf. imperium), 
office, authority, power (generally), 
control, ability, opportunity, chance, 
permission (from a different point 
of view), privilege : imperium et 
potestas (military and civil power, 
power and authority); praedonum 
(the pozver, the hands). 

potior, potitus, potiri, [poti-, cf. 
potis], 4. v. dep., become master of, 
possess one's self of, get the control 
of: rerum (gain supreme control). 

potior, -us, -oris, [compar. of 



potis], adj., preferable. — potius, 
ace. as adv., rather. — potissimum, 
ace. of superl. as adv., rather than 
any one (anything) else, particu- 
larly, especially, most of all, by pref- 
erence (over all others), better than 
any other, best. 

potus, -a, -urn, [p.p. of fpoo, cf. 
potio], p.p., having drunken, full 
of wine. 

prae [unc. case-form of same 
stem as pro], adv. (in composition) 
and prep., before, in comparison 
with. — Esp. with words implying 
hindrance,/^', on account o/ (some 
obstacle). — In composition, before 
others, very, before, at the head of. 

praebeo, praebui, praebitus, prae- 
bere, [prae-habeo] , 2. v. a., (hold 
before one), offer, present, furnish, 
afford: crudelitati sanguis prae- 
bitus (sacrificed). — With reflex., 
show, display, act (in any manner) . 

praeceps, -cipitis, [prae-caput], 
adj., head-first, headlong, in haste, 
hasty, inconsiderate, driven head- 
long. 

praeceptum, -1, [p.p. of prae- 
cipio], N., an instruction, an order, 
a precept, irtstrziction (in plur.). 

praecipio, -cepi, -ceptus, -cipere, 
[prae-capio] , 3. v. a. and n., take be- 
forehand, anticipate. — Also, order, 
give instructions, give directions. 

praecipue [old abl. of praeci- 
puus], adv., especially. 

praecipuus, -a, -um, [prae- 
fcapuus (y'CAP+ vus)], adj., (tak- 
ing the first place), special, particu- 
larly great : hoc praecipuum (this 
special advantage) . 

praeclare [old abl. of praecla- 
rus], adv., nobly, gloriously, finely, 
in a fine condition, handsomely, very 
; well. 



140 



Vocabulary 



praeclarus, -a, -um, [prae-cla- 

rus], adj., very noble, glorious, very 
famous, excellent, magnificent, pre- 
eminent, very fine, very beautiful, 
very striking, splendid : omnia prae- 
clara sentire (Jiave all the noblest 
sentiments, etc.). 

praecludo, -cliisi, -clusus, -clu- 
dere, [prae-claudo], 3. v. a., {close 
some one or something in front), 
shut off, barricade, cut off. 

praeco, -orris, [?], m., a herald. 

praeconius, -a, -um, [praecon+ 
ius], adj., of a herald. — Neut. as 
subst., heralding. 

praecurro, -cucurri (-curri), -cur- 
surus, -currere, [prae-curro], 3-v.n. 
and a., run on before, hasten on be- 
fore, hasten in advance, hurry on 
before, outrun, outstrip. 

praecla, -ae, [prob. prae-fhida 
(root of -hendo+a)], F.,. booty, prey, 
plunder. 

praedator, -toris, [praeda-f tor], 
M., a plunderer, a robber. 

praedicatio, -onis, [praedica + 
tio], F., a proclaiming, an assertion, 
a statement, commendation, celebrity 
(talk of people about one). 

praedico, -dixi, -dictus, -dicere, 
[prae-dico], 3. v. a., foretell, proph- 
esy, tell beforehand, state first. 

praedico, -avi, -atus, -are, [f prae- 
dico- (or similar stem from prae 
with -v/dic, before the world or one's 
self,cf. praedico, before the event)], 
1. v. a. and n., make known (before 
one), proclaim, describe, boast, vaunt 
one's self celebrate, report, say, tell 
us, stale, declare : praedicari de se 
volunt {to be talked about) . 

praeditus, -a, -um, [prae-datus, 
cf. praebeo], p.p., endowed, fur- 
nished, supplied, possessing, enjoying. 

praedium, -1, [praed- (praes) 



+ ium], N., an estate (orig. as a 
security). 

praedo, -onis, [praeda + o], m., 
a robber, a freebooter, a pirate (cf. 
pirata) . 

praeeo, -ivi (-ii), no p.p., -ire, 
[prae-eo], irr. v. n. and a., go before, 
precede.— Esp. of formulas, dictate. 
— Hence, prescribe, dictate (gener- 
ally). 

praefectura, -ae, [praefec- (as 
stem of praeficio) + tura, cf. pic- 
tura], F., the office of prcefectus (see 
next word), a prefecture (?). — Also, 
the city governed by a prefect, a 
prefecture (as opposed to muni- 
cipium and colonia, wh. see). 

praefectus, -i, [p.p. of prae- 
ficio, as subst.], M., a captain (of 
auxiliary troops) . — Also, a governor 
(sent from Rome to govern a city of 
the allies). 

praefero, -tuli, -latus, -ferre, [prae- 
fero], irr. v. a.., place before, hand to, 
place in one's hands, esteem above, 
prefer to (with dat. or quam). 

praeficio, -feci, -fectus, -ficere, 
[prae-facio], 3. v. a., put before, 
place in command of set over. 

praefinio, -ivi (-ii), -itus, -ire, 
[prae-finio], 4. v. a., {set a limit 
before), limit, fix (as a limit). 

praemitto, -misi, -missus, -mit- 
tere, [prae-mitto], 3. v. a., send for- 
ward, send on. 

praemium, -i, [?, perh. prae- 
temium (V EM > i n emo, -f- ium)], 
(taken before the general distribu- 
tion or disposal of booty?), N., a re- 
ward, a prize. 

praemoneS, -ui, -itus, -ere, [prae- 
moneo], 2. v. a., warn beforehand, 
forewarn. 

Praeneste, -is, [?], N. and F., a 
city of Latium about twenty miles 



Vocabulary. 



14 



from Rome, strongly fortified, now 
Palestrina. 

praeparo, -avi, -atus, -are, [prae- 
paro], 1. v. a., prepare beforehand, 
provide for, provide, prepare. 

praepono, -posul, -positus, -pd- 
nere, [prae-pono], 3. v. a., put in 
command, put in charge, place over : 
praepositus est {presides over). 

praeripio, -ripui, -reptus, -ripere, 
[prae-rapio], 3. v. a., snatch away, 
seize in advance, forestall. 

praerogativus, -a, -urn, [prae- 
roga + tivus], adj., {asked first), 
voting first. — Fern, as subst., the 
first century (in voting). — Hence, 
a decisive vote (given first and so an 
omen of the result), an indication, 
an earnest. 

praeseribo, -scrips!, -scriptus, 
-scribere, [prae-scribo], 3. v. a., 
{write dozen beforehand), prescribe, 
order, direct, ordain : hoc beluis 
natura {impress upon). 

praesens, -entis, p. of praesum. 

praesentia, -ae, [praesent+ia], 
¥., presence, the present moment : in 
praesentia {for the moment, at the 
moment). 

praesentio, -sensi, -sensus, -sen- 
tire, [prae-sentio], 4. v. a., see be- 
forehand, find out in time, find out 
(beforehand), look forward to. 

praesertim [as if ace. of fprae- 
serlis ( V SKR > m sero, + tis)], adv., 
{at the head of the row?), especially, 
particularly. 

praesideo, -sedi, no p.p., -sidere, 
[prae-sedeo], 2. v. n. (and a.), {sit 
in front of), preside over, guard. 

praesidium, -i, [prae-fsidium 
(■v/SED -f ium), cf. obsidium], N., 
{a sitting down before), a guard, a 
garrison, a force (detached for oc- 
cupation or guard), an armed force, 



a defence. — Fig., protection, assist- 
ance, support, a defence, a safeguard, 
a bulwark, a stronghold, a reliance. 

praestabilis,-e,[praesta-l-bilis], 
adj., excellent, desirable. 

praestans, see praesto. 

praesto [?, perh. "praesto," / 
am here (as if quoted)], adv., on 
hand, ready, waiting for : praesto 
esse {be waiting for, meet). 

praesto, -stiti, -status, (-stitus), 
-stare, [prae-sto], 1. v. a. and n., stand 
before, be at the head, excel, be supe- 
rior : praestat {it is better). — 
Also, causatively, {bring before), fur- 
nish, display, give assurance of, 
vouch for, maintain, assure, make 
good. — Esp. with pred. ace, guar- 
antee, insure, maintain. — prae- 
stans, -antis, p. as adj., excellent, 
superior, surpassing. 

praestolor, -atus, -ari, [?, but cf. 
stolidus and stolo], I. v. dep., 
wait for, attend upon. 

praesum, -fui, -esse, [prae-sum], 
irr. v. n., be in front, be at the head 
of, be in command, preside over, 
command (an army, etc.). — prae- 
sens, -entis, p., present, immediate, 
in person, here present, present in 
person, with immediate action, act- 
ing directly, direct (of the interposi- 
tion of the gods) : animus {ready, 
or together, presence of mind). 

praeter [compar. of prae (cf. 
inter)], adv. and prep., along by, 
past, beyond. — Fig., except, beside, 
contrary to, more than, beyond. 

praeterea [praeter-ea (abl.?)], 
adv., furthermore, besides, and be- 
sides, and also : nemo praeterea 
{no one else) ; neque praeterea 
quicquam {and nothing else) . 

praetereo, -h, -itus, -ire, [praeter- 
eo], irr. v. a. and n., go by, pass by, 



142 



Vocabulary. 



pass over, overlook. — praeteritus, 

-a, -uin, p.p. as z.&].,past. — Esp. N. 
plur., praeterita, the past (cf. " by- 
gones "). 

praetermitto, -misi, -missus, -mit- 
tere, [praeter-mitto], 3. v. a., let 
go by, let slip, omit, neglect, pass over. 

praeterquam [praeter-quam] , 
conjunctive adv., except, further than. 

praetervectio, -onis, [praeter- 
vectio], F., a sailing by, a course 
(where one sails by). 

praetextatus, -a, -um, [praetex- 
ta + tus], adj., clad in the prce- 
texia, in one's childhood. 

praetextus, -a, -um, [p.p. of 
praetexo], p.p., bordered : in prae- 
texta (the bordered toga worn by 
children and magistrates, a symbol 
for childhood'). 

praetor, -t oris, [prae-fitor (• V / I + 
tor)], M., {a leader'), a commander. 
— Esp., a prcetor, one of a class of 
magistrates at Rome. In early times 
two had judicial powers,* and the 
others regular commands abroad. 
Later, all, during their year of office, 
had judicial powers, but, like the 
consuls (who were originally called 
praetors), they had a year abroad as 
propraetors : urbanus (the judge of 
the court for cases between citizens) . 

praetorius, -a, -um, [praetor + 
ius], adj., of a prcetor (in all its 
senses) : praetoria Conors {the body 
guard, of the commander, see prae- 
tor) ; comitia {for the election of 
prcetors); homo {an ex-prcctor). — 
praetorium, N., the general's tent, 
headquarters. 

praetura, -ae, [prae-fitura ? 
(itu -)- ra, cf. pictura)], F., {a going 
before), the office of prcetor, the prce- 
tor ship. 

prandeo, prandi, pransus, pran- 



dere, [?], 2. v. n., breakfast. — Esp. 
pransus, p.p., satiated. 

pravitas, -tatis, [pravo-f-tas], f., 
{crookedness) . — Hence, wickedness, 
depravity, evil intent. 

pravus, -a, -um, [?], adj., crooked. 
— Hence, perverse, vicious. 

precor, -atus, -an, [prec-], 1. v. 
dep., pray, supplicate, entreat. 

premo, pressi, pressus, premere, 
[?], 3. v. a., press, burden, press 
hard, harass, overwhelm, oppress. 

pretium, -I, [?, cf. Gr. irpiafiai], 
N., a price, money, value, a bribe : 
in pretio esse {to be highly esteemed) ; 
operae pretium {worth one's while). 

fprex, f precis, [?], f., a prayer. 

pridem [prae (or stem akin) 
-dem (cf. idem)], adv., for some 
time: jam pridem {long ago, for 
some time, for a long time) . 

pridie [pri- (prae or case of 
same stem) die (loc. of dies)], adv., 
the day before. — Esp. in dates, pri- 
die Kalendas, the day before the 
Calends, etc. 

Prilius (Pre-), -i, [?, M. of adj.], 
M., with lacus, a lake in Etruria 
( Castiglione) . 

primarius, -a, -um, [primo + 
arius], adj., of the first, superior, 
excellent, of the first class. 

primus, -a, -um, see prior. 

princeps, -ipis, [primo-ceps 
(y/cap as stem, cf. manceps)], adj., 
M. and F., first, chief, a man of the 
first rank, a chief a chief man, a 
principal man, a leader, a prime 
mover : princeps esse and the like 
{take the lead). 

principatus, -tus, [princip + 
atus, cf. senatus], m., the first 
place, the position of leader, the pre- 
eminence. 

principium, -I, [princip -f ium], 



Vocabulary. 



143 



N., a begiiuiitig: principio (in the 
first place) . 

prior, -us, [stem akin topro+ior], 
compar., former, before : nox {last 
night, night before last). — Neut. 
prius as adv., before, earlier, first. 

— Esp. with quam, before, first . . . 
before, sooner . . . than. — Superl., 
primus, -a, -urn, [prae ( ?) + mus 
(cf. summus)],/n/, of the first 
class, superior; decern primi (the 
ten select men, a board of ten magis- 
trates in many ancient cities) ; in 
primis (see imprimis). — Ace. n. 
(as adv.), primum, in the first 
place (opp. to turn, deinde) , first, 
the first time : cum primum (when 
first, as soon as) ; ut primum (as 
soon as). — Abl. N., primo (as adv.), 
at first (opp. to postea, etc.). 

pristiuus, -a, -um, [prius-tinus, 
cf. diutinus], adj., former (previ- 
ously existing), old, of old, oldtime, 
time-honored. 

prius, see prior. 

priusquam, see prior. 

privatus, p.p. of privo, which 
see. 

privo, -avi, -atus, -are, [privo-], 
1. v. a., (set apart 1), deprive. — 
Esp., privatus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., 
(set apart from the general com- 
munity), private, separate, individ- 
ual, domestic (as opposed to public) . 

— Masc. as subst., a private citizen, 
a private individual, an individual, 
a private person. 

pro [for prod, abl. of stem akin 
to prae, prior, etc.], adv. (in 
comp.) and prep., in front of, before 
(in place, time, or circumstance). — 
Hence, in place of, for, on behalf of 
in return for, in view of, on account 
of, in proportion to, in accordance 
withy according to. — Esp. with names 



of officers, as, acting as, ex-. — Often 
rendered by transference, proconsul, 
propra-lor. — In comp. as adv., be- 
fore, forth, away, for, down (as fall- 
ing forward). 

proavus, -I, [pro-avus], m., a 
great-gra n dfather. 

probe [old abl. of probus], adv., 
honestly, virtuously, with integrity, 
well, very well. 

probitas, -tatis, [probo + tas], 
F., honesty, integrity. 

probo, -avi, -atus, -are, [probo-], 
I. v. a., make good, find good, ap- 
prove, prove, show, make clear, be 
satisfied with, make acceptable, (pass., 
be acceptable). — Esp., probatus, -a, 
-um, p.p. as adj., approved, accepta- 
ble, esteemed. 

probus, -a, -um, [pro + bus, cf. 
morbus], adj., superior (perh. mer- 
cantile word), excellent, good, honest. 

procella, -ae, [pro-fcella, akin 
to cello], F., a tearing, rushing 
storm, a tempest, a storm, a hurri- 
cane. 

processio, -onis, [pro-cessio, cf. 
procedo], F., an advance. 

procrastino, -avi, -atus, -are, 
[procrastino- (as if, perh. really, 
pro-crastino) ] , 1. v. a., put off till 
to-morrow, postpone, procrastinate. 

procreo, -avi, -atus, -are, [pro- 
creo], I. v. a., generate, produce, 
give birth to : procreatus (bom) . 

procul [?, fproco- (pro+cus, cf. 
reciprocus) + lus (reduced, cf. 
simul)], adv., at a distance (not 
necessarily great), azoay,far away. 

procuratio, -onis, [procura -f 
tio], F., a caring for, management, 
superintendence. 

procurator, -toris, [procura + 
tor], M., a manager, a steward. 

p rodeo, -ivi (-ii), -iturus, -ire, 



144 



Vocabulary. 



[prod-eo], irr. v. n., go forth, appear 
abroad, appear (in the streets). 

prodigium, -I, [fprodigo (pro- 
dicus?) + ium], N., an omen, a por- 
tent. — Hence, a prodigy, a monster. 

prodigus, -a, -urn, [prod-fagus 
( -v/ag + us, cf. agilis and Gr. Aoxa- 
70s)], adj., wasteful (cf. prodigo), 
prodigal, a spendthrift. 

proditor, -toris, [pro-dator (cf. 
prodo)], M., a betrayer, a traitor. 

prodo, -didi, -ditus, -dere, [pro- 
do], 3. v. a., give or put forth, give 
away, betray. — Also, publish, ap- 
point, hand down, transmit. 

product), -duxi, -ductus, -ducere, 
[pro-duco], 3. v. a., lead forth, bring 
out, produce, bring forward, intro- 
duce. 

proelium, -i, [?], N., a battle, a 
fight. 

prof anus, -a, -um, [pro-fanum, 
decl. as adj.], adj., (outside the tem- 
ple), not sacred, secular, common. 

profectio, -onis, [pro-factio, cf. 
proficiscor], F., a departure, a 
starting, a setting out. 

profecto [pro-facto], adv., (for 
a fact), certainly, surely, doubtless, 
undoubtedly, no doubt, I'm sure. 

profero, -tull, -latus, -ferre, [pro- 
fero], irr. v. a., bring forth, carry 
forward, bring out, publish, bring 
forward, introduce, produce, adduce. 

professio, -onis, [pro-f fassio, cf. 
profiteor], F., a declaration. 

proficio, -feci, -fectum (n.) , -ficere, 
[pro-facio], 3. v. n., go forward, 
gain, make progress. 

proficiscor, -fectus, -ficisci, [pro- 
ffaciscor (facio)], 3. v. dep., set out, 
start, depart, proceed, begin, arise : 
ratio profecta (proceeding). 

profiteor, -fessus, -fiteri, [pro- 
fateor], 2. v. dep., profess, declare, 



offer, proffer, promise, make a decla- 
ration. 

profiigo, -avi, -atus, -are, [pro- 
fligo], I. v. a., dash down, overwhelm, 
lay prostrate, prostrate. — Esp., pro- 
fligatus, -a, -um, abandoned, cor- 
rupt, unprincipled, profligate. 

profugio, -fugi, -fugiturus, -fugere, 
[pro-fugio], 3. v. n., flee away, es- 
cape, flee, take to flight. 

profundo, -fudi, -fusus, -fundere, 
[pro-fundo], 3. v. a., pour forth, 
pour otit, shed, waste. 

profundus, -a, -um, [pro-fun- 
dus], adj., deep. — Neut. as subst., 
a?z abyss. 

progredior, -gressus, -gredi, [pro- 
gradior], 3. v. dep., advance, pro- 
ceed, go : nihil progreditur (takes 
no step) : quo tandem progressu- 
rus (how far he zvould go) ; quern 
in locum progressus (hoiv far you 
have gone, how much you are im- 
plicated). 

prohibeo, -ui, -itus, -ere, [pro- 
habeo], 2. v. sl., hold off, hinder, for- 
bid, prevent, shut out, cut off. — 
With a change of relation, keep (from 
some calamity, etc.), protect, guard. 

proicio(jicio), -jeci, -jectus, -icere, 
[pro-jacio], 3. v. a., cast forth, throw 
away, expose : foras (throw out, get 
rid of); insula projecta est (pro- 
jects, runs out). 

proinde [pro-inde], adv., (and 
so on?), just the same, just. — Also, 
therefore, hence: proinde quasi(_/W 
as if forsooth, ironical). 

prolato, -avi, -atus, -are, [pro- 
lato-], 1. v. a. and n., extend, put off, 
sh illyshally, procrastinate. 

promissum, -i, [p.p. of promit- 
to], N., a promise. 

promptus, -a, -um, [p.p. of pro- 
mo], as adj., (taken out of the gen- 



Vocabulary. 



145 



era I store), on hand, ready, ac- 
tive. 

promulgo, -avi, -atus, -are, [?, 
prob. promulgo- (pro-mulgus, akin 
to mulgeo, multo)], i.v. a. and n., 
(post a fine?), give notice of (as a 
law), publish. — Absolutely, give no- 
tice of a bill. 

pronuntio, -avi, -atus, -are, [pro- 
nuntio], 1. v. a., proclaim, publish, 
declare, speak out. 

propago, -avi, -atus, -are, [pro- 
pago- (stem of propagus), or kin- 
dred stem], I. v. a., (peg down, of 
plants, propagate by layers), propa- 
gate, extend, prolong, preserve : subo- 
lem (rear). 

prope [pro-fpe (cf. quippe)], 
adv. and prep., near, nearly, almost. 

— Comp. propius, superl. proxi- 
nie, as prep. : proxime deos {very 
near the gods). 

propemodum [prope modum], 
adv., (often separate), nearly, very 
nearly, pretty nearly : prope modum 
errare {come near making a mis- 
take). 

propero, -avi, -atus, -are, [pro- 
pero-]. 1. v. a. and n., hasten : pro- 
perato opus est {there is need of 
haste) . 

propinquus, -a, -urn, [case of 
prope-f cus (cf. longinquus)], adj., 
near. — Esp., nearly related, related. 

— As subst., a relative, a kinsman. 
propior, -us, [comp. of stem of 

prope], adj., nearer, closer. — Superb, 
proximus, -a, -urn, [fproco-f-timus, 
cf. reciprocus], nearest, very near, 
last, next, following. — As subst., a 
relative. — In plur., those nearest one, 
one's kindred. 

propono, -posui, -positus, -ponere, 
[pro-pono], 3. v. a.., place before, set 
btfore, set forth, set up, propose, pur- 



pose, imagine, conceive, set before as a 
model, offer, offer for sale, threaten, 
determine tcpon, present, bring for- 
ward : mihi erat propositum (my 
purpose was). 

propraetor, -toris, [pro-praetor 
(corrupted from pro practore and 
declined)], M., a propraetor (one 
holding over in a province after the 
year of his proetorship). 

proprie [old abb of proprius], 
adv., properly, pectdiarly, strictly, 
solely. 

proprius, -a, -um, [ ?, perh. akin 
to prope], adj., one's own, peculiar, 
characteristic, indefeasible, perina- 
nenl, appropriate, proper. — Often 
rendered by an adv., peculiarly : pro- 
prius est (peculiarly belongs) ; nos- 
ter proprius (peculiarly ours) ; 
populi Romani (the peculiar char- 
acteristic of, etc.). 

propter [prope-f ter, cf. aliter], 
adv. and prep., near, near at hand. 
— Hence, on account of on behalf 
of for the sake of, by means of, 
through (the agency of). 

propterea, adv., on this account. 

propudium, -i, [pro-fpudium 
(fpudo-, cf. pudet, + ium), cf. re- 
pudium], N., shameful conduct, a 
disgrace. — Also, of persons, a dis- 
grace (one who causes shame). 

propugnaculum, -1, [propugna 
+ culum], N., a defence, a bulwark. 

propiignator, -toris, [pro-pug- 
nator, cf. propugno], m., a cham- 
pion. 

propulso, -avi, -atus, -are, [pro- 
pulso, cf. propello], 1. v. a., repel, 
ward off, avert : vim a vita (defend 
one's life against, etc.). 

proripio, -ripui, -reptus, -ripere, 
[pro-rapio], 3. v. a., snatch away, 
drag forth, drag off. 



146 



Vocabulary. 



proscrlbo, -scripsi, -scriptus, -scri- 
bere, [pro-scribo] , 3. v. a., adver- 
tise, publish (in writing). — Esp., 
proscribe (in a list of persons for- 
feiting their estates), outlaw. 

proscrlptio, -onis, [pro-scriptio, 
cf. proscribo], F., an advertising, 
a sale (on execution). — Hence, a 
proscription, outlawry, forfeiture of 
goods. 

prosequor, -secutus, -sequi, [pro- 
sequor], 3. v. dep., follow forth, ac- 
company out, escort, honor, pay re- 
spect. 

prospere [old abl. of prospe- 
rus], adv., successfully , prosperously, 
with success. 

prospicio, -spexl, -spectus, -spi- 
cere, [pro-fspecio], 3. v. a. and n., 
look forward, see afar, look out for, 
provide for. 

prosterno, -stravi, -stratus, -ster- 
nere, [pro-sterno], 3. v. a., lay low, 
overwhelm, destroy, overthrozv, lay 
prostrate, prostrate. 

prosum, profui, profuturus, pr5- 
desse, [pro-sum], irr. v. a., be of 
advantage, profit, do good, avail, 
benefit. 

protraho, -traxi, -tractus, -tra- 
here, [pro-traho], 3. v. a., drag 
forth, drag out. 

providentia, -ae, [provident -f 
ia], F., foresight. — Hence, fore- 
thought, precautions. 

pro video, -vidi, -visus, -videre, 
[pro-video], 2. v. a. and n., provide 
for, foresee, see beforehand, take care, 
make provision, provide, arrange be- 
forehand, use precaution, take pains 
(to accomplish something), guard 
against, provide for the future. 

provincia, -ae, [fprovinco- (pro- 
vincus, vine- as root of vinco + 
us) + ia], f., (office of one extend- 



ing the frontier by conquest in the 
field), office (of a commander or 
governor) , a province (in general) , 
a function. — Transferred, a prov- 
ince (governed by a Roman magis- 
trate). 

provincialis, -e, [provincia -f 
lis], adj., of a province, hi the prov- 
inces, in a province, provincial. 

provoco, -avl, -atus, -are, [pro- 
voco], 1. v. a. and n., call forth, 
rouse, provoke. 

proxime, see prope. 

proximus, see propior. 

prudens, -entis, [providens], 
adj., far-seeing, wise, prudent : pa- 
rum prudens (too indiscreet, too 
careless) ; prudens atque sciens 
(knowingly and with one's eyes open, 
an old formula). 

prudentia, -ae, [prudent + ia], 
F., foresight, discretion, wisdom, pru- 
dence. 

pruina, -ae, [?], f., hoarfrost, 
frost. 

Prytaneum, -I, \UpvTavetov], N., 
a city-hall (a public building in a 
Greek city, where the magistrates 
(Trpyrdvecs) met and lived at the pub- 
lic expense, and where public guests 
were entertained). 

piibes (puber), -eris, [?], adj., 
adult. — As subst, adults (collec- 
tively), grown men, young j?ien of 
age, able-bodied men. 

publicanus, -a, -urn, [publico -f 
anus], adj., connected with the reve- 
nue (publicum). — Esp. as subst., 
M., a farmer of the revenue'. 

publieatio, -onis, [publica-ftio], 
F., a confiscation (taking private prop- 
erty into the publicum). 

publice [old abl. of publicus], 
adv., publicly, in the name of the 
state, as a state, on behalf of the 



Vocabulary. 



47 



state, officially : tumultus (of the peo- 
ple, general) . 

Publicius, -I, [publico+ius], M., 
a Roman gentile name. — Esp., an 
obscure Roman in the Catilinarian 
conspiracy. 

publico, -avi, -atus, -are, [publi- 
co-], I. v. a., {make belong to the pub- 
lic), confiscate. 

publicus, -a, -urn, [populo-f-cus], 
adj., of the people (as a state), of the 
state, public, official (as opposed to 
individual). — In many phrases, esp. 
res publica, the commonwealth, the 
public business, politics, control of 
the state, form of government, the 
affairs of state, the interests of the 
state; consilium, a state measure, 
the council of state, the official coun- 
cil ; publico consilio, officially, as a 
state measure ; consensus, the gen- 
eral agreement, the iinited voice of 
the people ; litterae, official commu- 
nications, despatches ; tabulae, pub- 
lic or official records. — publicum, 
N., the public revenue. — Also, the 
streets, p?iblic appearance (going 
abroad, as opposed to seclusion), the 
sight of the people. 

Publius, -i, [prob. populo -f ius, 
cf. publicus], M.j a Roman prse- 
nomen. 

puclet, puduit (puditum est), pu- 
dere, [?, cf. propudium], 2. v. 
impers., (it shames'), one is (etc.) 
ashamed (translating the accusative 
as subject). 

pudicitia, -ae, [pudico+tia], f., 
chastity, modesty (as a quality, cf. 
pador, modesty in general or as a 
feeling) . 

pudor, -oris, [^/pud (in pudet) 
+ or], M., shame, a sense of shame, 
sense of honor, modesty, self-respect. 

puer, -1, [?], M., a boy. — Phu\, 



boys, children (of either sex) : ex 
pueris (from childhood). — Also, a 
slave. 

puerilis, -e, [puero- (reduced) + 
ilis], adj., of a child ; aetas (of 
childhood). 

pueritia, -ae, [puero + tia], f., 
boyhood, childhood. 

pugna, -ae, [-y/PUG (in pungo) 
+ na], F., a fight (less formal than 
proelium). 

pugno, -avi, -atus, -are, [pugna-], 
1. v. n., fight, engage.— Fig., fight, 
contend. — Often impers. in pass., 
pugnatum est, etc., an engagement 
took place, they fought, the fighting 
continued, the battle was fought: 
hostes pugnantes (while fighting, 
in battle) ; pugnari videre (to see a 
fight going on) . 

pulcher, -chra, -chrum, [?], adj., 
beautiful, handsome, fine, attractive. 
— Less exactly, glorious, noble. 

pulchre [old abl. of pulcber], 
adv., beautifully, honorably, success- 
fully. 

pulchritudo, -inis, [pulchro -f 
tudo], f., beauty : haec pulchritudo 
(all this beauty). 

pulsus, p.p. of pello. 

pulvinar, -aris, [pulvino+aris], 
N., a couch of the gods (where the 
images of the gods were feasted on 
solemn occasions). 

punctum, -1, [pp. of pungo], 
N., a prick, a point. — Hence, an 
instant (temporis). 

pungo, pupugi, punctus, pungere, 
[-y/PUG, cf. pugnus], 3. v. a., punch, 
stab, pierce, prick. 

Piinicus, -a, -urn, [Poeno+cus], 
adj., Carthaginian, Punic: bellum 
(of the wars with Carthage). 

punio, -ivI (-ii), -Itus, -ire, [poena- 
or kindred -i stem, cf. impunis], 



148 



Vocabulary. 



4. v. a., punish. — Also passive as 
deponent in same sense. 

punltor, -toris, [puni-ftor], m., 
a punisher, an avenge?'. 

purgo, -avi, -atus, -are, [fpurigo- 
(puro + fagus, cf. prodigus)], 
I. v. a., clean, cleanse, clear. — Fig., 
excuse, exonerate, free from suspi- 
cion, exculpate, absolve. 

purpura, -ae, [Gr. Top<pvpa], F., 
purple (the dye, really a dark red). 
— Also, purple cloth, purple gar- 
ments, purple (in the same sense). 

purpuratus, -a, -urn, [purpura 
-f-tus], adj., clad in purple. — Masc. 
as subst., a cotcrtier, a priiiie min- 
ister. 

purus, -a, -una, [V pu {clean) + 
rus, cf. plerus], adj., clean, pure, 
misullied, unstained. — Also fig. : 
mens {Jwnest,pure, unselfisJi). 

puteal, -alis, [puted + alis] , n., 
a well-curb. — Esp., the Puteal Li- 
bonis, an enclosure in the Forum 
like a well-curb. The vicinity served 
as a kind of Exchange. 

puto, -avi, -atus, -are, [puto- (stem 
of putus, clean')'], 1. v. a., clean tip, 
clear up. — Esp. : rationes {clear 
up accounts). — Hence, reckon, think, 
suppose, imagine. 

Pyrrhus, -i, [Gr. llvppos], m., 
a common Greek name. — Esp., the 
king of Epirus, who invaded Italy in 
B.C. 280. 

Q 

Q., abbrev. for Quintus. 

qua [abl. or instr.(?) of qui], 

rel. adv., by which (way), where. 

quadraginta [quadra (akin to 
quattuor) + ginta(?)], indecl. 
num. adj., forty. 

quadriduum, -i, [quadra-fduum 
(akin to dies)], N., four days' 1 time. 



quadringenti, -ae, -a, [unc. form 
(akin to quattuor) -f genti (for 
centi)], num. adj., four hundred. 

quadringentiens (-ies) [cf. to- 
tiens], num. adv., four hundred 
times. — Hence (sc. centena millia), 
forty million. 

quaero, quaesivi, quaesitus, quae- 
rere, [?, with r for original s], 3. v. a. 
and n., search for, seek for, look for, 
inquire about, inquire, ask, try to 
get, get, find, desire, investigate, con- 
duct investigations, preside over tri- 
als, hold an investigation, be presi- 
dent of a court: ex eis quaeritur 
{they are examined) ; quid quaeris 
amplius? {what more do you zaant ?) ; 
invidia quaeritur {one tries to ex- 
cite odium) ; in quaerendo (in or 
on investigation). 

quaesitor, -toris, [quaes!- (as 
stem of quaero, in 4th conj.) + tor], 
M., an investigator. — Esp., a presi- 
dent (of a court, who conducted the 
trial). 

quaeso (orig. form of quaero, 
petrified in a particular sense), only 
pres. stem, 3. v. a. and n., beg, pray : 
quaeso {I beg you, pray tell me). 

quaestio, -dnis, [quaes (as root 
of quaero) + tio], f., an investiga- 
tion, an examination (of a case, or 
of witnesses, especially by torture), 
a trial, a court, a question (on trial) . 

quaestor, -toris, [quaes- (as root 
of quaero) + tor], m., {investiga- 
tor, or acquirer, perh. both), a qucES- 
tor, a class of officers at Rome or on 
the staff of a commander, who had 
charge of money affairs and public 
records. They also had charge of 
some investigations, and perhaps 
originally collected fines and the like : 
pro quaestore {acting qucestor). 

quaestorius, -a, -urn, [quaestor 



Vocabulary. 



149 



-f ius], adj., of a quczstor, of one's 
quiistorship. 

quaestuosus, -a, -urn, [quaestu 
-f osus], adj., lucrative. 

quaestura, -ae, [quaestu -f ra, 
cf. iigura], F., {investigation or ac- 
quisition, cf. quaestor), a quastor- 
ship, the office of quaestor. 

quaestus, -tus, [quaes (as root 
of quaero) + tus], M., acquisition, 
gain, profit, business (for profit), 
earnings : pecuniam in quaestu re- 
linquere {profitably employed, at in- 
terest or used in business) . 

qualis, -e, [quo- (stem of quis) 
-falls], a. Interr. adj., of what sort ? 
of what nature? what kind of a? 
what sort of? quae qualia sint (the 
character of which, etc.). — 6. Rel. 
adj., of which sort, as (con-el. with 
talis), such as (with talis omitted). 

quam [case-form of quis and 
qui, cf. tain, nam], adv. and conj. 

a. Interrog., how ? how much ? — 

b. Rel., as, as . . . as, than: malle 
quam {rather than). — Often with 
superlatives, as much as possible, the 
utmost: quam maximas {the great- 
est possible) ; quam maxime (very 
much). — See also postquam, pri- 
usquam, which are often separated, 
but are best represented in Eng. to- 
gether. 

quamdiu [quam diu], adv., see 
the parts, how long, as long, as long as. 

quam ob rem (often found to- 
gether), adv. phrase: 1. Interrog., 
why? — 2. Relative, on which ac- 
count, for which reason. 

quam quam(quan quam )[quam 
quam, cf. quisquis], rel. adv., {how- 
ever), although, though. — Often cor- 
rective, though, yet (where Eng. takes 
a diff. view) , yet after all. 

quamvis [quam vis], adv., as 



you please, however, no matter how. 

— Also, however much, although. 
quando [quam -f unc. case-form 

akin to de], adv. a. Indef., at any 
time : si qUando {if ever, whenever). 

— b. Interrog., when ? — c. Relative, 
when. 

quandoquidem (often separate) 
[quando quidem], phrase as adv., 
{when at least?), since. 

quanto, see quantus. 

quantopere, see opus. 

quantus, -a, -um, [prob. for ka- 
(root of qua) -f vant -f us], adj. 
a. Interrog., how great? how much ? 
tvhat? — 6. Relative, as great, as 
much, as (corr. to tantus), as great 
. . . as (with tantvis omitted), such 
. . . as, however great, however much. 

— quantum, N. ace. as adv., how 
much (see above), as. — quanto, 
N. abl., as, as much . . . as. 

quantuscumque, quanta-, quan- 
tum-, [quantus-cumque], rel. adj., 
however great. 

quapropter [qua (abl. or instr. 
of qui) -propter], adv., on which 
account, wherefore, therefore.. 

quare [qua-re], adv., rel. and 
interrog., by which thing, wherefore, 
therefore, oti account of which (cir- 
cumstance, etc.), why. — The rela- 
tive and interrogative senses are not 
always distinguishable. 

quartus, -a, -um, [quattuor- (re- 
duced) -f tus], adj., fourth: quar- 
tus decimus {fourteenth). 

quasi [quam (or qua) -si], conj., 
as if: quasi vero {as if forsooth, 
ironical) . — Also, about, say, a kind 
of as it were, like. 

quasso, -avi, -atus, -are, [quasso-], 
I. v. a., shake violently, shatter. 

quatenus [qua tenus], adv., how 
far, how long. 



ISO 



Vocabulary. 



quattuor [?, reduced pi.], indecl. 
num. adj., j oa r. 

-que (always appended to the word 
or to some part of the phrase which 
it connects) [unc. case-form of qui], 
conj., and. — Sometimes connecting 
the particular to the general, and in 
general, and other. 

queiu ad inodum, phrase as 
adv., how, just as, as. 

queo, -ivi (-h), -itus, -ire, [?], 
4. irr. v. n., be able, can. 

querela, -ae, [unc. stem (akin to 
queror) + la, cf. candela], f., a 
complaint, a cause of complaint. 

querimonia, -ae, [fquero- (cf. 
querulus) -f monia (cf. parcimo- 
nia)], F., a complaining, a com- 
plaint. 

queror, questus, queri, [?, with r 
for original s], 3. v. dep., complain, 
make a complaint, complai7i of, find 
fault, find fault with, bewail. 

qui, quae, quod, cujus, [prob. quo- 
+ i (demonstrative)], rel. pron., who, 
which, that. — Often where a demon- 
strative is used in Eng., this, that. — 
Often implying an antecedent, he 
who, etc., whoever, zvhatever, one 
who, a thi^g which. — Often express- 
ing some relation otherwise denoted 
in English, in that, as, to, see gram- 
mar. — quo, abl. of degree of differ- 
ence, the (more, less, etc.) . — See also 
quis, quod, a. quo, 6. quo, c. quo. 

qui [old abl. or instr. of quis], 
adv., hozu ? 

quia [?, case-form of qui, perh. 
neuter plural of i-stem], conj., be- 
cause, inasmuch as. 

quicumque(quicunque), quae-, 
quod-, [qui-cumque (cf. quisque)], 
indef. rel., whoever, whichever, what- 
ever, every possible, all who, etc. 

quidam, quae-, quod- (quid-), 



[qui-dam (case of A / DA ' c ^- nam, 

tain)], indef. pron., a (possibly 
known, but not identified), one, some, 
a certain, certain, a kind of (referred 
to as belonging to the class but not 
exactly the thing spoken of) : divino 
quodam spiritu {a kind of divine, 
etc.) ; alia quaedam (a somewhat 
different). — Often as subst, a man, 
something, a thing, etc. 

quidem [unc. case-form of qui 
+ dem (from ^/da, cf. tandem, 
idem)], conj., giving emphasis to a 
word or strength to an assertion, but 
with no regular English equivalent, 
certainly, most certainly, and cer- 
tainly, at least, at any rate, assur- 
edly, I'm sure, let me say, I may say, 
by the way, you know. — Often only 
concessive, followed by an adversa- 
tive, to be sure, doubtless, no doubt. 
— Often emphasizing a single word : 
mea quidem sententia (in my opin- 
ion) ; mihi quidem ipsi (for my 
own part); quae quidem (and 
these things); nam e lege quidem 
(for by law) . — Esp. : si quidem (if 
really, since) ; ne . . . quidem (not 
even, not . . . either). 

quies, -etis, [quie (stem of qui- 
esco, etc.) + tis (reduced)], F., rest, 
sleep, repose. 

quiesco, -evi, -etus, -escere, [f quie- 
(cf. old abl. quie) + sco, cf. quies], 
3. v. n., go to rest, rest, sleep, be quiet, 
do nothing, keep quiet: quiescens 
(while at rest, asleep). — quietus, 
-a, -um, p.p. as adj., quiet, at rest, at 
peace, undisturbed, in quiet, inac- 
tive, untroubled, calm. 

quilibet, quae-, quod-, [qui- 
libet], indef. pron., who you please, 
any one whatever, what you please, 
etc.: alius quilibet (any other you 
please, any one whatever). 



Vocabulary. 



151 



quin [qui (abl. or instr. of qui) 
-f-ne], conj., interrog., hozv not? nay, 
why! and relative, by which not : 
quin etiam (nay even, in fact). — 
After negative verbs of hindrance 
and doubt, so but what, but what, but 
that, that, from (doing a thing), to 
(do a thing) : non dubito quin (/ 
doubt not that, also rarely, do not hesi- 
tate to) ; nemo est quin {there is no 
one but, etc.) ; non fuit recusan- 
dum quin, etc. (it was not to be 
avoided that); ne se quidem servare 
potuit quin {without, etc.) ; non 
quin (not that . . . not, not but what) ; 
quin sic attendite (come, etc.). 

quinam, see quisnam. 

quindecim [quinque-decem] , 
indecl. num. adj., fifteen. 

quingenti, -ae, -a, [quinque- 
centum], num. adj., five hundred. 

quinquaginta [quinque + unc. 
stem], indecl., fifty. 

quinque [?], indecl. num. ad]., five. 

quintus, -a, -urn, [quinque+tus], 
ad]., fifth, V. — Esp. as a Roman 
proenorhen (orig. the fifth-born?), Q. 

Quintus, -i, see quintus. 

quippe [quid ( ?) + pe, cf. nem- 
pe], adv., (prob. what in truth!), 
truly, of course, no doubt. — Often 
ironical, forsooth. . 

Quiris, -itis, [?, perh. Curi -f tis, 
but in the orig. meaning of the name 
of the town, cf. curia], M., a Roman 
citizen. — Plur., fellow-citizens (ad- 
dressed by a Roman). 

quis (qui), quae, quid (quod), cu- 
jus,[stem qui- and quo], a. Interrog. 
pron., who, which, what. — As adj. 
(qui and quod), -what sort of, what: 
qui esset ignorabas (what he was, 
etc.). — Esp. neuter nom. and ace, 
what, why : quid est quod (zvhy is 
it that, what is there as to which); 



quid, quid quod, quid vero (zuhat ! 
tell me, moreover, and again, then 
again) ; quid tibi obsto (wherein) ; 
quid oppugnas (zvhy) ; quid si 
(what if how if). — 6. Indef., one, 
any one, any thing, some, some one. 

— See nequis, numquis, ecquis. 
quisnam (qui-), quae-, quid- 

(quod-), [quis-nam], interrog. pron., 
who, pray ? who? (with emphasis), 
what (in the world)? what? 

quispiaiu, quae-, quid- (quod-), 
cuius-, [quis-piam (pe-jam, cf. 
quippe, nempe)], indef. pron., 
any, any one, any thing, some one 
(perhaps). 

quisquam, quae-, quid- (quic-), 
cujus-, [quis-quam], indef. pron. 
used substantively (cf. ullus), only 
with negatives and words implying a 
negative, making a universal nega- 
tive, any one, any thing, any man : 
taetrior quam quisquam, etc. (than, 
etc., implying a negative idea) ; quam 
diu quisquam (as long as any one, 
i.e., until nobody); neque servus 
quisquam neque liber (no one, 
either slave or freeman) ; neque vir 
bonus quisquam (no honest man). 

quisque, quae-, quid- (quod-), 
cujus-, [quis-que], indef. pron. (dis- 
tributive universal), each, each one, 
each man, every, all (individually). 

— Esp. with superlatives, implying 
that things are taken in the order of 
their quality : nobilissimus quisque 
(all the noblest, one after the other 
in the order of their nobility) ; primo 
quoque tempore (the very first op- 
portunity). — With two superlatives, 
often with ut and ita, a proportion 
is indicated, in proportion as . . . so, 
the more . . . the more, most . . . the 
most, the most . . . most. — Esp. with 
unus, each one, each. 



152 



Vocabulary. 



quisquis, quaequae, quidquid 
(quicquid), cujuscujus, [quis, doub- 
led], indef. rel. pron., whoever, what- 
ever, every one who, all who : quoquo 
modo {however, in any case). 

qirivis, quae-, quid- (quod-), 
cujus-, [qui-vis], indef. pron., who 
yon please, any one, any zvhatever 
(affirmative), any (whatever), any 
possible, any man (no matter who). 

a. quo, abl. of degree of differ- 
ence, see qui. 

b. quo [abl. of cause, etc.], as 
conj., by which, on which account, 
wherefore. — Esp. with negatives, 
not that, not as if. — Also, in order 
that (esp. with comparatives), that. 
— Esp., quominus, that not, so that 
not. 

c. quo [old dat. of qui], adv. 
a. Interrog., whither? how far? quo 
usque {how long? how far ? to what 
extent?). — b. Relative, whither, 
where (in sense of whither), into 
which, as far. as (i.e., to what end) : 
quo intendit {what he is aiming at); 
habere quo {have a place to go to, 
or the like). — See also quoad. 

quoad [quo ad], conj., {up to 
which point), as far as, until, as 
long as : quoad longissime {just as 
far as). 

quocumque (-cunque) [quo- 
cumque], adv., whithersoever, wher- 
ever, whichever way. 

quod [n. of qui], conj., {as to 
which), because, inasmuch as, hi 
that, as for the fact that, the fact that, 
that, as for (with clause expressing 
the action) : quod si {now if, but if) ; 
quod sciam {so far as I know). 

quom, see cum. 

quominus, see b. quo. 

quomodo, see quis and modus. 

quondam [quom (cum) -dam 



(^/DA, cf. tarn)], adv., once, for- 
merly. 

quoniam [quom (cum) -jam], 
conj., {when now), inasmuch as, 
since, as. 

quoque [?], conj., following the 
word it affects, {by all means?), also, 
too, as well, even. Cf. etiam (usu- 
ally preceding). 

quot [quo + ti (unc. form from 
Vta, cf. tarn?)], pron. indecl. 

a. Interrog., how many? — 6. Rela- 
tive, as many, as many as (with im- 
plied antecedent). 

quotannis, often separate, [quot- 
annis], adv., {as many years as 
there are), every year, yearly. 

quotidianus (cotid-), -a, -um, 
[quotidie (reduced) -f anus], adj., 
daily. 

quotidie (cotid-), [quot dies 
(in unc. form)], adv., daily. 

quotiens (quoties) [quot-f iens, 
cf. quinquiens], adv. a. Interrog., 
how often ? hozv many times ? — 

b. Relative, as often, as often as (with 
implied antecedent). 

quotiescunque (quotienscum- 
que)[quotiens-cumque], adv., how- 
ever often, just as often as, every 
time that. 

quotus, -a, -um, [quo- (stem of 
qui) + tus, cf. quintus], adj., which 
in number (cf. fifth). — Esp., quotus 
quisque, how many {every "how 
manieth "), what proportion of {men). 

quousque, see c. quo and us- 
que. 

quovis [c quo vis], adv., whither 
you please, anywhere (cf. quivis). 

quum, late spelling for cum, 
which see. 



Vocabulary. 



53 



R. 

radix, -icis, [?], F., a root. — 
Plur., the roots (of a tree), the foot 
(of a mountain). — Fig., stock, stein. 

Raecius, -I, [?], m., a Roman 
gentile name. — Only L. Rcecius, a 
knight in business at Palermo. 

rapina, -ae, [frapi- (stem akin 
to rapio) + na (f. of -nus)], f.. 
plunder, robbery, rapine. 

rapio, rapid, raptus, rapere, [cf. 
rapidus, Gr. a/>7ra£a>], 3. v. a. and n., 
seize, drag off, drag. — Less exactly, 
hurry on, hurry. — Pass., hurry 
(intrans.). 

rapto, -avl, -atus. -are, [rapto-], 
I. v. a., drag away, drag as a cap- 
tive, abuse, maltreat. 

raro [abl. of rarus], adv., rarely. 

ratio, -onis, [frati- (ra, in reor, 
+ ti) -f o], f., a reckoning, an ac- 
count. — A mercantile word shading 
off in many directions like Eng. busi- 
ness and affair. — Esp. with liabeo 
or diico (cf. account), take account 
of, have regard to, take into consid- 
eration. — Less exactly, a calcula- 
tion, a plan, a design, a plan of ac- 
tion, a method, an arrangement, a 
way, a course, a means, business, 
business relations, a consideration 
(a thing to be considered) : qua ra- 
tione (on what principle, ill what 
way, how); salutis (plan, hope); 
criminum (nature) ; omni ratione 
(in every way, by every means) ; 
fori et judici (the business, what is 
to be done there) ; ratio pecunia- 
rum (money affairs, state of the 
finances); vitae rationes (plans, 
plan); studiorum (course); ratio 
honorum (the course of ambition) ; 
comraoda ac rationes (plans of 
life, interests) ; in dissimili ratione 



(in different directions) . — More re- 
motely, science, art, a system, reason, 
a course of reasoning, sound reason, 
a viezu, theoretical knowledge : bona 
ratio (sound principles) ; facti et 
consili (rationale, principles). 

ratiocinor, -atus, -arl, [fratio- 
cino- (ration + cinus, cf. sermo- 
cinor)], I. v. dep., reckon, reason, 
calculate. 

re-, red-, [abl. of unc. stem, perh. 
akin to -rus], insep. prep., back, 
again, atuay, out, tin-. — Esp. im- 
plying a giving or taking something 
which is due, or which creates an 
obligation by the taking, see recipio, 
refero. 

rea, -ae, [f. of reus], F., a de- 
fendant (female, or conceived as 
such). 

Reatinus, -a, -urn, [Reati-fnus], 
adj., of Reate (a town of the Sa- 
bines about forty miles north-east of 
Rome). 

recedo, -cessi, -cessurus, -cedere, 
[re-cedo], 3. v. n., make way back, 
retire, withdraw : recessum est (re- 
cessimus) ab armis (the war ceased, 
we laid down our arms). 

recens, -entis, [prob. p. of lost 
verb freceo (formed from reco-, cf. 
recipero)], adj., (?, just coming 
back?), new, fresh, late, still fresh , 
still recent. 

recensio, -onis, [re-censio, cf. 
recenseo], v., the census (as taken 
and recorded). 

receptor, -toris, [re-captor, cf. 
recipio], M., a receiver. — Fig., a 
haunt. 

receptrix, -icis, [f. of preceding], 
F., a receiver (female). 

reccssus, -sus, [re-fcessus (cf. 
recedo)], m., a retreat, a recess (a 
place that withdraws). 



154 



Vocabulary. 



recido, -cidi, -casiirus, -cidere, 
[re-cado], 3. v. n., fall again, fall 
back, fall zipon, fall away, fall, be 
reduced. 

recipero, see recupero. 

recipio, -cepi, -ceptus, -cipere, 
[re-capio], 3. v. a., take back, get 
back, recover, take in, receive, admit, 
take upon (one's self), take up, un- 
dertake, promise. — With reflexive, 
retreat, fly, return, retire, get off, 
withdraw, resort. 

recito, -avi, -atus, -are, [re-cito], 
I. v. a., read (aloud). 

reclamito, no perf., no p.p., -are, 
[re-clamito], i.v.n., cry out against. 

reclamo, -avi, -atus (impers.), 
-are, [re-clamo], 1. v. n. (and a.), 
cry out against (a thing) . 

recognosco, -novi, -nitus, -no- 
scere, [re-cognosco], 3. v. a., review, 
go over again, recognize. 

recolo, -colui, -cultus, -colere, 
[re-colo], 3. v. a., cultivate again. 
— Less exactly, renezv, reviezu. 

reconciliatio, -onis, [reconcilia 
+ tio], F., reconciliation, renewal 
(concordiae). 

reconcilio, -avi, -atus, -are, [re- 
concilio], I. v. a., reconcile, regain, 
win anew, restore (gratiam). 

recondo, -didi, -ditus, -dere, [re- 
condo], 3. v. a., put away again, 
put away, sheathe (a sword) . — re- 
conditus, -a, -um, p.p., concealed, 
laid away, hidden, secret. 

recordatio,-onis,[recorda+tio], 
F., a recalling to mind, a recollection. 

recorder, -atus, -an, [frecord- 
(cf. concors), but perhaps made im- 
mediately from re and cor on anal- 
ogy of concors], I. v. dep., recall to 
mind{cor), recollect, remember (of a 
single act of memory, cf. memini, 
which is more permanent), recall. 



recreo, -avi, -atus, -are, [re-creo], 
1. v. a., re-create. — Hence, revive, 
restore, refresh, recover (esp. with 
reflex, or in passive). 

recte [old abl. of rectus], adv., 
rightly, properly, truly, with justice : 
recte factum (a right action, a good 
deed, a noble action) . 

rectus, see rego. 

recupero (-cipero), -avi, -atus, 
-are, [frecipero-, from reco- (cf. 
recens, reciprocus) + parus (cf. 
opiparus)], I. v. a., get back, re- 
cover, regain. 

recurro, -curri, no p.p., -currere, 
[re-curro], 3. v. n., run back. — 
Fig., return, revert. 

recusatio, -onis, [recusa -f- tio], 
F., a refusal. 

recuso, -avi, -atus, -are, [re- 
fcauso (cf. excuso)], 1. v. a. and 
n., (give an exc7ise for drawing 
back), refuse, reject, repudiate, ob- 
ject, object to : de transferendis ju- 
diciis {object to, etc.); quin {refuse 
to) ; quominus {refuse to) ; peri- 
culum {refuse to incur) ; non fait 
recusandum {it was to be expected, 
it was not to be avoided) . 

redactus, -a, -um, [p.p. of redi- 
go], as adj., brought back, reduced. 

redarguo, -ui, -utus, -uere, [red- 
arguo], 3. v. a. and n., disprove. 

reddo, -didi, -ditus, -dere, [re- 
(red-)do], 3. v. a., give back, restore, 
repay, pay (something due, cf. re), 
render, return: bene reddita vita 
{a life nobly lost). — Hence (as tak- 
ing a thing and restoring in another 
condition), render, make, cause to be. 

redemptio,-onis, [red-emptio, cf. 
redimo], F., a buying up, a purchase, 
a bargain for, a contract for. 

redemptus, -a, -um, p.p. of re- 
dimo. 



Vocabulary. 



155 



redeo, -ii (-ivi), -iturus, -ire, [re- 
(red-)eo], irr. v. n., go back, re- 
turn, come back, be returned, be en- 
tered (in a record), be restored. 

redimio, -ivi (-ii), -it us, -ire, [?, 
prob. denom.], 4. v. a., bind up, 
wreathe. 

redimo, -emi, -emptus, -imere, 
[re- (red-) emo], 3. v. a., buy back, 
redeem, purchase, buy. 

reditus, -tus, [re- (red-) fitus], 
M., a return. 

redoleo, -olui, no p.p., -olere, 
[red-oleo], 2. v. a. and n., smell, 
smell of, be exhaled (of the odor 
itself). 

reduce, -duxi, -ductus, -ducere, 
[re-duco], 3. v. a., lead back, bring 
back, draw back, draw in, escort 
back. 

redundo, -avi, -atus, -are, [red- 
undo] , 1 . v. n., flow back, ove7'flow. 

— Also, overflow with, flow (with) , 
reek (with blood) : acervis et san- 
guine (be filled 'with} . — Fig., spring 
up, flow, cover (as with a flood). 

reduvia, -ae, [red -f unc. stem, 
cf. exuviae], f., (a stripping back ?), 
a hang-nail. 

redux, -ucis, [re-dux], adj., lead- 
ing back. — Also passive, returning, 
restored (to one's city, etc.). 

refello, -felli, no p.p., -fellere, 
[re-fallo], 3. v. a., refute. 

refercio, -fersi, -fertus, -fercire, 
[re-farcio], 4. v. a., stuff up, stuff, 
cram full, cram, crowd full, crowd. 

refero, -tuli, -latus, -ferre, [re- 
fero], irr. v. a., bring back, return, 
bring (where something belongs), 
report, record (as an account), set 
down (in a record or to an account). 

— Esp. : ad senatum (or absolutely) , 
lay before (the senate for action), 
consult {the senate), propose ; de re 



publica (consult the senate in regard 
to, etc.) ; gratiam (make a return, 
repay, show one's gratitude). 

refert, -tulit, no p.p., -ferre, [res 
or re(?)fert], irr. v. impers. (cf. 
e re and naturae fert), it is one's 
interest, it is important, it makes a 
difference, it is of account. 

reficio, -feci, -fectus, -ficere, [re- 
facio], irr. v. a., repair, refresh, re- 
cruit, relieve, revive. 

reformldo, no perf., no p.p., -are, 
[re-formido], I. v. a. and n., dread, 
shrink from : non reformido (be 
free from alarm). 

refrigero, -avi, -atus, -are, [re- 
frigero], 1. v. a., chill, cool down. 

refugio, -fugi, -fugitiirus, -fugere, 
[re-fugio], 3. v. n. and a., run away, 
escape, avoid. — Fig., recoil, shrink 
from. 

refuto, -avi, -atus, -are, [re-ffuto, 
cf. confuto], 1. v. a., check, repel. 
— Hence, refute, disprove. 

regalis, -e, [reg + alis], adj., of 
a king, like a king: nomen (of 
king). 

regia, see regius. 

regie [old abl. of regius], adv., 
royally, in a regal manner, tyran- 
nically (like a rex). 

regio, -onis, [y'REG + io, but cf. 
ratio], F., direction. — Hence, a di- 
rection, a line, position, place, a 
part (of the country, etc.), a bound- 
ary, a region, a country, a district 
(esp. in plur.) : regio atque ora 
maritima (maritime region and 
coast). — In plur., bounds, bounda- 
ries, limits, regions, a country, a 
quarter. 

regius, -a, -11111, [reg+ius], adj., 
of a king, regal, royal, of the king. — 
Esp., regia (sc. domus), a palace, 
the palace (the Regia, the ancient 



i 5 6 



Vocabulary. 



house of Numa, on the Forum, kept 
for religious purposes). 

regno, -avi, -aturus, -are, [regno-], 
i. v. n., rule, be in power, be a king, 
hold a regal power. 

regnum, -i, [y'REG + num. (n. 
of -nus)], N., a kingdom, royal 
pozuer, regal power, a throne, tyr- 
anny. — Plur., the royal power (of 
several cases), thrones. 

rego, rexi, rectus, regere, [same 
root as rex], 3. v. a., direct, manage, 
ride, have control of, control. — Esp., 
rectus, -a, -um, p.p., (directed}, 
straight, right, just : recta {straight- 
way), directly. 

regredior, -gressus, -gredi, [re- 
gradior], 3. v. dep., go back, return. 

reicio (rejicio), -jeci, -jectus, 
-icere, [re-jacio], 3. v. a., throw back, 
hurl back, drive back, throw off, throw 
away, drive off, repel, spurn. — Fig., 
repel, reject, put away : ju&ices (chal- 
lenge) . 

rejectio, .-onis, [re-jactio, cf. re- 
icio], F., a throwing away. — Esp., 
a challenge (of jurymen), empanel- 
ling. 

relaxS, -avi, -atus, -are, [re-laxo], 
I. v. a., relax. 

relego, -avi, -atus, -are, [re-lego], 
I. v. a., remove, separate, banish, 
exile. 

relevo, -avi, -atus, -are, [re-levo], 
I. v. a., raise up again, lift tip. — 
Fig., relieve. 

religio, -onis, [?, re-legio (cf. 
relego)], F., (the original meaning 
uncertain, see Cic. N. D., 2, 28), a 
religious scruple, a religious observ- 
ance, the service of the gods, a super- 
stition, a superstitious terror, reli- 
gion, sacredness, sanctity (changing 
the point of view), religious rever- 
ence, religious duty. — Esp., regard~\ 



for an oath, conscientiousness, the 
sanctity of an oath. — Plur., sacred 
objects, sanctuaries, affairs of reli- 
gion, religion (abstractly). 

religiose [old abl. of religio- 
sus], adv., scrupulously, conscien- 
tiously, with regard to one's oath. 

religiosus, -a, -um, [perh. reli- 
gion- (more prob. f religio-) + osus], 
adj., religious (with much religio 
in its several senses), conscientious 
(with regard for an oath). — Also 
(in the other sense of religio), 
sacred, holy, revered, held in reli- 
gious reverence, venerated, venerable. 

relinquo, -liqui, -lictus, -linquere, 
[re-linquo], 3. v. a., leave behind, 
leave, abandon, leave oiit, omit, leave 
alone, leave undone, leave unavenged, 
disregard. 

reliquus, -a, -um, [re-fliquus 
(tJliq-\- us)], adj., left, remaining, 
the rest of t)ie rest, the other, other 
(meaning all other), the others, all 
other, future (of time, remaining), 
subsequent, after, intervening (before 
some other time) : res (which re- 
main for the future, future) ; reli- 
quus est (is left, remaitis, etc.); 
reliqua (the future); nihil reliqui 
(nothing left) ; nihil (reliquum) re- 
liqui fecere (leave nothing). 

remaned", -mansi, -mansurus, -ma- 
nere, [re-maneo], 2. v. n., remain 
behind, re?nain, stay, reside, be, con- 
tinue, last. 

remansio, -onis, [re-mansio, cf. 
remaneo], f., a remaining. 

remex, -igis, [remo- with unc. 
term. (perh. fagus)], M., an oars- 
man, a rower. 

reminiscor, -minisci, [re-fmi- 
niscor( v / MAN, in memiui, -f-isco)], 
3. v. dep., remember, bear in mind. 

remissio, onis, [re-missio, cf. 



Vocabulary. 



157 



remitto], F., a sending back, a re- 
laxation, a diminution, a remission. 

remitto, -misl, -missus, -mittere, 
[re-mitto], 3. v. a., let go back, send 
back, throw back. — Fig., relax, re- 
mit, give up. — remissus, -a, -urn, 
p.p. as adj., slack, lax, remiss. 

remoror, -atus, -ari, [re-moror], 
I. v. dep., stay behind, delay (act. 
and intr.), retard: aliquem poena 
{keep one waiting, give one a res- 
pite). 

removeo, -movi, -motus, -movere, 
[re-moveo], 2. v. a., move back, 
move away, send away, re?nove, draw 
a7oay, get out of the way, separate, 
leave out of the question : poenam 
{set aside, take off, remove) ; remoto 
Catiliiia (with C. out of the way); re- 
motus {remote, far rei?ioved, apart). 

remus, -i, [?], m., an oar. 

renovo, -avi, -atus, -are, [re-novo], 
I. v. a., renew. 

rennntio, -avi, -atus, -are, [re- 
nuntio], 1. v. a., bring back word, 
bring news, report, proclaim. — Also, 
renotince, abandon. 

repello, -pull, -pulsus, -pellere, 
[re-pello], 3. v. a., drive back, re- 
pel, repulse, ward off, avert : te a 
consulatu {foil your attempt to gain, 
etc.) ; furores a cervicibus {defend 
one's throat from, etc., resctie one's 
life from, etc.). 

repente [abl. of repens?], adv., 
(creeping on so as to appear sud- 
denly?), suddenly. 

repentino, see repentinus. 

repentinus, -a, -urn, [repent + 
inus], adj., sudden, hasty, unex- 
pected: speculator {transient, no?t- 
resident) ; pecuniae {suddenly ac- 
quired). — repentino, abl. as adv., 
suddenly. 

reperio, repperi, repertus, repe- 



rire, [re-(red-)pario], 4. v. a.., find 
out, discover, find (by inquiry, cf. 
invenio, accidentally, and compe- 
rio, in reference to the complete 
result), learn. 

repeto, -petivi, -petitus, -petere, 
[re-peto], 3. v. a., try to get back, 
demand back, ask for, try again, 
look back (at something past), claim 
(as one's due) : poenam, poenas 
{demand a penalty, inflict punish- 
ment, wreak vengeance). — Esp. of 
money got by extortion, demand 
(restitution) . — Hence, repetundae 
(with or without pecuniae), the suit 
for extortion (a process used against 
any official for property unlawfully 
acquired in his office), extortion 
(where the suit is implied in other 
words) . 

repleo, -plevi, -pletus, -plere, [re- 
pleo], 2. v. a., fill up, supply. — re- 
pletus, -a, -um, p.p., full, crowded. 

reporto, -avi, -atus, -are, [re- 
porto], 1. v. a., carry back, bring 
back. 

reposco, -poscere, [re-posco] , 
3. v. a., demand back, demand (some- 
thing due). 

reprehendo, -hendi, -hensus, 
-hendere, [re-prehendo], 3. v. a. 
and n., drag back, seize hold of, find 
faultwith, blame, censure, find fault, 
object. 

reprehensio, -onis, [re-prehen- 
sio, cf. reprehendo], F., a finding 
fault, censure, criticism. 

repressor, -oris, [re-pressor, cf. 
reprimo], M., a restrainer. 

reprimo, -pressi, -pressus, -pri- 
mere, [re-premo], 3. v. a., check, 
thwart, foil : reprimi sed non com- 
primi {put back but not put down). 

repudio, -avi, -atus, -are, [re- 
pudio-], 1. v. a., {spurn with a 



158 



Vocabulary. 



stroke, cf. tripudium), spurn, re- 
fuse, reject. 

repugno, -avi, -atus, -are, [re- 
pugno], I. v. n., resist. — Fig., be in 
opposition. 

reputo, -avi, -atus, -are, [re-puto], 
I. v. a., reckon tip, think over. 

requies, -etis (-ei), [re-quies], f., 
rest, repose. 

requiesco, -evi, -etus, -escere, [re- 
quiesco], 3. v. n., rest, repose. 

requirS, -quisivi, -quisitus, -qui- 
rere, [re-quaero], 3. v. a. and n., 
search out, enquire for. — Hence, 
ask, ask for, request, require, de- 
mand, need, miss, be in want of. 

res, rei, [akin to reor], F., prop- 
erty^ ?), business, an affair, a matter, 
a thing (in the most general sense). 

— Hence determined by the context, 
a fact, an occurrence, an event, a 
case, an action, an act, a measure, 
a n object (aimed at), one's interest, 
an art, a science, a point, a lawsuit, 
a case (at law). — Esp. where no 
word corresponding to the English 
idea exists in Latin : res quae ex- 
portantur (exports') . — Often where 
a pronoun is avoided : qua in re (in 
what, in which) ; earn in rem (for 
that) ; ei quoque rei (for this also). 

— Esp. of public matters, with pab- 
lica (also without), see publicus : 
res maximae (power, glory, career); 
novae res (revolution, a change of 
government) ; summa potestas om- 
nium rerum (of the whole state). — 
Also, rem, res gerere (perform ex- 
ploits, carry on war, act, operate, 
conduct affairs) ; res populi Ro- 
ma,Tii(deeds, exploits, history, career); 
res gestae (exploits, acts) ; ipsa res 
(the case itself, the circumstances of 
the case, the fads) ; re vera (in 
fact) ; re (by actions, as opposed to 



words, in fact) ; in suam rem con- 
vertit (to his own use) ; haec acta 
res est (this was the object aimed at, 
this is what was accomplished); res 
omnis tecum erit (all my business 
will be, etc., / shall have only to deal 
with you, etc.) ; in rebus judican- 
dis (in trials) ; ob rem judicandam 
(for deciding a case) ; res magnae 
aguntur (great interests, etc.); mul- 
tarum rerum societas (many asso- 
ciations); res militaris {the art of 
war, war) ; privatarum rerum de- 
decus (private conduct) ; ita se res 
habet (the case is such, it is so). 

reseindo, -scidi, -scissus, -scin- 
dere, [re-scindo], 3. v. a., cut away, 
tear down, break down, destroy. — ■ 
Hence, rescind, annul. 

reseco, -ui, -tus, -are, [re-seco], 
I. v. a., ctit off, cut away. 

reservo, -avi, -atus, -are, [re- 
servo], 1. v. a., keep back, reserve, 
hold in reserve, keep. 
' resideo, -sedi, no p.p., -sidere, 
[re-sedeo], 2. v. n., sit back, sit 
down, remain behind, remain, rest, 
stop. 

resigno, -avi, -atus, -are, [re- 
signo], I. v. a., unseal, annul, de- 
stroy. 

resisto, -stiti, no p.p., -sistere, 
[re-sisto], 3. v. n., stand back, stop, 
remain, survive, withstand, make a 
stand, resist. 

respicio, -spexi, -spectus, -spicere, 
[re-fspecio], 3. v. a. and n., look 
back, look back at, look behind one, 
see behind one, reviezv. 

respiro, -avi, -atus, -are, [re- 
spiro], 1. v. a. and n., breathe out, ex- 
hale, breathe again, breathe, draw 
one's breath. 

respondeo, -spondi, -sponsurus, 
-spondere, [re-spondeo], 2. v. n.. 



Vocabulary. 



159 



reply, answer, make an answering I 
argument, make a reply. — P'ig., cor- 
respond, match. 

responsum, -I, [n. p.p. of re- 
spondeo], n., a reply, a response. 
— Plur., a reply (of several parts), 
advice. 

respublica, see res and publi- 
cus. 

respuo, -spui, no p.p., -spuere, 
[re-spuo], 3. v. a., spit out. — Fig., 
spurn, reject. 

restinguo, -stinxi, -stinctus, -stin- 
guere, [re-stinguo] , 3. v. a., extin- 
guish. — Less exactly, destroy, anni- 
hilate. 

restituo, -stitui, -stitutus, -stituere, 
[re-statuo], 3. v. a., set up again, 
replace, restore, make anew, re-estab- 
lish, revive, recall (one from exile). 

restitutor, -toris, [restitu- (as 
stem of restituo) + tor], M., a re- 
storer. 

resto, -stiti (in common with re- 
sisto), no p.p., -stare, [re-sto], i.v.n., 
remain, be left. 

retardo, -avi, -atus, -are, [re- 
tardo], I. v. a. and n., retard, check, 
delay, keep back: non sopita sed 
retardata consuetudo (not put to 
sleep but dozing, or not lost but re- 
laxed, abandoning the figure of dull- 
ness, cf. tardus). 

reticentia, -ae, [reticent + ia], 
F., silence. 

reticeo, -ui, no p.p., -ere, [re- 
taceo], 2. v. n. and a., keep silence, 
be silent, say nothing. 

retineo, -tinul, -tentus, -tinere, 
[re-teneo], 2. v. a., hold back, re- 
st ra i n(q\\\n,from doing something), 
detain, retain, preserve, keep, main- 
tain (by not losing) : jura {observe, 
jnaintain) ; id memoria {keep, bear 
in mind). 



retorqueo, -torsi, -tortus, -tor- 
quere, [re-torqueo], 2. v. a., twist 

back, hurl back, roll back, turn back. 

retractatio, -onis, [retracta -f 
tio], F., a drawing back : sine ulla 
retractatione (without any shrink- 
ing or hesitation). 

retraho, -traxi, -tractus, -trahere, 
[re-traho], 3. v. a., drag back, bring 
back (a person), draw away. 

retundo, -tudi, -tusus, -tundere, 
[re-tundo], 3. v. a., beat back, blunt, 
dull the edge of. 

reus, -i, [re (as stem of res) -f- 
ius], M.j (with a case in court), a 
party (to a case). — Esp., a de- 
fendant, an accused person, the ac- 
cused. — Often to be rendered by a 
phrase, under accusation : reum fa- 
cere (bring to trial). 

revello, -velli, -vulsus, -vellere, 



[re-vello]. 



tear azvay, pull 



away, pull off. 

reverto, -verfi, -versus, -vertere, 
[re-verto], 3. v. n., act. in perf. 
tenses, return (turn about and go 
back, cf. redeo,£?/ back, come back). 

— Pass, as deponent in pres. tenses, 
return, go back, revert. 

revinco, -vici, -victus, -vincere, 
[re-vinco], 3. v. a. and n., subdue. 

— Fig., rcfitte, confute, put in the 
wrong. 

revlvisco (-esco), -vixi, no p.p., 
-viviscere, [re-vivisco], 3. v. n., come 
to life again, revive. 

revoco, -avi, -atus, -are, [re-voco], 
1. v. a., call back (either from or to 
something), call away, call off, re- 
call, draw back, withdraw, try to 
withdraw, restore (call back to). 

rex, regis, [y'REG as stem], M., a 
king (esp. in a bad sense, as a ty- 
rant). 

rheda (reda), -ae, [perh. Celtic 



i6o 



Vocabulary 



or Oscar, form akin to rota], F., a 
wagon (with four wheels). 

rhedarius (red-), -i, [rheda + 
ariusj, M., a driver (of a rheda). 

Rhegium (Reg-), -i, [Gr. 'Prj- 
yiou], N., a city of Bruttium opposite 
Sicily (Reggio). 

Rhenus, -i, [Celtic?], m., the 
Rhine. 

Rhodius, -a, -urn, [Rhodo+ius], 
adj., of Rhodes. — Plur., the Rhodi- 
ans, the people of Rhodes. 

Rhodus, -i, [Gr. 'Po'Sos], f., 
Rhodes, an island off the coast of 
Asia Minor, famous for its commerce 
and navigation. 

rldiculus, -a, -um, [frido- (wh. 
rideo) + cuius, cf. molliculus], 
adj., laughable, ridiculous, absurd. 

ripa, -ae, [?], f., a bank. 

rivus, -i, [akin to Gr. pica], M., a 
brook, a stream (not so large as 
flumen) . 

robur, -oris, [?], N., oak, tough 
wood. — Fig.,- strength (as resisting, 
cf. vis), vigor, endurance, vitality. 
— Esp., the flower, the strength. 

robustus, -a, -um, [robos- (orig. 
stem of robur) -f tus], adj., en- 
dowed with strength, vigorous, strong. 

rogatio, -onis, [roga + tio], f., 
an asking, a request. — Esp., {an 
asking of the people in assembly), a 
bill, a law (as proposed but not yet 
enacted). 

roga tus, -tus [roga+tus], m., a 
request. 

rogo, -avi, -atus, -are, [?], I. v. a. 
and n., ask, request, ask for. — Esp., 
ask of the people, propose (a law, etc.), 
pass (a bill, as the result of the 
asking). 

Roma, -ae, [?, perh. akin to Gr. 
pew, the river city], F., Rome. 

Romanus, -a, -um, [Roma-fnus], 



adj., Roman. — As subst., a Ro?nan : 
ludi Romani (also magni?, a great 
festival of the Romans, beginning 
Sept. 4, and lasting some fifteen 
days) . 

Romilius (also Romuleus), -a, 
-um, [Romulo -f ins], adj., of Romu- 
lus, Romilian. — Esp., Romilia, F., 
as the name of one of the tribes of 
Rome, Romilian (sc. tribe). 

Romulus, -i, [prob. manufactured 
from Roma], M., the eponymous 
hero, the founder of Rome. — Also 
of a statue of him as an infant. 

Roscius, -i, [?], M., a Roman 
family name. — -Esp.: I. Sex. Ros- 
cius of Ameria, killed in the Sullan 
proscription; 2. Another of the same 
name, the person defended against 
the charge of this murder in one of 
Cicero's orations; 3. Q. Roscius G al- 
ius, a famous actor and friend of 
Cicero, also defended by him in an 
extant oration; 4. T. Roscius Capitc, 
a kinsman of Sex. Roscius; 5. T. 
Roscius Magnus, another kinsman of 
the same. 

rostrum, -i, [^/rod- (in rodo) 
+ trum] , N., a beak. — Esp. of a 
ship, the beak, the ram (used as in 
modern naval fighting). — Esp., ros- 
tra, plur. the rostra or rostrum, a 
stage in the Forum from which the 
people were addressed, ornamented 
with the beaks of ships. 

Rudiae, -arum, [?], f. plur., a 
town of Calabria, where the poet 
Ennius was born. 

Rudinus, -a, -um, [Rudia-finus] , 
adj., of Rudiae. 

rudis, -e, [?], adj., rude, rough. 
— Fig., uneducated, unpolished, ig- 
norant. 

Rufio, -onis, [fRufio -f o], M., a 
slave's name. 



Vocabitlary. 



161 



Rilfus, -I, [prob. dialectic form 
of rubus, red], M., a Roman sur- 
name. 

ruliia, -ae, [prob. fruo- (V Rl *> 
in ruo) + na (f. of -nus). cf. rues, 
ruidus], F., a falling, an under- 
mining. — Fig., a downfall, a crash, 
a ruin. 

rumor, -oris, [rum (cf. rumito, 
as if root) + or], M., a rumor, a 
story (confused report), report, repu- 
tation (talk about one). 

rumpo, riipi, ruptus, rumpere, 
[■y/RUP (in rupes?)], 3. v. a., break 
(as a door, cf. frango, as a stick), 
burst. 

ruo, rui, rutus (ruiturus), ruere, 
[-y/RU (cf. ruina)], 3. v. a. and n., 
cause to fall, fall, go to ruin, be 
ruined, go to destruction. — Also (cf. 
fall tip oii), rush headlong, rush. 

rursus [for reversus, petrified 
as adv., cf. versus], adv., back again, 
back, again, on the other hand. 

rus, rims, [?], N., the country: 
ruri (in the country). 

riisticor, -atus, -ari, [rustico-], 
I. v. dep., go to the country. 

rusticus, -a, -um, [rus + ticus], 
adj., rural, rustic, country. — Masc. 
as subst., a countryman, a rustic. 



Sabinus, -a, -um, [unc. stem (cf. 
sabulum, sand) -j- inus], M., Sa- 
bine. — Plur. M., the Sabines. 

sacer, sacra, sacrum, [^/sac (in 
sancio) -j- ~rw3,~],di<\]., sacred. — Neut. 
plur., sacred riles, sacred objects, 
things sacred. 

saeerdos, -dotis, [sacro-dos ( ,/da 
+ tis)], M. and F., (arranger of 
sacred rites?) , a priest. 

sacramentum, -1, [ sacra-)- men- 



turn], N., a deposit (to secure an 
oath, orig. in a bargain), an oath. — 
Hence, a suit at law (of a peculiar 
form in use at Rome). 

sacrarium, -I, [x. of sacrarius 
(sacro + arius)], N., a shrine. 

sacrificiuiu, -i, [fsacrifico- (sa- 
cro-ffacus, cf. beneficus) -f ium], 
N., a sacrifice. 

sacro, -avi, -atus, -are, [sacro-], 
1. v. a., consecrate : leges sacratae 
(inviolable). 

sacrosanctus, -a, -um, (some- 
times separate), [sacr5 sanctus], 
adj., hallowed by religious rites, sa- 
cred, inviolable. 

saeculum (seculum, saeclum) , 
-i, [prob. seco- (or other stem akin 
to secus, sex) -f lum (cf. Lucr. 4, 
1223, no doubt ^/sa in sero)], N., 
a generation (orig. a family of off- 
spring), an age. — Esp. of future 
ages. 

saepe [n. of fsaepis (perh. same 
as saepes)], adv., often: minime 
saepe (most rarely). — saepius, 
compar., many times, repeatedly, 
again and again, so many times : 
semel et saepius (once and again) ; 
iterum et saepius (many many 
times). 

saepio (sep-), -si (-ii), -tus, -ire, 
[saepi- (cf. saepes, saepe)], 4. v. a., 
hedge in, enclose, surround, protect. 

saeptum (sep-), -i, [n. p.p. of 
saepio], N., an enclosure, a railing 
(esp. of the voting places at Rome). 

sagatus, -a, -um, [sago+atus], 
adj., clad in the sagum, in the garb 
of war, in arms. 

sagax, -acis, [sag (root of sagio) 
+ ax], adj., keen-scented, acute. 

saglno, -avi, -atus, -are, [sagi- 
na-], 1. v. a., fatten, feed. — Pass., 
gorge one's self, fatten (one's self). 



1 62 



Vocabulary. 



sagum, -i, [prob. borrowed], N., 
a military cloak (of coarse wool) : 
ad saga ire {put on the garb of 
■war, as was done at Rome in times 
of public danger) ; sumere saga 
(same meaning). 

Salami nil, -orum, [Salamin + 
ius], M. plur., the people of Salamis 
(the island off Attica, famous for the 
battle with the Persians, B.C. 480). 

saltern, [?], adv., at least, at any 
rate. 

salto, -avi, -atus, -are, [as if salto- 
after analogy of rapto, etc.], 1. v. n., 
dance, leap. 

saltus, -tus, [?, perh. -y/SAL (in 
salio) + tus], M., a wooded height, 
a glade, a pass (in the mountains), 
a pasture. 

saliis, -utis, [salvo (?) + tis (cf. 
virtus, Carmentis) ] , F., health, 
well-being, welfare, safety, preserva- 
tion, relief, deliverance, life (as 
saved or lost/), escape (safety in dan- 
ger), acquittal (on atrial, the regular 
word), restoration (to citizenship) : 
ratio salutis {means of safety, 
chances of acquittal) . — As a divinity, 
Health (implying also deliverance), 
who had a temple at Rome. 

salutaris, -e, [salut+aris], adj., 
healthful, wholesoine, beneficial, salu- 
tary, saving: civis (valuable, as 
aiding the welfare of the state) ; 
salutaribus rebus tuis {prosper- 
ous, not only for himself, but for the 
state). 

saluto, -avi, -atus, -are, [salut-], 
I. v. a., salute (wishing salus to 
one, cf. salve). — Esp., visit, call 
upon, a regular custom among the 
Romans. 

salvus, -a, -urn, [a/ sar (sal) -f- 
rus, cf. 6'Aos], adj., safe, whole, sound, \ 
saved, unharmed, uninjured. — In 



many phrases : nisi te salvo, etc. 
{unless all is well with you) ; salvus 
esse {survive, avoid ruin, flourish) ; 
salva urbe {so long as the city stands, 
in the city still standing) ; salva 
republica {without detriment to, etc., 
and often). 

Samos (-us), -i, [Gr. Sextos], F., 
a famous city on an island of the 
same name off the coast of Ionia. 

sancio, sanxi, sanctus (-itus), san- 
cire, [-y/SAC (in sacer)], 4. v. a., 
bind (in some religious manner), 
make sacred, solemnly establish (by 
law), ordain. — sanctus, -a, -um, 
p.p. as adj., holy, sacred, solemn, in- 
violable, ptire, venerable, inviolate, 
revered, conscientious. 

sancte [old abl. of sanctus], 
adv., piously, conscientiously. 

sanctitas, -tatis, [sancto -f tas], 
F., sacredness, sanctity, inviolability. 
— Also, piety, purity, conscientious- 
ness. 

sane [old abl. of sanus], adv., 
soundly, discreetly. — Usually, as 
weakened particle, no doubt, zuithozit 
question, certainly. — Oftener giving 
a light tone to the idea, by all means, 
at any rate, Pm sure, enough, if you 
like : sane ne haec quidem mihi res 
placebat {very muck); sane bene- 
volo animo {I'm sure); Siculi sane 
liberi {pretty independent) ; dica- 
tur sane {if he likes) ; sane varius 
{motley enough) ; pereant sane {for 
all me); fines exigui sane {none 
too wide); quaesierit sane {if you 
like); augeamus s&ne{by all means). 

sanguis (-en), -inis, [?], m., 
blood (as the vital fluid, generally in 
the body, cf. cruor), the life-blood 
(also as just shed). — So also, blood- 
shed, blood, murder. 

sanitas, -tatis, [sand + tas], f., 



Vocabulary. 



163 



soundness, sound mind, ordinary 
discretion. 

sano, -avi, -atus, -are, [sano-], 
I. v. a., make sound, make good, re- 
pair, cure, heal. 

sanus, -a, -urn, [-\/ SA " (akin to 
salvus) -f nus], adj., sound (in body 
or mind), sane, discreet: bene sanus 
{really wise). 

sapiens, -entis, [p. of sapio], as 
adj., wise, discreel, of discretion. — 
Esp. as subst., a philosopher. 

sapienter [sapient -f ter], adv., 
wisely, with wisdom. 

sapientia, -ae, [sapient+ia], f., 
wisdom. 

sapio, -ii (-IvI), no p.p., -ere, 
[?, ^/sat (akin to Gr. ao(p6s)~\, 
3. v. a. and n., taste (actively or pas- 
sively). — Hence, be zvise, have in- 
telligence. 

Sappho, -us, [Gr. Scnn^], F., the 
famous poetess of Mytilene in Les- 
bos. — Of a famous statue of her at 
Syracuse, stolen by Verres. 

Sardinia, -ae, [?], F., the island 
still called by that name in the Tus- 
can Sea. 

satelles, -itis, [?], M. or F., an at- 
tendant, a tool, a minister, a minion. 

satietas, -tans, [fsatio- (cf. sa- 
tio) + tas (cf. pietas)], f., satiety, 
appetite (as satisfied). 

satio, -avi, -atus, -are, [fsatio- 
(akin to satis), cf. satietas], i.v.a., 
satiate, satisfy, sate, glut, feast. 

satis [ ?], adv., enough, sufficiently, 
adequately. — Often with partitive, 
equivalent to a noun or adj., enough, 
sufficient : satis late( pretty widely); 
satis habere {consider sufficient, be 
satisfied) ; satis facere, see below. 

satisfacio, -feci, -facturus, -fa- 
cere, [satis facio], irr. v. n., do 
enough for, satisfy. 



satins [prob. compar. of satis], 
adj. and adv., better, preferable. 

Saturnalia, -ium and -iorum, 
[Saturno + alis], N. plur., the Sat- 
urnalia, the great feast of Saturn in 
December, beginning the 17th, dur- 
ing which the freedom of the golden 
age was imitated by all classes. 

Saturnlnus, -i, [prob. Saturnio 
+ inus], M., a Roman family name. 

— Esp., L. Appideius Saturninus, 
killed as a demagogue by Marius, 
B.C. 100. 

Satyrus, -i, [Gr. Sarupos], m., a 
satyr, a half-human deity of the for- 
ests, personating the vital force of 
nature, a frequent subject for works 
of art. 

saucius, -a, -um, [?], adj., 
wounded. 

Saxa, -ae, [?], M., a Roman fam- 
ily name. — Esp., L. Decidius Saxa, 
a friend of Antony. 

saxum, -i, [?], N., a rock. 

scaena (see-), -ae, [Gr. <skt]vi]\, 
F., (a bower), a stage (from the 
arched proscenium and background). 

scaenicus (see-), -a, -um, [scae- 
na + cus], adj., of the stage, scenic. 

Scaevola, -ae, [scaevo + la, sc. 
manus], M., a Roman family name. 

— Esp., P. Mitcius Sccevola, cons. 
B.C. 133. 

sealae, -arum, [y'scAD (in scan- 
do) + la], F. plur., a flight of stairs, 
stairs, steps. 

Scantia, -ae, [?], f., a Roman 
woman of the gens of that name, in 
some way wronged by Clodius. 

Scaurus, -i, [scaurus, " club- 
foot"], M., a Roman family name. — 
Esp., M. ALmilius Scaurus, cons. 
116, long famous as princeps sena- 
tus, cons, a second time, and censor. 
He was father-in-law of M'. Glabrio. 



164 



Vocabulary. 



scelerate [old abl. of scelera- 
tus], adv., criminally, wickedly, im- 
piously. 

sceleratus, -a, -um, [as if (perh. 
really) p.p. of scelero {stain zuith 
crime!)], adj., villanous, accursed. 
— As subst., a scoundrel, a vil- 
lain. 

scelestus, -a, -um, [scelus+tus], 
adj., (of acts), criminal, impious, 
wicked (cf. sceleratus, of persons). 

scelus, -eris, [?, cf. Gr. gk£\os, 
perh. orig. " crookedness," cf. pravus 
and wrong], N., crime, villany, wick- 
edness, a heinous crime: tantum 
scelus {such monstrous wickedness} . 

scena, see scaena. 

scenicus, see scaenicus. 

Schola, -ae, [schola], M., a Ro- 
man name, see Causinius. 

scientia, -ae, [scient -f ia], f., 
knowledge, acquaintance with (thing 
in the genitive, or clause). 

scilicet [prob. sci (imperative) 
licet], 3.dv.,yozi may knozu, of course, 
that is to say, in fact. — Often ironi- 
cal, forsooth. 

scio, scivi, scitus, scire, [?], 4.v.a., 
{separately, distinguish, know (a 
fact, cf. nosco), be aware: certo 
scio {I am very sure}; scitote {you 
must know, be assured, you may be 
sure). — sciens, -entis, p. as adj., 
having knowledge, well-informed, ex- 
perienced, skilful : prudens et sci- 
ens {with full knowledge, and with 
one's eyes open} ; nee imperante 
nee sciente nee praesente domino 
{without the order or knowledge or 
presence of, etc.) . 

Scipio, -onis, [scipio, staff], M., 
a Roman family name. — Esp. : 1 . 
See Africaims; 2. See Nasica; 
3. P. {Cornelius) Scipio {Nasica), 
an influential, but not famous, mem- 



ber of the family, active on the side 
of Sex. Roscius. 

sefscitor, -atus, -ari, [as if sci- 
scito-, p.p. of scisco], 1. v. dep., 
learn, ask, examine, make enquiries. 

scortum, -i, [?], n., a hide. — 
Also, a harlot. 

scriba, -ae, [-y/scRiB + a], m., a 
clerk. 

scribo, scripsi, scriptus, scribere, 
[?], 3. v. a. and n., write, give an ac- 
count (in writing), inscribe, set down, 
drazv up (of a law), write about, com- 
pose, record, appoint (in a written 
instrument), make (in writing). 

scriptor, -toris, [^/scrib + tor], 
M., a writer, an author. 

scriptiira, -ae, [^/scrib -f tura, 
but cf. pictura] , F., a writing. — 
Also (from the registering of the 
number of cattle pastured on the 
public lands), the public pastures, the 
pasture tax. 

scrutor, -atus, -ari, [scruta, rub- 
bish], I. v. dep., rummage, search, 
pry into. 

scutum, -i, [?], N., a shield, of 
the Roman legion, made of wood, 
convex, oblong (2 \ by 4 ft.), cov- 
ered with leather. 

Scyllaeus, -a, -um, [Gr. ~S,kv\- 
hcuos], adj., of Scylla (the famous 
rock in the Strait of Messina on the 
Italian side, corresponding to Cha- 
rybdis on the side of Sicily, danger- 
ous to mariners), Scyllaan. 

se- (seel-) [same word as sed(?)], 
insep. prep., apart, aside, away, etc. 

secedo, -cessi, -cessum (impers.), 
-cedere, [se-cedo], 3. v. n., with- 
draw, retire, go away. 

secerno, -crevi, -cretus, -cernere, 
[se-cerno] , 3. v. a., separate. — Less 
exactly, distinguish. — Also, set aside, 
reject. 



Vocabulary. 



16: 



secessio, -onis, [se-cessio, cf. se- 
cedo], F., a withdrawal^ a secession 
(a withdrawal for political reasons). 

secius, see secus. 

seco, secui, sectus, secare, [prob. 
causative of y'SEC], I. v. a., cut, 
reap. — There is possibly another 
meaning, follow. 

sector, -toris, [-^sec {follow or 
cut}, possibly two words) -f tor], M., 
a cutter. — Also, a purchaser of con- 
fiscated estates (or of booty taken in 
war) : de manibus sectorum (of the 
confiscation, harpies') ; sectores ac 
sicarii (sharpers and cut-throats). 

sector, -atus, -an, [prob. secta- 
(^/sequ + ta, cf. moneta)], i. v. 
dep., pursue, chase after, be in one's 
train. 

secundum, see secundus. 

secundus, -a, -um, [part, in -dus, 
of sequor], z&}., following. — Hence, 
second. — Also (as not opposing) , 
favorable, successful: res secundae 
(prosperity). — Neut. ace. as prep., 
along, in the direction of in accord- 
ance with, after. 

securis, -is, [-^/sec -f unc. term.], 
F., an axe. — Esp., the axe of the lie- 
tor (as a symbol of the power of life 
and death) : duodecim secures (i.e., 
two praetors). 

secus [t/seq (in sequor) + unc. 
term.], adv., (inferior), otherwise, 
less. — Compar., secius (setius), 
less: nihilo secius (none the less, 
nevertheless) . 

sed [abl. of unc. stem, cf. re], 
conj., (apart) (cf. seditio and se- 
curus), but (stronger than autem 
or at). 

sedeo, sedi, sessum (sup.), se- 
dere, [fsedo- (y/SED + us, cf. domi- 
seda and sedo)], 2. v. n., sit, sit 
still, remain seated, sit (here, there, 



etc.), sit by : ad portas imperator 
(be in arms, be). 

sedes, -is, [^/sed -f es (m. and f. 
term, corresponding to N. -us)], F., a 
seat. — Hence, an abode (both in 
sing, and plur.), an abiding-place, a 
place of abode, a home, a seat 

(fig-). J 

seditio, -onis, [sed-fitio (-fi + 
tio)], F., a secession, a mutiny, an 
uprising, a civil dishtrbance, an in- 
surrectioii, a riot. 

seditiose [old abl. of seditio- 
sus], adv., treasonably, with sedi- 
tious purpose, to excite a riot. 

seditiosus, -a, -um, [sedition -f 
osus (poss. as if fseditio -f osus, cf. 
initium)], adj., seditious, factious. 

sedo, -avi, -atus, -are, [causative 
of -^sed, or perhaps denominative of 
sedo-, cf. domiseda], 1. v. a., settle, 
quiet, allay, appease, repress, check, 
stop. 

sedulitas, -tatis, [sedulo -f tas] , 
F., assiduity, diligent attention, zeal, 
earnest endeavor, paiitstaking. 

seges, -etis, [unc. stem (cf. seco?) 
-ftis], F., a crop of grain (growing), 
a field (of grain) : seges ac mate- 
riam gloriae (the fertile source and 
raw material). 

segnis, -e, [?], adj., slow, inac- 
tive. — segnior (less active). 

segniter [segni -f ter], adv., 
slozuly, sluggishly : nihilo segnius 
(no less energetically). 

segrego, -avi, -atus, -are, [segreg- 
(se-grex, apart from the herd)\ 
I. v. a., separate, exclude. 

sejungo, -junxi, -junctus, -jun- 
gere, [se-jungo], 3. v. a., disjoin, 
separate. 

sella, -ae, [^/skd + la, cf. Gr. 
e'Spa], F., a seat, a bench, a stool, a 
work-bench (probably only a stool) ; 



\ 



1 66 



Vocabulary. 



curulis (the curule chair, a camp- 
stool with ivory legs, used by magis- 
trates). 

semel [prob. N. of adj., akin to 
similis], adv., once, once only : se- 
mel et saepius (more than once, 
again and again) ; ut semel (when 
once, as soon as). 

semen, -inis, [-y/SE n sero) + 
men], n., seed. — Also, figuratively. 

seminarium, -i, [semin+arius], 
N. (of adj.), a nursery. — Also figu- 
ratively. 

seniiustulatus (semfis-), -a, 
-um, [p.p. of semiustulo], as adj., 
half-burned. 

semper [fsemo-(?) (in semel) 
-per (cf. parumper)], adv., through 
all time, all the time, always, every 
time. 

sempiternus, -a, -um, [semper 
(weakened, for a stem) + ternus, 
cf. hesternus], adj., eternal, forever. 

Sempronius, -a, -um, [?], adj., 
of the gens Se?npronia (itself the fern, 
of the adj.). — Esp. of C. Sempro- 
nius Gracchus (see Gracchus) : 
lex Sempronia (Sempronian law, 
of Gracchus, securing the rights of 
Roman citizens). 

senator, -toris, [fsena- (as if 
verb-stem akin to senex, perh. really 
so, cf. senatus) + tor], m., (an 
elder). — Hence, a senator (esp. of 
Rome), a member of the Senate. 

senatorius, -a, -um, [senator + 
ius], adj., of the senators, of the Sen- 
ate, of a senator, senatorial. 

senatus, -tus, [fsena- (as if, perh. 
really, verb-stem akin to senex)], 
M., a senate (council of old men). — 
Esp., the Senate (of Rome, the great 
body of nobles acting as an adminis- 
trative council). (The word ex- 
presses the body as an order in the 



state, or as a council, and also a 
meeting of the body.) 

senatus consultum, see the sep- 
arate parts of the phrase. 

senectQs, -tutis, [senec (as stem 
of senex) + tus, cf. virtus], f., 
age (advanced), old age, riper years 
(not necessarily age in Eng. sense). 

senex [seni (stem of oblique 
cases) -f- cus (reduced)], senis [?, 
cf. seneschal], adj. (only M.), old. — 
Esp. as subst, an old man (above 
forty-five), the elder (of two of the 
same name), senior. 

senilis, -e, [seni- (see senex) -f- 
lis (or -ilis)], adj., of an old man : 
corpus (aged). 

senium, -i, [seni- (see senex) 
-f ium], N., age (as a decline), senil- 
ity. — Less exactly, weakness, sad- 
ness, torpor. 

sensim [as if ace. of fsensis, 
verbal of sentio, cf. partim], adv., 
(perceptibly). — Hence (cf. subito 
and repente, its opposites),^/-^^- 
ally, by degrees. 

sensus, -us, [sent- (as root of 
sentio) -f tus], m., feeling (as be- 
longing to humanity, etc.), sensation, 
a feeling, feelings (in both sing, and 
plur.), the senses (in both sing, and 
plur.), consciousness, the power of 
sense, a sentiment (a way of feeling). 
— Hence, a sense, a meaning. 

sententia, -ae, [fsentent- (p. of 
simpler pres. of sentio) -f- ia], f., 
(feeling, thinking). — Hence, a way 
of thinking, an opinion, a view, a 
determination, a sentiment, a feel- 
ing, a purpose, a design. — Esp., 
officially, a judgment, an opinion, a 
sentetice, a vote, a decision, an ex- 
pression of opinion, a ballot (a writ- 
ten expression of opinion). — Esp.: 
verba atque sententiae (words and 



Vocabulary. 



167 



ideas or expressions) \ divisa est 
sententia {the vote was divided') ; in 
eandem seiitentiam(/0 the same pur- 
port); de sententia amicorum {by 
the advice, etc.); in eadem senten- 
tia {of the same mind). — senten- 
tiae, plur., a verdict, votes of a jtcry. 

sentlna, -ae, [?], F., bilge water. 
— Fig., the dregs, a cesspool. 

sentio, sensi, sensus, sentire, [?], 
4. v. a., perceive (by the senses), feci, 
know, see, think (of an opinion made 
up), learn about, learn, find (by ex- 
perience). — Hence, hold an opinion, 
take sides, side, hold a view (of some 
kind). — Also absolutely, possess sen- 
sation, feel. 

separo, -avi, -atus, -are, [se-(sed-) 
paro], I. v. a., {get apart}), sepa- 
rate. — Esp. p.p., separatus, -a, 
-um, as adj., separate. 

sepelio, -ivi (-ii), sepultus, -ire, 
[?], 4. v. a., bury. — Less exactly and 
fig., put to rest, destroy, end, ruin, 
bury in ruins. 

sepes, see saepes. 

sepio, see saepio. 

Seplasia, -ae, [?], F., a place in 
Capua where ointments (i.e., per- 
fumes) were sold. 

septem [ ?, cf. seveti~\, indecl. num. 
adj., seven. 

Septimius, -i, [septimo + ius]. 
M., a Roman gentile name, cf. Octa- 
vius. — Esp., P. Septimius, an ob- 
scure senator, condemned for extor- 
tion. 

Septimus, -a, -um, [septem -f 
mus, cf. primus], adj., the seventh. 

septum, see saeptum. 

sepulcram (sepulchrum), -i, 
[tsepul (as if root of sepelio, or a 
kindred stem) -f crum (cf. lava- 
crum)], x., a tomb, a grave, a bur- 
ial place. 



sepultura, -ae, [fsepultu (sepel, 
in sepelio, prob. compound, + tus) 
+ ra (f. of -rus)], i\, burial, bury- 
ing, burial rites, funeral rites (even 
in cremation). 

sequester, -tris, [akin to sequor, 
prob. fsequit- (cf. comes, eques) 
-f tris (cf. equester)], m., (a de- 
positary in a suit at law of the prop- 
erty in dispute). — Less exactly, a 
depositary (of money for bribery). 

sequor, secutus, sequi, [.y/SEQU], 
3. v. dep., follow, accompany. — Fig., 
follow the dictates of, obey, be guided 
by, follow, adopt (an opinion), side 
with, aim at. 

Sergius, -i, [perh. Sabine], M., a 
Roman gentile name, see Catilina. 

— Also, T. Sergius Gall us (perh. 
Sextius or Sestius), an unknown 
person who had an estate at Bovillre. 

sermo, -onis, [ v ser (in sero, 
twine) -+- mo (prob. -mo+o)], m., (se- 
ries?). — Hence, conversation (con- 
tinuous series of speech), talk, inter- 
course, conversation with, common 
talk, speech. — Also, language. 

sero [abl. of serus],adv., too late. 

— Comp., serius, too late. 
serpo, serpsi, no p.p., serpere, 

[^/SERP, cf. eprco], 3. v. n., creep. — 
Fig., wind its way, spread. 

Sertorianus,--a, -um, [Sertorio 
+ anus], adj., of Sertorius, esp. the 
one mentioned above. 

Sertorius, -i, [sertor(?) -f ius], 
M., {garland-maker}) , a Roman gen- 
tile name. — Esp., Q. Sertorius, a 
partisan of Marius, who held a com- 
mand in Spain against the party of 
Sulla from B.C. 80 to B.C. 72. 

sertum, -i, [p.p. of sero, twine], 
X., a garland, a wreath. 

serus, -a, -um, [perh. akin to 
sero], adj., late, long delayed. 



Vocabulary. 



servllis, -e, [servi (as if stem of 
servus or akin, cf. servio) -f- lis], 
adj., of slaves, of a slave, servile: in 
servilem modum {like slaves) ; bel- 
lum {the servile war, the revolt of 
the slaves under Spartacus in B.C. 73). 

Serviiius, -I, [servili + ius], m., 
a Roman gentile name. — Esp. : 
1. P. Servilhis Vatia Isanicus, cons. 
B.C. 79; 2. C. Serviiius Ahala, see 
Ahala; 3. C. Serviiius Glaucia, see 
Glaucia; 4. P. Serviiius Vatia, son 
of 1, cons. B.C. 48 with Caesar. 

servio, -ii (-ivi), -iturus, -ire, 
[servi- (as if stem of servus or 
akin, cf. servilis)], 4. v. n., be a 
slave (to some one or something), be 
in subjection. — Less exactly, devote 
one's self to, cater to, be influenced 
by, consult for, be subservient to, do 
a service to. 

servitium, -i, [ servo -f-tium (cf. 
amicitia)], N., {slavery). — Hence 
(cf. juveutus), a body of slaves, 
slaves (esp. in plural). 

servitus, -tutis, [as if fservitu 
(servo + tus) + tis, cf. iuventus, 
sementis, perh. immediately servo 
+ tus, -tutis], F., slavery, servitude. 

Servius, -i, [servo -f ius], m., a 
Roman praenomen. 

servo, -avi, -atus, -are, [servo-], 
1. v. a., watch, guard, keep, preserve, 
maintain. — Esp. in language of 
augury, watch (for omens) : de caelo 
{see an omen, a process used to stop 
proceedings by one colleague against 
another). 

servolus (-ulus), -i, [servo + 
Ius], M., a little slave, a slave (with 
a suggestion of disparagement). 

servus, -i, [unc. root (-y/SER, 
bind?) + vus], M., a slave. 

sese, see sui. 

sestertius, -i, [semis-tertius (two 



whole ones and) the third a half}'], 
M. of adj. (with nummus), two and 
a half asses, a sesterce (a sum of 
money, about five cents) . 

Sestius (Sext-), -i, m., a Roman 
gentile name. — Esp., P. Sestius, a 
Roman defended by Cicero in an 
oration still extant. 

setius, see secus. 

seu, see sive. 

severe [old abl. of severus], 
adv., with strictness, with severity, 
harshly. 

severitas, -tatis, [severo + tas], 
F., strictness, harshness, severity. 

severus, -a, -um, [?], adj., stem, 
strict, severe, harsh. 

Sex., abbreviation for Sextus. 

sexaginta [sex -f unc. term., cf. 
Gr. e^rjKovra], indecl. num. adj., sixty. 

sextilis, -e, [sexto + His], adj., 
{of the sixth). — Hence, of August. 

Sextius, see Sestius. 

sextus, -a, -um, [sex+tus], adj., 
sixth. 

Sextus, -i, M., preceding as proper 
name (orig. the sixth-bom). 

si [locative, prob. akin to se], 
conj., {in this way, in this case, so, 
cf. sic), if, in case, on condition 
that, supposing. — Esp., to see if, 
whether. — See also si quis. 

Sibylllnus, -a, -um, [Sibylla + 
inus], adj., of the Sibyl, Sibylline: 
fata {the Sibylline books, a collection 
of prophecies held in great venera- 
tion at Rome). 

sic [si-ce, cf. hie], adv., so, in 
this manner, in such a manner, in 
this way, thus : sic . . . ut {so . . . that, 
so well . . . that); sic accepimus 
{this). — sicuti, sicut, as conj.,_/W 
as, jtist as if, as. 

sica, -ae, [prob. akin to seco], F., 
a dawer. 



Vocabulary 



6 9 



sicarius, -i, [sica+arius], M., an 
assassin, a cut-throat, a hired ruffian 
(one who commits murder for money). 

Sicilia, -ae, [Gr. SiKeAia], F., 
Sicily. 

Siciliensis, -e, [Sicilia + ensis], 
adj., of Sicily, Sicilian. — As subst., 
a Sicilian. 

Siculns, -a, -um, [Gr. ~2,iKe\6s], 
adj., Sicilian, of Sicily. — Plur. as 
subst., the Sicilians. 

sicut (sicuti), see sic. 

SIgeum, -i, [Gr. 'S.tyeiov'], N., a 
promontory near Troy, where was the 
supposed tomb of Achilles. 

signifer, -fieri, [signo-fer (-y/FER 
+ us)], M., a standard-dearer. 

siguificatio, -onis, [significa + 
tio], F., a making of signs, a signal, 
a sign, an intimation, a warning, 
an indication. 

sigiiifico, -avi, -atus, -are, [fsig- 
nifico- (signo-ficus)], 1. v. n. and a., 
make signs, indicate, make known, 
spread news, give an intimation, give 
information, intimate, hint at, give 
an indication, show signs of. 

signum, -i, [unc. root + num (n. 
of -nus)], I\\, (orig. a cut tally-mark}, 
a device} , a sign, a mark, a signal. 

— Esp., a standard (for military pur- 
poses, carried by each body of men, 
consisting of some device in metal 
on a pole). — So often, signa mili- 
taria (to distinguish this meaning). 

— In phrases: conlatis signis {in 
a regular battle) ; signis inferendis 
(in battle array, with an armed 
force) ; see military expressions in 
Vocab. to Caesar. — Also, a statue, a 
seal, a constellation. 

Silanion (-io), -onis, [?], m., a 
Greek sculptor of the time of Alex- 
ander the Great. 

Silanus, -i, [?], M., a Roman 



family name. — Esp., D. Junius Si- 
lanus, cons. B.C. 62, who voted in 
the Senate for the death of the Cati- 
linarian conspirators. 

silentium, -i, [silent + ium], n., 
silence, quiet. — silentio, abl., in si- 
lence, silently. 

sileo, -ui, no p.p., -ere, [?], 2. v. n. 
and a., be silent, say nothing, be silent 
about, pass over in silence. 

silva, -ae, [?], F., a forest, woods, 
forests. — Plur. in same sense. 

Silvanus, -i, [silva -f nus], m., 
(of the woods). — A Roman family 
name. — Esp., M. Plaulius Silvanus, 
tribune, B.C. 89, author of the Plau- 
tian Papirian law, see Plotius. 

Silvester (-tris), -tris, -tie, [silva- 
(as if silves-, cf. palustris)+tris], 
adj., woody, wooded. 

similis, -e, [fsimo- (cf. simplex, 
semper, simitu) + lis], adj., like, 
similar, almost equal. 

similiter [simili -f- ter], adv., in 
like manner, likewise, in like degree, 
in the same zuay. 

similitudo, -inis, [simili-)- tudo], 
F., likeness, resemblance (to, genitive). 

simplex, -icis, [sim- (in similis, 
etc.), -plex (-y/PLiC, as stem)], adj., 
simple, without complication. 

simpliciter [simplici- (as stem 
of simplex) + ter], adv., simply, 
with simplicity. 

simul [n. of similis, cf. facul], 
adv., at the same time, as soon as : 
simul atque (as soon as) . 

simulacrum, -i, [simula+crum], 
N., an image, a statue, a representa- 
tion, a likeness. 

simulatio, -onis, [simula + tio] , 
F., a pretence, a show. 

simulo, -avi, -atus, -are, [ simili - 
(as if, perh. orig., fsimulo)], I. v. a., 
pretend, ??iake a show of (something). 



170 



Vocabulary. 



simultas, -tatis, [simili- (cf. si- 
mul) + tas], F., {likeness!, equal- 
ity?), rivalry. — Hence, a grudge, a 
quarrel, an enmity. 

sin [si-ne], conj., (if not), but if. 

sincerus, -a, -urn, [?], adj., pure, 
tmmixed, unadulterated, tincontam- 
inated. 

sine [?], prep., without, free from. 

singularis, -e, [singulo + aris], 
adj . , solitary, single. — Hence, unique, 
peculiar , special, extraordinary, un- 
paralleled, unequalled, marvellous. 

singuli, -ae, -a, [sim- (in similis) 
-f unc. term.], adj., one at a time, 
single, each, one by one, several (sever- 
ally), every, individually, separately. 

sino, sivi, situs, sinere, [v^ 1 ( or " 
unc. meaning)], 3. v. a., (lay down, 
cf. pono), leave. — Hence, permit, 
allow, suffer. — In orig. meaning, 
situs, lying: quantum est situm 
in nobis (so far as in me lies). 

Sinope, -is, [Gr. *ZivdyKt\\, f.,_ a 
city in Paphlagonia. 

sinus, -us, [?], M., a fold. — 
Hence, a bay, an inlet. — Esp., a 
fold (of the toga across the bosom) , 
the bosom. 

si quando, if ever, whenever. — 
Cf. si and quando. 

si quidem, if at least, in so far 
as, since. — Cf. si and quidem. 

si quis, see si and quis. 

sis [si vis], phrase, if you please, 
will you : cave sis (look out now). 

sisto, stiti, status, sistere, [-y/STA, 
reduplicated], 3. v. a. and n., place, 
set, stand, stop. — status, -a, -urn, 
p.p., set, appointed. 

sitis, -is, [?], F., thirst. 

situs, -tus, [^/si (in sino) -ftus], 
M., (a laying, a leaving), situation, 
position. 

slve, seu, [si-ve], conj., if either, 



or if: sive . . . sive (either . . . or, 
whether . . . or). 

Sinyrnaeus, -a, -um, [Gr. 2/j.vp- 
uaios~\, adj., of Smyrna (a city of 
Ionia in Asia Minor). — Plur., the 
people of Smyrna. 

sobrius, -a, -um, [?, cf. ebrius], 
adj., sober. 

soeer, -eri, [?], m., a father-in-law . 

socia, -ae, [f. of socius], f., a 
sharer, an associate. 

societas, -tatis, [socio -f tas], F., 
a sharing, an alliance, an associa- 
tion, a partnership. — Esp., a joint- 
stock company (for great enterprises, 
as in modern times), a company: 
multarum rerum societas (many 
associations); in societatem venire, 
se offerre (to share, etc.). 

socius, -1, [y'SEQU + ius], M., a 
companion, an ally, a sharer, an 
associate,- a partner. 

sodalis, -is, [?], M. and F., a com- 
panion, a coinrade, a crony, a boon 
companion. 

sol, solis, [?], M., the stin. — See 
also oriens, occidens, and ortus. 

solacium, see solatium. 

solatium (solac-), -I, [solato + 
ium], N., a consolation, a solace. 

solennis, see sollemnis. 

soleo, -solitus sum, solire, [?], 
2. v. n., be zvont, be accustomed, do 
commonly (with Eng. verb, as in con- 
text), be in the habit, etc., use (to, 
etc.) : sic fieri solet (is commonly 
the case) ; sicut poetae solent (as 
is the habit of poets). 

solitudo, -inis, [solo + tudo], k., 
loneliness. — Hence, a wilderness, a 
desert, solitude, seclusion, a lonely 
place. 

sollemnis (solen-, sollen-), -e, 
[fsollus- (every) annus], adj., an- 
nual, yearly, stated, established. — 



Vocabulary. 



i;i 



Hence,(established by religious sanc- 
tion), solemn, religious, sacred. 

sollicitatio, -onis, [sollicita -f- 
tio], F., (actively), a tampering with. 

— Also, (passively), anxiety. 
sollicito, -avi, -atus, -are, [sol- 

licito-], i.v. a. and n., stir up, rouse, 
instigate, make overtures to, tamper 
with, approach (with money, etc.), 
offer bribes to. — Also, disturb, make 
anxious, trouble. 

sollicitudo, -inis, [as if, perh. 
really, fsollicitu- (stem akin to sol- 
licitus) + do], F., anxiety, solici- 
tude. 

sollicitus, -a, -um, [fsollo-citus, 
ivholly roused], adj., agitated, anx- 
ious, 7tneasy, troubled. 

solum, see solus. 

solum, -i, [?], n., the soil, the 
foundation. 

solus, -a, -um, [?], adj., alone, 
only, the only. — solum, N. as adv., 
alone, only. 

solutio, -onis, [solvi- (as stem of 
solvo) + tio, cf. solutus], F., a 
setting free. — Esp. (cf. solvo), a 
payment, payment. 

solutus, -a, -um, p.p. of solvo. 

solvo, solvi, solutus, solvere, 
[prob. se-luo], 3. v. a., unbind, loose. 

— Fig., set free, exempt, acquit, ab- 
solve. — Also, pay (release an obli- 
gation), perform (a due). — Esp., 
solutus, -a, -um, p.p., set free, unre- 
strained, unembarrassed, remiss. 

somnus, -1, [somp- (as if root of 
sopio, etc., with intrusive n, as in 
pingo) + nus], m., sleep, slumber. 

sono, -ui, -aturus, -are, [partly 
sono-, partly root verb], 1. v. n. and 
a., sound. — With cognate ace, sound 
-with, have a sound (of a certain 
character), sound: pingue quiddam 
(sound somewhat coarse). 



sonus, -i, [VSON + us ]> M -> a 
sound. 

sopio, -ivi (-ii), -itus, -ire, [causa- 
tive of -y/sop (cf. somnus), or de- 
nominative of kindred stem], 4. v. a., 
put to sleep : sopita consuetudo 
{put to sleep, asleep). 

sordes, -is, [^/sord- (cf. swart) 
4- es], F., dirt, filth. — Fig., mean- 
ness, dirty tricks, mean dishonesty. 
— Also, wretchedness (of apparel in 
mourning), dust and ashes (?). 

sordidatus, -a, -um, [sordido + 
atus, cf. candidatus, perh. real 
p.p.], adj., filthy. — Esp. of clothes, 
(in mourning and otherwise), clad 
in mourning (cf. " in sackcloth and 
ashes "). 

soror, -oris, [?, cf. sister - ], F., a sis- 
ter : soror ex matre (a half-sister) . 

sors, sortis, [perh. ^/ser (in sero) 
-f- tis, but the orig. sense is una], 
F., a lot (for divination), a designa- 
tion by lot, a choice by lot, a drawing 
(of a jury), an allotment. 

sortior, -itus, -iri, [sorti-], 4. v. 
dep., cast lots, draw lots, draw a jury 
(by lot). — Hence, obtain by lot. 

sortitio, -onis, [sort! + tio], F., a 
drawing by lot, an allotment, a divi- 
sion by lot, a drawing (of a jury by 
lot). 

sortitus, -tus, [sorti + tus], m., 
an allotment, an assignment (by lot). 

Sp., abbreviation for Spurius. 

spargo, sparsi, sparsus, spargere, 
[■y/Si'ARG], 3. v. a., scatter, fling 
about. — Fig., spread, extend. 

Spartacus, -i, [?], m., a famous 
gladiator, who roused a servile war 
in Italy, B.C. 73. 

spatium, -I, [?], N., space, extent, 
a space, a distance. — Transf., time, 
space of time, lapse of time, a period. 

species, -iei, [.y/sPEC + ies (akin 



172 



Vocabulary. 



to -ia)], F., {a sight, prob. both act. 
and pass.). — Passively, a sight, a 
show, an appearance, a spectacle, {a 
splendid action). 

spectaculum, -1, [specta + cu- 
lum], N., a sight, a show, a spectacle. 

specto, -avi, -atus, -are, [specto-], 
I. v. a. and n., look at, regard, gaze 
upon, have regard to, look towards, 
aim at, be aimed at, tend. — spec- 
tatus, p.p. as adj., tried, proved, es- 
teemed, estimable. 

specula, -ae, [fspeca- (^/SFEC+a, 
cf. conspicor) + la], F., a watch- 
tower, a lookout: in speculis {on 
the lookout). 

speculator, -toris, [specula + 
tor], M., a spy, a scout. 

speculor, -atus, -ari, [speculo-], 
I. v. dep., spy, reconnoitre, watch: 
speculandi causa {as a spy). 

spero, -avi, -atus, -are, [spes- 
(prob. orig. stem of spes) with r 
for s], I. v. a. and n., hope, hope for, 
expect, have hope for : bene sperare 
{have good hope) . 

spes, -el, [?], F.,hope, expectation, 
hopes. 

splritus, -tus, [spiri- (as stem of 
spiro) + tus], M., breath, the air 
we breathe. — Also, spirit, inspira- 
tion. — Hence in plur., pride, arro- 
gance. 

K spiro, -avi, -atums, -are, [?], i.v.n. 
and a., breathe, blow : spirante re- 
publica {still breathing) ; spirans 
{alive). 

splendidus, -a, -urn, [prob. fsplen- 
do+dus, cf. splendeo, splendico], 
adj., bright, shining, brilliant : causa 
splendidior fiet {gain in lustre). — 
Esp. as epithet of the middle class, 
distinguished (by wealth and char- 
acter, cf. amplus), conspicuous, 
prominent. 



splendor, -oris, [splend (as if 
root of splendeo) + or (for -os)], 
M., brilliaitcy, lustre. — Hence, prom- 
inence, brilliant position, brilliant 
character. 

spollatio, -onis, [spolia + tio], 
F., a despoiling, a robbery, spoliation, 
unlawful deprivation. 

spolio, -avi, -atus, -are, [spolid-], 
I. v. a. and n., despoil, strip. — Fig., 
rob, deprive, despoil, plunder. — Ab- 
solutely, despoil one's enemy, take the 
spoil. 

spolium, -i, [unc, cf. Gr. <tkv\ov], 
N., {hide?). — Hence, spoil (of a 
slain enemy, also fig.). 

spondeo, spopondi, spdnsus, spon- 
dere, [prob. formed from borrowed 
Gr. (TTTOvSi], league - ], 2. v. a. and n., 
promise (solemnly) , pledge one's self 

spongia, -ae, [Gr. crKoyyia], F., a 
sponge (used, as now, for cleaning). 

spontis (gen.), sponte (abl.), 
[prob. akin to spondeo], f., only 
with pers. pron. or (poetic) genitive, 
of one's own accord, voluntarily. 

spurco, -avi, -atus, -are, [spurco-], 
I. v. a., defile. 

Spurius, -i, [spurius, bastard], 
M., a Roman praenomen. 

squaleo,-ui, no p.p., -ere, [fsqua- 
le- (cf. squales, squalidus)], 2.v.n., 
be filthy. — Esp. of mourning (cf. 
sordidus), be in mourning, be in 
sorrow (in the garb of sorrow). 

squalor, -oris, [squal- (as root of 
squaleo) -f or (for-os)], m., squalor. 
— Esp. for mourning, mourning, 
wretched apparel. 

stabilio, -ivi (-ii), -itus, -ire, 
[stabili-], 4. v. a., make firm, estab- 
lish, secure, firmly establish. 

stabilis, -e, [V STA + *>ilis, perh. 

through intermediate stem], adj., 

] standing firmly, stable, enduring.- — 



Vocabulary 



173 



Fig., constant, consistent, unwaver- 
ing. 

stabilitas, -tatis, [stabili + tas], 
F., steadiness, firmness, fir in founda- 
tions. 

Statilius, -T, [akin to sto], M., a 
Roman gentile name. — Esp., L. Sta- 
tilius, one of the Catilinarian con- 
spirators. 

statim [ace. of fstatis (sta -f- 
tis)], adv., (as one stands, on the 
spot), at once, forthwith, immedi- 
ately. 

Stator, -toris, [ y' STA + tor], M -> 
the Stayer, an appellation of Jove as 
the stayer of flight. 

statua, -ae, [statu + a (or -va)], 
F., a statue (usually of men, cf. sig- 
num, effigies of gods as well) . 

statuo, -ui, -utus, -uere, [statu-], 
3. v. a., set up. — Hence, establish, 
resolve upon, determine, decide, con- 
sider, make up one's mind, take meas- 
ures, set up as, regard as : modum 
(set a limit) ; aliquid severe (take 
any severe measures) ; in aliquem 
(deal with one) . 

status, -tus, [^/sta + tus], M., 
(a standing or setting tip), a posi- 
tion, a condition, a state. 

status, -a, -um, see sisto. 

sterno, stravi, stratus, sternere, 
[■y/STER, cf. strages], 3. v. a., scat- 
ter, strew. — Hence, lay loiv, pros- 
trate : stratus (prostrate, lying low, 
grovelling). 

stimulus, -I, [fstigmo- (y'STic 
+ mus) + lus], M., a goad, a spur. 
Fig., a stimulus, a spur, an incen- 
tive. 

stipendiarius, -a, -um, [stipen- 
dio -f- arius], adj., tributary, tinder 
tribute, subject to tribute (paying a 
fixed sum, cf. vectigalis). 

stipendium, -i, [stipi- and stem 



akin to pendo (perh. fpendus, cf. 
pendulus) + ium], N., a tribute. — 
Also, pay (for military service), ser- 
vice, a campaign (as served and paid 
for). 

stipo, -avi, -atus, -are, [fstipo- 
(cf. obstipus), akin to stipes], 
1. v. a., crowd. — Hence, surround 
with a crozvd, surround. 

stirps, stirpis, [?], M. and F., a 
stock. — Fig., a race, a stock, the root 
(malorum). 

sto, steti, staturus, stare, [^/sta], 

1. v. n., (active meanings usually re- 
ferred to sisto, the reduplicated 
form), stand, stand up : stans (stand- 
ing, not overthrown). 

strepitus, -tus, [strepi- (as stem 
of strepo) + tus], M., a noise, a 
rattling, a murmur (of approval or 
otherwise), a din. 

studeo, studui, no p.p., studere, 
[fstudo- (or fstuda-), cf. studium], 

2. v. n., be eager for or to, be devoted 
to, pay altentio7J to, attend to, desire, 
be bent on (doing something), aim 
at, be anxious (to, etc.). 

studiose [old abl. of studiosus], 
adv., eagerly, with care, with pains. 

studiosus, -a, -um, [studio -f 
osus], adj., zealous, fond of, devoted. 

studium, -1, [prob. fstudd-fium, 
cf. studeo], N., eagerness, zeal, in- 
terest, desire, devotion, fondness (for 
a thing), enthusiasm. — Hence, a 
pzirstiit (to which one is devoted), 
a profession, an occupation, a taste 
(for anything), a study. — Esp., a 
party, partisan zeal, party feeling, 
partisan favor : in eo studio par- 
tium (in favor of that party); con- 
silia studia (?neasures and party 
spirit). 

stulte [old abl. of stultus], adv., 
foolishly. 



'74 



Vocabulary 



stultitia, -ae, [stulto -f- tia], f., 
folly, stupidity. 

stultus, -a, -um [stul (in stoli- 
dus) + tus], adj., (stupefied 1), fool- 
ish, stupid, silly. — Often rendered 
by a noun, a fool, utter folly, etc. 

stuprum, -i, [perh. akin to stu- 
peo] , N., rape, lewdness, debauchery. 

suadeo, suasi, suasus, suadere, 
[causative of ^/svad, cf. suavis, 
but perh. partly denom., cf. suadus], 
2. v. n. and a., {make agreeable to?), 
advise, persuade (without effect, cf. 
persuadeo), convince. — Esp. of 
laws, favor, support. 

suavis, -e, [ ^/svad -f us, cf. le- 
vis], adj., sweet, agreeable, pleasant. 

sub (in comp. subs), [unc. case, 
prob. abl. (cf. subs) akin to super], 
adv. (in comp.) and prep. a. With 
abl. (of rest in a place), under. — 
Also, just by.-— b. With ace. (of mo- 
tion towards a place), under, close 
to. — Of time, just at, just before. — 
c. In comp., . under, up (from un- 
der), axvay (from beneath), secretly 
(underhand), in succession, a little, 
slightly. 

subactus, -a, -um, p.p. of subigo. 

subc-, see succ-. 

subeo, -ii, -itus, -ire, [sub-eo], 
irr.v.a., go under, undergo, encounter . 

subf-, see sufF-. 

subhorridus, -a, -um, [sub-hor- 
ridus], adj., rather rough. 

subicio (subji-) , -jeci, -jectus, 
-icere, [sub-jacio], 3. v. a., throw 
under, place below, place under, sub- 
ject, expose to. — Esp. of fire, set, 
tise to light. — Also, palm off upon, 
forge (of wills). — Also, throw zip, 
hand up. 

subigo, -egi, -actus, -igere, [sub- 
ago], 3. v. a., bring under, subject, 
subdue, crush. 



subito, see subitus. 

subitus, -a, -um, [p.p. of subeo], 
adj., {coming up secretly from under), 
sudden, suddenly (as if adv. taken 
with the verb), quick, hasty. — sub- 
ito, abl. as adv., suddenly, of a sud- 
den, all at once. 

subjector, -toris, [as if sub-fjac- 
tor, cf. subicio], m., a forger. 

subjicio, see subicio. 

sublatus, -a, -um, [sub-(t)latus], 
p.p. of tollo. 

sublevo, -avi, -atus, -are, [sub- 
levo], 1. v. a., lighten tip, lighten, 
relieve, raise, raise up, assist, render 
assistance. 

suboles (sob-), -is, [sub-foles 
(y'OL+es, cf. olesco)], f., offspring. 

subp-, see supp-. 

subsellium, -i, [sub-fsellium 
(sella + ium)], n., a bench, a seat 
(esp. in the senate house or court). 

subsidium, -i, [sub-fsedium 
(^/sed + ium)], N., {a sitting in 
reserve), a reserve, a reinforcement, 
help, relief, support, assistance, means, 
resources, a source of supplies (of any 
kind) : patriae {stay). 

subsido, -sedi, -sessurus, -sidere, 
[sub-sido], 3. v. n., sit down, remain 
behind, stop, stay. 

subsortior, -itus, -iri, [sub-sor- 
tior], 4. v. dep., draw in place of 
some one, have a substitute (drawn 
by lot). 

substructio, -onis, [sub-structio, 
cf. substruo], F., a fotindation, a 
substruction. 

subsum, -fui, -futurus, -esse, [sub- 
sum], irr. v. n., be under, be tinder- 
neath, be near, be close by (a certain 
distance off), be near at hand, ap- 
proach. 

subterfugio, -fugl, no p.p., -fu- 
gere, [subter-fugio], 3. v. 11. and a., 



Vocabulary. 



175 



escape (from under something that 
impends). 

subtilis, -e, [akin to sub and 
tela], adj., _/?//<•, subtle. 

subtiliter [subtili + ter], adv., 
finely, acutely : judicare (be a 
shrewd judge). 

suburbanus, -a, -urn, [sub-urbe 
-f anus], adj., suburban. — Esp. N. 
as subst., a suburban estate, a villa. 

succedo, -cessi, -cessurus, -cede- 
re, [sub-cedo], 3. v. n., come tip, ad- 
vance, come in place of, succeed to, 
take the place of, come next. — Also, 
be successful, prosper. 

sueeenseo, see susceiiseo. 

succurro, -curri, -cursurus, -cur- 
rere, [sub-curro], 3. v. n., rush to 
support, rush to one's rescue, relieve, 
succor. 

suffero, sustuli, sublatus (referred 
to tollo), sufferre, [sub-fero], irr. 
v. a., bear, suffer. 

suffragatio, -onis, [suflraga + 
tio], F., a support (for an office). — 
Less exactly, a recommendation, a 
supporter. 

suffragator, -toris, [suflraga + 
tor], M., a supporter (for an office). 

suffragium, -i, [sub-ffragium, 
i.e. prob. suffrago + ium (cf. suf- 
fragor and suffringo)], N., (a 
pastern bone, cf. suffrago; or a 
potsherd, cf. Gr. ovrpanov; either 
used as a ballot), a ballot, vote. 

sul (prop. gen. N. of suus), sib?, 
se, [-^/SVA], pron. reflexive, himself, 
etc. — Often to be translated by the 
personal, he, she, it, etc., also each 
other. — Esp. : inter se {from, with, 
by, etc., each other) ; per se {of him- 
self, etc., without outside influence 
or excitement) ; ipse per se {in and 
of himself). 

Sulla, -ae, [?], m., a Roman fam- 



ily name. — Esp., Lucius Cornelius 
Sulla, the great partisan of the nobil- 
ity, and opponent of Marius, called 
the Dictator Sulla. 

Sulpicius, -i, [?], m., a Roman 
gentile name. — Esp.: I. P. Sul- 
picitis Galba, prob. sedile, B.C. 69. 
one of the jury against Verres; 2. C. 
Sulpicius Galba, praetor, B.C. 63; 
3. P. Sidpicius Rufus, tribune, B.C. 
88, a partisan of Marius, killed by 
Sulla. 

sum, fui, futurus, esse, [^/as, cf. 
am, is,~\, irr. v. n., be (exist). — Also, 
with weakened force, be (as a mere 
copula). — With many renderings 
according to the context : est de 
proscription {relates to); est in 
lege' {is prescribed); est alicui {one 
has) ; quid alicui cum aliquo est ? 
{what has one to do 7uilh ? etc.); 
quid de aliquo futurum est ? {what 
will become of?) ; qui nunc sunt 
{nozv living) ; quae est civium 
{consists of) ; est alicujus {it is 
one's part, it is one's place, it belojigs 
to one, and the like) ; meliore esse 
sensu {to have, etc.) ; esse veste 
mutata {to put on mourning) ; esse 
cum telo {to go armed); fuerat 
ille annus {had passed) ; esto {be 
it so, well) . 

summa, -ae, [f. of summus as 
noun], F., {the top), the highest place, 
the sum, the total, the main part: 
belli {the general management, the 
chief control) ; ad unam summam 
referri {be set down to one account). 

summus, see superus. 

sumo, sumpsi, sumptus, -sumere, 
[sub-emo {lake)~\, 3. v. a., take 
away, take, get, assume : suppli- 
cium {inflict, cf. capere) ; laborem 
{spend) ; arma {lake up) ; mihi 
{take upon) ; exempla {draw) ; sus- 



76 



Vocabulary. 



cepto bello (when the war was be- 
gun) ; saga (put on) ; nullis armis 
sumptfs (when there was no war). 

sumptuose [old abl. of suinp- 
tuosus], adv., expensively, extrava- 
gantly : sumptuosius (with too much 
magnificence). 

sumptuosus, -a, -um, [sumptu+ 
osus], adj., expensive, costly. 

snmptus, -tus, [sub-femptus, 
cf. sumo], M., (a taking out of the 
stock on hand), expense : sumptibus 
(extravagant expenditure, extrava- 
gance). 

superbe [old abl. of superbus], 
adv., haughtily, arrogantly, with ar- 
rogance, with insolence. 

superbus, -a, -um, [super -{-bus, 
cf. morbus], adj., arrogant, haughty, 
proud, insolent. 

supercilium, -I, [super-cilium, 
{eyelid)'], N., eyebrow, brow (as ex- 
pressing emotions). 

superior, see superus. 

supero, -avi, -atus, -are, [supero-], 
I. v. a. and n., overtop. — Hence, get 
the upper hand of, overcome, con- 
quer, defeat, be superior to, pre- 
vail, overmatch, survive (vita), sur- 
pass. 

supersum, -fui, -futurus, -esse, 
[super-sum], irr. v. n., be over and 
above, remain, survive : satietati 
(remain in excess of). 

superus, -a, -um, [fsupe- (stem 
akin to sub, perh. same) + rus (cf. 
inferus)], adj., higher, being above. 

— Compar., superior, higher, upper, 
preceding (of time), past, before, 
superior^ earlier, former, elder : 
superiora ilia (those former acts) ; 
superior esse (have the advantage). 

— Superb, supremus [supra- (?) 
+ imus(?)], highest, last : dies (last, 
of a funeral) . — Also, summus [sup 



+ mus], highest, the highest part of, 
the top of. — Fig., greatest, most im- 
portant, very great, most perfect, 
perfect, supreme, most violent, pre- 
e7iiinent, in the highest degree, most 
severe, of the utmost importance : 
summa omnia (all the highest quali- 
ties); summa hieme (the depth of 
whiter) ; tempus (most critical) ; 
vir (very superior) ; quattuor aut 
summum quinque (at the most) ; 
summa respublica (the highest in- 
terests of the state, the general wel- 
fare of the state). 

suppedito, -avi, -atus, -are, [?. 
cf. suppeto], I. v. n. and a., suffice. 

— Also, supply. 

suppeto, -petivi, -petituius, -pe- 
tere, [sub-peto], 3. v. n., (?, but cf. 
suflfieio and subvenio), be on hand, 
be supplied, be to be found : suppetit 
nobis (zve have a store) . 

supplex, -icis, [sub-fplex( y'PLic 
as stem, cf. duplex)], M. and F., a 
suppliant. 

supplicatio, -onis, [supplica + 
tio], F., a supplication. — Esp., a 
thanksgiving (prayer to the gods 
upon any signal success, decreed by 
the senate). 

supplicium, -i, [supplic- (stem 
of supplex) -f ium], n., (a kneeling). 

— Hence, a supplication. — Also, a 
punishment (usually of death). 

supplico, -avi, -atus, -are, [sup- 
plic-], 1. v. a. and n., supplicate, en- 
treat, pray for mercy. 

suppouo, -posui, -positus, -ponere, 
[sub-pono], 3. v. a., put under, 
fraudulently introduce, introduce 
under cover of something. 

supra [instr. (?) of superus]. 
adv. and prep., above, before. 

supremus, see superus. 

surgo, surrexi, surrectus, surgere, 



Vocabulary. 



177 



[sub-rego], 3. v. a. and n., raise. — 
Also, rise. 

surripio (sabr-), -ripui, -reptus, 
-ripere, [sub-rapio], 3. v. a. (and 
n.), snatch privately, steal, lake by 
treachery. 

suseenseo (succ-), -censui, -cen- 
siirus, -censere, [subs-(sub-)censeo] , 
2. v. n., be incensed, be slightly angry, 
be offended. 

suseipio, -cepi, -ceptus, -cipere, 
[subs-capio], 3. v. a., take up, take 
upon one's self (voluntarily, cf. re- 
cipio, as a duty), engage hi, adopt, 
take in hand, undertake. — Also, un- 
dergo, suffer, experience (of feelings) , 
bring upon one's self. 

suspicio, -spexi, -spectus, -spicere, 
[sub-specio], 3. v. a. and 11., look up, 
look tip at, look askance at. — Hence, 
suspect: suspectus (an object of 
suspicion). 

suspicio (-spitio), -onis, [sub- 
fspecio, cf. suspicio, -ere], F., sus- 
picion. 

suspiciose (suspit-), [old abl. 
of suspiciosus], adv., in a way to 
excite suspicion. 

suspiciosus (suspit-), -a, -um, 
[prob. fsuspicio- (sub-fspecium, cf. 
extispicium) -f osus], adj., sus- 
picious. 

suspicor, -atus, -ari, [fsuspic- 
(cf. auspex)], 1. v. dep., suspect, 
have a suspicion. 

sustento, -avi, -atus, -are, [subs- 
tento (cf. sustineo)], i.v. a. andn., 
maintain, sustain, hold out, endure, 
support : sustentando (by patience). 

sustineo, -tinui, -tentus, -tinere, 
[subs-teneo], 2. v. a. and n., hold 
up under, withstand, endure, hold 
out, sustain, support, bear, stop. 

suus, -a, -um, [y'svA (in se) + 
ius], poss. pron. (referring back to 



subject), his, hers, its, theirs, etc. — 
Sometimes emphatic, his own, etc. — 
Often without subst, sui, M. plur., 
his (their) men, countrymen, friends, 
etc.; sua, N. plur., his (their) posses- 
sions, property, etc. : omnia sua (all 
he had). 

symphoniacus, -a, -um, [Gr. 
ffvfxcpccptaKos^, adj., musical: pueri 
(musicians) . 

Syracusae, -arum, [Gr. %vpa.K.v- 
aac], F. plur., Syracuse, the famous 
city in Sicily. 

Syracusanus, -a, -um, [Syracusa 
-f anus], adj., of Syracuse, Syra- 
cusan. — Plur. M., the people of Syr- 
acuse, the Syracusans. 

Syria, -ae, [Gr. ~2,vpia], F., the 
country lying at the eastern end of 
the Mediterranean. 



T., abbrev. for Titus. 

tabella, -ae, [tabula + la], F., 
(a little board), a tablet, a ballot. — 
In plur., tablets (as two were used 
together), a docu??ient, a letter, a 
writing. 

taberna, -ae, [?, cf. tabella], f., 
a hut (of boards), a booth, a shop. 

tabescS, -bui, no p.p., -bescere, 
[tabe (in tabeo) + sco], 3. v. n., 
waste away, pine. 

tabula, -ae, [ftabo- (V TA + 
bus?, cf. taberna) -f- la], f., a board. 
— Hence, a record (written on a 
board covered with wax), a list, a 
docinnent. — Also, a panel (on which 
pictures were painted), a picture, a 
painting : novae tabulae (a reduc- 
tion of debts, a settlement of debts by 
legislation) ; duodecim tabulae (the 
laws of the Twelve Tables, the earli- 
est collection of Roman laws). 



1 78 



Vocabulary. 



tabularius, -a, -um, [tabula + 
arius (-rius?)], adj., (of records, 
etc., see tabula). — Esp., N., a rec- 
ord office, a registry, archives. 

taceo, tacui, tacitus, tacere, [f taco- 
(^/tac + us)], 2. v. a. and n., be 
silent, be silent about, keep secret, 
keep silence, conceal, say nothing 
(about). — tacitus, p.p. as adj., si- 
lent, silently, in silence. — illis ta- 
centibus (with their connivance) . 

tacite [old abl. of tacitus],. adv., 
silently, in silence. 

taciturnitas, -tatis, [taciturno 
+ tas], F., silence. 

taciturnus, -a, -um, [tacito + 
urnus, cf. diurnus], adj., silent (as 
a personal quality), taciturn. 

taedet, -uit (pertaesum est), -ere, 
[ftaed5-(cf.taedium,taedulum)], 
2. v. imp., it disgusts : aliquem (one 
is disgusted). 

taeter (teter), -tra, -trum, [akin 
to taedet?], adj., disgusting, horrible, 
loathsome, foul, abominable, shameful. 

talaris, -e, [talo+aris], adj., of 
the ankles. — Esp. with tunica, reach- 
ing to the heels (a sign of dandyism, 
cf. the modern "ulster"). 

talis, -e, [ V TA + alis], adj. pron., 
such, so great. 

tain [unc. case yTA (cf. quam, 
nam)], adv., so (as indicated in the 
context), so much. — Often equal to 
this, that, etc. 

tamen [unc. case-form of y'TA 
(locat.?, cf. Sk. tasmin?)],adv., (in- 
troducing a thought opposed to some 
preceding concession expressed or 
implied) , yet, nevertheless, still, how- 
ever, for all that, notwithstajiding, 
after all, at least. 

tametsi [tarn? (but cf. tamen- 
etsi) -etsi], adv., (still although, an- 
ticipating the thought to which tarn 



properly belongs), although, though, 
after all. 

tamquam, see tanquam. 

tandem [tam-dem, cf. idem], 

adv., (just so, even so?), at last, 
finally. — In questions, to add em- 
phasis, pray, tell me, or translated 
only by emphasis : quo tandem ? 
(where in the world?). 

tango, tetigi, tactus, tangere, 
[■y/TAG], 3. v. a., touch, border on, be 
close to, reach, find. — Esp. of light- 
ning. — tactus (de caelo), struck 
(by lightning). 

tanquam (tamquam) [tarn 
quam], adv., as much as, as, just as, 
like, just like. — Also, just as if, as if 

tanto, see tantus. 

tantopere, see opus. 

tantulus, -a, -um, [tanto -f lus] , 
adj., so small, so little, so trifling: 
tantulo (at so small a price). 

tantum, see tantus. 

tantummodo [tantum modo], 
adv., (so much only), only, merely, 
only just. 

tantus, -a, -um, [prob. y'TA -f- 
VANT -f us], adj., so 7iiuch, so great, 
so important, so large, this great, that 
great, great, like this, like that, such 
(of magnitude) : tanti est (is of so 
much i?nportance, is of so much 
weight, it is zvorth the price, it is 
worth while) ; tanta gratulatio (so 
warm); tantum civium (so many 
citizens); in tantum aes alienum 
(so deeply in debt) ; pro tantis rebus 
(for stick important, etc.). — Also, 
so much (and no more), only so much. 

— tantum, N. as adv., only, merely. 

— tanto, abl., so much. 

tarde [old abl. of tardus], adv., 
slowly, tardily, with delay, late. 

tarditas, -tatis, [tardo+tas], f., 
slowness, delay. 



Vocabulary. 



179 



tardo, -avi, -atus, -are, [tardo-], 
I. v. a., retard, check, hinder, delay. 

tardus, -a, -urn, [?], adj., slow. 

Tarentini, -ovum, [Tarento + 
inus], M. plur., the people of Taren- 
tum (an old Greek city on the Gulf 
of Tarentum), the Tarentines. 

Tarracinensis, -e, [Tarracina 
+ ensis], adj., of Tarracina (a city 
of the Volsci on the borders of La- 
tium). — As subst, a man of Tarra- 
cina. 

Tauromenltanus, -a, -urn, [Tau- 
romenio + tanus (i.e., Gr. Tavpojxevi- 
TTjs+anus)], adj., of Tauromenittm 
(a city on the eastern coast of Sicily, 
now Taormina). 

taurus, -i, [perh. ^/STAV- + rus > 
akin to steer~\, M., a bull. 

tectum, -i, [p.p. of tego], n., a 
roof, a house, a dwelling. 

tego, texi, tectus, tegere, [^/teg], 
3. v. a., cover, thatch, hide, protect : 
nocte tectus {under cover of night) . 

telum, -I, [?], N., a weapon (of 
offence), a missile, a javelin. — Also, 
a weapon (generally), a deadly weap- 
on : cum telo {armed). 

Temenltes, -is, [Greek], m., an 
epithet of Apollo at Syracuse. 

temerarius, -a, -urn, [ftemero 
-f arius], adj., reckless, rash, hasty. 

temere [old abl. of ftemerus], 
adv., blindly, without reason, with- 
out catcse. — Hence, recklessly, has- 
tily. 

temeritas, -tatis, [ftemero- (per- 
haps akin to temulentus) + tas], 
F., blindness, thoughtlessness, reck- 
lessness, heedlessness, hasty temper. 

temperantia, -ae, [temperant- 
-f- ia], F., self control, prudence. 

tempero, -avi, -atus, -are, [tem- 
per- (stem of tempus)], 1. v. a., 
{divide), mix properly. — Hence, 



control, control one's self, refrain, 
moderate. 

tempestas, -tatis, [tempes- (stem 
of tempus) + tas], F., a season, 
weather. — -Esp., bad weather, a storm, 
a tempest. — Also fig., a storm, a 
blast. 

tempestivus, -a, -um, [tempesto- 
(cf. intempestus) + ivus], adj., 
early, timely, seasonable, suitable : 
convivium {a daylight banquet). 

templum, -i, [akin to tempus, 
prob. ftemo- (V TEM + us ) + l um > 
cf. Gr. t4(j.€vos~], n., (in augury), a 
consecrated spot, a temple. 

tempto (tento), -avi, -atus, -are, 
[tento-, p.p. of teneo], 1. v. a., 
handle. — Hence, try, make attempts 
upon, attack, assail, sound (try a 
man's sentiments), attempt. 

tempus, -oris, [^/tem {cut, with 
root determinative or accidental p) 
-f us], N., {a cutting). — Esp., a di- 
vision of time, a time, the times, time 
(in general), a season, an occasion, 
an exigency, an emergency, a crisis, 
circumstances, a necessity (of the 
time), needs, the times, the circum- 
stances of the ti?ne : omni tempore 
{at all times) ; ante tempus {before 
the time, prematurely) ; meum tem- 
pus {my appointed time) ; summo 
tempore reipublicae {the most im- 
portant crisis) ; procella temporis 
{the storm of the times) ; O temporal 
{what a time!) ; ex tempore {on the 
spur of the moment) ; cederem tem- 
pori {to the exigencies of the time) \ 
motus communium temporum {the 
general disturbance of the times) ; 
uno tempore {at one and the same 
time, at once) . 

temulentus, -a, -um, [ftemo- (?, 
cf. abstemius) + lentus], adj., 
drunken, in a tipsy state. 



i8o 



Vocabulary. 



teudo, tetendi, tensus (tentus), 
tendere, [^/ten + do (of unc. ori- 
gin)], 3. v. a., stretch, stretch out. 

tenebrae, -arum, [?, perh. akin 
to tern ere], F. plur., darkness, ob- 
scurity. 

Tenedos (-us), -1, [Gr. TeVeSos], 
F., an island in the iEgean, near 
Troy. 

teneo, tenui, tentus, tenere, 
[fteno-(VTEN+us)], 2. v. a., hold, 
hold fast, hold on to, retain, keep, 
possess, occupy, hold bound, bind : 
circuitus milia {occupy, extend}. — 
Also, restrain, detain, understand, 
get at: legibus {bind}. — Pass., be 
caught, be in custody, be detected, be 
possessed (by a feeling). 

tener, -era, -erum, [ ^/TEN+rus] , 
adj., {stretched, thin), delicate, ten- 
der, young, sensitive. 

tento, see temp to. 

tenuis, -e, [V TEN + us > w ith ac- 
cidental i, cf. gravis], adj., thin, 
delicate, feeble,, meagre, poor, slight, 
humble (in position), insignificant. 

tenuiter [tenui + ter], adv., 
thinly, slightly. 

ter [prob. mutilated case of tres], 
adv., three times. 

tergiversatio, -onis, [tergiversa 
+ tio], F., shuffling, a subterfuge, a 
false pretence. 

tergum, -i, [?], n., the back: a 
tergo {in the rear, behind one). 

termino, -avi, -atus, -are, [ter- 
mino-], 1. v. a., bound, limit, end, 
finish, set (limits). 

terminus, -i, [ a /ter(?, cf. trans) 
+ minus (cf. Gr. -^ei/os)], m., a 
boundary, a limit. 

terra, -ae, [ ^/ters (?) -fa, cf. 
torreo], F., {the dry land), the 
earth, the land. — Also, a land, a 
region. — Also, the ground. — Plur., 



the ivorld : orbis terrarum {the 
zvhole world); terra marique {on 
land and sea). 

terreo, terrui, territus, terrere, 
[fterro-(?)], 2.v. ,2.., frighten, alarm, 
terrify. 

terrestris, -e, [terra- (as if ter- 
ret-, cf. equestris) + tris], adj., 
of the land, earthly (as opposed to 
heavenly). 

terribilis, -e, [terri- (as if stem 
of terreo) + bilis], adj., dreadful, 
terrible. 

terror, -oris, [terr (as if root of 
terreo) + or], m., fright, alarm, 
terror, dread, panic. 

tertius, -a, -urn, [prob. tri+tius], 
adj., third (in order). 

testamentum, -I, [testa + men- 
turn], N., a will. 

testimonium, -I, [testi + mo- 
nium], N., proof, evidence, testifnony, 
a testimonial. 

testis, -is, [?], C, a zvitness. 

testor, -atus, -an, [testi-], 1. v. 
dep., call to witness, appeal to, as- 
sert (solemnly). — testatus, p.p. in 
pass, sense, proved, substantiated. 

tetrarches, -ae, [Gr. rtrpapxys^, 
M., a tetrarch, a prince. 

Teutones, -um, (Teuton!, -orum), 
[Teutonic], M. plur., a great German 
people in Jutland who overran Gaul 
in B.C. 113 along with the Cimbri. 
They were defeated by Marius in 
B.C. 102 at Aquae Sextiae {Aix). 

tbeatrum, -i, [Gr. dearpov'], n., a 
theatre. 

Themistocles, -i (-is), [Greek], 
M., a famous Athenian commander 
in the time of the Persian war, the 
founder of the Athenian naval power. 

Theophanes, -is, [Greek], m., a 
Greek historian of Mytilene, who 
wrote the exploits of Pompey. 



Vocabulary. 



Thespiae, -arum, [Gr. ©etnrtat], 
F. plur., a city of Bceotia. 

Thespiensis, -e, [Thespia + en- 
sis], adj., of Thespia. — Plur., the 
people of Thespia:. 

Thraex (Tkrex, Thrax), -cis, 
[Gr. 0pa|], adj., Thracian.— As 
subst, a Thracian. 

Ti., abbfev. for Tiberius. 

Tiberinus, -a, -um, [Tiberi + 
inus], adj., of the Tiber. 

Tiberis, -is, [?], M., the Tiber. 

Tigranes, -is, [Persian, through 
Greek], M., king of Armenia, son-in- 
law of Mithridates. 

timeo, -ui, no p.p., -ere, [ftirno- 
(cf. timidus)], 2. v. a. and n., be 
afraid^ fear, be alarmed. — With 
dat, be anxious for , be anxious about: 
nihil (have 7iothing to fear, be in no 
danger); non timere (be free from 
fear, be without fear). 

timide [old abl. of timidus], 
adv., with timidity : non timide 
(fearlessly) . 

timiditas, -tatis, [timido + tas], 
F., timidity, faint-heartedness. — Plur. 
same (of several cases). 

timidus, -a, -um, [ftimo- (cf. 
timeo)], adj., cowardly, timid. 

timor, -oris, [tim- (as root of 
timeo) + or], M., alarm, fear, ap- 
prehension. 

tiro, -onis, [?], M., a raw recruit, 
a beginner, a tiro. 

Titus, -I, [?], M.j a Roman prae- 
nomen. 

toga, -ae, [^teg + a], f., a toga 
(the voluminous wrap worn by the 
Romans in their civil life) : ad togas 
redire (resume the toga, as in peace) ; 
virilis {the virile toga, the garb of 
manhood) ; praetexta (the toga prce- 
texta, the garb of childhood, the 
robe of office, see praetextus). — 



Hence, civil life (as opposed to 
war) . 

togatus, -a, -um, [toga + tus], 
adj., clad in the toga (as an emblem 
of citizenship or of peace) . — Hence, 
unarmed, in the garb of peace, in 
peace: mini togato contigit (a 
civil magistrate) ; togati (peaceable 
citizens) . 

tolerabilis, -e, [tolera + bilis], 
adj., endurable, tolerable. 

tolero, -avi, -atus, -are, [ftoler- 
(- v /TOL+ us)], I. v. a. and n., (raise 
up), bear, endure, hold out. — tol- 
erandus, -a, -um, as adj., endurable, ' 
tolerable. 

tollo, sustuli, sublatus, tollere, 
[V^OL (with ya)], 3. v. a., raise, 
carry, elevate, extol: in crucem 
(hang, nail). — Hence, carry off, 
remove, take a~vay, destroy, put an 
end to, abolish, banish, get out of the 
%vay, put to death. 

Tongilius, -i, [?], M., a Roman 
gentile name. — Only an obscure 
friend of Catiline. 

tormentum, -i, [-^/TORQU-f men- 
turn], N., (means of twisting), tor- 
ture, the rack. — Also, an engine (for 
throwing missiles by twisted ropes). 
— Hence, a shot fro?n an engine, a 
missile. 

Torquatus, -i, [torqui + atus], 
M., (zvearing a collar), a Roman 
family name. — Esp., L. Manlius 
Torquatus, cons. B.C. 70. 

tortor, -toris, [-y/TORQ (in tor- 
queo) + tor], m., a torturer. 

tot [Vta (in tam, etc.) -f ti], 
indecl. adj., so many. 

totiens (toties) [tot + iens], 
adv., so m any times, so often. 

totus, -a, -um, [V TA + tus], 
adj., the whole, the zuhole of, all 
(as entire), entire. — Often translated 



I 82 



Vocabulary. 



by an adverb, entirely, throughout, 
wholly. 

tracto, -avi, -atus, -are, [tracto-], 
I. v. a., handle, treat, conduct, man- 
age : in periculis tractatus {en- 
gaged in, exercised in, drawn into) . 

trado, -didi, -ditus, -dere, [trans- 
do], 3. v. a., hand over, give up, give 
over, deliver up, surrender. — Also, 
pass along, hand down, teach, com- 
municate. 

traduco, see transduce 

traductio (trans), -onis, [trans- 
ductio, cf. transduco], f., a trans- 
fer. 

tragoedia, -ae, [Gr. rpayoidia'], 
F., tragedy. — Fig. (in plur.), a com- 
motion, a " to-do." 

traho, traxi, tr actus, trahere, 

[y'TRAH (for fTRAGH)], 3. V. a., 

drag, drag along, drag in, draw. — 
Fig., captivate, drag out, protract. 

tranquillitas, -tatis, [tranquillo 
-f- tas], F., stillness, calm^ fair 
weather, a quiet state, a peaceable 
condition, tranquillity, peace. 

tranquillus, -a, -urn, [prob. akin 
to trans and connected with navi- 
gation], adj., calm, quiet, peaceable, 
undisturbed. 

trans [?, akin to terminus, te- 
rebra], adv. (in comp.) and prep., 
across, over. — Hence, on the other 
side of: ripam {on the bank opposite). 
— In comp., over, across, through. 

Transalplnus, -a, -urn, [trans- 
Alpes -f inus], adj., Transalpine 
(beyond the Alps from Rome). 

transcendo, -scendi, -scensurus, 
-scendere [trans-scando], 3. v. a., 
climb across, cross (mountains). 

transduco (traduco), -duxi,-duc- 
tus, -ducere, [trans-duco], 3. v. a., 
leadover (with two accusatives), lead 
across, bring over, lead through, 



transport, draw over, win over, 
transfer, 

transeo, -ii, -itus, -ire, [trans-eo] , 
irr. v. a. and n., go across, cross, pass 
over, go over, pass through, pass, mi- 
grate, pass by. 

transfero, -tuli, -latus, -ferre, 
[trans-fero], irr. v. a., carry over, 
transfer, change the place of, take 
(and put somewhere else) : sese in 
proximum annum {transfer his 
canvass, etc.). 

transigo, -egi, -actus, -igere, 
[trans-ago], 3. v. a., cari-y through, 
accomplish, manage, do, finish, carry 
out. 

transmarinus, -a, -um, [trans- 
mare -f- inus], adj., across the sea, 
foreign. 

transmitto, -misi, -missus, -mit- 
tere, [trans-mitto], 3. v. a., send 
over, send across. — Fig., transfer, 
devote, give over, hand over, en- 
trust. 

transversus (-vorsus), -a, -um, 
[p.p. of transverto], as adj., across, 
athwart^ transverse, cross. 

Tremellius, -i, [?], m., a Roman 
gentile name. — Esp., Cn. Tremel- 
lius, one of the jury against Verres. 

tremo, -ui, no p.p.j-ere^-Y/TREM?, 
cf. Gr. Tpe'juco], 3. v. n., tremble, 
waver. 

tres, tria, [stem tri-], plur. num. 
adj., three. 

tribunal, -alis, [tribuno + alis], 
N., {place of a tribune, in some early 
sense of the word), a tribunal (a 
raised platform where magistrates sat 
or generals addressed their troops). 

tribunatus, -tus, [tribuno-)- atus, 
cf. consul atus], M., a tribuneship, 
the office of tribune. 

tribunicius (itius), -a, -um, 
[tribuno + cius (-tius)], adj., of a 



Vocabttlary. 



i«3 



tribune, of the tribunes (esp. of the 
people), tribunicial. 

tribunus, -i, [tribu-nus] , M., (a 
chief of a tribe). — With or without 
plebis, a tribune (one of several 
magistrates elected in the assembly 
of the plebs voting by tribes, to 
watch over the interests of the com- 
mons) . — With militum or mili- 
taris, a tribune of the soldiers, a 
military tribune (one of six officers 
of each legion who had charge of the 
internal administration of the legion, 
and were also employed in various 
staff duties by the commander). — 
With aerarius, a dean of a tribe 
(?, one of certain officers of the 
treasury, orig. no doubt presiding 
officers of the tribes at Rome), a 
treasury warden (?), a tribunus 
cerarius. 

tribuo, -ui, -utus, -uere, [tribu-], 
3. v. a., {distribute by tribes), dis- 
tribute. — Hence, grant, render, pay, 
assign, attribute, pay a tribute (of 
respect, etc.), confer, give, bestozu. 

tribus, -us, [tri (cf. tres) + una 
term. (perh. akin to fui?)], F., (a 
third part?), a tribe (a division, 
originally local, of the Roman peo- 
ple), a zoard(?). 

tributum, -1, [x. p.p. of tribuo], 
x., a tribute (a stated sum, cf. vec- 
tigal) . 

triciens (-ies) [triginta+iens], 
num. adj., thirty times: H. S. tri- 
ciens (sc. oentena milia, three 
million sesterces). 

triduum, -i, [tri + stem akin to 
dies, cf. biduum], x., three days' 1 
time, three days. 

triennium, -i, [trienni (tri- 
annus) + ium], x., three years' 
time, three years. 

tripndio, -avi, no p.p., -are, [tri- 



pudio-], I. v. n., dance (in a solemn 
rite). — Less exactly, dance for joy. 

tristis, -e, [una root -f tis], adj., 
sad, gloomy, dejected, stem. — Also 
as bringing sadness, melancholy, tin- 
fortunate, sad (as in Eng.) : litera 
(dismal, cruel, of the vote for con- 
viction). 

triumpho, -avi, -atus, -are, [tri- 
umpho-], I. v. n. and a., have a tri- 
umph, enjoy a triumph, triumph 
(also fig.) : triumphans (in a tri- 
umphal procession, in triumph). 

triumphus, -i, [prob. Gr. dpiafx- 
ySos, a hymn in honor of Bacchus, 
perh. a name of the god], M., a 
triumph (the entry of a general re- 
turning after a victor)', celebrated 
with sacred rites). — Also, less ex- 
actly, almost as in Eng. even, but 
with a livelier figure. 

tropaeum (troph-), -i, [Gr. rp6- 
7rcuoi/], X., a trophy. 

trucido, -avi, -atus, -are, [?, akin 
to trux], I. v. a., butcher, slaughter 
in cold blood, massacre, cut down 
without mercy, slay without mercy. 

truculentus, -a, -urn, [true- (as 
if trucu-) + lentus], adj., grim, 
savage, morose, churlish. 

tu, tui, [ y'TVA], plur. vos [ V VA ]> 
pron. 2d person, you (sing.), you 
(plur.), yourself — Esp., tibi, in a 
loose connection with the sentence, 
for you (as in Eng.), often untrans- 
latable. — tute, you yourself you. 

tuba, -ae, [?], F., a trumpet (a 
straight instrument for infantry). 

Tubero, -onis, [tuber -f 0], m., a 
Roman family name. — Esp.: I. L. 
sElius Tubero, a distinguished jurist, 
a legatus of Q. Cicero in Asia; 2. Q. 
JElius Tubero , son of 1, complain- 
ant against Eigarius. 

tueor, tutus (tuitus), tueri, [?], 



1 84 



Vocabulary. 



2. v. dep., watch, guard, protect, de- 
fend. — Also, preserve, maintain, 
keep, care for. 

Tullins, -I, [Tullo -f ius], m., a 
Roman gentile name. — Esp., AI. 
Tullius Cicero, see Cicero. 

Tullus, -i, [?], M., a Roman fam- 
ily name. — Esp., L. Volcatius Tul- 
lus, cons. B.C. 66. 

turn [prob. ace. of ^ta], adv., 
then (at a time indicated by the con- 
text), at that time, in that case : cum 
. . . turn, see cum; turn vero {then, 
with emphasis, of the decisive point 
of a narrative or of an important 
condition) ; turn maxime {just then, 
but especially') ; turn . . . cum {at a 
time when,when) : quid turn? {what 
then?). 

tumultus, -tils, [tumulo- (perh. 
reduced) + tus], M., {a szvelling, an 
tiprisingl), an uproar, confusion, a 
commotion. — Esp., an uprising, a 
commotion (of a revolt, or a war not 
regularly declared) : servilis {the 
servile zvar, see servilis). 

tumulus, -i, [ftumo- (wh. tu- 
meo) -f lus], M., {a swelling!), a 
hill, a mound. — Hence, a tomb. 

tunc [tum-ce, cf. hie], adj.,_/W 
then, then, by and by (with cum), 
in that case. 

tunica, -ae, [?], F., a tunic (the 
Roman undergarment, like a loose 
shirt, but usually of wool). 

turba, -ae, [ ^/tur (cf. turma 
and Gr. 66pv/3os) + ba (cf. morbus 
and Gr. Tvpfir))~], F., a throng (as in 
confused motion, cf. turbo, -inis), 
a crowd, a mob, a riot. 

turbulentus, -a, -um, [turba (as 
if turbo, perh. really) + lentus], 
adj., disorderly, disorganized, bois- 
terous, stormy. 

turma, -ae, [^titr ( c ^- turba, 



turbo) + ma], F., {a throng!), a 
squadron (of horse, consisting of 
thirty men), a troop of cavalry. 

turpis, -e, [?], adj., ugly (in ap- 
pearance). — Hence, unbecoming, 
disgraceful, base, scandalous, vile. 

turpiter [turpi -f ter], adv., dis- 
honorably, with dishonor. 

turpitudo, -inis, [turpi + tudo], 
F., baseness, base conduct, turpitude. 
— Hence, disgrace, dishonor, in- 
famy. 

Tusculanus, -a, -um, [Tusculo-f- 
anus], adj., of Tusculum (a town of 
Latium). — Esp. N., a villa at Tzis- 
culu?n, a Tusculum villa. 

tute, see tu. 

tuto, see tutus. 

tutor, -atus, -ari, [tuto-], i. v. 
dep., guard, defend, protect. 

tutus, -a, -um, [p.p. of tueor], 
as adj., protected, safe, secure, well 
fortified: victis nihil tutum {no 
safety for the conquered). — tuto, 
abl. as adv., in safety, safely. 

tuus, -a, -um, [ ^tva + ius], adj. 
pron., your, yours, of yours : omnes 
tui {all your friends). 

Tycha, -ae, [Gr. Tvxv^\, F., a part 
of the city of Syracuse, so called 
from a temple of Fortune in the 
neighborhood. 

tyrannus, -i, [Gr. rvpavvos~\, M., 
a tyrant (a usurping king), a tyrant 
(generally, in the modern sense). 

U. 

uber, -eris, [perh. orig. subst, cf. 
Gr. ovdap and vetus], adj., fertile, 
rich, productive. 

uber, -eris, [?, cf. Gr. ov9ap~], N., a 
pap, a dug, a breast. 

ubertas, -tatis, [uber + tas], f., 
fertility, productiveness. 

ubl [supposed to be quo + bi, 



Vocabulary. 



185 



dat. of quo-], adv., interrog., and rel., 
where, in which, wherein : ibi ubi 
(in the place where'). — Also, of 
time, when: ubi primum (as soon 
as). — Without antecedent, a place 
where. 

ublnam [ubi-nam], interrog. adv., 
zohere in the world? where? (em- 
phatic). 

ubique [ubi-que, cf. quisque], 
adv., everywhere. 

ulciscor, ultus, ulcisci, [?], 3. v. 
dep., punish (an injury, or the doer), 
avenge (an injury or the person 
wronged). 

ullus,-a,-um; gen.-ius,[uno-(-lus], 
adj., a single (with negatives), any. — 
As subst. (less common), anybody. 

ulterior, -us, [comp. of fultero-, 
cf. ultra], did]., farther. — Superl., 
ultimus, -a, -um, [ul (cf. uls) + 
timus (cf. int\ix\\\s)~\, farthest, most 
remote, last. 

ultor, -toris, [y'ULC (in ulciscor) 
-f tor], m., an avenger. 

ultra [unc. case, perh. instr. of 
fulter], adv. and prep., beyond. 

ultro [dat. of fulter(us)], adv., 
to the farther side, beyond : ultro 
citroque (this way and that, back 
and forth). — Esp. beyond what is 
expected or required, voluntarily, 
without provocation : bellum inferre 
(make an offensive war, make war 
without provocation) . 

Umbrenus, -1, [?, akin to Um- 
bria], M., a Roman family name. — 
Only P. Umbrenus, a freedman in 
the Catilinarian conspiracy. 

umerus (humerus), -I, [?, cf. 
Gr. d;/xos], M., the shoulder. 

umquam, see unquam. 

una [instr. (or abl.?) of unus], 
adv., together, along, along with one, 
with (any one), also. 



unde [supposed to be for f cunde 
(cum, cf. uuquam, -f de, cf. iude)], 

rel. and interrog. adv., whence, from 
which) where : unde dare (through 
whom, as a banker from whom money 
is drawn). 

undecimus, -a, -um, [unus- 
decimus], adj., eleventh. 

undequinquagesimus, -a, -um, 
[undequinquaginta+esimus], num. 
adj., the forty-ninth. 

undique[unde-que, cf. quisque], 
adv., from every side, from all quar- 
ters. — Also (cf. ab), on every side. 

ungueutum, -i, [akin to ungo, 
exact form unc], N., an ointment, a 
perfume (as the perfumes were used 
in oils instead of spirits). 

unice [old abl. of unicus],adv., 
especially. 

unicus, -a, -um, [uno-fcus], adj., 
sole, only, unique. 

universus, -a, -um, [uno-versus], 
adj., all together, all (in a mass), 
entire, in a body, in general, united, 
taken together. 

unquam (umquam), [supposed 
to be for cum-quam(cf. quisquam)], 
adv., (with negatives, cf. quando, 
aliquando), ever : neque . . . un- 
quam (and never). 

unus, -a, -um; gen. -ius, [?, old 
oenus], adj., one, a single, the same, 
one only, only, alone : unus quisque 
(each one). 

urbanus, -a, -um, [urbi- (re- 
duced) -f anus], adj., of a city. — 
Esp., of the city (Rome), in the city : 
praetor (the officer who had juris- 
diction of suits between citizens) ; 
praetura (city prcetor ship, the office 
of this magistrate) ; praedo juris 
urbani (the plunderer of the rights 
of citizens, of malfeasance in the 
above office) ; quaestor (city, as 



86 



Vocabulary. 



opposed to those who were on the 
staff of some commander); opes 
{domestic, in the city, as opposed to 
provinces) ; lites (quarrels between 
citizens, settled in courts of law). 

urbs, urbis, [ ?], F., a city. — Esp., 
the city (Rome) : ad urbem {near 
the city). 

urgeo (urgueo), ursi, no p.p., 
urgerejfJ-y/VARG, cf. vulgus], 2. v. a. 
and n., press, press hard, urge, press 
closely, beset, bztrden, be urgent, be 
pressing. 

usitor, -atus, -an, [fusito- (as if 
p.p. of fuso), freq. of utor, cf. dic- 
tito], I. v. dep., practise. — iisi- 
tatus, -a, -urn, p.p. in passive sense, 
used, practised, customary, much 
practised, usual. 

usquam [unc. case of quo- (cf. 
usque)-quam], adv., anywhere (with 
negatives). 

usque [unc. case of quo (cf. 
ubi and usquam) -que (cf. quis- 
que)], adv., (everywhere), all the 
way, even to, all the time, till, even 
till, even to that degree, to that de- 
gree : usque ad eum finem (even 
up to, etc.); quo usque? (to what 
point? how far ?). 

iistor, -toris, [_^/vs (of uro) + 
tor], M., (a burner). — Esp., an at- 
tendant at a funeral pile. 

usura, -ae, [usu -f ra, cf. pic- 
tura], F., use, enjoyment. — Esp., 
use (of money) . — Hence, interest, 
interest on a debt. 

usurpatio, -orris, [usurpa-j-tio], 
F., a taking by use, a using: civita- 
tis (claim). 

iisurpo, -avi, -atus, -are, [fusurpo- 
(usu-frapus, v'rap + us, cf. busti- 
rapus)], i.v.a., (appropriate) , make 
use of, employ, use, practise, speak 
of, talk of. 



usus, -us, [ y/UT (in utor) + tus] , 
M., use, experience, exercise, practice, 
intimacy. — Hence, advantage, ser- 
vice. — Esp. : usus est, it is neces- 
sary, there is need. 

ut (uti) [supposed to be for 
quoti (quo + ti?)], adv. and conj. 
a. Interrog., how? videre ut (see 
how). — b. Rel., as, so as, when, 
whenever, inasmuch as : ut primum 
(when first, as soon as). — Esp. with 
subj. (expressing purpose or result), 
that, in order that, to, so that, so as 
to, as to. — Often with object clause, 
compressed in Eng. into some other 
form of speech. — Esp.: id facere 
ut, do this (to wit, without "that"), 
see to it that, take care that; faciam 
hoc ut utar (I will do this, use, etc.); 
committere ut mutetur (allow to 
be) ; ut non trahant (so but what 
they, etc., without dragging); vereri 
ut (fear that not). — Also, though, 
although. 

uter, -tra, -trum; gen. -trius [quo 
(cf. ubi) + terus (reduced), cf. al- 
ter], adj. a. Interrog., which (of 
two) : uter utri (which to the other). 
— 6. Relative, whichever (of two), 
the one who (of two). — Neut., utrum, 
adv., (which of the two), whether. 

uterque, utra-, utrum-, utrius-, 
[uter-que, cf. quisque], adj., both, 
each (of two). — Plur., of sets : utra- 
que castra (both camps) ; utrique 
(both classes, both parties) . 

utervls, utra-, utrum-, [uter vis], 
adj., which you please (of two), either 
of the two, either. 

uti, see ut. 

Utica, -ae, [?], f., a town in 
Africa near Carthage, capital of the 
Roman province. 

utilis, -e, [futi- (stem akin to 
utor) + lis], adj., useful, of use, 



Vocabulary. 



187 



advantageous, of advantage: utile 
est' (it is a benefit). 

Otilitas, -tatis, [utili -f tas], f., 
advantage, profit, expediency, advan- 
tages (things valuable, both in sing, 
and plur.). 

utinam [uti-nam, cf. quisnam], 
adv., (how, pray?), would that, Oh 
that, 1 7oish. 

fltor, usus, uti, [?, old oetor, 
(akin to aveo?)], 3. v. dep., avail 
one's self of, use, exercise, practise, 
enjoy, adopt, employ, have (in sense 
of enjoy), possess, shoiv (qualities 
which one exercises), occupy (a 
town), navigate (a sea), be intimate 
with: testibus (present); proeliis 
(fight); studiis (pursue). — Esp. 
with two nouns, or a noun and adj., 
employ as, find in one, find one (so 
or so). 

utrum, see uter. 

uxor, -oris, [?], F., a wife. 



vacillo, -avi, no p.p., -are, [?], 
I. v. n., toller, waver, stagger (also 

fig-)- _ 

vaco, -avi, -aturus, -are, [prob. 
fvaco- (cf. vacuus and Vacuna)], 
1. v. n., be vacant, be free froiii, be 
unoccupied, lie -waste. 

vacuefacio, -feci, -factus, -facere, 
[fvacue- (stem akin to vacuus) 
-facio], 3. v. a., make vacant, va- 
cate. 

vacuus, -a, -urn, [prob. -y/vAC 
(cf. vaco) -f vus], adj., free, unoc- 
cupied, vacant, destitute of (ab or 
abl.) , free from: gladius vagina 
(stripped of, out of) . 

vadimonium, -i, [vad- (as if 
vadi) -K monium, cf. testimo- 
nium], N., bail, security, a surety. 



vagina, -ae, [?], F., a sheath, a 
scabbard. 

vagor, -atus, -ari, [vago-], 1. v. 
dep., roam about, zuander : nomen 
(spread abroad). 

vagus, -a, -urn, [- v /vag(?) -fus], 
adj., roving, fickle. 

valde [old abl. of validus], adv., 
strongly, thoroughly, much. 

valeo, valui, valiturus, valere, 
[?, prob. denominati _ c;, cf. validus], 
2. v. n., be strong, have weight, have 
influence, be powerful, assail. — Often 
with N. pron. or adj. as cogn. ace: 
plurimum valet (be very strong, 
have great zoeight, have great influ- 
ence) ; valere ad (be strong enough 
to, have power to, amount to) ; mini 
valet ad gloriam (count to me for, 
etc.); ad laudem doctrina valuit 
(be sufficient for) ; poeta natura 
valet (has his pozver from nature); 
auspicia (be in force, have effect). 

— Esp. (in imp. or subj.) as a part- 
ing wish, farewell, prosper. — va- 
lens, p. as adj., strong, vigorous, 
stout. 

Valerius, -i, [akin to valeo], m., 
a Roman gentile name. — Esp.: I. 
L. Valerius Flaccus, cons. B.C. 100; 
2. Another of the same name, inter- 
rex, B.C. 82, by whom the law was 
brought forward, which made Sulla 
perpetual dictator. 

Valerius, -a, -um, [same word as 
preceding], adj., of Valerius (esp. 
No. 2), Valerian. 

valetudo, -in is, [valetu- (vale-f- 
tus) + do], F., health (good or bad). 

— Esp., ill health. 

vallo, -avi, -atus, -are, [vallo-], 
I. v. a., intrench, fortify. 

valva, -ae, [?], F., a fold of a 
door. — Usually plur., folding-doors, 
doors. 



i88 



Vocabulary. 



vanus, -a, -um, [y'VAC (in vaco) 
+ mis], adj., empty. — Hence, un- 
founded, false. 

varietas, -tatis, [vario+tas], f., 
diversity, variety, variation. 

vario, -avi, -atus, -are, [vario-], 
I. v. a. and n., vary, change. — va- 
riatus, -a, -um, p.p., varied, vary- 
ing, diverse. 

varius, -a, -um, [prob. akin to 
varus], adj., various, diverse. 

Varus, -i, [varus, knock-kneed~\, 
M., a Roman family name. — Esp., 
P. Attius Varus, propraetor in Africa, 

B.C.JO (?). 

vas, vasis, plur. -a, «-orum, [?], 
N., a vessel. — Hence, a utensil (of 
any kind, for household or camp 
use). 

vas, vadis, [yTADH, cf. wedding~\, 
M., {a pledge), security (a person 
going bail), a voucher, bail. 

vastatio, -onis, [vasta+tio], f., 
devastation (the act) , laying waste. 

vastitas, -tatis, [vasto + tas] f., 
desolation (the state), devastation. 

vasto, -avi, -atus, -are, [vasto-], 
I. v. a., lay waste, devastate, ravage. 

vastus, -a, -um, [?], adj., waste, 
desolate, vacant. 

Abates, -is, [?], M. or F., a sooth- 
sayer, a seer. 

vaticinor, -atus, -ail, [vaticino- 
(vati + cinus, cf. ratiocinor ) ] , 
I. v. dep., prophesy. — Hence, rave 
(from the wildness of prophecy). 

-ve [?, cf. Sk. va], conj. enclitic, 
or (less exclusive than aut). 

vectlgal, -alis, [n. ofvectigalis], 
N., a tax (in kind, or depending on 
products, cf. tributum), a revenue. 

veetigalis, -e, [fvectigo- (vecti 
-f igus, cf. castigo) + alis], adj., 
{of a toll-gatherer, fvectigus, perh. 
orig. of tolls for transportation), of 



the revenue. — Esp., faying taxes, a 
tax-payer, tributary. 

vector, -toris, [-^VAGH-ftor], m., 
a carrier. — Also (cf. vehor), a 
passenger. 

vehemens, -entis, [?, prob. akin 
to velio], adj., violent, impetuous, 
forcible, active. 

veuementer [vehement -f ter], 
adv., violently, severely, strongly, 
hotly, exceedingly, very much, ur- 
gently, earnestly. 

vehiculum, -i, [perh. vehi (as 
stem of veho) + culum, but as if 
fvehico + him], N., a vehicle, a car- 
riage. 

veho, vexi, vectus, vehere, 
[■v/vagh], 3, v. a., carry. — Pass., 
ride. 

vel [prob. imperative of volo], 
conj., or (less exclusive than aut) : 
vel . . . vel {either . . . or). — Also, 
even {if you like!), often emphasiz- 
ing superlatives. 

velox, -dcis, [stem akin to volo 
(cf. colonus) + cus (reduced?)], 
adj., swift. 

velum, -i, [?, cf. vexillum], n., 
a curtain, a veil. — Also, a sail. 

velut (veluti) [vel-ut], adv., 
{even as), Just as: velut si {just 
as if). 

vena, -ae, [?], f., a vein, an 
artery (also fig.) . 

venditio, -onis, [venum-datio, 
cf. vendo], f., a sale. 

vendito, -avi, -atus, -are, [ven- 
ditd-], I. v. a., try to sell, offer for 
sale, offer to sell, recommend. 

vendo, -didi, -ditus, -dere, [venum 
do], 3. v. a., put-to sale, sell. 

veneficus, -a, -um, [fvene- (stem 
akin to venenum) -ficus], adj., 
poisonotis. — Masc. as subst, a pois- 
oner. 



Vocabulary. 



venerium, -I, [fvene- (of unc. j 
origin) + mini (cf. egenus)], N., a 
drug. — Esp., a poison. 

veneo, -ivi (-il), -iturus, -ire, 
[venum eo], 4. v. n., go to sale (cf. 
pereo) , be sold. 

veneror, -atus, -an, [vener- (stem 
of Venus)], 1. v. dep., (sometimes 
venero, act.), {seek favor?), wor- 
ship, reverence, supplicate. 

vcuia, -ae, [?], F., indulgence, 
favor, pardon, a privilege (as ac- 
corded or asked). 

venio, veni, venturus, venire, 
[for gvenio, -y/GAM], 4. v. n., come, 
go, fall (into the hands of); in dis- 
crimen venire {incur the danger*) ; 
tibi legis in mentern veniat {call 
to mind, remember). 

Ventidius, -i, [?], m., a Roman 
gentile name. — Esp., P. Ventidius 
Bassus, an officer and partisan of 
Antony. 

ventus, -i, [?], m., the wind. 

Venus, -eris, [ v /van(?)+us, cf. 
venustas, veneror], F., (perh. orig. 
N.)» g race iX)- — Esp., personified, 
Femes, as goddess of love, identified 
with the Greek Aphrodite. 

venustas, -tatis, [venus + tas], 
F., grace. 

ver, veris, [prob. -y/VAS, for fva- 
sar, cf. Gr. tap], N\, the spring. 

fverber, -eris, [?], N. (usually 
plur.), stripes, bloivs, lashes, flog- 
ging. 

verbero, -avi, -atus, -are, [ver- 
ber-], 1. v. a., whip, scourge, beat, 

flog- 

verbum, -I, [?, cf. morbus], N., 

a word, an expression. — Esp. : ver- 
bum, verba facere {say much or 
little, say anything, speak) ; his ver- 
bis (in these 'words, in this form); 
verbis amplissimis {the strongest 



terms) ; verbo {in words, inform) ; 
verbi causa {for example). 

vere [old abl. of verus], adv., 
with truth (cf. vero, in truth, etc.), 
truly, rightly, justly, honestly, really, 
with justice. 

verecundia, -ae, [verecundS + 
ia], F., modesty. 

vereor, -itus, -eri, [prob. fvero- 
(akin to wary)*], 2. v. dep., fear, 
be afraid, respect. — veritus, p.p. in 
pres. sense, fearing. 

verisimilis (often separate), -e, 
[veri similis], adj., {like the truth), 
probable, likely. 

Veritas, -tatis, [vero + tas], f., 
truth. 

\ T ero [abl. of verus], adv., in 
truth, in fact. — With weakened 
force, but, however, on the other 
hand, now, and. — Often untrans- 
latable, expressing an intensive (em- 
phatic) opposition, or pointing to the 
main time, circumstance, fact, or 
agent in a narrative : turn vero 
{then) ; nunc vero {but now, and 
7107V, now) ; quasi vero {as if for- 
sooth) ; an vero {or is it possible 
that? or tell me); jam vero {now 
finally, but further) ; immo vero 
{nay in fact) ; deum vero nullum 
viola vit {and as to divinities, etc.) ; 
quid vero? {and then finally, and 
fur titer) ; est vero {it is you see, 
it is in fact) ; ego vero {why I in 
fact, for my part I) ; at vero {but 
then, but on the other hand, but) ; 
minime vero {no, not in the least) ; 
si vero {if however, if now). 

Verres, -is, [verrcs, boar*], M., 
a Roman family name. — Only C. 
Cornelius Verres, propraetor in Sicily 
in B.C. 73 and after, accused of ex- 
tortion in the famous orations against 
Verres. 



190 



Vocabulary, 



versiculus, -i, [versu + cuius], 

M., a short line, a verse. 

verso, -avi, -atus, -are, [verso-], 
1. v. a., turn (this way and that), 
deal with (some one or some thing) . 
— Esp. in pass, as dep., turn one's 
self, engage in, be busy, be, live, exist, 
be employed, show itself, appear, con- 
duct one's self, be found, find itself, 
be used, be engaged, be at work, be 
concerned : in severitate (shoiv, ex- 
hibit, act with) ; versatus {experi- 
enced, practised) ; bellum in multa 
varietate versatum (carried on in 
a great variety of circumstances). 

versus, -a, -um, p.p. of verto. 

versus (versum), [orig. p.p. of 
verto], adv. and prep., towards, in 
the direction of. 

versus, -us, [-^/vert + tus], M., 
a turning. — Esp., a verse (of poetry, 
where the rhythm turns and begins 
anew) , a line. — Plur., poetry, verse. 

verto, verti, versus, vertere, 
[•y/vert], 3. v. a. and n., turn. — 
Pass, and with reflex., turn, revolve, 
depend. 

verum [n. of verus], adv., but. 

veruintamen [verum tamen], 
adv., but still. 

verus, -a, -um, [?, yVER (in 
vereor) + us], adj., (?, seen, visi- 
ble), true, real, well grounded. — 
Neut. as subst., the truth : repperit 
esse vera (found the truth to be). — 
Also, just, right. — See also vero and 
verum : verius (nearer the truth) ; 
re vera (in fact, in reality, in 
truth); sententia (sound). 

vesper, -eri (-eris), [?, cf. Gr. 
f/ Ea-7re/)os], M., the evening : vesperi 
(loc., in the evening). 

vespera, -ae, [?, cf. vesper], f., 
the evening : ad vesperam (at even- 
ing, by evening). 



Vesta, -ae, [ -y/VAS (in uro) + ta, 
cf. Gr. 'Effria], F., the goddess of 
the household fire, the same as Gr. 
'Earla. 

Vestalis, -e, [Vesta + lis], adj., 
of Vesta : virgines (the Festal vir- 
gins, who preserved the sacred fire 
of Vesta, and were held in special 
reverence). 

vester, -tra, -trum, [ves + ter 
(us)] , adj. pron., your, yours : con- 
spectus (of you). 

vestibulum, -i, [?, prob. ve- 
stabulum (orig. farm-yard?)^, N., 
a vestibule (an open space in front 
of a house-door) . — Fig-, # gate- 
way, a doorway, an entrance, the 
doors. 

vestigium, -i, [fvestigo- (cf. 
vestigo) + ium], n., the footstep, 
the footprint, a track. — Esp. : e 
vestigio (forthwith, from one's 
tracks?); eodem vestigio (in the 
same spot) ; in illo vestigio tem- 
poris (at that instant of time) . — 
Hence, fig., a trace, an indication. 
— Plur., ruins (traces where a thing 
once was), relics, remains. 

vestimentum, -i, [vesti -f men- 
turn], N., clothing. 

vestio, -ivi (-ii),-itus, -ire, [vesti-], 
4. v. a., clothe, cover. — Pass., clothe 
one's self with (with thing in abl.), 
wear. 

vestis, -is, [y'VAS (clothe) + tis], 
F., clothing, garments, dress. 

vestitus, -tus, [vesti + tus], M., 
clothing, garments, dress : ad suum 
vestitum redire (ordinary clothing). 

veteranus, -a, -um, [vetera- (as 
if stem of vetero) + nus], adj., vet- 
eran (long in service) . 

veto, vetui, vetitus, vetare, [stem 
akin to vetus, cf. antiquo], 1. v. a., 
forbid. 



Vocabulary. 



191 



vetus, -eris, [?, cf. Gr. e-ros], adj., 
old, former: milites (old soldiers, 
veterans) ; homines (of experience, 
also of antiquity). 

vetustas, -tatis, [vetus-tas], F., 
age, antiquity, former ages, long con- 
tinuance, future ages, time (long 
continued, either future or past). 

vexatio, -onis, [vexa + tio], f., 
persecution, harassing, outrage. 

vexator, -toris, [vexa + tor], m., 
a troubler, a persecutor, a pursuer, 
a disturber. 

vexo, -avi, -atus, -are, [fvexo- (as 
if p.p. of veho)], i.v. a., (carry this 
way and that), vex, harass, annoy, 
commit depredations on, overrun (a 
country), ravage (lands), plunder, 
worry, persecute. 

via, -ae, [for velia? (veh + a)], 
F., a road, a way, a rozite, a street. 
— Fig., a course, a way. 

viator, -toris, [fvia- (as stem of 
fvio) -f tor], M., a traveller. 

Vibienus, -i, [Vibio + enus], m., 
a Roman family name. — Esp., C. 
Vibienus, a Roman senator killed in 
a riot. 

vibro, -avi, -atus, -are, [?], I. v. a. 
and n., to shake, to brandish. 

vicatim [vico -f atim], adv., by 
wards, by districts. 

vicesimus (-ensimus), -a, -urn, 
[viginti -f ensimus], adj., tzventieth. 

vicinitas, -tatis, [vicino + tas], 
]•'., neighborhood, vicijiity. 

vicimis, -a, -urn, [vico + inus], 
adj., (belonging to the same vicus?), 
near. — As subst., a neighbor. 

vicissim [ace. adv. akin to vicis], 
adv., in turn, by turns. 

vicissitudo, -inis, [tvicissi- (in 
vicissim) + tudo], F., a change, a 
vicissitude, a succession (of changing 
events). 



victima, -ae, [akin to vinco, 
perh. going back to the sacrifice 
of prisoners], F., a victim (sacri- 
ficed). 

victor, -toris, [-v/ VIC ( m vineo) 
+ tor], M., a victor. — Often as adj., 
victorious, cf. victrix. 

victoria, -ae, [victor + ia], i\, 
victory, success (in war), a triumph 
(in the modern sense, cf. trium- 
phus, the honor) : in ipsa victoria 
(at the moment of victory). — Esp., 
Victory, worshipped as a divinity by 
the Romans : ludi victoriae (a fes- 
tival established by Sulla in honor of 
his victory, held October 27 to No- 
vember 1). 

victrix, -icis, [V VIC ( m vinco) 
+ trix], f., a victor (female, or con- 
ceived as such). — As adj., victo- 
rious. 

victus, -tus, [V VIG (?) (°f- vixl) 
+tus],M., living, life. — Also, means 
of living, food: necessitates victus 
(the necessaries of life) ; in victu 
arido (a dry and meagre way of 
life or style of living) . — Esp. : con- 
suetudines victus (the intimacy of 
daily life). 

vicus, -i, \_y/vic (enterT) + us, cf. 
Gr. oIkos\, m., (a dwelling), a village 
(a collection of dwellings). — In 
cities, a quarter (more than a block, 
cf. insula), a row (of houses), a 
street (the houses on both sides). 

videlicet [vide (imper. of video) 
licet], adv., (see you may, one may 
see), of course, doubtless, no doubt. — 
Often ironical, forsooth, /suppose, no 
doubt, you see. 

video, vidi, visus, videre, [^/vid, 
perh. through a noun-stem (cf. in- 
vidus)], 2. v. a., see, examine (re- 
connoitre), observe, notice, take care 
(see that). — In pass., be seen, seem, 



192 



Vocabulary. 



seem best. — Esp. : ea cernimus quae 
viderrius (we distinguish what we 
see) . 

vigeo, no perf., no p.p., vigere, [ ?, 
prob. fvigo- (y'vic+us, cf. vigil)], 

2. v. n., be strong, be active, have life, 
flourish. 

vigilia, -ae, [vigil 4- ia], F., wak- 
ing, wakefulness, watching. — Esp. 
in plur., vigils, sleepless nights. — 
Also (in plur.), watches, sentinels, 
watchmen. — From military use, a 
tvatch (one of the four divisions into 
which the night was divided) . 

vigilo, -avi, -atus, -are, [vigil], 
I. v. n. (and a.), watch, lie awake, 
watch by night, keep awake, be up 
(not sleep*) . — Fig., be on the tvatch, 
be watchful, be vigilant, watch, look 
out for. — Esp., vigilans, p. as adj., 
wakeful, watchful, vigilant, on the 
watch, careful, active, wide aiuake. 

vlginti [dvi- (stem of duo) -f 
form akin to centum (perh. the 
same)], num. adj., indecl., twenty. 

vilis, -e, [?], adj., cheap, of little 
value, worthless. 

vilitas, -tatis, [vili -j- tas], F., 
cheapness, low price. 

villa, -ae, [?], F., a farm-house, a 
country house, a villa. 

vincio,vinxi,vinctus,vincire,[perh. 
akin to vinco], 4. v. a., bind, fetter, 
put in chains, restrain. 

vinclum, see vinculum. 

vinco, vici, victus, vincere, [ -^/vic], 

3. v. a. and n., conquer, defeat, pre- 
vail, be victorious, prevail over, over- 
come, surpass, outdo. 

vinculum (vinclum),-!, [fvinco- 
(stem akin to vincio, perh. primi- 
tive of it) -f lum (n. of-lus)], n., a 
chain. — Plur., chains, imprison //lent, 
prison, fetters. — Fig., a bond, a co/i- 
jiection. 



vindex, -icis, [some forms of vis 
and dico, perh. wrongly formed like 
judex], M. and F., a claima/it. — 
Hence, from technical use in law, a 
protector, a defender, an avenger. 

vindiciae, -arum, [vindic + ia], 
F. plur., a claim (technical in law), 
an action (of a peculiar sort). 

vindico, -avi, -atus, -are, [vindic-] , 
I. v. a., claim, clai/n o/ie's rights 
against, defend (cf. Galliam in lib- 
ertatem, establish the liberty of, a 
phrase derived from the formal de- 
fence of freedom in a Roman court), 
rescue. — Also, punish, avenge, seek 
redress for, seek redress. 

vinum, -i, [?, cf. Gr. olvos~\, N. 5 
wine. 

violo, -avi, -atus, -are, [?], 1. v. a., 
abuse, violate (a sacred object), pro- 
fane, injure (a thing held sacred), 
outrage: si quid violatum est (any 
profanation done). 

vir, viri, [ ?] , M., a man, a husband. 

vires, see vis. 

virga, -ae, F., a tzvig, a rodr — 
Vhxx., flogging, stripes. 

virgo, -inis, [?], F., a maiden, a 
maid, a virgin, a girl. — Esp., a 
vestal virgin (see Vestalis). 

virilis, -e, [viro + ilis], adj., 
manly, of a man : toga (the garb 
of manhood, the pure white toga as- 
sumed by Romans as a sign of man- 
hood and citizenship). 

virtus, -tutis, [viro- (reduced) 
-f-tus], F., manliness, valor, prowess, 
courage. — Also, merit (generally), 
noble conduct, virtue. — Plur., vir- 
tues, merits, good qualities. — Also, 
a sense of virtue, a love of virtue. 

vis, vis (?), [?], F., force, might, 
power, violence, energy, vigor, se- 
verity, a -quantity, a supply: vim 
j et manus (violent hands). — Also, 



Vocabulary. 



193 



force, effect, validity. — Technically, 
breach . of the peace, violence (for 
which a special remedy at law was 
established). — Hur., strength, force, 
powers, bodily vigor. 

viscus, -eris, also plur. viscera, 
■um, [?], N., the soft parts of the 
body, the flesh, the entrails. — Fig., 
the vitals, the bowels, the entrails. 

viso, visi, visus, visere, [prob. old 
desiderative of video], 3. v. a. and n., 
{desire to see), go to see, visit, see (in 
reference to a sight or spectacle). 

vita, -ae, [root of vivo + ta], F., 
life, the course of life. 

vitium, -i, [?], N., a flaw, a 
blemish, a defect, a fault, a vice. 

vito, -avi, -atus, -are, [?, vita-?], 
I. v. a., {escape with life, live 
through?), escape, avoid, dodge, shun. 

vituperatio, -onis, [vitupera + 
tio], F., abuse, fault-finding, an ac- 
cusation, a charge. 

vitupero, -avi, -atus, -are, [fvitu- 
pero- (vitio -f tP arus > cf. opipa- 
rus)], 1. v. a., censzire, find fault 
with. 

vivo, vixi, victus, vivere, [yVlG 
(vigor?), cf. victus], 3. v. n., live, 
pass one's life. 

vivus, -a, -um, [V VIG (?) + us], 
adj., alive, living. 

vix [poss. ^/vic (in vinco)], 
adv., with difficulty, hardly, hardly 
ever. — Also, of time, hardly { . . . 
when): vixdum coetu d.ivais,s,o Qzuhen 
. . . scarcely yet, almost before, etc.). 

voco, -avi, -atus, -are, [voc- (stem 
of vox)], 1. v. a., call by name, call, 
summon, invite. — With in, summon- 
to, bring {into), attempt to bring 
{into) : in integritatem spe {attrib- 
ute virtue to one in hope). 

Volaterrae, -arum, [?], f. plur., 
a town of Etruria ( Volterra). 



volgaris (vulg-), -e, [volgo + 
aris], adj., common, ordinary. 
volgo, see volgus. 

VOlgllS (villgUS), -1, [^/VOLG + 

us], N., the croztid, the common peo- 
ple, the mass : in volgus emanare 
{get abroad, spread abroad). — vol- 
go, abl. as adv., commonly, generally, 
ordinarily, everywhere. 

volito, -avi, no p.p., -are, [as if 
volito-, p.p. of volo, cf. agito], 
I. v. n.,fiil about, hover about. 

volnero (vul-), -avi, -atus, -are, 
[volner-], I. v. a., wound, inflict a 
wound. — Also fig., wound, harm, 
offend. 

volnus (vulnus), -eris, [prob. 
akin to vello] , N., a wound. 

volo, volui, velle, [y'voL], irr. 
v. a. and n., wish, be willing, want, 
desire, choose to have, choose, would 
like, mean, signify. — With perf. 
part., desire to have, desire to. 

Volturcius (Vult), -I, [?], m., 
one of the conspirators with Catiline. 

voltus (vul-), -tus, [y'voL + 
tus], M., expression (of countenance), 
the countenance, the look, the face, 
the expression of countenance, the 
mien. 

volubilis, -e, [prob. volvi- (as 
stem of volvo) + bilis], adj., whirl- 
ing. — Fig., changeable, inconstant. 

voluntarius, -a, -um, [volent + 
arius], adj., voluntary. — As subst., 
a volunteer. 

voluntas, -tatis, [volent + tas], 
F., willingness, will, good-will, desire, 
approval, consent, an inclination, a 
wish, a purpose, plans, desires, a dis- 
position. 

voluptas, -tatis, [volup- (akin to 
volo) + tas], F., sensual pleasure, 
pleasure, {a sensation of pleasure), 
enjoyment. 



194 



Vocabulary. 






fVolusenus, -i, [ ?, cf . Volusins], 

M., a tribune of the soldiers in Caesar's 
army in Gaul. In Phil. xiv. 7, the 
reading is uncertain, and the passage 
is obscure. 

voluto, -avi, -atus, -are, [voluto-], 
I. v. a. and n., roll, grovel. 

vosmet [vos-met (akin to me)], 
intensive of vos, you yourselves, you 
(emphatic). 

votlvus, -a, -um, [voto + ivus 
(cf. captivus)], adj., votive : ludi 
(a festival held in pursuance of some 
vow). 



votum, -i, [n. p.p. of voveo], 

N., a vow, a prayer. . 

voveo, vovi, votus, vovere, [?], 
2. v. a. and n., vow, make a vow. 

vox, vocis, [yVoc as stem], f., a 
voice, a word, an expression, a shout. 
— Collectively, cries, words, talk. 

vulgaris, see volgaris. 

vulgo, see volgo. 

vulgus, see volgus. 

vulnero, see volnero.- 

vulnus, see volnus. 

vultus, see voltus. 



BERWICK & SMITH, PRINTERS, BOSTON. 



LB S '04 



^ 



